What are regions of the world? By general definition, the concept region implies any territory that has one or more common features. Region- synonym for words district, region, continent. There are regions within every continent, country, city. By what principle the attitude of countries to a particular region is determined, we will consider in more detail.

Why share the world?

The planet we live on is vast and diverse. Its remote parts differ significantly in geographical location, climatic conditions, economic development, historical, religious and cultural characteristics. It is much more convenient for a specialist in any issue that goes beyond one state to combine regions and countries of the world with the same characteristic features in one name. The generally accepted names of the regions are known to the general public, and everyone who is familiar with geography understands what is at stake.

For the study of geography, division into regions is necessary for convenience. There is no need to describe in detail each individual country, if the patterns of its development and geophysical conditions are similar to neighboring ones, especially since the quantitative composition and names of countries change constantly over the course of history. Features of the regions are studied by a separate science - regional studies.

Major regions of the world

The main division is defined by the UN classification system. The division of the world into regions was carried out on a territorial basis, by continents, for the purpose of statistics. It looks like this:

• Europe (Central, Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western).
• Asia (Central, Western, Southern, Eastern and South-Eastern, Northern).
• Africa (Central, Northern, Southern, Western, Eastern).
• America (North or Anglo-America; Central or Caribbean, together with North America are combined in some sources into one region - Latin America; South)
• Australia and Oceania (Australia - New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia).

There are 23 regions in total. This division denotes the regions of the world according to the parameters of the physical and geographical position of its territory, the areas of these regions coincide with the areas of the continents and islands, and have a geographical border.

Historical and cultural zoning

The history of the development of peoples, the formation of their cultural heritage, the established groups of languages ​​and dialects are as diverse on the planet as the climatic conditions of life. At the same time, there are countries for which this path was identical, some states broke up into smaller ones, while others merged into one. Historical and cultural regions of the world are areas in which the features of religion, life, cultural heritage, architecture, customs, way of doing business, and even the basic set of food products, have similar properties that distinguish this area from others. The boundaries of these regions may coincide with geographical division, but not necessarily.

Examples of regions of the world with common historical and cultural traditions:

• North Africa and the Middle East. The territory of the admirers of Islam, through which the caravans of merchants from all over the world passed.
• North America is an area in which the original culture of the natives is almost completely destroyed, and so are its representatives themselves. A new community of representatives of nationalities of all continents has fully developed.
• Oceania - remote from other civilizations, the peoples of this region have created an original culture that is not similar and incomprehensible to other peoples.

Ecoregions

Ecological regions of the world, or natural areas, - very vast territories that are united by a similar landscape, climatic conditions, representatives of flora and fauna. Ecoregions are located around the planet mainly by latitudes, but have a different location and width, depending on the relief and proximity to the ocean. The boundaries of natural regions for the most part do not coincide with the boundaries of powers or historical regions, they are determined by the distribution of warm and cold air and remoteness from the oceans.

Examples of ecoregions: tropics, equatorial forests, deserts, steppes, taiga, tundra, arctic deserts.

Tourist regions

The tourism business also considers in its activities the division of the world into regions, taking into account the recreational possibilities of the place offered for recreation for tourists: nature; historical and cultural heritage; ecological, social, infrastructural conditions.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) adopted 5 tourist regions, which, in turn, are divided into 14 sub-regions.

Regions of the world by tourist destinations:

• Europe.
• Asia and Pacific countries.
• America.
• Africa.
• Near East.

Economic division

Economists divide the world in their own way. Economically, regions differ from geographic, climatic, or historical regions. The principle of their division is the level of economic development of the state. According to the UN, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, countries are divided according to the degree of development of a market economy, according to the socio-political system, according to the level of development.

Shida Kartli (Georgian შიდა ქართლი) is a historical geographical region in eastern Georgia (Kartli). The former name of Shida Kartli is Zena Sopeli. Historically, Shida Kartli occupied a territory bounded from the east by the Aragvi River, from the north by the Greater Caucasus ... ... Wikipedia

Turkestan, historical and geographical region, which included in the 19th - early 20th centuries. territory of modern Central Asia and Kazakhstan, as well as a part of Central Asia inhabited by Turkic peoples. Conventionally, T. was divided into Western, or Russian (southern ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Wiktionary has an entry for "region" A region is some part of a larger structure. The term region can mean: In geography Administrative region Region (administrative unit) a unit of federal division in Russia or ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Macedonia. Macedonia Geographical and Historical Macedonia ... Wikipedia

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This term has other meanings, see Pobuzhye ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Razlog (meanings). View of the valley and the city of Razlog Razlog ... Wikipedia

Finding Valois on the map of France This term has other meanings, see Valois (meanings). Valois (fr. ... Wikipedia

Books

• Yaroslavl. Yaroslavl region. Car map, . Double-sided full color card. Contains a detailed plan of the city with all the streets, numbers of corner houses. The location of administrative buildings and social and cultural facilities is indicated. Dana...
• Car card: Vladimir. Vladimir region , . A two-sided full-color map of the Vladimir region (scale 1: 300,000) and the city of Vladimir (1: 25,000) is detailed map the entire region, indicating the class of roads and the distances between points in ...

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Remember

Question 1. What is a region?

Answer. Region (lat. regio country, region) is a term used to refer to a land or water area that can be separated from another area (for example, the one inside which it is located) according to a number of criteria.

Region, like country, is an ambiguous term. It can denote different entities in different industries, and within the same industry it can be interpreted differently.

Accordingly, if we talk about the classification of regions, we can distinguish "geographical, political, socio-economic, environmental, informational, civilizational and other approaches." In general, scientists divide regions into two large groups: homogeneous and functional.

Also, "region" is used in the sense of the territorial unit of the state. In Russia - as the general name of the subject of the Federation. Each region has a unique geographic location.

Question 2. What are the types of regions?

Answer. In the economic literature, regulatory documents, regions are divided into groups according to the homogeneity of distinctive features.

1. Regions of the world. They are determined by geographical (Europe, Asia, etc.), economic (unions or other forms of cooperation between states located on one or more continents of the world) and other principles and approaches.

2. Surface parts the globe, continent or state, distinguished by climatic or relief-landscape features (north, south, flat or mountainous terrain, with a large or small amount of precipitation, wooded or steppe territory, a small or large number of swamps, etc.).

3. Administrative-territorial units of the country (region, district, county, flax, voivodeship, etc.).

4. Regions identified on the basis of the degree of development of the productive forces and their structure (with a developed industry or other sector of the national economy, with a large share of state or private property, etc.).

5. Regions identified taking into account the socio-demographic situation, with a higher human development index, with better provision with social infrastructure facilities, with a large proportion of elderly residents, etc.

6. Regions allocated in connection with special, as a rule, less favorable, living conditions and industrial and economic activities.

7. Special administrative and economic formations to ensure more efficient operation of the national economy of the country and individual territorial entities in the conditions of market relations.

What do you think

Question. Why was it necessary to create the United Nations?

Answer. The United Nations is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security and develop cooperation between states. The foundations of its activities and structure were developed during the Second World War by the leading members of the anti-Hitler coalition.

The forerunner of the UN was the League of Nations, an organization conceived under similar circumstances during the First World War and established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles "to promote co-operation among peoples and to secure them peace and security." With the outbreak of World War II, the League of Nations effectively ceased to function.

There was a need to create a new international organization aimed at ensuring "world order".

The name United Nations, proposed by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 states pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the common struggle against the Axis.

When the United Nations was created, the very first line of the preamble to the UN Charter stated that “We the peoples of the United Nations, determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lives has brought unspeakable grief to mankind, strive to reaffirm faith in fundamental rights and freedom of man.

CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Question 1. What is a region?

Answer. In geography, a region (from the English region) is a territory that stands out on some basis - a certain territory that has the integrity and interconnection of its constituent elements. Also used in the sense of a territorial unit of a state; in Russia as a common name for a subject of the Federation.

There are several interpretations of the definition of a region. Moreover, the region does not always act as a territorial unit of the state.

Within the framework of a geographical interpretation, a region is defined as a region, a large piece of land, a part of the earth's surface with special physical and geographical parameters, a geographical unit defined by geographical boundaries.

The economic interpretation implies a region as a part of the territory where there is a communication system between economic entities, a subsystem of the entire socio-economic complex of the country, a complex territorial-economic complex with its own structure of communication with the external and internal environment.

The socio-political interpretation of the region shows the region as a socio-territorial community, that is, a combination of social, economic, political factors in the development of the territory. This includes a whole set of characteristics such as: the ethnic composition of the population, labor resources, social infrastructure, socio-psychological climate, political aspects of the development of the region, cultural factors, etc.

Question 2. What are the historical and geographical regions of the world?

Answer. Historical and geographical regions are territories formed as a result of the common historical development of the peoples living within them. The commonality of geographical location leads to the emergence of common features of historical development, the national and religious composition of the population of the countries that form this region. It is important to remember that historical-geographical regions are not created, they are formed historically.

The names of the two regions of the planet have been known to everyone since childhood: Europe and Asia, which make up the continent of Eurasia. Thus, the largest regions are parts of the world. Within the parts of the world, smaller regions are distinguished that have a certain geographical unity and a common historical destiny.

So, Overseas Europe traditionally divided into Western, Central and Eastern. Countries Western Europe over the post-war years formed into a stable political unity. At the same time, in Western Europe itself, one can distinguish Northern, Middle and Southern Europe. Central, or Eastern, Europe is a group of former socialist countries, according to the modern classification, classified as countries with economies in transition.

Foreign Asia is usually divided into South-West, South, South-East, East and Central. Southwest Asia is located between the Arabian and Mediterranean seas. South Asia is formed by India and the countries adjacent to it. Southeast Asia covers countries gravitating towards the Indochina peninsula. Central Asia includes countries that do not have access to any of the oceans washing the mainland: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. East Asia includes the territories of Japan, North Korea, the Republic of Korea, China, and Mongolia.

In America, Anglo-America (USA and Canada) and Latin America are distinguished. In turn, Latin America includes the mainland countries of South America, Central America and the West Indies. Africa is divided into North, West, Central, East and South.

And the last region is Australia and Oceania, which includes mainland Australia and all island states and territories in the Pacific Ocean.

Question 3. What are the types of international organizations?

Answer. When classifying international organizations, various criteria can be applied.

1. By the nature of the members, they can be distinguished:

1.1. interstate (intergovernmental) - participants are states

1.2. non-governmental organizations - unite public and professional national organizations, individuals, for example, the International Red Cross, the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the Association international law and etc.

2. According to the circle of members, international organizations are divided into:

2.1. universal (worldwide), open to the participation of all states of the world (the United Nations (UN), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations of the UN system (its specialized agencies), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Civil Defense Organization, etc.),

2.2. regional, whose members can be states of one region (Organization of African Unity, European Union, Commonwealth of Independent States).

3. According to the objects of activity, we can say:

3.1. on organizations of general competence (UN, Organization of African Unity, Commonwealth of Independent States, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe)

3.2. special (International Labor Organization, Universal Postal Union). Political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and other organizations also differ.

Question 4. What is the name of an international organization that unites about 200 sovereign countries of the world?

Answer. The world's largest international association of states is the United Nations (UN), whose members are almost all independent states of the world (about 200). Created immediately after the end of World War II, this organization declared its goal to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, and develop cooperation between states.

Question 5. What is the name of the environmental non-governmental organization?

Answer. Greenpeace (Green World) is an international non-governmental organization established in 1971 with the aim of preserving the Earth's natural environment from destruction. Main goals: involvement of the general public in environmental protection issues. It is supported by funds from private sources, has a branch in Moscow.

AND NOW THE MORE DIFFICULT QUESTIONS

Question 1. What is the difference between non-governmental organizations and government?

Answer. The difference between governmental and non-governmental organizations lies in their legal basis. Intergovernmental organizations are established by subjects of international law, non-governmental - by subjects of national law.

Non-Governmental Organizations - an organization founded by individuals and/or other public (non-profit) organizations without the participation of official (governmental) institutions and operating on the basis of the charter and at its own expense.

Question 2. Is the Commonwealth of Independent States a region or an international organization? Why?

Answer. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional international organization (international treaty) designed to regulate cooperation relations between countries that were formerly part of the USSR. The CIS is not a supranational entity and operates on a voluntary basis.

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Moldova

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Question 3. Why the number of regions in different parts of the world is not the same?

Answer. This is caused by a number of interrelated factors: natural, historical, demographic and socio-economic.

Natural. They were decisive in the resettlement of people before the transition of mankind to agriculture and animal husbandry. Among the most important here are absolute altitude, relief, climate, presence of water bodies, natural zonality as a complex factor.

Historical. Historically, most of the population lives in Asia. Currently, in this part of the world there are more than 3.8 billion people (2003), which is over 60.6% of the population of our planet. Almost equal in population America and Africa (approximately 860 million people, or 13.7%), Australia and Oceania are significantly behind the rest (32 million people, 0.5% of the world's population.

Demographic. Asia hosts most of the countries with the largest populations. Among them, according to this indicator, China has long been the leader (1289 million people, 2003), followed by India (1069 million people), the USA (291.5 million people), Indonesia (220.5 million people). .). Seven more states have a population of over 100 million people: Brazil (176.5 million people), Pakistan (149.1 million people), Bangladesh (146.7 million people), Russia (144.5 million . people), Nigeria (133.8 million people), Japan (127.5 million people) and Mexico (104.9 million people). At the same time, the population of Grenada, Dominica, Tonga, Kiribati, Marshall Islands was only 0.1 million people.

Socio-economic. These factors are directly related to the development human civilization and their influence on the distribution of the population increased with the development of the productive forces. Although human society will never fully acquire independence from nature, at present it is the factors belonging to this group that are decisive in the formation of the Earth's settlement system. These include the development of new territories, the development of natural resources, the construction of various economic facilities, population migration, etc.

Question 4. What is the purpose of creating economic international organizations?

Answer. International economic organizations are associations of states or their separate governing bodies aimed at cooperation in the field of trade, finance and economic activity. These structures can be classified based on various features of their activities. By territorial coverage, international economic organizations are divided into global and regional. An example of a world organization is the International Chamber of Commerce, and a regional one is ASEAN (Southeast Asia).

The main goals of international economic organizations are to promote the development of the economy of their members, as well as the unification of general norms for regulating relations. The decisions of some of them are binding for members, while others are advisory. Currently, there is a fairly extensive system of international economic organizations. These structures actively interact with each other, influencing both the global economy and politics.

Question 5. Why can one and the same country be a member of different international organizations?

Answer. One country can be a member of different organizations because the goals of the organizations are different. Joining the organizations expands integration ties with other states. This allows you to solve security issues, access to international markets, provides transport corridors, etc.

FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

Question 1. Make a classification scheme for the historical and geographical regions of the world.

Question 2. Designate on contour map historical and geographical regions of the world listed in the text of the paragraph.

Question 3. Using additional sources of information, make a list of countries that are members of the EU, NATO. Write down those states that are simultaneously members of both international organizations.

Question 4. Determine the cities in which the headquarters of the international organizations listed in the text of the paragraph are located. To complete the work, use the official websites of these organizations. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

Final tasks on the topic of the section (tasks are performed in a notebook)

1. Territorial waters are

A - 12-mile zone

2. The second name of the colonial stage in the formation of the political map is

B - medieval

3. What stage in the formation of the political map does the formation and collapse of the USSR belong to?

G - the newest

4. Which of the following countries is part of Western Europe?

A - the Netherlands

5. The UN Headquarters is located in

In New York

6. Select the countries of the world that appeared on the political map in the 21st century. Write your answer as a sequence of letters in alphabetical order.

B, E, F - East Timor, South Sudan, Abkhazia

7. Which of the following countries are part of Latin America? Write your answer as a sequence of letters in alphabetical order.

A, B, D - Argentina, Paraguay, Chile

8. Arrange the regions of the world in ascending order of the number of countries included in them, starting with the region with the lowest value of the specified indicator.

B, C, D, A, D - Africa, Asia, America, Europe, Australia and Oceania

9. Establish a correspondence between the region and the state that is part of it.

1-B, 2-D, 3-C, 4-A

10. Establish a correspondence between the abbreviation of the international governmental organization and its full name.

1-C, 2-D, 3-A, 4-B.

Source: resheba.com

Answers to exam tickets intermediate certification in geography, grade 10

Compiled by: S.M. cook,

Geography teacher

2014, Bender.

Ticket number 1

Historical and geographical regions modern world

There are natural, economic, ethnic and other differences among the states and territories of the world. In addition, it is difficult to assess the fullness and versatility of the social and economic life of the planet at a glance. Therefore, to study the economic and social geography of the world, more or less homogeneous historical and geographical regions are distinguished.

The largest regions are parts of the world. Within the parts of the world, smaller regions are distinguished that have a certain geographical unity and a common historical destiny. The most common in geography is the allocation historical and geographical regions. They are groups of countries united by the similarity of historical development and location features.

In Europe, for example, Western, Central and Eastern Europe are traditionally distinguished. The countries of Western Europe in the post-war years formed into a stable political unity. Now, Central Europe- a group of countries in the post-socialist transitional economy, covering the former socialist countries of Europe and young independent states that were previously republics within the USSR (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova). Eastern Europe is the European part of Russia.

Asia is divided into North (Siberia and Far East), Eastern, Southeastern, Southern, Southwestern (or Middle East) and Central. Territories of Southwest, South and South-East Asia have long been established and each covers countries that gravitate to the corresponding geographical regions. North Asia includes the Asian part of Russia. East Asia includes the territories of Japan, the DPRK, the Republic of Korea, China, Mongolia, although from the point of view of physical geography and history of Mongolia and Western China is Central Asia. Currently, Central Asia also includes Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.

In America, Anglo-Saxon (North) America (USA and Canada) and Latin America are distinguished, which includes the countries of the mainland South America, Central America and the West Indies.

Africa is the countries of the African continent. Australia and Oceania include mainland Australia and all island states and territories in the Pacific Ocean.

Historical and geographical regions of the world have different levels of internal unity. If Western Europe unites politically and economically quite homogeneous countries, then, for example, Southwestern Asia is still a field of political confrontation today. Africa is a conglomerate of economically little interconnected countries.

The level of internal unity of the regions is extremely dependent on natural features (presence of plains, comfort of climatic conditions, transport accessibility, etc.), and on the common historical destiny, but the main thing is the level of formation of regional markets, the active exchange of goods and resources, labor , a variety of services.

Agriculture PMR, problems of its development.

The basis of agriculture in Pridnestrovie, which has been greatly reduced since the times of the USSR, is crop production - cereals, grapes, vegetables, sunflowers. In 2007, the region suffered from a severe drought, with losses amounting to about $46 million. The country also experiences a decline in animal husbandry from year to year. In general, the contribution of agriculture to the GDP of Transnistria in 2007 amounted to 0.76% in terms of value.

Factors influencing the agriculture of Transnistria:

1) highly fertile soils and significant agro-climatic potential, favorable for intensive farming and animal husbandry;

2) agricultural traditions of the population and sufficient security labor resources, allowing to carry out the production of labor-intensive types of products;

3) high concentration of the population, providing a significant market for agricultural products.

A number of factors limit the development of agriculture and reduce the effectiveness of its performance. The territory of Transnistria belongs to the zone of unstable agriculture, due to insufficient rainfall and the spread of adverse climatic phenomena. In the region, the natural forage base of animal husbandry is limited, and the spread of erosion processes reduces soil fertility and the possibility of using them in agricultural production.

domestic market The region is filled with imported food, the purchase of which requires huge foreign exchange funds, which are essential for the development of its own agro-industrial complex. In order to intensify agricultural production, it is necessary to reform agrarian relations in the countryside, aimed at increasing the interest of peasants in the results of their labor, the effectiveness of using land as the main means of production.

Agricultural production in Transnistria is diversified, including grain products, fruits and vegetables, and meat and dairy subcomplexes. A specific feature of Transnistria is the high share of agricultural land in the total structure of the land fund - they constitute

71%. Crop production is represented by the production of grain (winter wheat, corn for grain, silage, green fodder). In the structure of grain production in the PMR, wheat occupies 57%, barley - 32%, corn for grain - 9%. Sunflower production is at a low level. At the same time, the cultivation of potatoes increased significantly. The traditional direction of crop production in the PMR is horticulture and viticulture. Animal husbandry is represented by cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, and the number of horses has increased. The animal husbandry of the republic is in a difficult situation: insufficient fodder base does not contribute to the development of animal husbandry in the PMR.

Ticket 2

1) Indicators for assessing the level of socio-economic development of the country. Typology of countries according to these indicators.

The most important sign of typology for geography is the level of socio-economic development of the country. At the same time, it is important to choose statistical indicators that most accurately reflect the degree of development of the state - its economy and the standard of living of people. As such a quantitative indicator in socio-economic geography, the gross domestic product (GDP) is used. GDP is the value of goods and services produced in a country in a year and intended for direct consumption, accumulation or export. In the typology of countries, it is important to trace the internal differences in the economy of the state. To do this, analyze the features of the sectoral structure of the economy, which is displayed through the share (%) of individual industries or sectors of the economy in the economically active population (EAP) or the country's GDP. GDP per capita - the value of goods and services produced in the country in a year and intended for direct consumption, accumulation or export per capita (GDP: population)

All countries of the world according to the level of socio-economic development are divided into three broad groups - developed, developing and countries with economies in transition.

Economically developed countries of the world These are states with significant indicators of GDP per capita, the predominance of the service sector and manufacturing industries in the structure of the economy, high indicators of the quality and standard of living of the population, and a high life expectancy. This group includes:

The main capitalist countries (G8 countries): USA, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain

Economically highly developed small countries of Western Europe: Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, etc.

Countries of resettlement capitalism: Canada, Australia, South Africa

· Countries with an average level of economic development: Spain, Portugal, Greece

Developing countries - these are over 150 states of the world with a colonial past and an unequal position in the world economy. They are home to most of the world's population, agrarian-raw material specialization of the economy, a lower standard of living. Examples are: Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Cyprus, Panama, Afghanistan, Nepal, Haiti.

· Key countries: Brazil, Mexico, India, Argentina

· Outward-oriented development countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Egypt, etc.

· Newly industrialized countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea

Oil-producing monarchies of the Persian Gulf: Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, UAE

Plantation countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Jamaica

Landlord countries: Cyprus, Malta, Liberia, Panama

Least developed countries: Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh

Countries with economies in transition are former socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia, whose economy developed under the conditions of an administrative-command system (a system of organizing the economy based on state ownership of the means and factors of production and on the central management of economic activity by state bodies, imposing their decisions on producers and trade organizations). For example - Poland, Romania, Vietnam.

2) Industry of the PMR: sectoral composition, development factors. Industry is an important part of the PMR's economy. It concentrates ¼ of those employed in the economy of the region, and most of them are in the branches of specialization - ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, light industry, food industry, electric power industry.

Power industry. The republic does not have its own fuel industry, and the region meets its needs for primary energy sources (coal, oil products, natural gas) exclusively through imports. The main role in the electric power industry of the republic is played by the Moldavskaya GRES.

Ferrous metallurgy represented by the Moldavian Metallurgical Plant (MMZ) in

Rybnitsa, which belongs to the enterprises of conversion metallurgy. It produces steel and small sections using metal imported from neighboring countries and regions as a raw material. different countries peace. Its products are supplied to the CIS countries, Europe, Asia and the USA.

Building materials industry relies on the presence of significant reserves of natural building materials, as well as high domestic demand for building products due to intensive industrial and civil construction. Currently, limestone wall stone is mined in the Grigoriopol mine, and sand and gravel deposits are being developed in Parkany. Cement production has been established in the city of Rybnitsa, brick production in the city of Tiraspol, linoleum and mineral wool are produced in the city of Bendery. Basically, the products of the industry are consumed in the republic. Some of its types, for example, cement, are exported to foreign countries.

Mechanical engineering PMR represented by the electrical industry, the production of technological equipment, hardware and vehicles. The largest enterprises are concentrated in the cities of Tiraspol, Bender, Rybnitsa. The electrical industry is represented by: the Transnistrian machine-building plant "Elektromash" (Tiraspol), the Bendery plant "Moldavkabel", the Bendery plant "Electroapparatura". Rybnitsa pumping plant, plant "Pribor" (Bendery).

Light industry is one of the most important branches of specialization of the PMR. It has a complex structure, represented by textile, clothing, knitwear and footwear enterprises. The most successful in the domestic and foreign markets among the enterprises of light industry is the Tiraspol production cotton association "Tirotex", which includes spinning, weaving finishing, sewing and knitting production. The largest sewing production represented by Tiraspol enterprises "Odema", "Olimp", "Progress" and Bendery sewing firms "Vestra", "Sportex", "Benderiteks", "Luch". The city of Bender is the center of the shoe industry in Transnistria. Shoe firms "Floare", "Tigina", "Danastr" are located here

food industry represented by a wide range of food producers located in cities and rural areas settlements region. Depending on participation in the interstate division of labor of the industry Food Industry can be divided into intra-republican (meat, dairy, bakery, flour and cereals, brewing) and export-oriented

(wine-making, cognac, liquor-vodka, fruit and vegetable canning). The Tiraspol wine and cognac factory "KVINT" and the factory "Bouquet of Moldova" (Dubossary) work most effectively in the domestic and foreign markets.

Ticket number 3

Ticket number 5

Population - 25 million people

Composition - 5 states.

The region occupies the northern part of Europe: from the Jutland peninsula in the south to the Svalbard archipelago in the north, from Russian border in Karelia in the east to the island of Iceland in the west.

Northern Europe occupies a profitable maritime geographical position. The seas and surrounding countries connect them with each other and with the outside world, determine the development of such important industries as fishing, shipping, shipbuilding, oil and gas production on the shelf. The deep indentation of the coast (fjords) creates favorable conditions for the placement of ports and shipyards. The bulk of the population and economy of these states gravitate towards the coast.

Northern Europe includes the Scandinavian countries, Finland, the Baltic countries. The Scandinavian countries are Sweden and Norway. Considering the general historical and cultural features of development, Denmark and Iceland are also included in the Nordic countries.
The Baltic states are Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia. Often in popular science literature one can also come across the concept of "Phenoscandia", which has a more physical and geographical origin. It is convenient to use it in the economic - geographical characteristics of the group of countries in Northern Europe, including Finland, Sweden, Norway.
Northern Europe occupies the territory of 1433 thousand km 2, which is 16.8% of the area of ​​Europe - the third place among the economic and geographical macro-regions of Europe, after Eastern and Southern Europe. The largest countries in terms of area are Sweden (449.9 thousand km 2), Finland (338.1 km 2) and Norway (323.9 thousand km 2), which occupy more than three-quarters of the territory of the macroregion. Small countries include Denmark (43.1 thousand km 2), as well as the Baltic countries: Estonia - 45.2, Latvia - 64.6 and Lithuania - 65.3 thousand km 2. Iceland is the smallest country in the first group in terms of area and almost twice the area of ​​any single small country. The territory of Northern Europe consists of two sub-regions: Fenoscandia and the Baltic. The first sub-region includes such states as Finland, a group of Scandinavian countries - Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, together with the islands of the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. In particular, Denmark includes the Faroe Islands and the island of Greenland, which enjoys internal autonomy, and Norway owns the Svalbard archipelago. Most of the northern countries are close by the similarity of languages ​​and are characterized by historical features of development and natural and geographical integrity.
The second sub-region (the Baltic countries) includes Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, which, due to their geographical position, have always been northern. However, in reality, they could be attributed to the Northern macroregion only in the new geopolitical situation that developed in the early 90s of the XX century, that is, after the collapse of the USSR.
The economic and geographical position of Northern Europe is characterized by the following features:

firstly, an advantageous position regarding the intersection of important air and sea ​​routes from Europe to North America, as well as the convenience of access of the countries of the region to the international waters of the World Ocean,

secondly, the proximity of the location to the highly developed countries of Western Europe (Germany, Holland, Belgium, Great Britain, France),

thirdly, the neighborhood on the southern borders with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in particular Poland, in which market relations are successfully developing,

fourthly, land neighborhood with the Russian Federation, whose economic contacts contribute to the formation of promising markets for products;

fifth, the presence of territories outside the Arctic Circle (35% of the area of ​​Norway, 38% of Sweden, 47% of Finland). Among the others geographical features– 1) the presence of the warm Gulf Stream, which has a direct impact on the climate and economic activity of all countries of the macroregion; 2) a significant length of the coastline running along the Baltic, North, Norwegian and Barents Seas, 3) as well as predominantly platform structure of the earth's surface, the most expressive territory, which is the Baltic Shield. Its crystalline rocks contain minerals of predominantly igneous origin.
According to the state structure, Denmark, Norway and Sweden are constitutional monarchies, the rest of the countries of the region are republics. According to the administrative-territorial structure, the countries of Northern Europe are unitary states.

The region has large deposits of iron ores, non-ferrous metals, coal, uranium ores, oil and gas. The climate of Northern Europe is temperate, maritime with increasing continentality towards the east. Numerous rivers and lakes are used for the development of energy and fisheries. Soils are infertile. With intensive reclamation, they give good yields of grain, industrial and fodder crops. Huge tracts of coniferous forests are the most important natural wealth of the region. The harsh nature attracts numerous tourists - ecological, arctic, agricultural, sports, cultural tourism.

Population: Northern Europe is the most sparsely populated region of the continent. All countries and regions are one-national. Most of the population is Protestant. Natural growth in the region averages

4-5%. Average life expectancy is 80 years. The vast majority of women in the country and a high proportion of pensioners. The average size GDP per capita exceeds 30 thousand dollars. The country's population is distributed extremely unevenly. The average density is 35 people per 1 sq. km. km. Northern Europe is a highly urbanized region (more than 80%, excluding Finland).

The economies of the Nordic countries are significantly inferior in scale and diversity of the sectoral structure to the leading economies of Europe. However, they occupy a leading position in the production of a narrow range of high-quality products. The industry is represented by oil and natural gas production on the shelf of the North Sea, iron ore in Lapland, electric power industry (mainly hydropower in Norway and Sweden, geothermal in Iceland); ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy (especially the smelting of high-quality types of steel and aluminum); various mechanical engineering (metalworking, general, transport, electrical engineering); chemical industry; woodworking and pulp and paper industry; light and food (meat, brewing, fish and butter and cheese), printing industry. The main industrial centers are the capitals of countries.

In agriculture, high-commodity farms and cooperatives with an intensive type of production play an important role. The structure of the agrarian sector of the economy is dominated by animal husbandry. Crop production specializes in the cultivation of forage grasses, grain crops, potatoes, sugar and fodder beets.

The transport complex of the northern European countries is well developed, but is less dense than in other parts of Europe. Rail transport is the leader in cargo transportation. They have access to ice-free ports of the North Atlantic. Road transport provides the vast majority of passenger traffic. For external relations, the leading role is played by sea and air transport.

In the international division of labor, Northern Europe is represented by a relatively narrow sector of primary and finished goods. The countries of the region export oil and oil products, gas, iron ore, steel, rolled products, various aluminum vehicles, machine tools, electronics, weapons and chemicals, as well as food and woodworking.

Ticket 6

Ticket number 7

Composition - 8 states.

Southern Europe is one of the most distinctive regions of the globe, located in the south of this part of the world. The area of ​​Southern Europe is -1.03 million square meters. km. Southern Europe typically includes:

Countries on the Mediterranean coast - the countries of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Spain, Andorra), Monaco;

States located on the Apennine Peninsula (Italy, Vatican, San Marino), Greece,

Island states - Malta and Cyprus.

(sometimes Southern Europe also includes Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the southern regions of Ukraine (primarily Crimea, as well as Odessa, Kherson, Nikolaev, and sometimes also Zaporozhye region) and the European part of Turkey). Five of the eight states in the region (Italy, Greece, Portugal, Malta, San Marino) are republics. Spain and Andorra are constitutional monarchies, the Vatican is an absolute theocratic monarchy.

The countries of southern Europe border on France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria. Turkey in the east with Syria, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Armenia, Iran, Georgia. The relief and coastline are strongly dissected. Most of the region is occupied by mountains separating the southern European countries. The region is the cradle of European civilization.

Nature Southern Europe is almost entirely located in the zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs, which has been preserved only on the Mediterranean coast. Southern Europe is known for its hot climate, rich history and warm Mediterranean waters. Fauna: roe deer, servals, markhors, foxes, monitor lizards, wolves, badgers, raccoons. Flora: strawberry trees, holm oaks, myrtles, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, magnolia, cypresses, chestnuts, junipers.. In all countries of Southern Europe, a subtropical Mediterranean climate prevails, so warm temperatures around +24 ° C prevail in summer, and quite cool in winter , about +8C. Precipitation is sufficient, about 1000-1500 mm per year. The region's water resources are scarce. In the southern European countries, the river network is poorly developed, the rivers are shallow, with large seasonal fluctuations and are of exceptional importance for irrigation and water supply to the population and industry.

Natural resources and the conditions of Southern Europe are varied. The only vast lowland is the Padan Plain in Italy. The mountains of Southern Europe are young, so mountain building processes continue and are accompanied by frequent earthquakes and volcanism. Among the minerals, deposits of various ores of non-ferrous metals and building materials stand out. Fuel resources of the region are scarce. Many deposits have been developed for thousands of years and today are practically depleted.

Population. All the peoples of the countries of Southern Europe have come a long way of formation.

High population density, from 100 or more people per 1 km². The predominant religion is Christianity (Catholicism). The narrowed type of population reproduction prevails in the region - the natural decline is up to 1%. recent times the birth rate has declined, the cult of large families has weakened, and social egoism has grown. Average life expectancy is high and reaches 78 years. In the countries of Southern Europe, the process of "aging of nations" is growing. The average population density in the most major countries region is 150-200 people. per 1 km². The population is unevenly distributed. The most densely populated coastal plains and river valleys. Here the population density exceeds 400 people. per 1 km². Two thirds of the population of the countries of the region live in cities. The largest cities are Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Madrid, Barcelona, ​​Athens.

Economy. Although the countries of Southern Europe belong to the group of highly developed countries, most of them are significantly behind the countries of Western and Northern Europe in many economic indicators. The economy is dominated by manufacturing and service industries.

The economy of the southern European countries is largely dependent on foreign capital, in particular American. Particularly sensitive to the economy of the region is the complete absence of its own oil, but the set of minerals is large enough for the development of the economies of countries. In terms of extraction of mercury ore (cinnabar), asbestos, pyrites, natural corundum, marble, bauxite, polymetals, uranium ore, antimony, Southern Europe is ahead of many regions of the world.

The source of energy in these countries is the turbulent mountain rivers, mainly the Alps and the Pyrenees, geothermal sources, as well as fuel oil and natural gas from African countries. Ferrous metallurgy of the countries of Southern Europe depends on the import of iron ore and coking coal, the centers of the industry are located in port cities. In most countries, the mining industry, agriculture, mountain pasture animal husbandry, the production of machinery and instruments, fabrics, leather, the cultivation of grapes and citrus fruits are widespread. Tourism is very common. Spain ranks second in the world in terms of tourism (France ranks first). The main branch of specialization, in addition to international tourism, is agriculture, in particular, this area is rich in grapes, olives, quite high rates in the cultivation of cereals and legumes (Spain - 22.6 million tons, Italy - 20.8 million tons), and also vegetables and fruits (Spain - 11.5 million tons, Italy - 14.5 million tons). Despite the predominance of agriculture, there are also industrial areas, in particular, the cities of Genoa, Turin and Milan are the main industrial cities of Italy. It should be noted that they are located mainly in the north, closer to the countries of Western Europe.

Among the branches of specialization of the manufacturing industry, various machine building, chemical, light and food industries stand out. Agriculture in the region is highly intensive. Large commodity farms and cooperatives dominate among land users. The development of animal husbandry is limited by the scarcity of the forage base. Crop production specializes in the cultivation of cereals, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, and vegetables.
Transport not only connects the countries of the region with each other, but provides them with access to other states of Western Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Domestic transportation is served mainly by road and by rail, and external - maritime and aviation. A network of transcontinental pipelines is being developed that crosses the Mediterranean Sea and connects the oil and gas fields of North Africa and the Middle East with the states of the region. In world trade, Southern Europe specializes in engineering, chemical, light, and food industries. Tourism stands out among international services.

Ticket number 8

Composition - 17 states.

Central and Eastern Europe are the former socialist states of Europe.

The countries of Central and Eastern Europe include countries located east of Germany and south of the Baltic Sea to the borders with Greece: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Eastern Germany (former German Democratic Republic) Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria. The main features of the EGP are the position on the western borders of Russia, the border with the developed states of Europe, the direct access of Poland, Ukraine and the Baltic countries to the seas. Transport routes connecting Russia with the countries of Western and Southern Europe pass through this region, which favors broad pan-European cooperation. The countries are located compactly in relation to each other.

Central Eastern Europe (CEE) occupies an advantageous economic and geographical position. The region is located at the crossroads of Western and Eastern Europe. In the north it is washed by the waters of the Baltic Sea, and in the south by the Mediterranean Sea.

The area is -1.3 million km 2.

The climate is temperate continental. The countries located north of the Carpathians have more humid, but less warm and sunny climatic conditions than the Balkan states. The countries in the northern part of the region are characterized by frequent floods, while the southern part of the region is characterized by droughts.

The region has a dense river network. Of exceptional importance for the life of the peoples of CEE is largest river Danube. Its waters are intensively used for irrigation, industry, municipal water supply, transport, and recreation. In countries south of the Carpathians, highly fertile chernozems predominate, requiring artificial irrigation. Coniferous and beech forests of industrial importance grow in the mountainous regions of the region. Among the recreational resources of CEE are the sea coast, high-mountain resorts of the Carpathians.

Natural conditions and resources.

The natural resource potential, the history of development and formation of the economy led to internal differences in nature management, which was fixed in the specialization of the countries of the region in the world market.

The relief of the region is complex. On its territory are located high mountains and vast plains. The diversity of the relief determines the diversity of minerals in the region.

The mineral resource base of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is represented by fuel and energy resources: coal - Poland (Upper Silesian), Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvinsky), Ukraine (Donetsk and Lvov-Volynsky basins), Russia (Pechora), brown coal (Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Slovakia, Hungary), oil and gas, oil shale and peat. The ore resources of this region include the iron ores of Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, Russia; zinc, copper - Poland, Slovakia, bauxite - Hungary, manganese - Ukraine; and non-metallic resources are represented by potash salt - Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus; rock salt - Belarus, Ukraine, Russia; natural sulfur - Poland, Ukraine; phosphorites - Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus; amber - the Baltic countries.

Population: The narrowed type of population reproduction prevails in the countries of the region. The natural decline is up to 1%, which is explained by higher mortality. Life expectancy is significantly less than in other parts of the European continent, averaging 74 years. In some CEE countries, the process of “aging of nations” is on the rise.

The CEE countries are characterized by exceptional ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity. The peoples speak Slavic, Romance, Finno-Ugric languages. The population of the northern part of the region mainly professes Catholicism and Protestantism, and the southern part - Orthodoxy and Islam. The average population density in the largest countries of the region is about 100 people. per 1 km 2. The population is distributed unevenly, the most densely populated are the valleys of large rivers, coastal plains and intermountain basins. Here the density is 400 people. per 1 km 2

In terms of urbanization, CEE lags far behind other regions of Europe - 2/3 of the population lives in cities. Rural settlement is mainly represented by large villages, and in the north of Poland and in the Baltic countries, farms predominate.

The economic and geographical position of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe can be assessed as very favorable. It has a great influence on the location of industries in them, favors the development of economic integration and the creation of border free economic zones.

CEE countries belong to the group of countries with economies in transition, but in many economic indicators they lag behind most other countries in Europe, although they have completed the transition to market mechanisms. The level of well-being of the inhabitants of the states of the region is comparatively lower than the standard of living of the population of the rest of the continent. Annual per capita GDP ranges from $4,000 to $12,000 a year.

The countries of Central and Eastern Europe are rich in cultural and historical sights. They are famous not only for the capitals and big cities, but also many small towns in the region declared museum cities.

Industry: various mechanical engineering (production of means of transport, agricultural machinery, machine tools, industrial equipment, household electrical engineering and electronics); chemical industry (production of agrochemicals, explosives, synthetic resins, plastics, dyes, household chemicals, pharmaceuticals, perfumes and cosmetics); light (textiles, ready-to-wear, footwear); food (dairy and meat, canned fruits and vegetables, wines, sugar, tobacco products).

Agriculture in the region is relatively less intensive and marketable than in other regions of Europe. Farms, cooperatives and small peasant farms dominate among land users. Grain crops (wheat, rye, oats), sugar beets, potatoes, flax, and fodder grasses predominate in crop production. The Balkan countries specialize in growing wheat, corn, sunflower, grapes, vegetables, fruits, tobacco, essential oil crops. Of the branches of animal husbandry, there are: meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, and poultry farming.

Transport serves not only regional freight and passenger traffic, but also transit flows from the CIS countries and the Middle East to the countries of Western Europe. Domestic transportation is carried out mainly by road and rail, and external - by sea and air transport. A significant role is played by navigation along the Danube, oil and gas pipelines from Russia to Germany and Italy. Major transport hubs are Budapest, Prague, Belgrade, Bucharest, Warsaw.

In world trade, the region specializes in engineering products, chemical, light, and food industries. Tourism, transport transit, education, science stand out among the international services of the region.

Ticket number 9

Composition - 17 states

The region is located on three continents: Asia, Europe and Africa. There are 17 independent states: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, UAE, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen, Cyprus. Most of the countries in the region are republics; the countries of the Arabian Peninsula mostly have a monarchical form of government. For all SWEA countries (except for the UAE), a unitary administrative-territorial division is typical.

Southwest Asia includes the peninsula of Asia Minor, the Iranian and Armenian highlands, Mesopotamia, Arabian Peninsula, the island of Cyprus, as well as a number of small islands in the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea.

Pronounced on the plains two climatic zones: tropical and subtropical; in the mountains, with a pronounced altitudinal zonality, the climate is sharply continental.

Several thousand different peoples live in the world today, collectively forming humanity. They differ significantly from each other in terms of community development, culture, racial appearance, and finally, in terms of their numbers. This diversity arose as a result of the long independent development of peoples, their existence in various natural-geographical, economic and social conditions.

At the same time, ethnic boundaries have never been particularly rigid, "impenetrable." Throughout their history, peoples have constantly been in contact with each other, exchanging their cultural achievements, and mixing with each other. All this, together with belonging to a single biological species, determines the presence of land and many common features in all people.

In order to understand this diversity and at the same time to identify the features that connect different peoples with each other, it is necessary to classify them. The classification of ethnic groups is the distribution of the ethnic groups of the world into semantic groups depending on certain signs, parameters of this type of community of people.

There are many criteria that distinguish some ethnic groups or ethnic groups from others. These classification criteria are based on cumulative anthropological features, coexistence in one or more territories, the type of ethnic community, common features of life and culture, common historical fate, linguistic kinship, etc. Depending on this, all peoples can be divided on the following grounds: geographical; anthropological; linguistic; economic and cultural.

The geographic (or areal) classification takes into account the fact of the geographical neighborhood of peoples, reflecting the joint nature of their residence within a certain, most often vast territory. In a geographical classification, peoples are grouped into large regions called historical-ethnographic, or traditional-cultural areas, within which a certain cultural community has developed in the course of a long historical development. This commonality can be seen primarily in various elements material culture, as well as in individual phenomena of spiritual culture. The geographical classification can be regarded as a kind of historical-ethnographic zoning.

Geographic classification is used to identify conditional geographical regions in which various peoples of the world are settled. On this basis, there are the concepts of "peoples of the Caucasus", "peoples of the North", "peoples of Oceania", etc. However, such a geographical association of peoples is possible only to the extent that the geographical principle of classification coincides with the ethnic one. This principle of classification is widely used, since it is applied to vast areas within which its relative coincidence with the ethnic principle is observed. However, the geographical principle of classification does not provide an exhaustive ethnological description of the people. Geographical characteristic does not answer questions about the origin of peoples, the processes of their formation, economic and cultural appearance, the level of socio-economic development, but allows you to spatially streamline and distribute ethnic groups by region. It is used when covering large areas; within spatially insignificant territories, the geographical classification of ethnic groups leads to contradictions with ideas about the relationship of ethnic groups. Therefore, the geographical classification is of an auxiliary nature and is used only when it coincides with the grouping of peoples according to other criteria, that is, only within large regions.

It should be noted that the geographical classification of peoples has not yet been sufficiently developed. There is no single geographical classification accepted in all countries, which determines the number of the main historical and cultural regions of the world, as well as the boundaries of these regions. One can speak only of a unity of views on the most general division of peoples: the peoples of Australia and Oceania, the peoples of Asia, the peoples of America, the peoples of Africa, the peoples of Europe.