Minerals of the Crimea
Mineral resources of the Crimea are closely connected with the history of its geological development, and distribution - with its structure. The minerals available in the Crimea are usually divided into three main groups: metal (ore), which is used for smelting metals; non-metallic (not ore), often used in raw form (building stones, clays, sands, salts, etc.). Combustible (oil, natural gases, coal). The bowels of the Crimean peninsula contain industrial deposits of many minerals, but the most great importance have iron ores, deposits of building and fluxing limestones, salt resources of the Sivash and lakes, as well as gas deposits in the flat Crimea and in the Karkinit Bay.
iron-ores The Kerch iron ore basin, which is part of the huge Azov-Black Sea iron ore province, was formed in the second half of the Neogene period, in the so-called Cimmerian age, which began about 5 million years ago and lasted at least 1.5 - 2 million years. On the modern territory of ore deposits, there was then a shallow Cimmerian sea, or rather, the delta region of the paleo-Kuban, paleo-Don, paleo-Milk and other rivers. The rivers brought here a large amount of dissolved iron, which they extracted (leached) from the rocks of the catchment area. At the same time, the rivers brought a mass of sand and clay particles into the basin in a suspended state. Due to the change in the reaction of the medium, iron formed here compounds that enveloped the grains of sand in suspension. Thus, concentric-shellish glandular formations of a round or ellipsoidal shape, called oolites, were formed. The diameter of oolites (beans) ranges from fractions of a millimeter to 4–5 mm or more. They, fastened with sandy-clay cement, form ore deposits. In the post-Cimmerian time, ore deposits were subjected to strong erosion. They were preserved only in deep synclinal folds (troughs), as they were covered by later sandy-argillaceous rocks. Nine such large iron ore troughs are known on the Kerch Peninsula. because of various speeds neotectonic movements, ore deposits are now at unequal depths: in some places they come to the surface, in some places they lie at a depth of 30-70 m, and in the Aktash lake area they are found at a depth of 250 m.
The average thickness of ore layers is 9 - 12 m, the maximum is 27.4 m, and the iron content in ores ranges from 33 to 40%. In general, the iron content of the ores is poor, but their shallow occurrence, which allows open-pit mining (quarries), high (1 - 2%) manganese content to a large extent compensates for this disadvantage. The chemical composition of the Kerch ores is quite varied. In addition to iron and manganese, they contain vanadium, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, arsenic and a number of other elements. In the process of metallurgical processing, vanadium, which is rare in nature, can be extracted from ores. Its addition gives the steel high strength and toughness, which is so necessary for the manufacture of especially critical machine parts. Phosphorus, the content of which in the ore is up to 1%, makes the metal brittle, therefore, when melting steel, they achieve its complete transfer to slag. Phosphorous slags are used for the manufacture of fertilizers, which successfully replace superphosphate. Sulfur (0.15%) and arsenic (0.11%) are among the harmful impurities in the Kerch ores, but their small amount does not significantly affect the quality of the metal. Due to a number of differences, three main types are distinguished among the Kerch iron ores: tobacco, brown and caviar ores.
tobacco ores, so named because of the dark green color, are strong and lie quite deep. They account for 70% of explored reserves. Brown ores lie on tobacco and formed from them as a result of their weathering. In appearance, they resemble brownish-brown clay. Caviar ores, resembling granular caviar in structure, contain quite a lot (sometimes up to 4-6%) of manganese oxides, which give the ore a black and brownish-black color. These ores are classified as manganese-ferrous. Ores (brown and caviar) are mined at the Kamysh-Burun and Eltigen-Ortel deposits. At the Kamysh-Burun plant, ore is enriched by washing (up to 48.5%). At the sinter plant, the concentrate is mixed with coke and ground flux limestone and sintered into sinter in special furnaces. Due to the burnout of a number of impurities, the iron content in the sinter increases to 51–52%. Fluxed sinter in a hot state is sent to the Azovstal plant in Zhdanov, where it goes directly to the blast furnace. In terms of explored ore reserves, the Kerch deposits occupy a significant place in the iron ore industry of the country. Of the non-metallic minerals, various types of limestones are of great economic importance in the Crimea, which are used as natural building materials, fluxes, and chemical raw materials. About 24% of building limestone reserves are concentrated in the Crimea. They are developed in over a hundred quarries, the total area of which is 13 thousand hectares (0.5% of the peninsula area).
Among building limestones according to physical and technical properties, the following varieties are distinguished primarily. Marble limestone is used in road construction as a concrete aggregate. Polished slabs of them are used for interior decoration of buildings, and multi-colored crumbs are used for mosaic products. Limestones often have a delicate reddish or creamy color with a beautiful pattern along the cracks of white calcite. The original contours of shells of mollusks and corals give them a special flavor. Of all the varieties of Crimean limestones, they are chemically the most pure. Marble-like Upper Jurassic limestones stretch in a discontinuous strip from Balaklava to Feodosia, forming the upper horizons of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains.
They are mined at Balaklava, pos. Gaspry, p. Marble, as well as on Mount Agarmysh (near Stary Krym). Their extraction in resort areas violates the soil and water protection, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic properties of local landscapes.
Bryozoan limestones consist of the skeletons of the smallest colonial marine organisms - bryozoans that lived here at the very end of the Cretaceous period. These limestones are known in the Crimea under the name of Inkerman or Bodrak stone. They are easily sawn, and in terms of strength they are close to red brick. They are used for the manufacture of wall blocks, facing slabs, architectural details. Most of the houses in Sevastopol, many buildings in Simferopol and in other settlements of the Crimea and beyond were built from them. Deposits of bryozoan limestones are concentrated in the Inner ridge of the foothills in the area from the city of Belokamensk to the river. Alma.
Nummulitic limestones consist of shells of the simplest organisms (in Greek "nummulus" - a coin) that lived in the sea in the Eocene era of the Paleogene period. Limestones are used as wall and rubble stone, as well as for burning lime. They form the crest of the Inner Ridge of the Crimean Mountains almost along its entire length. They are mined mainly in the area of Simferopol and Belogorsk. Shell limestones consist of cemented whole and crushed shells of mollusks. They were formed in the coastal zones of the Sarmatian, Meotian and Pontic seas that existed on the site of the foothill and plain Crimea in the Neogene period. These are light, spongy (porosity up to 50%) rocks, suitable for obtaining small wall blocks. Yellow pontic shells are mined in the area of Evpatoria, pos. Oktyabrsky and in many other places of the flat Crimea. At the same time, the used land resources, unfortunately, are not always rationally spent and optimally recultivated. When limestone is mined, a lot of chips (sawdust) are formed, which are now often successfully used as fillers in high-strength reinforced concrete structures.
Flux limestones used in ferrous metallurgy. They must be of high quality, contain at least 50% calcium oxide, and insoluble (in hydrochloric acid) residue - no more than 4%. The content of at least a small (3 - 4%) amount of magnesium oxide is important. These requirements on the peninsula are best met by marble-like limestones from deposits in the vicinity of Balaklava and Mount Agarmysh. The Balaklava Mining Administration supplies fluxes to many metallurgical plants. For the fluxing of sinter at the Kamysh-Burun plant, it turned out to be more profitable to use local chemically suitable Sarmatian, Meotic and Pontic shell limestones. At present, Pontic limestone from the Ivanovskoye deposit is mined for these purposes. The complex chemical use of the salt resources of the Sivash and lakes required a sharp increase in the production of lime. For these purposes, the most suitable open in the area of the village. Pervomaisky deposit of dolomitic limestones and dolomites - a mineral consisting of calcium and magnesium carbonates. The demand for the extraction of limestone is great, and therefore, measures are needed to rationalize their use and recultivate the places of their extraction.
Mergeli- this is sedimentary rocks white, gray and greenish in color, consisting of a mixture of approximately equal proportions of carbonate and clay particles. They were formed in the seas of the Late Cretaceous and in the Eocene epoch of the Paleogene periods. Most widely distributed in the foothills. Marls are a valuable raw material for the production of Portland cement. The best varieties of Eocene marls are found in the Bakhchisarai region. They are being developed by a building materials plant that has grown up on the basis of an intercollective farm cement plant. The stocks of marls in the Crimea are large. The mineral salts of the Sivash and salt lakes of the Crimea are an important raw material base for the country's chemical industry. Due to favorable natural conditions in the lagoon Sea of Azov, in Sivash and salt lakes a concentrated brine is formed - brine. The salt content in it reaches 12 - 15, and in some places even 25%. The average salinity of ocean waters (for comparison) is about 3.5%. Scientists have found that 44 available for obtaining are dissolved in the waters of the seas and oceans. chemical element. The brine contains the greatest amount of salts of sodium, magnesium, bromine, potassium, calcium, etc.
Salt riches Crimea has been used since time immemorial. However, almost to the very October revolution only table salt was mined here. It was transported around Russia, first by the Chumaks on oxen, and since 1876 by rail. At the end of the XIX century. about 40% of the salt produced in Russia was mined in the Crimea. Currently, it is produced in small quantities here, due to production at other fields in the country. Now we are talking about the integrated use of the salt resources of the Crimea. The production of brine magnesium hydroxide, a refractory raw material for the metallurgical industry, is very promising. As a by-product of this production, gypsum is obtained, which in the burnt state (alabaster) is widely used in construction. Along with this, at present, due to the processes of desalination of the Sivash brine with water coming from rice paddies and drainage systems, the formation of mineral salts in it is difficult. The Saki chemical plant, which worsens the conditions for the formation of therapeutic mud in the local lake and the ecological situation in the resort as a whole, should be redesigned for environmentally friendly production.
Industrial stocks of tripoli are available on the Kerch Peninsula near the villages of Glazovka and Korenkovo. Due to the high porosity, tripoli, consisting of round grains of hydrous silica (opal), have high adsorbing (absorbing) properties. They are used for thermal and sound insulation, for the production of liquid glass, as an additive to Portland cement and as a filter material. Brick and high-grade bentonite clays are widespread in the Crimea. Deposits of the best quality clays of the Early Cretaceous period are located in the foothills. For the manufacture of ceramic products, they are mined in the regions of Balaklava, Simferopol, Belogorsk, Stary Krym, Feodosia.
More valuable for the national economy are bentonite clays, orkil. It forms a well degreasing and easily washed off emulsion in sea water, and the population of the Crimea has long used it for degreasing wool and washing fabrics in sea water. Currently, keel is used in the metallurgical industry, for the preparation of solutions used in well drilling, as an absorber in the chemical industry. It is used for bleaching fuels and lubricants, vegetable oils, wine, fruit juices, in the pharmaceutical industry, in soap making, in the production of artificial fibers, plastics, etc. The deposits of the highest quality clays (quila) of the Late Cretaceous period are located near the village. Ukrainians (near Simferopol) and near the city of Sevastopol. On the Kerch Peninsula, keel-like clays are common, which overlap the layers of iron ores. Combustible minerals are divided into liquid (oil), gaseous (natural combustible gases) and solid (coal, etc.).
Oil outputs and in the Crimea have long been known on the Kerch Peninsula. The first wells were drilled here in the 60s of the XIX century. Limited volumes of oil were obtained mainly from the Chokrak and Karagan deposits of the Neogene period. Systematic exploration for oil began here after the Great October socialist revolution. Of all the wells drilled for oil, associated natural gas usually also came. After the Great Patriotic War prospecting work on the Kerch Peninsula was resumed. Small reserves of oil were found here and in the deposits of Maikop clays. In 1954, exploration work was extended to the flat Crimea. From a number of wells that uncovered Paleocene calcareous sandstones at depths of 400 to 1000 m, near the villages of Olenevka, Krasnaya Polyana, Glebovka, Zadorny Chernomorsky region, gas fountains hit, with a flow rate of 37 to 200 m or more per day. In 1961, an exploratory well that uncovered rocks of the Early Cretaceous period in the Oktyabrskaya area (Tarkhankut) gave a fountain of gas and oil from a depth of about 2700 m. The flow rate of the fountain was: oil 45 m3 and gas 50 thousand m 3 per day.
Gas consisted of 61% methane, 22% ethane and propane and belonged to the dry group. In 1962 and 1964, the Dzhankoyskoye and Strelkovskoye (Arabatskaya Strelka) industrial gas fields were discovered. Gas-bearing layers turned out to be sandy layers in the Maikop clays, occurring at depths from 300 to 1000 m. 1966 - important date in the history of the industrial use of local gas: the construction of the first gas pipeline from the Glebovsky field to Simferopol, with branches to Evpatoria and Saki, was completed. In subsequent years, gas pipelines to Sevastopol, Yalta and other cities were put into operation. With the construction of the Krasnoperekopsk - Dzhankoy gas pipeline, our region was connected to the Unified Gas Supply System of the country. As the explored onshore gas fields were depleted, offshore ones were developed - Strelkovskoye in the Sea of Azov and Golitsynskoye in the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea. The construction of a gas pipeline from the Golitsynskoye field to the Glebovskoye gas field has been completed. The blue fuel goes through the 73-kilometer underwater pipeline built for the first time in Crimea, and then another 43 km on land. An extensive gas supply system has been created in Crimea. Gasified over 630 thousand apartments of the population and dozens of industrial enterprises.
The fact that in the Crimea, in particular, in the Balaklava region, there are hard coal, first reported by an eminent scientist late XVIII- early 19th century Academician P. S. Pallas. Industrial deposits of coal were discovered in 1881 by P. Davydov in the Beshui region, in the upper reaches of the river. Kachi.
Coal The Beshuisky deposit forms three layers in the Middle Jurassic shale clays with a total thickness of up to 3 - 3.5 m. It belongs to gas coals. There are three varieties of it: resinous coal, the same resinous coal, but contaminated with layers of clay, and jet - black, with a resinous sheen, suitable for handicrafts. It was formed from the wood of evergreen coniferous araucaria trees, once widespread on the globe, and now growing wild in South America and Australia. The quality indicators of coal are low. It has a high ash content (from 14 to 55%), relatively low specific heat combustion (from 14.7 to 21.84 MJ / kg) and burns with a smoky flame. Proven reserves of the Beshuiskoye coal deposit are 150,000 tons, and possible reserves are up to 2 million tons. Since 1949, its extraction has been discontinued due to unprofitability. In addition, minor deposits of coal are found in many places in the mountainous Crimea. Mineral and thermal waters are important minerals.
Podgorodetsky P. D.
Natural resources of Crimea
Crimean nature is often called an open-air museum.
The nature of the peninsula is diverse and unique.
An important part of natural resources are land resources on the surface of which people live and work.
The land fund of the Republic without Sevastopol as of 2008 was 2608.1 thousand hectares. Agricultural land occupied 69% of the total fund, which amounted to 1800 thousand hectares, arable land accounted for 1262.7 thousand hectares inclusive.
The coastal zone, which occupies about 100 thousand hectares, is the main land resource of the peninsula. These are recreational and health-improving lands located near the Black Sea.
Climatic differences and differences in relief contributed to the formation of diverse soils, of which there are more than 20 types.
The best soils in all respects are chernozems.
Varied in the Crimea and climatic conditions.
The territory of the peninsula is surrounded by the Azov and Black Seas, crossed by a mountain plateau, the slopes of which are gentle to the north and steep to the south. The mountains are cut by valleys and their own conditions have formed at their different heights.
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The climate of the peninsula is favorable for human life and for climate therapy.
The climatic zones of the peninsula differ from each other - the northern steppe part is within the temperate climate, winters are snowy and windy, springs are short, autumns are rainy, and summers are hot and dry.
On the south coast, autumn is warm, and spring comes late, the climate of this part is similar to the sub-Mediterranean.
The proximity of the sea and mountains have a great influence on the climate. From the south, warm air penetrates the peninsula far into the steppe regions, and cold Arctic air does not pass to the south, thanks to the mountains.
The Crimean winter is wet and frequent thaws lead to large fluctuations in temperature.
The July temperature is +23, +24 degrees, and in the mountains +16 degrees. In January, the lowest temperature of -4 degrees is observed in the mountains. The absolute minimum can be observed in January-February and in the foothills it can reach -37 degrees.
Remark 1
In terms of the richness and diversity of recreational resources, Crimea occupies one of the first places among the CIS countries.
Among them, mineral waters, therapeutic mud and brine are of great importance.
The great wealth of the peninsula is plant resources, among which coniferous forests stand out.
The Crimean flora includes 2600 species of higher plants, of which 220 species are endemic.
Water resources are limited. The bulk of the water comes through the North Crimean Canal, and the rest comes from local rivers and groundwater.
Remark 2
Experts believe that the water shortage is artificially created and caused by the inefficient use of water resources for irrigating lands.
Among all the resources of the Crimea, mineral resources play a significant role.
On the territory of the peninsula there are more than 200 deposits of solid, liquid and gaseous minerals. Hydrocarbons, hydrothermal resources, and solid minerals are of the greatest economic importance.
Minerals of the Crimea
In the bowels of the Crimean peninsula there are almost all minerals, but geologists say that many of them have no industrial value, because they occur in small quantities.
Figure 2. Mineral resources of the Crimea. Author24 - online exchange of student papers
Special prospects, for example, do not have coal resources. Its only deposit is located in the Bakhchisarai region. The deposit was discovered in 1881 in the upper reaches of the Kacha River.
Coal reserves, according to experts, amounted to 2 million tons. The coals are ashy, therefore they are not of sufficient quality and are of local importance.
They are interesting because they contain jet inclusions - this is a resinous coal formed from the trunks of coniferous plants.
The oil of the Kerch Peninsula has been known since ancient times. Before the revolution, it was operated by private entrepreneurs, and real intelligence began only after the Great Patriotic War.
The Priozernoye field, located near the Kerch Strait, has been producing a small amount of oil since 1896. The depth of oil is 500 m.
To the east of Feodosia there is another small deposit - Moshkarevskoye.
Exploration work for hydrocarbons is carried out in the flat part of the Crimea. In 1955, natural gas was obtained in the Dzhankoy region, and since 1965 it has been supplied to Simferopol through a gas pipeline.
The flat part of the Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula are quite promising in this respect.
The flat part of the Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula are rich in salt lakes. Of the most famous - Lake Saki, Sasyk-Sivash, located near Evpatoria.
On the Kerch Peninsula - Chokrak, Tobechik, Uzunlar. The concentration of salt in the lakes is different. Large reserves of salt are in the Sivash in a dissolved state.
Depending on the season, the concentration of salt in Sivash varies in different parts of it. And today, the main part of table salt is mined in Lake Sivash.
Some of the lakes contain healing mud, which is used in the resorts of Evpatoria.
Mineral springs have been known on the peninsula since ancient times, which play an important role in the development of the resort economy. The mineral waters near Feodosiya are used the most. The water here is weakly mineralized and is called "Crimean Narzan".
There are also mineral springs near Bakhchisaray. More mineralized water is provided by sources located between Simferopol and Evpatoria.
This is a flat part of the Crimea and the water comes from a depth of several hundred meters, its temperature is 20-35 degrees.
Balneological interest are the waters of the Kerch Peninsula, which have a higher concentration of hydrogen sulfide than in Matsesta.
The bowels of the peninsula are quite rich in building materials. A number of these resources are almost never found in other regions of Russia.
Igneous rocks include diorite, which is used for the production of stair steps and facing slabs. Its extraction is carried out on the southern coast of Crimea, also on the acid volcanic rocks of Karadag.
When ground, traces are used as an additive to cement, improving its properties.
Gravel, sand, sandstones, limestones, marls, clays are used in construction works. Clay, for example, is used to make bricks and roof tiles.
The walls of the metro stations Komsomolskaya and Biblioteka im. IN AND. Lenin are lined with Crimean marble.
There are small deposits of gypsum, asphalt limestone, tripoli on the Kerch Peninsula. There are raw materials for the production of mineral paints.
Ore minerals of the Crimea
Of all the minerals of the Crimea, ore resources are of great importance.
The main reserves of iron ore are located on the Kerch Peninsula. The thickness of the seams is 8-12 m. They are mined in the Kamyshburun and Eltigen-Ortel deposits.
Three types of ores occur here:
- loose brownish-brown, represented by oolites - concentric-shellish glandular formations, consisting in turn of limonite and hydrogoethite;
- denser ores, also represented by oolitic grains, only smaller, as well as hydrosilicates of iron and siderite, called "tobacco" ore;
- the third variety of ore was called "caviar", it is represented by oolitic grains that contain manganese hydroxides.
Kerch ores are poor in iron, which they contain from 33 to 40%.
Occurrence conditions allow mining in a quarry way.
Despite the low iron content, they are of great industrial value because they are fusible.
Ores contain alloying metal manganese, which improves their properties.
Since the accumulation of ore took place at the bottom of shallow bays and straits, it contains impurities of clay particles, phosphates, barite, and large shells of sea mollusks.
In the mountainous part of Crimea there are interlayers and concretions of clayey siderites that have no industrial value.
In the mountainous Crimea there are inclusions and veins of cinnabar, but the deposits are small and have no industrial significance.
Other ore metals include zinc blende, cadmium blende, lead luster.
Land resources of Crimea
Land resources - earth's surface suitable for human habitation and for any species economic activity. Land resources are characterized by the size of the territory and its quality: relief, soil cover and a complex of other natural conditions.
The land fund of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (excluding the city of Sevastopol), according to the data of the state land registry, as of 01.01.2008 is 2608.1 thousand hectares. The predominant part of the land is in intensive agricultural use. (See Annex A.1.) The area of agricultural land is 1800.0 thousand hectares (69% of the total fund), including 1262.7 thousand hectares of arable land.
The main land resource of the peninsula is the coastal zone - about 100 thousand hectares of recreational and health resort lands near the Black Sea. The total area of elite lands, where institutions of health resorts, recreational, historical, cultural and environmental purposes are located, does not exceed 9.5 thousand hectares, of which one third falls on the South Coast. In reserve lands and lands not provided for ownership, and use within the boundaries settlements, there are 692.6 thousand hectares of land (or 27% of the total area of autonomy's land), including 319.7 thousand hectares of agricultural land (18% of the autonomy's agricultural land).
Among the variety of soil types on the peninsula, chernozems are considered the best in terms of natural fertility, which is determined by the reserves of nutrients, heat and moisture in them.
Chernozems in the Crimea are the most widespread zonal soils. They are developed in the steppe and partly in the foothills of the Crimea over 1100 thousand hectares, which is more than 45% of the area of the peninsula. In the steppe Crimea, southern chernozems predominate, formed on loess-like rocks of an elevated undulating plain. They occupy 456 thousand hectares (more than 38% of the area under chernozems). The following genera are distinguished in this subtype of soils: ordinary, micelle-carbonate, micelle-high-carbonate, residual solonetsous, medium and weakly solonetsous, and also underdeveloped. These soils are among the best soils on the peninsula, including those for irrigated agriculture. Currently, over 75% of their area is plowed up. All zoned agricultural crops are successfully grown on them, including horticultural crops with irrigation. Large areas are occupied by vineyards.
On the large area In the Crimea, under the conditions of the vegetation of the subzone of the southern steppes, chernozems were formed, close to the southern in structure and thickness, on non-loess-like rocks, differing from loess-like ones primarily in a different air and water permeability. In the southwestern and western parts of the peninsula, chernozems are common, formed on Pliocene red-brown clays. They occupy 113 thousand hectares. Due to their relatively high agronomic qualities, they are used for growing all zoned crops.
On the Kerch Peninsula, on Maikop and Sarmatian clays, solonetsous fused residually saline clayey chernozems were formed. They are distributed over an area of over 64 thousand hectares. When wet, they are viscous, sticky, and when dry, they are dense and slightly porous. With an increase in salinity, these unfavorable properties of soils for plants increase. Their melioration requires deep plantation plowing and gypsuming.
In the southern and western parts of the Crimean plains, on the Tarkhankutskaya elevated plain and in the northeastern part of the Kerch Peninsula, carbonate chernozems, to varying degrees, gravelly and pebbly, are widespread. They are distributed over an area of over 240 thousand hectares. The share of plowed land here is reduced to an average of 60%. In the main area, chernozems were formed on the weathering products of limestones, carbonate sandstones, and in the south of the steppe, moreover, on red-brown clay-pebble deposits. The conditions for the use of these chernozems depend on the proportion of crushed stone, pebbles, gruss in their profile and the depth of the layer of solid bedrock. Chernozems with a moderate content of rock fragments and a depth of primary limestone of at least 50 cm are used for grain crops, 150 cm for vineyards, respectively, and 200 cm for orchards. grapes on these soils often grow slowly, suffer from chlorosis and other metabolic ailments.
In the steppe Crimea, predominantly in the zone between the southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils of the northern lowland Crimea, residual solonetsous chernozems formed on loess-like rocks are common. Their area is about 58 thousand hectares. Their agronomic properties are worse than non-saline chernozems. To improve them, gypsuming, plantation deep plowing are recommended.
In the forest-steppe foothills, piedmont carbonate, leached and solonetsous chernozems are common. In general, these chernozems are developed on an area of 242 thousand hectares. Piedmont chernozems are close to the southern subtype, and they are called piedmont chernozems because of the peculiarities of the structure of the vertical profile that was formed in the piedmont conditions.
In general, foothill chernozems are rich in nutrients for plants. The poorest soil varieties are eroded, thin, and with a high content of coarse rock fragments. To increase the fertility of foothill chernozems, it is necessary, first of all, to apply phosphate fertilizers. The method of using these soils is affected by the thickness of their humus horizon, the depth of occurrence of dense rocks, the proportion of admixture of coarse rock fragments, the degree of erosion, salinization and alkalinity of their profile.
Uncontrolled influence on the climate in combination with irrational agricultural practices (applying excessive amounts of fertilizers or plant protection products, improper crop rotation) can lead to a significant decrease in soil fertility and large fluctuations in crop yields. Under the influence of economic activity, salinization of soils and the disappearance of plants occur.
To preserve the high quality of the land resources of the peninsula, it is necessary to carry out land reclamation work, which would not allow a decrease in the humus content in soils and prevent the development of harmful processes. Because over the years of agricultural development, the content of humus in the soils of the Crimea decreased on average by 0.5%.
Climate resources
The climatic conditions of the Crimea are very diverse. Crimea is surrounded by a water basin, crossed by a mountain plateau, with gentle slopes to the north and steeper slopes to the south (to the Black Sea), which is protected from the influence of northern winds. The mountains are cut by valleys. At different heights above sea level, there are different conditions that affect the nature of the climate.
The climatic resources of the peninsula as a whole favor the development of agriculture and are successfully used for climate treatment in resorts.
Due to the location of the Crimea at mid-latitudes, the climatic zones of the peninsula differ sharply from each other. The northern steppe part of the peninsula is characterized by a temperate climate with snowy and windy winters, short springs, hot and dry summers, and rainy autumns.
The climate of most of the Crimea can be described as a climate of the temperate zone - mild steppe in the plains, more humid, typical for broad-leaved forests in the mountains. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate. There are two main factors that affect the climate of the peninsula: the Crimean mountains and the proximity of the sea.
Crimea is one of the sunniest regions of the European part of the CIS. The annual duration of sunshine here varies within 2180 - 2470 hours. It is especially great on the sea coast, where the breeze prevents the formation of clouds. Of the annual amount of radiation, Crimea receives approximately 10% in winter, 30% in spring, 40% in summer and 20% in autumn. The peninsula also receives the greatest amount of solar heat in summer. The minimum number falls on the mountainous regions, and the maximum - on the west coast. Winter in Crimea is wet with frequent precipitation and low evaporation. However, in winter precipitation falls almost three times less than in summer. Frequent thaws in winter lead to large fluctuations in temperature and instability and thinness of the snow cover.
Spring in Crimea flows quickly due to the increase in the height of the sun and the length of the day, the decrease in cloudiness and the influx of southern warm air. In the interior of the Crimea, there is a significant increase in temperature already from February to March. Spring is the driest and windiest season of the year with frequent "cold returns", with night frosts, morning frosts, especially in the hollows and river valleys of the foothills, which negatively affects early-flowering stone fruit trees and heat-loving grapes.
In summer, clear, hot and low-wind weather prevails in Crimea, with the manifestation of local breezes, mountain-valley and inclined winds. Due to the fact that the continental air of temperate latitudes is transformed here into local tropical air, dry weather prevails on the peninsula. Marine air masses and Atlantic cyclones bring precipitation at this time of the year. Heavy, intense, but most often short-term rains fall. Summer in Crimea lasts 4-5 months.
Mountainous Crimea is a popular area for tourism and mountaineering. Ski lovers come in winter to the Crimean mountains, where a lot of snow falls. The climate of the mountainous Crimea, especially its western part, is transitional from the steppe to the Mediterranean. Although the Crimean Mountains are of low height, soil-vegetative and climatic zoning is clearly expressed here. The climate in the mountains has its own characteristics literally on every mountain range. And the exposure of the slope is also very important, especially in winter: if on the northern couloir of Mount Chatyr-Dag, for example, a real snowstorm rages with a piercing frosty wind, then on the plateau it can be sunny and almost calm, so you can sunbathe, and on the southern overgrown forest the slope is already melting. In general, the mountains are distinguished at all times of the year by colder nights than the valleys, a large amount of fog and precipitation - in winter a stable snow cover forms, which can last until mid-April. On the flat surfaces The main ridge of the Crimean mountains - yaylakh almost always blows the wind. At the same time, there are many cozy mountain valleys and gorges, for example, the Red Caves tract, where it is always quiet and much warmer than in the surrounding area.
In the middle zone of the southern slope of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, air humidity in summer is noticeably lower than on the coast and in the upper zone.
The climatic conditions of this region of Crimea make it possible to successfully treat respiratory diseases. Therefore, there are health-improving institutions here: rest houses, boarding houses, tourist camps.
On the southern and northern slopes of the Crimean Mountains, long periods of rain are often observed in summer, during which the fire hazard increases sharply. That is why in the summer, hikes and excursions here can only be carried out in an organized manner and in a specially designated place under the supervision of experienced instructors. Unorganized visits to the forest on the southern slopes of the Crimean Mountains in summer are strictly prohibited.
Recreational resources
Recreational resources are natural, natural-technical, socio-economic and cultural-historical objects and their elements that can be used under existing technical and material capabilities and socio-political conditions for the organization of a recreational economy.
Recreational economy belongs to the group of complex industries. It consists of many components (sub-branches), which are divided on the basis of technological functional specialization.
The division into three sub-sectors is obvious: medical and sanatorium, tourism, and health-improving. Sub-industries break up into third-order industries, for example, medical into climatotherapeutic, balneological, etc.
During the years of the existence of the USSR, Crimea received the unofficial status of the country's universal center for treatment and recreation. At the same time, the level of diversity and quality of medical services was quite high, and the level of recreation services was low.
At present, the recreational resources of the Crimean Peninsula can be assessed as follows:
1) Historical and cultural resources. On the territory of Crimea there are more than 11.5 thousand monuments of history, culture and architecture belonging to various historical eras, civilizations, ethnic groups and religions.
The most unique of them, for example, a complex of cave cities and monasteries, a Genoese fortress, holy places of various faiths and others, which are used as tourist sites.
2) Landscape resources. Five state reserves, 33 reserves, of which 16 are of national importance, 87 natural monuments, 13 of them are of national importance, 10 protected natural boundaries, etc.
3) Speleological resources. About 900 underground cavities, of which 160 can be used for recreational purposes.
4) Medical and mineral resources. The Crimean peninsula has the richest recreational potential.
The cost of mineral resources (more than 100 sources of mineral waters, 26 deposits of mineral mud) resources of Crimea, its beaches and coastal land plots is highly estimated by world standards. Mineral waters that are formed in the bowels of the earth under the influence of various geological processes contain various salts in ionized form (bicarbonate, chloride, sulfide waters, etc.). In terms of natural conditions for creating a recreational zone, Crimea belongs to unique regions, since in Ukraine and in The CIS has no analogues in such a combination of resort resources as mineral waters and mud, sub-Mediterranean nature, warm sea.
Describing the hydro-mineral resources, it should be noted that the Crimea occupies one of the first places among the CIS countries in terms of wealth and diversity.
recreational resources, among which a significant role belongs to mineral waters, therapeutic mud and brine.
Our peninsula has rich plant resources, especially coniferous forests, which emit a large amount of phytoncides. In the distribution of vegetation, the Crimean Mountains determine the presence of altitudinal zonation in the south of the peninsula. The uniqueness of the floristic diversity of the Crimea is a condition for educational and recreational activities. The flora of the Crimea includes about 2600 species of higher plants, of which more than 220 species are endemic.
Of the total length of the coastline of the sea of the Crimean peninsula (approximately 1000 km), the beaches make up 517 km, including over 100 km of artificial ones. On the eastern and western coasts of Crimea, the beaches are natural and stretch in a continuous strip, and on the southern coast of Crimea - mostly artificial beaches. The normative indicator of the load on the beach is 20 cm of the coastline per one recreant (or 5 sq.m./person). In the use of beach resources, the determining factor is the temperature of the water and the nature of the waves of the sea.
Resources for the educational and cultural recreational activities of the Crimea are represented by historical and cultural monuments, which can significantly expand the system of recreational activities.
Mineral resources of Crimea
Among the natural wealth of the Crimea, a prominent place belongs to mineral resources, which play a very important role in the economic and cultural development of the region. There are more than 200 deposits of solid, liquid and gaseous minerals here, about 170 of them are included in the State balance of mineral reserves of Ukraine. Their formation is due to the long history of the geological development of the peninsula over 240 million years, covering 7 geological periods, from the Triassic to the Quaternary. Of the currently developed 90 mineral deposits, hydrocarbons, hydromineral resources and solid minerals are of the greatest economic importance (see Appendix D). In the last decade, many quarries have emerged for mining stone, wall blocks, crushed stone, and facing material. They are scattered throughout the peninsula. The extraction of raw materials causes irreparable damage to the environment. Explosive technology used in quarries pollutes the air basin, thereby reducing the level of climatic healing resources. The Crimean region still has insignificant explored reserves of hydrocarbons: oil - 1.245 million tons (5 fields), gas condensate - 3.2 million tons (5 fields) and natural gas - 54.0 billion m 3 (12 fields), of of them 44.35 billion m 3 on the sea shelf. Estimated reserves: oil 2.56 million tons, condensate - 4.44 million tons, natural gas - 55.20 billion m 3, incl. 42.67 billion m 3 on the sea shelf. Their extraction is carried out in a small amount (1994): natural gas - 0.6 billion m 3, oil - 35.7 million tons and gas condensate 22.5 thousand tons per year, which in relation to production in Ukraine is 2.8, 0.9 and 2.7%, respectively. At the same time, in the southern (Black Sea-Crimean) oil and gas region, there are significant prospective and forecast resources of natural gas in the amount of 1065 billion m 3, oil - 234 million tons and gas condensate - 213 million tons, which in relation to similar resources these minerals in Ukraine as a whole is 51.8, 45 and 70%, respectively; the predominant part of them falls on the Black Sea shelf. The data presented indicate great prospects for the discovery, exploration and industrial development of new hydrocarbon deposits, which would make it possible in the future to fully meet the demand for hydrocarbons not only in the Crimea, but also in the entire Southern Economic Region. The peculiarity of the region is that a significant part of the promising areas on the shelf lies under a large layer sea water- 70 meters or more, and this seriously complicates the conditions for the development of deposits. It is advisable to attract foreign companies on mutually beneficial terms that own advanced technologies for geological exploration and production of hydrocarbons in compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation. In the current socio-economic conditions, this problem deserves full support from the governments of Crimea and Ukraine. Until now, in foreign and domestic literature, there are no objective criteria for the impact of geopathic zones (GPZ) on humans and animals; the period after which staying in the GPZ becomes dangerous has not been determined. Environmental activities in Crimea are characterized by departmental disunity, lack of system, lack of software, scientific, methodological and information base. Therefore, the government should create a system for monitoring and managing the health of the population, developed on the basis of the concept of preserving a person and strengthening his health in Crimea and the concept of sustainable development of the Crimean region; of the Crimean Academy of Sciences together with the Ministry of Health of the Crimea in order to predict the consequences of anthropogenic influence on environment and human populations to organize a study of the biochemical model of the regulation of human physiological functions depending on the characteristics of the geochemical environment.
The riches of Crimea are in its people, nature, unique climate and magical seas. The bowels of the peninsula are no less rich. Numerous scientists repeatedly and carefully studied the underground world of Taurida and discovered more and more of its secrets.
Mineralogically, the peninsula is quite rich; more than 200 minerals have been discovered here. In particular, some minerals were found on the territory for the first time in the world, and they received a local name: alushtite, mithridatite.
Kerchenit
To help geologists, there are many scientific papers many recognized scientists about the Crimean minerals. A person has been living on the territory of the peninsula since ancient times, he found practical use for local gems in the Neolithic era. Archaeologists have found amulets made of chalcedony and carnelian in the burials of that period. Over time, the technique of processing gems improved, the craft of jewelers improved. They process local raw materials: jasper, agate, carnelian, petrified wood, opal.
Produced items are quickly bought up not only by the Crimeans, but also by the guests of the peninsula. With the development of the Crimean tourism sector, the demand for products with local semi-precious stones is increasing.
In 1823-1825, one of the first explorations of the fossil wealth of Taurida was carried out. The attention of mine surveyor Kozin was attracted by the abundance of chalcedony on Mount Karadag. Stones from the ancient Karadag volcano were widely used by the Peterhof cutting factory. They made mosaics and jewelry. Its own Crimean factory for the processing of ornamental stones appeared only at the end of the 19th century in Simferopol.
Today, Crimean raw materials are used in jewelry and souvenir products: chalcedony, agate, opal, jet, carnelian, heliotrope, amethyst, jasper, petrified wood, marble-like limestone, a number of rocks.
The most important minerals on the territory of the Crimea are the iron ores of the Kerch Peninsula, combustible gases, oil of the Crimean plains and salts in the waters of salt lakes and Sivash. The Crimea is also very rich in various types of mineral building materials, many of which are exported outside its borders.
Other types of mineral raw materials, such as fossil coal, ores of non-ferrous and precious metals, as well as non-metallic minerals (sulfur, phosphorites, etc.) in the Crimea are represented only by manifestations of mineralogical interest.
Iron ores
Iron ores on the Kerch Peninsula occur in the form of a layer up to 8-12 m thick among marine deposits of the Cimmerian stage of the Middle Pliocene. They, together with other Pliocene deposits, fill separate flat synclines (troughs).The most well explored troughs are Kamyshburun, Eltigen-Ortel, Kerch, Kyz-Aul. A total of nine troughs filled with iron ore deposits are known. Ore is mined in the Kamyshburun and Eltigen-Ortel deposits. The ore is represented by three varieties. Loose brownish-brown ores dominate along the periphery of the trough, consisting of oolites and concretions ranging in size from several millimeters to several centimeters in diameter, occurring in a ferruginous-argillaceous cementing mass. Oolites and concretions consist of limonite (2Fe 2 O 3 3H 2 O) and hydrogoethite (3Fe 2 O 3 4H 2 O). The central parts of the troughs are dominated by denser ores, which consist of smaller oolitic grains of the same composition, hydrosilicates of iron and siderite, which play the role of cement. This ore has a characteristic greenish tint and is called "tobacco". In addition, among the brown and tobacco ore, there are lenses and interlayers of loose crumbly so-called "caviar" ore, consisting of unconsolidated oolitic grains, in which an increased content of manganese hydroxides is observed.
Kerch ores contain from 33 to 40% iron. Thus, they are poor, but the conditions of occurrence, which allow them to be mined in quarries, and the relative low melting point, determine their high industrial value. In addition, they contain an admixture of manganese (up to 2% in the Kamyshburun trough), which is an alloying metal that improves the properties of steel obtained from these ores.
Ores accumulated at the bottom of shallow bays and straits between the islands of the Cimmerian marine basin. Iron compounds were carried out by water flows from the surrounding shores in a hot climate, when the processes of weathering and soil formation led to the formation of red-colored soils-red soils.
In addition to the listed ores, interlayers and nodules of clayey siderites are known in the Lower Jurassic deposits in the Crimean Mountains. They have no industrial significance due to their insignificant total content in the rock. Their chemical composition (in%) is given in Table. 5.
bauxites
In 1962, on the northern slope of the Main Ridge, in the region of the Bazman-Kermen mountains, employees of the Institute of Mineral Resources of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR discovered bauxite samples, chemical analyzes of which showed high content(up to 43-54%) alumina.As a result of the work of the Crimean complex geological expedition, carried out jointly with the MGRI staff, it was found that the bauxite-bearing rock lies at the base of the variegated strata of the Upper Tithonian - Lower Valanginian, lying unconformably on pelitomorphic massively layered limestones of Oxford. Bauxite has an oolitic structure and consists of beans cemented by a dense red-brown clayey mass. The lower layer of oolites at the base of the strata has a variable thickness from 0 to 15 m and fills the karst unevenness of the Oxford limestone relief. Higher in the section, the variegated sequence consists of intercalation of detrital red limestones with inclusions of bauxite beans and thin interlayers of bauxites, calcareous conglomerates, fine-grained limestones, clayey sandstones, and quartz gravelstones. The thickness of the productive stratum with bauxite interlayers and inclusions of individual bobbins reaches 25-40 m, including the lower, thickest bauxite layer.
The variegated sequence, together with the underlying Oxford limestone sequence, forms a synclinal structure, oriented within the Bazman-Kermen massif in the meridional direction and cut off from the west by a fault of the same strike. Outcrops of the base of the variegated sequence with horizons of bauxite rock are observed on the eastern flank of the structure. The total area of distribution of the productive strata is approximately 1.8 km2.
In addition to the Bazman-Kermen site, areas within the northern slope of the Main Ridge (mountains Kutor-Bogaz, Chernorechenskoye) are promising for the identification of bauxite deposits - in areas of transgressive overlap of Titonian limestones on reef Oxford limestones.
Mercury ores and ores of other metals
AT last years in the Crimean Mountains, inclusions and small veins of cinnabar were found among the rocks of the Tauride series and the Middle Jurassic, in particular among the tuff-lava rocks. Ore veinlets and dissemination are confined, as a rule, to zones of crushing and faults among Taurian and Middle Jurassic rocks. Manifestations of cinnabar are known in the valley of the Small Salgir near Simferopol, in the area of the Angarsk Pass and other places. They have been studied, but industrial deposits have not yet been discovered.Ores of other metals, among which one can point out zinc blende, greenstone (cadmium blende) and lead luster, as well as malachite, which are found occasionally in the Crimea, are of only mineralogical interest. They are present as separate phenocrysts or form veins in fissures of the igneous rocks of the Ayudag, the Totaikoi massif (near Simferopol), and other places.
Coal
The coal resources of the Crimea are very small and do not have much prospects for expansion.Small layers, inclusions and pockets of coal among the Middle Jurassic deposits in the mountainous part of the Crimea are quite common. However, only one industrial deposit is known - Beshuiskoye. It is located on the northern slope of the Main Ridge, in the upper reaches of the river. Kachi. In the lower part of the Middle Jurassic section, in sediments belonging to the Lower Bayoe, among sandstones and clayey rocks, coal seams of working thickness are known here. Coals contain a significant amount of ash and are therefore not of high quality. Interesting in them are the inclusions of a special resinous coal "gagata", formed from the trunks of coniferous plants. The deposit has a small, purely local value. Its development was carried out periodically on a small scale with the help of adits and mines.
Oil and combustible gases
Oil fields on the Kerch Peninsula have been known for a very long time (since the 70s of the last century) and were exploited by private entrepreneurs in the pre-revolutionary years. However, oil fields were studied in detail only after the revolution, and their real exploration and exploitation began after the Great Patriotic War, in the very last years. Oil occurs in the Oligocene (Maikop) and Middle Miocene sands and sandstones of the Kerch Peninsula and is confined to many anticlines. Its extraction in very small quantities has been carried out since 1896 at the Priozerny (Chongelek) deposit, near the coast of the Kerch Strait. Oil occurs here at a depth of more than 500 m in the axial part of the anticline, in layers of the Middle Miocene. During exploration work, oil was also encountered in other anticlines of the Kerch Peninsula.In particular, the Moshkarevskoye field was discovered east of Feodosia with a small commercial production of oil from the Maikop deposits (Kerleut horizon). A quickly dried up fountain of oil hit in 1956 near Vladislavovka from the Maikop series.
In recent years, intensified search and exploration work for oil and combustible gases has begun in the flat Crimea. In particular, after 1955, many anticlines of the Tarkhankut swell and the Dzhankoy region were explored by drilling. Combustible gas was obtained from many wells in the Olenevskaya, Oktyabrskaya, Glebovskaya, Zadornenskaya anticlines. Fractured Paleocene calcareous marls and sandstones turned out to be gas-bearing. On the Glebovskaya anticline, gas deposits were delineated, their reserves were calculated, and their development began. Since 1965, gas has been supplied to Simferopol through a gas pipeline. On the Oktyabrskaya anticline, wells produced gas and oil from Albian deposits from a depth of about 2700-2900 m. Shooting on the Arabat Spit. Here the gas is associated with sandy horizons in the Maikop series.
Plain Crimea, especially Tarkhankutskish Val and the Kerch Peninsula are promising for the discovery of new industrial deposits of tase and oil.
Salts and healing mud
Numerous salt lakes are located along the shores of the plain Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula. The most famous are Saki and Sasyk-Sivash near Evpatoria, the lakes of the Perekop group in the north of Crimea and a number of lakes - Chokrak, Tobechik, Uzunlar and others - on the Kerch Peninsula. All of them are salt lakes with different concentrations of salts. In addition to them, huge reserves of salts are in a dissolved state in Sivash. The concentration of salts in it is increased and at the same time varies in different parts of the bay depending on the season, rains, water surge through the strait and other reasons.Crimean salt lakes are a natural source for the extraction of various salts, among which the main role is played by sodium chloride, common salt.
Some salt lakes are rich in healing mud, which is widely used in Yevpatoria and other places for medicinal purposes. Muds are fine silts deposited under the conditions of a salt lake and are usually enriched organic matter, giving them a black color, and having the smell of hydrogen sulfide. The most famous are the therapeutic muds of the Sakekogo and Moynakskoye lakes near Evpatoria, used to treat rheumatism, sciatica and many other diseases.
Building materials and other minerals
The Crimean peninsula is very rich in various types of natural building materials and in this respect can serve as a raw material base for the development of the building materials industry. Some of their species are very important and are almost never found in other parts of the Soviet Union.Igneous rocks. Igneous rocks, due to their high mechanical strength, are a valuable material for paving roads: in the form of crushed stone for highways or paving stones for pavements in cities. Most of the smaller intrusive massifs and larger laccoliths are more or less extensively exploited. Some of them are even fully developed. Mining is especially developed near Simferopol and on the southern coast of Crimea. Here, near Frunze, diorite was mined for the manufacture of stairs and facing slabs.
Among the igneous rocks, the routes should be especially noted - acidic volcanic rocks that form part of the main peak of Karadag. Traces were used in ground form as an additive to cement, greatly improving its properties.
gravel and sand coastal sea beaches and spits is used as ballast material in the construction of highways and railways and for other purposes. The sands of the Evpatoria beach, in particular, went to the construction of the Dneproges.
Sandstones from the Taurian series, Middle Jurassic and other deposits serve everywhere as a cheap rubble building stone, from which many rural buildings in the Crimean Mountains are built.
Clay. Lower Cretaceous clays, distinguished by the fineness of their composition and high plasticity, are an excellent material for the manufacture of building bricks and roofing tiles. They are used for these purposes in many places - near Feodosia, Stary Krym, Balaklava, Simferopol, etc. Other clays and loams are also used in places.
Speaking of clays, it is impossible not to mention a special, very plastic light clay, the so-called keel, or kefekelite, occurring in the form of thin layers among the Upper Cretaceous deposits in the area of Bakhchisaray and Simferopol. Keel has a special ability to adsorb fats, due to which it has been used since ancient times as a soap and as a fuller for degreasing wool.
Limestones and marls. Among the building materials, Crimea is the richest in various carbonate rocks. They are very diverse and the possibilities of using them are also very different.
As a simple rubble stone, almost all varieties with sufficient mechanical strength are suitable, they are used everywhere.
Chemically pure limestones are used for roasting lime. For this purpose, in many places Upper Jurassic and nummulite Eocene limestones are used, as well as some varieties of Upper Tertiary - Sarmatian and Meotic on the Kerch Peninsula.
Upper Jurassic limestones, which are distinguished by a special purity of chemical composition, are used as a flux in metallurgical plants.
Marbled varieties of Upper Jurassic limestones, usually yellowish or reddish, are used as facing material. They were mined and sawn into slabs in a number of deposits near Balaklava (Kadykovka) and Simferopol (Marble). Facing marble slabs were used, in particular, in the construction of the Moscow metro (Komsomolskaya station, Lenin Library and others).
The Upper Jurassic limestones, as well as the Upper Cretaceous marls and limestones, can also be a raw material for the production of cements.
Limestone-shell rocks have a very special significance in the Crimea. Being very porous, some of their varieties are easily cut with a simple saw or sawing machine. Thanks to them. extraction is very convenient and they easily make excellent building material in the form of neatly sawn rectangular piece stones. Such limestones are especially common among the Pontic deposits of the Evpatoria region and the Meotic rocks of the Kerch Peninsula. They faced many buildings in Simferopol and Sevastopol, including the Panorama of the Defense of Sevastopol.
Gypsum. Two small deposits of gypsum are known in the Crimea on the Kerch Peninsula. Both are associated with Middle Miocene deposits.
In the Sarmatian deposits on the Kerch Peninsula, there are, in addition, tripoli, as well as a small deposit of asphalt limestone.
mineral paints. Siderite concretions and interlayers occurring in various clay strata of the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits have different colors - brown, brown, dark red, bright red, orange, yellow, pink, etc. They can be used to make various mineral paints (umber, mummy, ocher, etc.).
Mineral water
Separate mineral springs have been known in the Crimea for a long time, however, the resources of mineral waters have really begun to come to light only in recent years. For the comprehensive development of resorts in the Crimea, mineral waters, of course, can play an exceptional role.Mineral waters are now used in several areas. On the outskirts of the city of Feodosia, weakly mineralized waters emerge from the Lower Cretaceous deposits, which are known under the name "Crimean Narzan", and from the Upper Cretaceous marls near Mount Lysaya near Feodosia, water was obtained by a well before the October Revolution, which goes on sale under the name "Feodosia".
A source of weakly mineralized water was found in the valley of the river. Kachi near Bakhchisarai, where it is associated with Upper Cretaceous deposits. In the area of Belogorsk near the village. Therapeutic known yields valuable in balneological terms, but limited in the amount of sulphate waters. They are associated with Lower Cretaceous deposits.
The waters of the sands of the Hauterivian stage (Mazan suite) are now of the greatest importance in the Crimea, discovered by wells in a number of places on the flat part of the Crimea between Simferopol and Evpatoria. Water from these deposits comes from a depth of several hundred meters, has a temperature of 20-35 ° and is highly mineralized. Mineralization increases towards the deep parts of the Alma depression towards Evpatoria. In the area of the Saki resort, one of the wells received this water with a large flow rate; its use for baths for medicinal purposes is also organized there and bottling is carried out. This water was called "Crimean Borjomi", as the composition resembles the well-known water "Borjomi", but is less mineralized.
Undoubtedly, hydrogen sulfide waters of the Kerch Peninsula with a higher concentration of hydrogen sulfide than in Matsesta are of great balneological interest. Hydrogen sulfide waters are associated with sandy deposits of the middle Miocene; The springs are located at the outlets of these deposits in the limbs of the anticlines.
