By economic and geographical location, nature natural conditions and resources and the originality of the historical development and specialization of the economy on the territory of the West Siberian economic region, two subdistricts can be distinguished - Kuznetsk-Altai and West Siberian.
Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict includes Kemerovo, Novosibirsk regions, Altai region and the Republic of Altai. Although the subdistrict covers less than 20% of the territory Western Siberia, it concentrates about 60% of the total population of the region. The Kuznetsk-Altai subregion is distinguished by the coal, metallurgical, chemical and machine-building industries, large-scale agricultural production with a somewhat limited scale of logging. In this sub-region is concentrated the entire extraction of non-ferrous metal ores, ferrous metal ores, all the production of coke, chemical fibers, the production of aluminum and ferroalloys, steam boilers, railway cars, tractors. Metal-intensive machine building in Kuzbass is largely focused on the needs of the coal and metallurgical industries. The mechanical engineering of the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory is mainly transport, energy, and agricultural. The food and light industries in Kuzbass are associated with rational use labor resources, especially female labor, while in the Altai Territory and the Novosibirsk Region these sectors are associated with the presence of an agricultural base and the need to build up industrial potential. Agriculture Kemerovo region to a large extent, it has a suburban character, while in the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory, agriculture is inter-district in nature and is focused on the supply of agricultural products to other regions of the country. However, these internal differences of the subregion strengthen the economic unity of Kuzbass and Altai.
An industrial region was formed in Kuzbass as part of a number of industrial hubs - Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk-Kiselevsk, Belovo-Leninsk-Kuznetsk, Kemerovo. In Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai, however, the main form of territorial organization of industry is a separate center. The only exceptions are two industrial hubs - Novosibirsk and Barnaul-Novoaltay.
The largest cities of the Kuznetsk-Altai subregion are Novosibirsk, located at the intersection of the main Siberian highway with the Ob, Kemerovo on the river. Tom and Novokuznetsk.
AT Novosibirsk developed a variety of engineering. Academgorodok, the center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is located near the city. AT Kemerovo the chemical industry and various mechanical engineering are developed. Novokuznetsk - center of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal mining, production of mining equipment.
Altai region and Altai Republic - pasture areas with growing non-ferrous metallurgy, logging, food and light industries. In agriculture, along with the traditional branches of sheep breeding, goat breeding and horse breeding, deer breeding has been widely developed. Agriculture specializes in growing brown bread, potatoes, and forage crops. Great importance has a sanatorium-resort economy (resorts Belokurikha, Chemal) and tourism. Barnaul is a center of various engineering, chemical, light and food industries. The center of the Republic is Gorno-Altaisk.
West Siberian subregion located within the Tyumen, Omsk and Tomsk regions. With the exception of a strip along the Trans-Siberian Railway, its territory is the least developed part of Western Siberia. At the same time, due to the presence of large and highly efficient oil, gas, timber and water resources, the formation of a large program-targeted West Siberian Territorial Production Complex (TPC) is proceeding at an accelerated pace. It is located in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions and its branches of market specialization are oil, gas, timber, fishing, reindeer breeding, and hunting. The southern part of this subregion has become the base zone of the centers of this TPK, in which the resources of the north are processed and the necessary industrial equipment and food products are manufactured for the TPK. The major cities of the West Siberian subregion are Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen. Omsk - the center of a variety of mechanical engineering, oil refining, petrochemistry, light and food industries. Tomsk - center of the chemical and petrochemical industry, woodworking and precision engineering, light and food industries. Tyumen - the organizational center of the oil and gas industry, the production of oil and electrical equipment, river shipbuilding, plywood production.
Distinctive feature territorial structure of the economy of the northern part of this subregion is the focal nature of the distribution of population and production. New ones have grown here settlements for oil and gas production - Urengoy, Yamburg, Nadym, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansiysk, Nefteyugansk and others. Most Tyumen region occupied by autonomous districts - Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets. Along with the traditional sectors of the economy - reindeer herding, hunting and fishing - oil and gas, forestry, food, light industry and electric power industry arose here.
The West Siberian economic region has specific environmental problems associated with the distribution of productive forces, especially with the development of the oil, gas and coal industries in the region, which lead to serious environmental violations.
The sensitivity of the ecological systems of the north of Western Siberia to anthropogenic impact, the influence of transport, and the destruction of reindeer pastures is especially high. All this reduces the productivity of the territory, therefore, such an organization of production is needed that would ensure the preservation of the environment.
In the context of the formation and development of market relations in the course of economic reforms carried out in Russia, Western Siberia will retain its role as the country's largest fuel, energy and export base. The leading role will be played by the gas, oil and coal industries.
New forms of organization and ownership will make it possible in the coming years to stop the decline in production in these industries and bring them to active market activity. Western Siberia already has experience of entering the market. The largest gas concern prevented not only a decline in production, but was also able to increase capacity during the crisis in Russia. As the main factors for the further development of the economy of the West Siberian region is the situation in the world oil, gas and coal markets, as well as in the markets of neighboring countries.
The priority development of the fuel and energy complex in Western Siberia will require centralized capital investments from the federal budget and attraction of foreign investments in the development of new oil and gas fields, especially on the Yamal Peninsula.
Ø West Siberian TPK. On the territory of the Tyumen and Tomsk regions, the largest in Russia West Siberian program-targeted territorial production complex is being formed on the basis of unique reserves of natural gas and oil in the middle and northern parts of the West Siberian Plain, as well as significant forest resources. Oil and gas resources were discovered here in the early 1960s over a vast area of 1.7 million km2. The formation of the West Siberian TPK began in the late 1960s. Oil fields are confined to three oil-bearing regions - Shaimsky, Surgugsky and Nizhevartovsky. Deposits: Megionskoye, Sosninsko-Sovetskoye, Samotlorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Zapadno-Surgutskoye, Mamontovskoye, Pravdinskoye, Fedorovskoye and many others.
Gas fields are confined to three provinces - the Urals (Igrimskoye, Punginskoye in the Berezovo region), Northern (Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Komsomolskoye, Yamburgskoye, etc.) and Vasyuganskaya. On the territory of the West Siberian TPK, large reserves of peat are allocated, which are not yet developed. Brown coal deposits have been discovered - the Severo-Sosvinsky, Ob-Irtysh basins - also not yet touched, as well as sources of thermal and iodine-bromine waters. In the future, the reserves of brown iron ore in the central part of the Tomsk region - the West Siberian iron ore basin - can receive industrial significance. An important role is also played by deposits of building materials, confined mainly to the foothills of the Urals. biological resources The West Siberian TPK is represented by timber reserves, fish resources, reindeer pastures, hayfields (floodplain meadows).
In the Ob-Irtysh basin, valuable fish species are common - salmon, sturgeon, whitefish. Therefore, pollution of rivers is especially dangerous with an increase in the extraction and processing of oil and gas.
The general idea of the formation of the West Siberian TPK is to create the largest fuel and energy base on the basis of oil and gas fields. This goal has now been achieved.
The development of oil and gas resources also entailed the transport development of these territories, the exploitation of large forest areas in the central part of the Tyumen and in the north of the Tomsk regions.
Based on the oil resources of the West Siberian TPK, oil refineries operate within Siberia - in Omsk, Achinsk, Angarsk. Large petrochemical complexes have been set up in Tomsk and Tobolsk. But a significant part of the oil from this region goes to other regions of Russia, the CIS countries and far abroad.
The energy supply of the complex is carried out at the expense of thermal power plants in Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Urengoy.
Forest resources made it possible to create timber processing complexes in Asino, Tobolsk, Surgut, Kolpashev and others.
Mechanical engineering of the West Siberian TPK specializes in the repair of oil and gas equipment, the construction industry is growing rapidly.
In the internal relations of the TPK, the following railways play an important role: Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Urengoy, dead-end branches: Ivdel - Ob, Tavda - Sotnik, Asino - Bely Yar, as well as the waterway along the Ob and Irtysh.
With the prospective development of the West Siberian TPK, the complex of the agro-industrial complex is of particular importance. In the southern regions of the complex - agriculture and animal husbandry, the production of grain, butter, meat, reindeer breeding and fur farming - in the north. In suburban areas - poultry farming and vegetable growing.
For the development of the West Siberian program-targeted TPK, it is especially important to solve the most acute demographic problems, especially the problems of small peoples, as well as to solve environmental issues conservation of ecosystems.
In the future, in Western Siberia, it is necessary to overcome the narrow-profile specialization of the economy by diversifying the structure of the economy, creating new manufacturing industries based on the integrated use of raw materials and their deep processing.
In the southern regions of Western Siberia, where a powerful defense industry has developed in large industrial centers, it is necessary to intensify the conversion of military-industrial complex enterprises, their reorientation to the production of civilian products and consumer goods.
For the prospective development of the zone of the North of Western Siberia and the national regions - the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs, it is necessary to develop targeted government programs management of which should be entrusted not only to local governments, but also to firms, consortiums with public and private capital. At the same time, it is necessary to establish preferential taxation, preferential loans, preferential rates for land for the construction of the most important objects of a market economy (in this case, it is necessary to use incentive prices for environmentally friendly products).
An important condition effective development leading sectors of the economy of Western Siberia is to ensure equal conditions in obtaining a share of the currency from the export of their products.
One of the main goals of the policy of the authorities of Western Siberia is the protection of small peoples, the revival of their original occupations - hunting, crafts. To achieve this goal, government support is also needed.
In the conditions of the formation of market relations, the free economic zones created in Kuzbass and Altai. Market structures are being formed, new forms of ownership and entrepreneurship are being established.
For the West Siberian economic region, the main directions of stabilization are overcoming the crisis in oil production, increasing gas production, and maintaining the achieved level of coal production. Especially important is the increase in the level of extraction of hydrocarbons from the bowels, their complex processing and on this raw material base - the creation of chemical complexes, the development of industrial infrastructure, both in old-producing areas, especially in Kuzbass, and in areas of new development, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
At the same time, the rationalization of the structure of the West Siberian region should be carried out with the obligatory observance of the requirements of environmental protection from pollution, the minimum impact of the fuel industries on the established ecological systems, on the living conditions of the indigenous population of the North.
It is necessary to move from the traditional export of West Siberian gas and oil to cooperation between countries on the basis of joint entrepreneurship, the creation of joint ventures, leases, and the introduction of advanced foreign technology in the exploration, production and processing of hydrocarbons.
The priority direction in the development of the region's economy is the development of oil and gas resources on the continental shelf of the Kara Sea.
1. What Natural resources and their combinations determine the industrial development of the West Siberian economic region?
2. Highlight contemporary issues oil and gas complex of Western Siberia.
3. Give brief description West Siberian TPK.
According to the economic and geographical position, the nature of natural conditions and resources, and the originality of the historical development and specialization of the economy on the territory of the West Siberian economic region, two subregions can be distinguished - Kuznetsk-Altai and West Siberian.
Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict includes the Kemerovo, Novosibirsk regions, Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai. Although the subdistrict occupies less than 20% of the territory of Western Siberia, it concentrates about 60% of the total population of the district. The Kuznetsk-Altai subregion is distinguished by the coal, metallurgical, chemical and machine-building industries, large-scale agricultural production with a somewhat limited scale of logging. In this sub-region is concentrated the entire extraction of non-ferrous metal ores, ferrous metal ores, all the production of coke, chemical fibers, the production of aluminum and ferroalloys, steam boilers, railway cars, tractors. Metal-intensive machine building in Kuzbass is largely focused on the needs of the coal and metallurgical industries. The mechanical engineering of the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory is mainly transport, energy, and agricultural. The food and light industries in Kuzbass are associated with the rational use of labor resources, especially female labor, while in the Altai Territory and Novosibirsk Region these industries are associated with the presence of an agricultural base and the need to build up industrial potential. Agriculture in the Kemerovo region is largely suburban in nature, while in the Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory agriculture is inter-district in nature and is focused on the supply of agricultural products to other regions of the country. However, these internal differences of the subregion strengthen the economic unity of Kuzbass and Altai.
An industrial region was formed in Kuzbass as part of a number of industrial hubs - Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk-Kiselevsk, Belovo-Leninsk-Kuznetsk, Kemerovo. In Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai, however, the main form of territorial organization of industry is a separate center. The only exceptions are two industrial hubs - Novosibirsk and Barnaul-Novoaltay.
The largest cities of the Kuznetsk-Altai subregion are Novosibirsk, located at the intersection of the main Siberian highway with the Ob, Kemerovo on the river. Tom and Novokuznetsk.
AT Novosibirsk developed a variety of engineering. Academgorodok, the center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is located near the city. AT Kemerovo the chemical industry and various mechanical engineering are developed. Novokuznetsk - center of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal mining, production of mining equipment.
Altai region and Altai Republic - pasture areas with growing non-ferrous metallurgy, logging, food and light industries. In agriculture, along with the traditional branches of sheep breeding, goat breeding and horse breeding, deer breeding has been widely developed. Agriculture specializes in growing brown bread, potatoes, and forage crops. The sanatorium-and-spa economy (Belokurikha and Chemal resorts) and tourism are of great importance. Barnaul is a center of various engineering, chemical, light and food industries. The center of the Republic is Gorno-Altaisk.
See also:
From 1992 to 1996 I worked at the Akilovsky basic school in the Kochevsky district of the Perm region. This educational institution was declared an experimental site on the topic “Block-laboratory system based on immersion in the subject”. In 1997, I changed my place of residence, but the nostalgia for experimental work remained and I continued to work in this direction, already at another school. The structure and principles of building a lesson have been preserved. The training session is distinguished by a clear organization, a high level of independence and self-organization of students, and differentiation of the educational process. I offer one of the developments of such a lesson.
Geography lesson in grade 9
developed by a geography teacher of the first qualification category MOU
“PSOSH №2” Khuranova S.E.
Textbook Rom V.Ya., Dronov V.P. “Geography of Russia. Population and economy”.
| Lesson topic | Western Siberia |
| The purpose of the lesson |
|
| Main content |
|
| Geonomenclature |
|
| Leading Concepts | PTK, TPK, metallurgical base, branch of specialization, technology. |
| Equipment | Physical map of Western Siberia; atlases - grade 9, YNAO; symbol table; signal cards; album sheets; markers; LOK cards; contour maps |
| Working with a contour map |
|
| textbook material. | x 64 p.300, 307 – 315 |
During the classes.
1. Teacher's lecture
(20 minutes, based on the LOC written on the board and on student cards).Composition: Tyumen, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo regions, Altai Territory, rep. Altai, YNAO, KhMAO
G-D prom + resources oil-70%, 1/3 swamps c.coal-30% term. water |
Z-Sib plant in Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy plant in Novokuznetsk |
Zn - Belovo; Sn, Novosibirsk; Al -Novokuznetsk |
Metallurgical VPK- Omsk, Novosibirsk En. Machine Rocket Tractor Aircraft Agricultural machinery |
HPP-Novosibirsk |
Fertilizers - Barnaul, Tobolsk Plastics, dyes - Omsk, Tomsk Petrochemistry |
Yar. wheat, grain - 20% m, m-m livestock, deer-in bees-in |
mechanical revised wood prevails Wood chemistry |
2 TPK: a) Kuznetsk-Altai Coal, CM b) West Siberian Oil Gas |
|
2. Self-immersion
(20 minutes, on assignments from the board).2) Compose a story (based on LOK) about the economy of Western Siberia.
3) To characterize the TPK of Western Siberia according to the plan:
1. Geographic location.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
3. Specialization of TPK.
4. Problems and prospects of development.
- 1st option - Kuznetsk-Altai coal and metallurgical TPK;
- Option 2 - West Siberian Oil and Gas Chemical TPK) .
4) Additional tasks (at the choice of students) of a problem-search nature:
- prove that Western Siberia stands out for its powerful economy;
- formulate the problems facing the West Siberian petrochemical complex;
- make an advertising brochure in the drawings of the West Siberian economic region.
3. Workshop
.(20 minutes, checking self-immersion tasks).1) A story about Western Siberia (based on LOK).
2) Characteristics of the West Siberian and Kuznetsk-Altai TPK according to the plan.
3) Checking the performance of additional tasks of a problem-search nature (at the choice of the teacher).
- Evidence that a powerful economy has developed in Western Siberia:
- diversified economy;
- Developed scientific base;
- This is the main oil and gas and coal base of the country;
- Large metallurgical base;
- Area of developed grain farming.
- Problems of the West Siberian TPK:
a) insufficient development of the oil and gas processing industry;
c) insufficient development of the chemical industry;
c) environmental issues;
d) problems of the peoples of the Far North;
f) shortage of labor resources;
f) insufficient development of social infrastructure.
- Exhibition of brochures.
4) The game “Do you believe - do not believe?”
Students have flashcards. The teacher asks a question and reads the answers. Students raise the required card: “I BELIEVE” - white, “I DON'T BELIEVE” - black.
1 question. What are the main features of the EGP and FGP of the West Siberian region:
- large area °
- remoteness from the central regions °
- proximity to the Ural region°
- good transport network ·
- access to the seas of the Arctic Ocean °
- favorable natural conditions ·
- rich natural resources°
- the main territory of the region has a flat relief °
- borders with Kazakhstan and Mongolia.
2 question. What resources are rich in the Kuznetsk-Altai TPK?
Question 3. What branches of specialization have been formed in the West Siberian TPK?
4 question. What branches of mechanical engineering are developed in Western Siberia?
- severe°
- exact°
- agricultural°
- automotive ·
CONCLUSION. The main economic function of Western Siberia is the supply of oil and gas to the European part of the country. The role of coal has recently been declining.
4. Offset.(20 minutes)Assignments are given in ascending order from option A to B. Students in without fail perform tasks from level A.
Level A - Corresponds to the grade "3", a test that determines the minimum basic level on the topic.
Level B - corresponds to the grade "4", includes the leading concepts on the topic.
Level B - corresponds to the grade "5", complicated and creative tasks.
2.Set match:
3. Match:
4. In Western Siberia, the zone of the North occupies:
- Most of the territory;
- Approximately half;
- The smaller part.
5. Of the resources of Western Siberia, the most important for the country are:
- Forest;
- Fuel and energy;
- Ore.
6. A complex of structural materials is developed in Western Siberia:
- In the north;
- On South.
7. Set match:
8. The economy of Western Siberia mainly uses resources:
- Own;
- Imported.
B. Explain concepts.
B. Creative tasks of the choice of students.
1. Draw a diagram of the Siberian metallurgical base.
2. There is such a song among the peoples of the Mansi:
We will leave, we will leave the earth,
Not to be born again
And on fast horse-skis
Do not slide after sables.
Our boats are like graves
On the sands they rot sadly,
And in the deserted villages
Only mice will live.
What problem of the indigenous people of the North is mentioned in the poem?
What other problems of the indigenous population would you add? Suggest ways to solve these problems.
5. The result of the lesson.
6. Homework.
Note: The material is designed for 2 paired lessons.
Application
In Western Siberia, two economic subregions were formed: West Siberian (Ob-Irtysh) and Kuznetsk-Altai. Each of them has their own economic profile. The level of development of their economy is high enough to, perhaps, in the near future, consider them in the group of the main economic regions of Russia.
West Siberian (Ob-Irtysh) subdistrict
Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen (including the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs) regions
The oil and natural gas reserves available in this subregion created the prerequisites for the development of not only a powerful oil and gas industry, but also complex organic synthesis industries. Two main complexes are formed here, corresponding to the petrochemical and gas-energy-chemical EPC. Machine-building, forest-energy-chemical, industrial-agrarian, fishery, industrial-construction complexes also belong to the main ones.
The fuel and energy complex is represented not only by enterprises for the production of energy fuel, but also by a large system
The share of subjects of the Russian Federation in the West Siberian region
by main economic indicators (1997), %
Table 22
| The subject of the Russian Federation | Territory | Population at the beginning of 1998 | Number of people employed in the economy | Gross regional product | Volume industrial products | 1 Agricultural output 1 | Investments in fixed assets |
| Republic | 3,8 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0,4 | 0,1 | 1,9 | />0,2 |
| Altai | | | | | | | |
| Altai region | 7,0 | 17,7 | 16,0 | 6,4 | 6,5 | 21,1 | 3,0 |
| Kemerovo region. | 3,9 | 20,0 | 19,2 | 14,1 | 17,6 | 15,4 | 10,4 |
| Novosibirsk region one | 7,3 | 18,2 | 16,3 | 9,5 | 6,8 | 22,0 | 5,5 |
| Omsk region | 5,8 | 14,4 | 14,2 | 8,4 | 9,6 | 20,0 | 4,1 |
| Tomsk region | 13,1 | 7,1 | 7,0 | 5,3 | 4,7 | 7,3 | 5,0 |
| Tyumen region | 59,1 | 21,3 | 26,1 | 55,9 | 54,7 | 14,1 | 71,8 |
| including; | | | | | | | |
| Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | 21,6 | 9,0 | 9,8 | ... | 37,0 | ... | 31,4 |
| Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | 39,0 | 3,3 | 4,3 | ... | 14,0 | ... | 28,2 |
| TOTAL | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
thermal power plants in the Middle Ob region and separate power units in the areas of oil and gas production. The energy system has been significantly strengthened by new state district power plants: Surgutskaya, Nizhnevartovskaya and Urengoyskaya.
The oil and gas complex is based on Tyumen and Tomsk oil and natural gas. Its enterprises are located almost throughout the entire territory of the subdistrict. Oil production is concentrated mainly in the Middle Ob. In the future, the importance of its northern deposits will increase. Natural gas is produced mainly in the northern regions. The most significant deposits are located here - Yamburgskoye and the Yamal Peninsula. Plants for the processing of initial oil and gas raw materials are located in Omsk, Tobolsk and Tomsk industrial hubs. The Omsk petrochemical complex includes plants: oil refinery, synthetic rubber, soot, tire, rubber products, as well as a cord factory, etc. The development of this complex is rapidly expanding not only in depth, but also in breadth. The largest complexes for oil and gas processing have been created in Tobolsk and Tomsk. In the future, new oil and gas processing centers will emerge in Western Siberia.
The machine-building complex has been formed mainly in Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Ishim and Zavodoukovsk. Machine-building enterprises produce equipment and machines for the oil and gas processing and timber industries, for transport, construction, and agriculture. Aircraft building, rocket building, tank building, engine building, radio electronics, and instrument making have received great development.
In the near future, it is necessary to strengthen the role of the cities of Omsk, Tyumen and Tomsk as supporting bases for the development of oil and gas bearing regions of Western Siberia and to deepen the specialization of the mechanical engineering of these centers in the production of various equipment in the northern version.
The wood chemical complex is mainly represented by logging and woodworking industries. A significant part of the timber is still exported from the sub-area in an unprocessed form (roundwood, ore stand, firewood). The stages of deep processing of wood (hydrolysis, pulp and paper, etc.) are not sufficiently developed. In the future, a significant increase in logging is planned in the Tyumen and Tomsk regions.
The agro-industrial complex is an important link in the economy of the subdistrict. according to natural conditions and economic features certain types of agriculture and combinations of the main and service industries have developed in its individual parts. The agro-industrial complex as a whole specializes in the cultivation and processing of grain. On a small scale, in places where certain industrial crops (flax, hemp, sunflower) are grown, there is a primary processing of flax and hemp, as well as oil production. The livestock branch of the agro-industrial complex includes butter-dairy, milk-canning factories and production for the processing of meat, leather, wool, and sheepskin.
The ancient craft of the subdistrict is carpet weaving (in Ishim and Tobolsk there are mechanized carpet factories). Textile, leather and footwear industries operate on local and imported raw materials. "
The main centers for processing agricultural raw materials are Omsk, Tyumen, Tomsk, Yalutorovsk, Tatarsk, Ishim.
The fishing complex (fishing in rivers and lakes and sea fishing in the Gulf of Ob, fish processing and canning) is served by a net knitting factory in Tyumen and a shipyard in Tobolsk, bases for the receiving and transport fleet. Container and tin-can production is located at fish processing plants.
The industrial and construction complex of the subdistrict is focused on ensuring the reconstruction and new construction of petrochemical enterprises. The main construction organizations are concentrated in large industrial centers in the south of the subdistrict and base cities on | | its north. ]
In the Ob-Irtysh subdistrict, a system of territorial-| but-industrial complexes: i
Omsk, Tyumensko-Tobolsk and Yuzhno-Tomsk - support for the development of oil and gas regions, specializing in machine building, petrochemistry, woodworking, light and food industries; ^ Sredneobsky and Severo-Tomsky with large-scale oil production, \ GRES and gas processing plants using petroleum associated gas; j Severo-Tyumensky - a pioneer complex, which is being formed on the basis of gas production, and in the future also oil;
Southern Priuralsky (Kondinskoye Priobye), specializing in oil production and timber processing; one
Northern Priuralsky (Severo-Sosvinsky, Sosvinskoye Pri-] Ob), specializing in gas production and wood processing.
The cores of these TPKs were emerging industrial centers: Tyumensky, Tobolsky, Yalutorovsky, Ishimsky in Tyumensko-Tobolsk | skom TPK; Omsk - in Omsk; Tomsky, Asinsky - in South Tomsk; Surgutsky, Nizhnevartovsky, Nefteyugansky, Noyabrsky - j in Sredneobsky; Strezhevo-Aleksandrovsky - in the North Tomsk; Urengoy, Nadym, Salekhard, Yamburg - in the North Tyumen TPK, etc.
Omsk region(the territory is 139.7 thousand km2, the population is 2180 thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 67.1%). Unlike the Tyumen region, the Omsk region does not have large mineral deposits and, like the south of the Tyumen region, serves as a base for the development of the West Siberian North and processing of oil coming from the Middle Ob region. In addition, the largest industrial complex was formed here, not directly related to the development of the North.
More than half of the population is concentrated in the regional center of Omsk (1182.0 thousand inhabitants). Other cities are small; Tara based in; 1594 and in 1669 transferred to. new place, has 26.4 thousand inhabitants, Isilkul - 27.6 thousand, Kalachiisk - 25.6 thousand inhabitants. i
The type of economy of the region is industrial-agrarian: grain and suburban (meat and dairy) agriculture is developed around the powerful Omsk industrial hub.
Omsk - The largest city in the Ob-Irtysh subdistrict. Founded in 1716, for a long time it was the most important administrative center of Western Siberia: the West Siberian (1824-1882) and Steppe (1882-1917) governor-generals (the latter included Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions with the cities of Akmola ( now Astana), Kokchetav, Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, etc.). Favorable economic and geographical position of Omsk at the fork of the Siberian railway, at its intersection with the river. Irtysh, the adjoining of a railway line from Kazakhstan, the construction of an oil pipeline from the Middle Ob region led to an intensive growth of industry in the city. Omsk is the first large oil refining center created in Western Siberia (Omskorgsintez *, synthetic rubber plant, Omskshina *, etc.). The most important place in the industry of the city is occupied by mechanical engineering, in particular the production of space and aviation equipment, tank building, radio electronics, instrumentation (the enterprises "Polyot", named after Baranov, "Transmash", etc.). Developed light and food industry: leather, shoe, meat, dairy, textile, etc.
Omsk is a major cultural center with a university, other universities, one of the largest book depositories in Siberia, theaters and museums.
Tomsk region(the territory is 316.9 thousand km2, the population is 1072 thousand people, the share of the urban population is 66.8%), located in the taiga zone and partially mixed forests, is less agriculture grain and partly suburban type (in terms of grain harvest, it is inferior to Tyumen by about 3 times, Kemerovo - 2 times, Omsk and Novosibirsk - 5 times, Altai Territory - 8 times). A powerful Tomsk industrial hub stands out, including the city of Tomsk (481.1 thousand inhabitants; a large center of oil refining, petrochemistry and mechanical engineering), the center of the nuclear industry, the city of Seversk (119.0 thousand inhabitants), a new significant center of the oil industry, the city of Tomsk. Strezhevoy (44.0 thousand inhabitants) in the northern part of the region, the timber industry center of Asino on the river. Chulym (31.3 thousand inhabitants), the center of the fishing and food industry Kolpashevo (28.9 thousand inhabitants) on the river. Ob below the confluence of the river. Chulym.
Tomsk is the oldest administrative, industrial, scientific and cultural center. It was founded in 1604 as an important Russian fortress in the basin of the river. Tom, which relied on the promotion to the basin of the river. Yenisei (through the rivers Ket and Kas). With the construction of the Siberian Highway, Tomsk acquired a particularly important trade and distribution value. However, being away from the main Siberian railway line, from which a railway line was laid to the city in 1896, Tomsk lost economic leadership in this part of Siberia to the rapidly developing Novosibirsk, but continued to develop
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as the largest science Center. Back in 1880, the first university in the Asian part of Russia was founded here, and in 1896, the first higher technical educational institution in Siberia, the Technological Institute, was established. Modern Tomsk is the largest scientific center. The petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering (plants "Sibkabel", "Sibelektromotor", bearing, instrumental, electromechanical, electric lamp, radio engineering, etc.), woodworking, production of building materials, food industry have received great development in it.
The Tyumen region (territory 1435.2 thousand km2, population 3243.5 thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 76.2%) is the only subject of the Russian Federation in Western Siberia, which includes two other subjects of the Russian Federation: Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous regions. This creates certain conflicts of a constitutional nature.
The south of the Tyumen region developed as a base for the development of oil and gas fields in the Tyumen North and large-scale oil refining in the Middle Ob region. The Tyumen industrial hub, which specializes in industries that meet the needs of the oil and gas industry of the Tyumen North in equipment, building structures and vehicles, and the Tobolsk industrial hub, which specializes in oil refining and petrochemistry, have received the greatest development.
Tyumen (556.4 thousand inhabitants) is the first Russian city in Siberia, founded as a prison in 1586 on the banks of the river. Tours, 100 km from its confluence with the river. Tobol. At present it is a major railway junction (lines to Omsk, Yekaterinburg, Surgut) and a river port. The most important industries are river shipbuilding (it has a long tradition: in 1838 the first steamship in Siberia was built in Tyumen), mechanical engineering, engine building, electromechanical, instrument making, machine tool building, production of equipment for the oil industry, plastics, chemical and pharmaceutical products, medical equipment and tools, building materials, light and food industries. From the 60s of the XX century. Tyumen has become the organizational center for the development of northern oil and gas fields.
The city has research and design institutes for the oil and gas industry, higher educational establishments, cultural institutions.
Tobolsk (117.0 thousand inhabitants), like Tyumen, is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. Founded in 1587 on the river. Irtysh, near the confluence of the river. Tobol. Here was built the first in Siberia stone kremlin. From the end of the 16th to the 18th century, that is, for about 200 years, it was the main military-administrative, church (Siberian diocese) and for a long time an important trade and distribution center of Siberia. In the 19th century in connection with the shift of trade routes, and then the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which went far from Tobolsk, the economic importance of the city fell. With the development of the Tyumen North and the construction of the main railway line from Tyumen to the north, passing through Tobolsk (Tyumen -
Tobolsk - Surgut - Novy Urengoy), the importance of Tobolsk increased again. The largest petrochemical plant was built here. Shipbuilding and ship repair, production of building materials, furniture, light and food industries have been developed.
Tobolsk is a large and promising tourist center (many valuable monuments of history and architecture).
The Tyumen region includes the Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region(the territory is 523.1 thousand km2, the population is 1384 thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 91.1%). It includes those that have received great development since the 60-90s of the XX century. industrial units of the Middle Ob region, specializing in oil production, partly gas, production of building materials, timber and wood processing industries. Oil production in 1998 amounted to 167 million tons, gas - 19 billion m3.
On the basis of the oil and gas and partly timber industry, several groups of cities and towns have developed.
In the central and eastern parts of the Middle Ob region, along the Tyumen - Tobolsk - Novy Urengoy railway, four such groups have developed: the Surgut group - the cities of Surgut and Lyantor, the villages of Fedorovsky, Barsovo, Bely Yar. The main enterprises are Surgutneftegaz, associated gas processing enterprises, state district power plants, construction industry enterprises (including housing construction), food industry (including fish canning) industry.
Surgut is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. It was founded in 1594, but then for a long time it did not have significant significance and even lost its city status twice (in 1804-1867 and 1926-1965). Currently, after Tyumen in terms of population (278.4 thousand inhabitants) and industrial importance, the city of the Tyumen region. Nizhnevartovsk group - Nizhnevartovsk (238.9 thousand inhabitants), Megion (50.0 thousand), Langepas (40.3 thousand), Rainbow (46.1 thousand), Pokachi (14.5 thousand inhabitants) and etc. The main enterprises are Nizhnevartovskneftegaz, Megionneftegaz, Langepasneftegaz (one of the leading enterprises of the Lukoil company), Sibneftegazpererabotka (gas processing plants), etc.
The city of Nizhnevartovsk, which grew in connection with the discovery in the early 60s of the XX century. and the development of large oil fields, including the largest Samotlor, currently the third largest in terms of population in the Tyumen region. The oil pipelines Samotlor - Almetyevsk, Samotlor - Samara, Samotlor - Alexandrovskoye originate here. Nefteyugansk group (south of Surgut, on the left bank of the Ob river) - the city of Nefteyugansk (98.1 thousand inhabitants; arose on the site of the village of Ust-Balyk on the bank of the Ob channel of the Yuganskaya Ob river, 42 km from the station. Ostrovnaya on the iron road Tobolsk - Surgut), Pyt-Yakh (42.3 thousand inhabitants), the village of Poikovsky and others. The main enterprise is Yuganskneftegaz. The Ust-Balyk - Omsk oil pipelines and the Ust-Balyk - Tobolsk oil pipeline originate here.
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Kogalym group - the city of Kogalym (55.2 thousand inhabitants). The main enterprise is Kogalymneftegaz* (oil company Lukoil).
In the western part of the region, groups of settlements were also formed: Yugorskaya - the cities of Yugorsk (30,000 inhabitants), Nyagan (65.8 thousand inhabitants), Sovetsky (22.2 thousand inhabitants), the settlements of Agirish, Zelenoborsk, Kommunistichesky, Taezhny, Priobye, Andra, Oktyabrsky, etc. The group was formed on the basis of enterprises of the woodworking industry and oil production, located along the Ivdel-Ob railway. The Igrim-Berezovskaya group - the city of Beloyarsky (18.2 thousand inhabitants), the settlements of Igrim, Berezovo, etc. It formed along the banks of the Ob, Severnaya Sosva, Malaya Sosva, Kazym rivers on the basis of woodworking enterprises and those involved in gas transportation. Kondinsky group - Mr. Uray (39.7 thousand inhabitants), the villages of Shaim, Lugovoi, Mezhdurechensky, Mortka, Kuminsky, Kondinsky. It was formed on the basis of oil production in the valley of the river. Konda, as well as timber and woodworking enterprises along the railway to Tavda. The Shaim oil field is one of the first to be discovered in Western Siberia. The oil pipeline Shaim - Tyumen originates here.
In the central part of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug on the river. The Ob is located in its center, Khanty-Mansiysk (38.2 thousand inhabitants), connected with the main oil-producing regions of the Okrug by road, river and air transport and remote from them by 250-400 km.
The Tyumen Region also includes the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (territory 750.3 thousand km2, population 506.8 thousand people, including urban - 419.6 thousand people, or 82.8%). It includes industrial hubs that have been formed in recent decades on the basis of gas production and, to a lesser extent, oil. Although Russian people came here back in the 17th century. (the famous Mangazeya was located here on the Taza River - a trading port and customs through which furs were traded), the region remained poorly developed until recently.
The discovery of huge reserves of gas (about 6 trillion m3) and oil (1 billion tons, including gas condensate) caused an intensive industrial development of the region. In terms of gas and gas condensate reserves, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug surpasses Canada, Great Britain, Algeria, Mexico and the Netherlands combined. Despite the more difficult natural conditions in the subarctic and arctic zones, gas and oil production in the region is growing. In 1998, 523 billion m3 of gas and 30 million tons of oil and gas condensate were produced here. Powerful gas pipelines have been laid to the European part of Russia and to Western Europe. The main enterprises are part of the Gazprom concern.
Groups of cities and towns were formed: the Salekhard group - the cities of Salekhard (32.1 thousand inhabitants; the administrative center of the district) and Labytnangi (27.8 thousand inhabitants; located on the left bank of the Ob River at the junction of the Pechersk railway coming from Vorkuta ), the village of Kharp. The group was formed on the basis of administrative and transport functions. From the city of Labytnangi, a railway is being built to the Yamal Peninsula. The Nadym group - the city of Nadym (47.1 thousand inhabitants), the villages of Stary Nadym, Pangody, Zapolyarny. The group was formed on the basis of the largest Medvezhye and Yubileynoye gas fields. The main enterprise is Nadymgazprom. The Novo-Urengoyskaya group - the city of Novy Urengoy (101.7 thousand inhabitants), the settlements of Urengoy, Korotchaevo, Limbyakha, Yagelskaya, Yamburg, Tazovsky, etc. This is the most powerful center of the gas industry in the Tyumen North, producing about 74% of Russian gas (enterprises "Urengoygazprom", "Yamburggazodobycha", etc.). A railway line was laid from Novy Urengoy to Yamburg for the development of the Yamburgskoye gas condensate field (condensate is delivered to Novy Urengoy for processing along a 230 km route). An export gas pipeline is being built from Yamburg. Noyabrsk group - the cities of Noyabrsk (106.8 thousand inhabitants), Muravlenko (37.0 thousand inhabitants), st. Khanymey and others. The vase enterprise -¦ Noyabrskneftegaz (oil company Sibneft) includes the oil producing enterprises Kholmogorneft, Zapolyarneft (nose Vyngapurovsky), Muravlenkovskneft and Sutorminskneft (Muravlenko). In Muravlenko, nos. Vyngapur and the city of Noyabrsk operate gas processing plants based on associated petroleum gas. There are also food and light industry enterprises in Noyabrsk. Gubkinsky group - the city of Gubkinsky (18.7 thousand inhabitants; received the status of a city in 1996), the villages of Kharampur, Barsukovsky and others. The main enterprise is Purneftegaz (Rosneft company),
Unlike the Novo-Urengoysky and Nadymsky industrial hubs, which specialize in gas production, the Noyabrsky and Gubkinsky industrial hubs specialize in oil production and associated petroleum gas processing.
Important tasks for the further development of the region are the promotion of gas and oil production to the northern regions with more severe conditions, but highly efficient fields; improving the technology of gas and oil production and reducing their cost at developed fields; significant reduction in the complexity of technological processes; optimization of the settlement system (apparently, it will not be necessary to build new base cities: it is necessary to improve the use of rotational and rotational-expeditionary methods of exploitation of deposits, choosing in each specific case the most appropriate proportions of using these methods, the advantages and disadvantages of which in the conditions of the Siberian North have already manifested themselves clear enough). An important problem is the further transport development of the region; in addition to laying roads to the north, it is necessary to consider the possibility of restoring the latitudinal railway Labytnangi - Nadym - Novy Urengoy, and then continuing it to Igarka and Norilsk.
Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict
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Republic of Altai, Altai Territory, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk Regions
In the subregion, the following sectoral and adequate EPC-complexes are of primary importance: fuel and energy, pyrometallurgical ferrous and non-ferrous metals, coal and energy chemical, machine-building, forestry and chemical, agro-industrial and industrial-construction.
The fuel and energy complex includes a system of enterprises extracting thermal coal and several powerful thermal power plants. Hydroelectric power plants have also entered the energy system of Kuzbass, but their importance is small compared to thermal power plants. During the development of the Itatsky brown coal deposit, a group of thermal power plants can be created, the largest of which will have a capacity of 6.4 million kW. Thermal power engineering can also develop on the natural gas of the Ob-Irtysh region.
The pyrometallurgical complex of ferrous metals is represented by all stages - from the extraction of ores, their enrichment to the production of iron, steel and rolled products. Enterprises of the basic stages - coal mining (for coke charge) and ore mining. The coal industry of Kuzbass determined the formation of the remaining links in the economy of the subdistrict. The iron ore industry created in Gornaya Shoria does not meet the needs of the metallurgical redistribution; metallurgical plants receive iron ore concentrates from other regions; Kuznetsk - from Khakassia, West Siberian - from the Angara-Ilimsk basin, etc. All stages of the metallurgical redistribution are concentrated at the Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical plants; The Guryev Processing Plant and the Novosibirsk Sheet Rolling Plant produce steel and rolled products. Further development complex can be based not only on increasing the capacity of existing enterprises, but also on the creation of new ones, as well as on expanding the range of rolled products.
The main enterprises of the coal-energy and chemical complex are concentrated in the Kuznetsk junction. These are the coking plant, the Novokemerovo chemical plant, the Karbolit (nitrogen-fertilizer), aniline dye, and kapron yarn plants. A new center of coke chemistry has emerged in the Altai Territory, and the production of nitrogen fertilizers is also developing here. Synthetic fiber is supplied to the textile enterprises of Barnaul, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk and Omsk, part of this raw material is exported.
The complex of electrically intensive enterprises is represented by an aluminum and ferroalloy plant in Novokuznetsk and a zinc plant in Belov.
A large machine-building complex arose in the Kuznetsk-Altai subregion due to the growth of coal mining in it, the creation of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Favorable factors in this case were the proximity of the main agricultural bases of Siberia and a convenient transport and geographical position on the transit railway lines. Novosibirsk is the largest machine-building center in Western Siberia. Aircraft building, machine tool building, energy, agricultural, transport engineering and the production of equipment for the mining, light and food industries are concentrated here. In Kuzbass, two machine-building clusters can be distinguished: northern (Kemerovo, Topki, Yurga, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Anzhero-Sudzhensk) and southern (Novokuznetsk, Prokopyevsk, Kiselevsk). Both are specialized mainly in the production of machines and equipment for the coal industry (tuning machines, drilling rigs, electric motors, mine cars, scraper winches, mechanisms for hydraulic mines, etc.). Significant engineering centers have become Barnaul (boiler building, mining equipment, means of transport), Rubtsovsk (agricultural engineering), Biysk (boiler building).
The forest-energy-chemical complex is represented so far mainly by enterprises for the harvesting of wood and its mechanical processing, which are located throughout the sub-region. Deep chemical processing of wood has not yet been developed. The collection and primary processing of resin, the production of coniferous-vitamin flour is one of the directions for the integrated use of forest resources: resin is processed in Barnaul at a rosin-turpentine plant and in Novosibirsk to obtain medical camphor. Large sawmilling centers are located in Biysk, Mogoch, Ket, Novosibirsk, Novokuznetsk and Prokopyevsk. There is a production of matches in Barnaul and Biysk.
The agro-industrial complex in the Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict is more developed than in the Ob-Irgysh subdistrict. In harvest years, the subdistrict provides half of the state grain supplies to Siberia. In the strip of steppes and forest-steppes, sunflower and sugar beets are grown (the latter - only in the foothills of Altai), in the northern subtaiga zone - fiber flax. Cattle are bred everywhere, but most of all in the forest-steppe and steppe regions. Fine-fleeced sheep breeding is confined to the steppe zone, and semi-fine-fleeced to the forest-steppe and Altai. The system of enterprises for the production of milk and dairy products (butter, high-quality cheese) is widely developed, especially in the Altai Territory. Meat processing plants are located mainly in large cities - Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, etc.
The powerful industrial and construction complex of the subdistrict is specialized in the construction of heavy industry facilities. The construction base for agricultural and civil construction is insufficient here. The main links of the complex are located in the cities of Kuzbass, Novosibirsk and Barnaul.
In the Kuznetsk-Altai subregion, territorial production complexes can be distinguished: Kuzbass (coal mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, mechanical engineering), Novosibirsk and Barnaul (large engineering, chemical, light and food industries), West Altai (machine building, non-ferrous metallurgy and a set of agro-industrial productions) / Kuzbass TPK includes industrial nodes: Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopyevsko-Kiselevskiy, Leninsk-Kuznetsko-Belovsky, Osinnikovo-Kaltansky, Myskovsko-Mezhdurecheyasky, Yurginsky, Tapggagolsky, etc.; Novosibirsk TPK - Novosibirsk, Berdsky, Toguchinsky, Iskitimsky; Barnaul TPK - Barnaul, Biysk, Kamensky-on-Ob, Zarinsky; West Altai TPK - Rubtsovsky and others.
The Republic of Altai (territory 92.6 thousand km2, population 203.1 thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 25.0%) is the smallest subject of the Russian Federation in terms of territory and population within Western Siberia. Separated in 1991 from the Altai Territory.
The main sector of the republic's economy is animal husbandry. Industry (light, food, construction) is concentrated in the republican center of Gorno-Altaisk (50.6 thousand inhabitants). The Chemal hydroelectric power station operates in the village of Chemal. It is also known as a mountain climatic resort. Gold is mined in the villages of Maysk and Talon. b
Altai Territory (territory 169.1 thousand km2, population 2691 thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 52.7%) is located in the southeastern part of Western Siberia. It occupies the flat territories of the Priobsky plateau and the Kulunda lowland and the foothills of the Salair Ridge and the Altai Mountains. Type of economy - agro-industrial. The region stands out for its large-scale production of grain, meat, milk, as well as sunflower, sugar beet, and flax.
Industrial hubs have developed in the region: Barnaul, which includes the regional center of Barnaul, as well as the city of Novoaltaisk (74.6 thousand inhabitants) with a car building plant and enterprises for the production of building materials, food industry and Zarinsk (53.7 thousand inhabitants ) with a large coking plant and food industry enterprises; Biysk - the city of Biysk (236.7 thousand inhabitants) with powerful enterprises of the chemical industry, mechanical engineering (boiler plant, Sibpribormash, etc.), food and light industry; Rubtsovsky - Rubtsovsk (163.9 thousand inhabitants) with Altayselmash plants, tractor, tractor electrical equipment, production of building materials, food and light industry enterprises.
Significant industrial and organizational-distribution centers of gravitating agricultural regions: the city of Kamen-na-Ob (43.7 thousand inhabitants) with food processing enterprises (meat-packing plant, etc.) and light industry; Slavgorod (34.6 thousand) with enterprises of mechanical engineering (production of forging and pressing equipment, a radio plant, etc.), chemical, food and light industries; Aleysk (31.1 thousand inhabitants) with food enterprises (sugar and butter and cheese factories, etc.) and light industry, etc.
In the foothills of Altai there are ancient centers of non-ferrous metallurgy, mining and enrichment of polymetallic ores - the cities of Zmeinogorek (12.9 thousand inhabitants) and Gornyak (16.3 thousand), as well as the famous resort town of Belokurikha (15.0 thousand inhabitants) .
Barnaul (650.0 thousand inhabitants) is the center of the region. The city has developed energy (boiler plant) and transport engineering, motor
construction (Altaidizel), radio industry, chemical industry (Khimvolokno, tire and rubber products plants, etc.) gt; light industry (melange and cotton mills) and food industry. An important university and cultural center of the region.
The Kemerovo region (area of 95.5 thousand km2, population of a thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 86.8%) includes the Kuznetsk basin with the Kuznetsk Alatau bordering it (up to 2178 m high), the Salair Ridge and Mountain Shoria, and also flat territories of the West Siberian lowland (in the northern part of the region). The type of economy of the region is industrial-agrarian: along with a powerful coal-metallurgical complex, agriculture is predominantly of a suburban type, using relatively favorable natural conditions (“Siberian Ukraine”).
A feature of Kuzbass is not only the concentration of industry, but also the concentration here of the largest cluster of population and cities in Siberia.
Kuzbass is the largest industrial region of Russia east of the Urals. Less than 1% of the territory of Siberia is home to 13% of its population, including 15% of the urban population. In Kuzbass, one of the most urbanized regions of the country, an extensive a complex system industrial hubs and cities.
On the present stage this region retains its place among the regions of Siberia, favorable in terms of natural and economic conditions for priority development. Its fuel and raw materials, along with oil and gas of the West Siberian North, hydropower, ore, timber and coal resources of the Angara-Yenisei basin, Norilsk nickel and Yakut diamonds, are among the most important and cost-effective resources of Siberia. Its world's largest resources of high-quality coal are combined with favorable climatic and soil-vegetation conditions, significant water resources, as well as large reserve territories for the development of industry and cities. An equally important reserve for the development of industry is the availability of industrial and communal funds, building bases, and especially labor resources.
The coal industry serves as the “core” around which all other links of the economic complex are formed (ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, electric power industry, production of aluminum and ferroalloys, production of mining equipment and electrical products, light and food industries). Significant opportunities are associated with the development of mining of high-quality coking coal, as well as thermal coal by cheap open pit and hydro mining.
Kuzbass faces important problems of increasing the technical level of coal production, reducing its cost, and significantly increasing labor productivity. None of the major coal regions of the world is located so far from the most important centers of consumption and export ports (Kuzbass is located next to Tyva, the world record holder
distance from the nearest sea). Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of coal mining, it will be necessary to reduce redundant jobs, close unpromising mines and cuts, no matter how painful these measures are, and also pursue a rational tariff policy.
At the same time, it is necessary to reconstruct the entire industrial complex of Kuzbass with the development here (as workers are released from the coal industry) of the upper floors of the industrial complex - highly qualified mechanical engineering, electronics, production of final products based on chemistry, etc. For this, there are all the necessary prerequisites (infrastructure, qualified labor resources, research and design institutes, universities, etc.).
In the Kemerovo region, a system of industrial hubs and cities has developed:
in the Northern Kuzbass, this is the Kemerovo industrial hub, which includes the city of Kemerovo (533.7 thousand inhabitants), the new coal industry center of Berezovsky (56.3 thousand) and the transport hub and building materials production center of Topki (33.0 thousand . inhabitants); Yurginsky - a large engineering center in the city of Yurga (86.8 thousand inhabitants); Anzhero-Sudzhensky - the oldest coal-mining center of Anzhero-Sudzhensk (100.9 thousand inhabitants);
in the Central Kuzbass - Leninsk-Kuznetsko-Belovsky industrial hub, including the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky (115.0 thousand inhabitants) - the center of the coal industry, mechanical engineering (plants for electric lamps, Kuzbasselement, mine fire equipment), light (worsted and cloth combine, clothing, shoe factories) and the food industry; Belovo (167.9 thousand inhabitants) - the center of the coal industry, non-ferrous metallurgy (zinc plant), mechanical engineering (Sibalcom * and others), light and food industries; Guryevsk (28.8 thousand inhabitants) - the oldest metallurgical center (convertible metallurgy), production of cement, mineral paints, etc.;
in the Southern Kuzbass - the Novokuznetsk industrial hub, including the city of Novokuznetsk (579.8 thousand inhabitants) - a large center of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical plants, ferroalloy plants, aluminum), coal industry, production of building materials and structures , light and food industries; Prokopievsko-Kiselevskiy industrial hub - the cities of Prokopyevsk (237.9 thousand inhabitants) and Kiselevsk (116.5 thousand inhabitants) - centers of the coal industry, mechanical engineering (plants "Electromashina", mine automation, bearing, food engineering, etc. in Prokopievsk, coal engineering, metal structures and mining machines in Kiselevsk), light industry, food industry, production of building materials; Mysksko-Mezhdurechensky industrial hub - the cities of Mezhdurechensk (104.6 thousand inhabitants) - the center for the extraction of high-quality coking coal and Myski (45.2 thousand inhabitants) - the center of the electric power industry (Tom-Usinskaya GRES), the coal industry and the production of building materials; Osinnikovsko-Kaltansky industrial hub - the city of Osinniki (58.7 thousand inhabitants) -
the center of the coal industry and Kaltan (25.8 thousand inhabitants) - the center of the electric power industry (South-Kuzbass State District Power Plant), coal mining, mechanical engineering, production of building materials.
Outside of the Kuzbass proper, in the Kemerovo region, there are: in the south - Gornaya Shoria (Tashtagol industrial hub and settlements based on the Tashtagol, I1eregeshevsky, Temirtau, Shalymsky, Kazsky, Sukharinsky iron ore deposits, etc.); in the northwest - the mentioned Yurginsky industrial hub, the city of Taiga (25.5 thousand inhabitants) - a transport hub at the branch of the Main Siberian Railway line to Tomsk,
urban settlement Yashkino (15.2 thousand inhabitants) - a center for the production of cement, large-panel housing construction, etc.; in the northeast - the city of Mariinsk (38.7 thousand inhabitants) and the village of Tyazhinskiy (12.8 thousand inhabitants) - significant centers of food and light industry and woodworking.
Kemerovo is the administrative and cultural center of the region, the center of the chemical industry (factories "Azot", "Khimprom", "Karbolit", "Khimvolokno", coke plant, specializing in the production of mineral fertilizers, chemical resins, plastics, dyes, etc.), chemical mechanical engineering, electrical engineering (Kuzbass lektromotor, etc.), light and food industries, production of building materials. Institutes of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, design and scientific institutes and organizations.
The Novosibirsk region (territory 178.2 thousand km2, population thousand people, the share of the urban population in it is 74.0%) is located in the southeast of the West Siberian Plain in the zones of the southern taiga and forest-steppe. The type of economy is industrial-agrarian with a powerful Novosibirsk industrial hub and large-scale grain and livestock farming. In addition to Novosibirsk, significant industrial centers are Berdsk (86.3 thousand inhabitants), Iskitim (68.3 thousand), Kuibyshev (52.4 thousand), as well as Barabinsk (32.4 thousand), Tatarsk (28 .2 thousand), Karasuk (30.8 thousand), Toguchin (23.5 thousand inhabitants), etc.
Novosibirsk (1402.1 thousand inhabitants) is the fourth largest city in the country (after Moscow, St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod), the largest city in Siberia. It arose in 1893 in connection with the construction of a railway bridge across the river. Ob during the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway (under the name first Gusevka, then Novaya Derevnya, Alexandrovsky, Novonikolaevsky, since 1903 - the city of Novonikolaevsk, since 1925 - the city of Novosibirsk). Located at the "gates" of Siberia, at the intersection of the Main Siberian Highway with
R. The Ob and branches of the railway lines to the Kuzbass and through the Altai to Central Asia, the city grew with amazing speed. A new impetus to the development of the city was given during the Great Patriotic War evacuation to it of many factories, theaters, institutes. In the 60s of the XX century. The Siberian branch of the Academy of Sciences was created here.
Modern Novosibirsk is the largest center of mechanical engineering: aircraft industry (Chkalov plant), machine tool industry (led by the Tyazhstankogidropress plant), energy industry (Sibelektrotyazhmash, electrothermal equipment, etc.), agricultural industry (Sibsel-
mat"), radio electronics, instrumentation, production of communications. It also developed enterprises for the production of apparatus and equipment, fuel energy assemblies for the nuclear industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (¦ Novoebprokat *, a tin plant, an electrode plant), the chemical and pharmaceutical industry, the production of building materials, the fish and food industries.
Academgorodok was built near Novosibirsk. Institutes are located on the banks of the Ob reservoir Russian Academy Sciences, Novosibirsk University, institutes of the Academies of Medical and Agricultural Sciences. There are many other universities in Novosibirsk, scientific institutions, design institutes. The Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theater is one of the best in the country, and its hall is the largest in Russia.
