a state in Eastern Georgia, formed in 1762 as a result of the unification of the Kartli and Kakheti kingdoms. The capital is Tbilisi. Fought with the Turkish-Persian aggression. Tsar Heraclius II (reigned 1762-98) concluded the Treaty of St. George with Russia in 1783. In 1801 it became part of Russian Empire.
Watch value Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti in other dictionaries
Kingdom- kingdoms, cf. 1. A state ruled by a king. Moscow kingdom. Past the island of Buyan to the kingdom of the glorious Saltan. Pushkin. 2. Only units. The board of some king, kingship
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Kakhetian Wed.— 1. Kakhetian wine.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
Kingdom Wed.— 1. A state ruled by a king (1), a queen (1). // The lands of such a state. // The population of such a state. // trans. A place where someone rules. 2. Board........
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Kakhetian- -wow; cf. A variety of grape wine produced in Georgia. A bottle of Kakhetian.
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
Kingdom- -a; cf.
1. The state ruled by the king, queen (1 character); the land of such a state. Moscow, Byzantine church. * In some kingdom, in some state... (traditional........
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
Kingdom— (REGNUM) is the highest taxonomic category in the system of organisms. Initially, all living organisms were divided into two categories: plants and animals. By the middle of the XX century. this point of view...
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Abkhazian Kingdom- the state in the 8th-10th centuries. in Transcaucasia with the capital Kutatisi (Kutaisi). In 975, it became part of united Georgia ABKHAZ (self-name - Apsua) - indigenous people Abkhazia. Number ........
Australian Floristic Kingdom- occupies Australia and adjacent islands. The flora of the Australian floristic kingdom, the core of which is the ancient Holantarctic flora, includes approx. 1500 births........
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Kingdom of Aksum — ancient state(2-11 centuries) mainly on the territory of modern Ethiopia, named after the main city of Aksum.
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Ani Kingdom- the state in the 960s. - 1045, uniting most of Armenia (the capital - Ani). Rules of the Bagratid dynasty. The rise of science, literature, art. Conquered by Byzantium.
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Vaspurakan Kingdom- Armenian state in the region. Vaspurakan (908-1021). Occupied the area around the lake. Van. Conquered by Byzantium.
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Second Bulgarian Kingdom- on the Balkan Peninsula, the state in 1187-1396. It was formed as a result of the liberation uprising of 1185-87 against the domination of Byzantium. The capital is Tarnovo. All R. 14th c. stand out........
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Holantarctic Floristic Kingdom- (from the Greek holos - all - anti - against and arktikos - northern), occupies cold, temperate and partially subtropical regions of the southern hemisphere (Antarctica and adjacent islands, Fiery ........
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Holarctic Floristic Kingdom- (Holarctic) (from the Greek holos - all and arktikos - northern) - occupies the extratropical part of the northern hemisphere. Compositae, grasses, sedges, etc. are characteristic; from woody plants.
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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom- (c. 250 - between 140-130 BC) - a slave-owning state on the territory of Wed. Asia, separated from the Seleucid state. It included Bactria, Sogd, Margiana, etc. During the period of the greatest ........
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Damascus Kingdom- a state in Syria in the 11-8 centuries. BC e. Founded, apparently, by the Arameans. From con. 10th c. claimed hegemony in Syria. Conquered by Assyria in 732.
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Western Bulgarian Kingdom- a state on the Balkan Peninsula in 969-1018. The capitals are Preslav, Prespa, Ohrid. In 997-1014 the ruler is Samuel. Conquered by Byzantium in 1018.
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Kingdom of Israel- State ca. 928-722 BC e. all in. Palestine. It was formed after the collapse of the Israeli-Jewish kingdom, uniting, according to legend, 10 of the 12 Israeli-Jewish tribes. Capital Cities:........
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Imereti Kingdom- a state with the capital Kutaisi on the territory of modern Georgia. Formed in con. 15th century, from 1555 paid tribute to Turkey. From 1804 under Russian patronage. In 1811 it became part of Russia.
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Kingdom of Judah- State ca. 928-586 BC e. in Yuzh. Palestine. Formed after the collapse of the Israeli-Jewish kingdom. The capital is Jerusalem. Conquered by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II.
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Cape Floristic Kingdom occupies the southern tip of Africa. OK. 7 thousand plant species (more than half are endemic). Compositae, heather, legumes, iris, etc. are characteristic. The birthplace of many decorative ........
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Kingdom of Kars- the Armenian state (963-1064) with the center in the city of Kars. In connection with the invasion of the Transcaucasus by the Seljuk Turks (1064-65) passed under the control of Byzantium.
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Kartalino-Kakheti Plateau- see Iora Plateau.
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Kartli- (Kartaliniya) - a historical region in Vost. Georgia, in the valley of the Kura river. From the 4th c. BC e. yskoe kingdom (Iberia). From con. 10th c. n. e. the core of a single Georgian state. In the 2nd floor. 15th-18th centuries yskoe kingdom.
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Kingdom of Kartli- state in East. Georgia from the 4th c. BC e. 2) State in East. Georgia with its capital in Tbilisi in the 2nd half. 15th c. - 1762. In the 16-18 centuries. fought against Iranian-Turkish aggression. Merged........
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Kingdom of Kasimov- specific principality on the Oka in the 2nd half. 15-17 centuries; it was allocated by the Moscow princes to the Tatar "tsars" and "princes" who transferred to the Russian service. The first owner of these lands was Kasim Khan.
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Kakhetian Uprising of 1659- the Georgian people against Iranian domination, caused by the Shah's intention to populate the plains of Kakheti with Turkmen nomadic tribes. Iranian troops were expelled from Kakheti.
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Colchis Kingdom- the state of the Colchians in the 6th-2nd centuries. BC e. in the southwest of Transcaucasia. In the 4th c. BC e. tried to unite all Georgian tribes. In the 2nd century BC e. conquered by the Pontic state, then by Rome.
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Kushan Kingdom is an ancient state. It arose from a principality in Bactria, headed by a tribe (or clan) of the Kushans. During its heyday (late 1st-3rd centuries AD) included a significant part of the territory ........
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Meroitic Kingdom- an ancient state on the territory of modern Sudan in the 9th-8th centuries. BC e. - 8-9 centuries. n. e. with the capital city of Meroe. On the territory of the Meroitic kingdom, the states of Aloa, Mukurra, Nobatia were formed.
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Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti(Georgian ქართლ-კახეთის სამეფო; also - Kartli-Kakheti) - Georgian public education, created in 1762 as a result of the unification of two Eastern Georgian states that had existed independently since the collapse of Georgia in the 15th century.
Even before the unification of the kingdom, for 18 years they were practically in a personal union: in 1744, Nadir Shah appointed Teimuraz II the king of Kartli, and his son Erekle II, the king of the Kakheti kingdom. After the death of Teimuraz, Heraclius II inherited his father's throne in Kartli and united both kingdoms.
Historically, Kartli was the most significant of the state formations on the territory of Georgia, but by the time of unification it was more weakened by the devastating Persian invasions than Kakheti in the east. Therefore, the kings of the new state became the kings of Kakhetia, and the capital at first became the former capital of Kakhetia - Telavi.
Heraclius managed to suppress the separatism of the nobility, carried out a management reform and military reform. But the united state failed to stop the Persian aggression. AT late XVIII centuries, due to frequent invasions, the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom was severely devastated. In 1783, Erekle II signed the Treaty of St. George, according to which, while retaining the throne, he transferred his kingdom under the protectorate of the Russian Empire. Russia, for its part, vouched for the preservation of the integrity and internal autonomy of Kartli-Kakheti. Soon, two battalions of Russian troops were brought into the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom.
In the summer of 1795, Shahinshah Agha Mohammed Khan Qajar, at the head of an army of fifty thousand, invaded Transcaucasia. Having sent part of his troops to the Yerevan Khanate, and the other to the Mugan steppe, he himself with the main forces penetrated through Karabakh and the Ganja Khanate into Georgia and captured Tbilisi. The Georgian capital was destroyed and burned down. The inhabitants who remained in the city were killed or taken prisoner.
In 1796, in response to the Iranian invasion, Russian troops launched a successful campaign in Transcaucasia. After the death of Catherine II, they were recalled, but already at the end of 1799 they again entered Georgia.
On January 18/30, 1801, Paul I published a manifesto on the inclusion of Kartli-Kakheti into the Russian Empire. On September 12/24, the manifesto of Alexander I declared Eastern Georgia a Russian province.
Kings of Kartli-Kakheti
Heraclius II (1762-1798)
George XII (1798-1800)
David XII (1800-1801)
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Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti(Georgian ქართლ-კახეთის სამეფო; also - Kartli-Kakheti) is a Georgian state formation created in 1762 as a result of the unification of two Eastern Georgian states that had existed independently since the collapse of Georgia in the 15th century.
Even before the unification of the kingdom, for 18 years they were practically in a personal union: in 1744, Nadir Shah appointed Teimuraz II the king of Kartli, and his son Erekle II, the king of the Kakheti kingdom. After the death of Teimuraz, Heraclius II inherited his father's throne in Kartli and united both kingdoms.
Historically, Kartli was the most significant of the state formations on the territory of Georgia, but by the time of unification it was more weakened by the devastating Persian invasions than Kakheti in the east. Therefore, the kings of the new state became the kings of Kakhetia, and the capital at first became the former capital of Kakhetia - Telavi.
Heraclius managed to suppress the separatism of the nobility, carried out a management reform and a military reform. But the united state failed to stop the Persian aggression. At the end of the 18th century, due to frequent invasions, the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was severely devastated. In 1783, Erekle II signed the Treaty of St. George, according to which, while retaining the throne, he transferred his kingdom under the protectorate of the Russian Empire. Russia, for its part, vouched for the preservation of the integrity and internal autonomy of Kartli-Kakheti. Soon, two battalions of Russian troops were brought into the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom.
In the summer of 1795, Shahinshah Agha Mohammed Khan Qajar, at the head of an army of fifty thousand, invaded Transcaucasia. Having sent part of his troops to the Yerevan Khanate, and the other to the Mugan steppe, he himself with the main forces penetrated through Karabakh and the Ganja Khanate into Georgia and captured Tbilisi. The Georgian capital was destroyed and burned down. The inhabitants who remained in the city were killed or taken prisoner.
In 1796, in response to the Iranian invasion, Russian troops launched a successful campaign in Transcaucasia. After the death of Catherine II, they were recalled, but already at the end of 1799 they again entered Georgia.
On January 18/30, 1801, Paul I published a manifesto on the inclusion of Kartli-Kakheti into the Russian Empire. On September 12/24, the manifesto of Alexander I declared Eastern Georgia a Russian province.
Kings of Kartli-Kakheti
Heraclius II (1762-1798)
George XII (1798-1800)
David XII (1800-1801)
Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartli-Kakheti_kingdom
Heads of Georgian royal houses after 1801
Abstract >> History...) The Russian Empire annexed Eastern Georgia ( Kartli-Kakhetian kingdom), although paragraph 2 of article 6 of St. George ... presented to Emperor Alexander I restoration projects Kartli-Kakhetian kingdoms with the Bagration dynasty at the head. His...
History of Georgia
Abstract >> HistoryGeorgia began after the unification of Kartli and Kakhetian kingdoms. In 1783, between Russia and Georgia ... the Russian Empire of Paul I took Georgia ( Kartli-Kakhetian kingdom) into Russia: “... so that from now on ...
Bagrations
Abstract >> HistoryTsars and princes of Georgia ( Kartli-Kakhetian kingdoms); the most serene princes of Georgia (... promised the patronage of Kartali- Kakhetian kingdom, guaranteed its integrity ... the decision to abolish Kartali- Kakhetian kingdoms. The next emperor, Alexander...
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After the fall of Constantinople and its capture by Turkish troops in 1453, Georgia was isolated from the Christian world, and then actually divided between Turkey and Iran. In order to become an independent state again, she needed the help of a strong neighbor - Russia.
On July 24 (August 4), 1783, in Georgievsk (Northern Caucasus), a friendly treaty was concluded between Georgia and Russia, the so-called “ Georgievsky treatise” on the basis of which Georgia entered under the patronage of the Russian state. Voluntary entry of Georgia under the patronage of Russia, as Acad. Berdzenishvili, - was " an epoch-making victory for the forces of progress ». « The gravity of Georgia and Russia to each other was mutual ”, - as the historian A.A. Tsagareli. " Georgia, due to the relative proximity of the borders of both kingdoms and according to common faith, preferred the union and patronage of Russia to those not only of Persia and Turkey, but also to the patronage of the Western European powers. Russia, for its part, wanted to get closer to Georgia as the only actually existing Christian kingdom in Asia Minor [and indeed all of Asia] ».
On December 21, 1782, in the text of the presentation of the Russian Imperial House of Heraclius II, he officially asked for the acceptance of Kartli - the Kakhetian kingdom under the protection of the Russian Empire in such a way that the Persian Shah and the Turkish Sultan would no longer be at enmity with Georgia. In the event of a Russian war with these states, Heraclius II took upon himself the obligation to act on the side of Russia, which, in turn, was supposed to take care of the return of the territories seized from Georgia. The "Submission" emphasized the request to observe the traditional procedure for the transfer of royal power in Georgia to the heirs of Heraclius II, and their descendants, as well as the request for the permanent presence in the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom of two regiments of the Russian regular army.
(Irakli II (Georgian ერეკლე II, Erekle meore; November 7, 1720, Telavi - January 11, 1798, Telavi) - king of Kakheti (1744-1762), Kartli-Kakheti kingdom (1762-1798). From the Kakhetian branch of the Bagrations)
The government of Catherine II considered in detail the proposals of Erekle II, after which A.A. Bezborodko drew up the final text of the treaty on patronage agreed with the empress, which was sent to Tbilisi for its approval. Heraclius II considered it jointly with the members of "Darbazi" ( State Council) and decided to approve. This was followed by the solemn signing of the text of the treaty by representatives of Russia and Georgia, which took place on July 24, 1783 in the fortress city of Georgievsk. The treaty, called the Treaty of Georgievsk, was signed from Russia by its plenipotentiary, General P.S. Potemkin, and from Georgia - the plenipotentiaries of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, I.K. Bagrationi-Mukhransky (not to be confused with his grandson! Bagration, Prince John Konstantinovich, grandfather of G.K. Bagration-Mukhransky, general of the Georgian troops, in 1783 played a prominent role in the annexation of Georgia to Russia, for which, by an act of July 27, 1784, from the penultimate king of Kartal and Kakheti, Irakli II, he received the title of sahyat-ukhutses and ruler of the region. He was married to the daughter of Irakli II Ketevani) and Prince G. R. Chavchavadze.
(Count (1795) Pavel Sergeevich Potemkin (June 27, 1743 - March 29, 1796) - Russian military and statesman from the Potemkin family)The text of the Georgievsky treatise consisted of a preamble, 13 main and 4 separate articles. The contents of the treatise were accompanied by the texts of the oath of allegiance to the Empress of Russia by Heraclius II and additional articles that dealt with the Georgian procedure for crowning the kingdom. They were signed by the plenipotentiary representatives of Georgia on January 24, 1784 in Tbilisi, on the day of the ratification of the treaty by Erekle II. On the same day, the parties exchanged instruments of ratification, and the instrument, signed by Erekle II, was presented to the representative of Russia, Colonel V. Tamara. At the same time, Heraclius II presented a list of princes and nobles of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom intended for the Russian government: according to the ninth article of the agreement, if they came to Russia, they were given the right to enjoy all the privileges that the nobility of Russia was endowed with.
In the first two articles of the treaty, Erekle II proclaimed the patronage of Catherine II over the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, and the Russian government assumed the obligation to protect the rights of the East Georgian king and his heirs. At the same time, the Russian government promised to restore Georgia to its historical limits. On the basis of the treatise, the heir who ascended the East Georgian throne was to receive royal regalia from the Russian emperor - a crown, a letter and a flag with the coat of arms of the Russian Empire, in which the coat of arms of the Kartli-Kakhetian kingdom, a saber, a staff and a mantle from ermine. Upon receipt of these regalia from St. Petersburg, the Kartli-Kakhetian king, in the presence of the resident minister of Russia, had to swear allegiance to the Russian emperor. On the basis of the treatise, the sovereign rights of Erekle II were limited in matters foreign policy which from that time had to be coordinated with Catherine II. In the third paragraph of the sixth article of the treatise, Russia's non-interference in the internal affairs of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom was guaranteed. The military and civilian representatives of Russia in Georgia were forbidden to issue any orders without the knowledge of the Georgian king. The treaty provided for mutual care for the return of Russian and Georgian prisoners to their homeland, as well as granting Georgian merchants the right to free trade in Russia with discounts provided for Russian merchants. Separate articles were attached to the treatise, which reflected the military-political goals of the parties. Here, in particular, it was about the location of Russian troops in Georgia, about joint action against common enemies, and in the event of an external war - about the desire to return the territories previously lost by Georgia.
In connection with the content and status of the Georgievsky treatise of 1783, various opinions were expressed, but the opinion of I. A. Javakhishvili seems to be the most concise and at the same time exhaustive: “ The Kartli-Kakheti state, under the terms of this treaty, became “sovereign, but dependent” (on Russia) ... By the Act of 1783, Georgian patriots tried to obtain from the Russian Empire a legal guarantee for the protection and preservation of Georgian statehood, ensuring the country's security from invasions of external enemies. And the Russian Empire achieved this act of a major victory in the Transcaucasus. She got the opportunity to cross over Caucasian Range without military clashes and to find to the south its excessively advantageous foothold ».
(Garsevan (David) Revazovich Chavchavadze (June 20, 1757 - April 7, 1811) - Prince, Hereditary Mourav Kazakhs and Borchalo, Adjutant General of Tsar Heraclius II and his representative at the negotiations on the establishment of a Russian protectorate over Georgia. First Minister Plenipotentiary of Georgia in St. Petersburg ( 1783-1801) under Catherine II, Paul I and Alexander I)It is quite natural that information about the conclusion of the Georgievsky treaty and its contents did not find a comprehensive reflection on the pages of the Saint Petersburg Vedomosti, but what was published in the newspaper about this event is of considerable interest. Information material about the Treaty of Georgievsky, which was published until 1785, should undoubtedly be considered a rare monument to the history of Russian-Georgian relations in the 18th century.
The October issue of the newspaper for 1783 (No. 85) published a lengthy correspondence from Tbilisi about the celebrations in the Georgian capital in connection with the conclusion of the Treaty of St. George, which we reproduce below in full: “ From Tiflis, August 21. Upon receipt by His Highness the King of Kartalinsky and Kakheti Irakli Teimurazovich of the news of the decree of the treaty, by which His Highness, with His successors, kingdoms of all possessions, was accepted under the protection and supreme authority of Her Imperial Throne, and upon the return of the plenipotentiaries of that treaty, His Highness appointed 20 - th of August to bring thanks to God Almighty for the patronage granted by Her Imperial Majesty to him and his people.
The Russian-imperial colonel and holder of the military order of St. George Burnashev, who is staying with His Highness, was invited by the tsar through one of his secretaries to attend this ceremony.
On August 20 in the morning at 9 o'clock all the noble ranks, princes, nobles, and many people gathered in the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. At 11 o'clock, His Highness the Tsar, preceded by his adjutants in seeing off the princes and court officials, arrived there too. After that, the Divine service began, sent by His Grace Metropolitan Herman. In the homage, the most sacred name of Her Imperial Majesty the Autocrat of All Russia was proclaimed. At the end of the service, a sermon was delivered by Archimandrite Gaios; and then a grateful prayer was sent with cannon fire; moreover, sincere congratulations were brought to His Highness the Tsar from both spiritual and secular ones on the occasion of this joyful event for all the land of theirs.
If you try to follow political environment in the south of Russia and in Transcaucasia during the period under review, then on the basis of the same source it can be concluded that 1783 and 1784. brought Russia a significant political return: the Treaty of Georgievsk allowed it to set a firm foot behind the Caucasus with a focus on the possibility of expanding its influence here, and 1784 was marked by the accession to the empire of a new significant territory, the Crimean Khanate (“Tavrida”) with the Taman Peninsula and the lands of the future Kuban district .
The newspaper regarded the arrival in St. Petersburg at the end of 1784 of an embassy from the Imeretian kingdom as an important event in the life of the Russian capital. As brief background to this embassy, it should be noted that after the death of the strong Imeretian monarch Solomon I, who actually managed to save Imereti from vassal dependence on Turkey, two of his applicants claimed the throne: 29-year-old cousin of the late king David Georgievich and 12-year-old David Archilovich, who was a nephew Solomon I, and the grandson of Heraclius II and whom the late Imeretian king planned as his successor. Nevertheless, in connection with the infancy of David Archilovich, the throne was taken by David Georgievich, who announced his desire to enter under the protection of Russia, and proclaimed David Archilovich the heir to the throne when he came of age. This step of the new Imeretian king was the result of his agreement with Heraclius II, supported by Russia. However, the accession of David Georgievich and his first steps aimed at strengthening relations with Russia and the East Georgian king caused extreme dissatisfaction with Turkey, which put up its own representative to the Imeretian throne - Kaikhosro Levanovich Abashidze. Turkey began to prepare an invasion of Western Georgia, in connection with which Kaikhosro was sent to the Akhaltsikhe Pashalyk, and Turkish troops began to be drawn to the Western Georgian borders. Under these conditions, one should not hesitate to send an embassy to St. Petersburg: this is exactly what the official representative of Russia at the court of Heraclius II, Colonel Burnashev, who was instructed to oversee the "Imeretian affairs" instructed the Imeretian king. The embassy, headed by Catholicos Maxime, Sahltuhutses (Court Marshal of the Court) Zurab Tsereteli and Mdivanbeg (Chief Court Judge) David Kvinikidze, intended to argue the request of their king to accept the Imeretian kingdom under the protection of Russia by the fact that if this did not happen on the hot trail of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace When the Russian government feared new complications with Turkey, now the latter itself openly threatens to attack Imereti, a former (and potential) ally of Russia, which is obliged to protect and defend the interests of a friendly state of the same faith. We provide information from the newspaper "Saint Petersburg Vedomosti" about the stay of this embassy in the Russian capital from December 1784 to October 1785. The newspaper wrote: " These envoys had the honor of being admitted to a reception audience with Her Imperial Majesty and Their Imperial Highnesses last December, the 29th day. ».
The ambassadors of the Imeretian tsar stayed in St. Petersburg for almost a year and were invited to a farewell audience on September 14, 1785, with all the honors and etiquette of that time.
The solemn reception of the Imeretian ambassadors in St. Petersburg, unfortunately, did not have any significant political return for the Imeretian kingdom, which, due to its pro-Russian orientation, was in real danger of a collision with Turkey. According to the authors of the Essays on the History of Georgia, one could not expect otherwise: “ The king of the Imeretians, David, apparently had a poor understanding of the current foreign policy situation. He was unaware, or could not imagine that Burnashev and the Collegium of Foreign Affairs that stood behind him sought to draw the Imeretian king into an unequal battle with the Turks and use this to their advantage. True, Russia then tried to avoid an official conflict with the Turkish state, but it was extremely interested in weakening it. For her, it was very advantageous that Turkey was under the constant threat of losing Western Georgia. In this case, the Russian government would assume the role of a "mediator" between the parties, and Turkey would reconcile not only with the loss of the Crimea, but also with the acceptance of Eastern Georgia under the auspices of Russia ».
Meanwhile, the circumstances developed in such a way that Russia, through the mouth of its ambassador in Constantinople, tried to exhort the Grand Vizier from a military action against Western Georgia, Turkish sultan subdued Kaikhosro Levanovich Abashidze, already declared king of Imereti, by a 12,000-strong detachment, half of which on October 30, 1784 invaded the boundaries of the ruling principality of Guria and, in anticipation of reinforcements, was preparing to continue the campaign deep into Imereti. Tsar David Georgievich, with 4 thousand Imeretians, took up defense in the town of Sajavakho and from there asked for help from the commander of the Russian troops on the Caucasian line, PS Potemkin, who, however, did not respond to the call for help. The determination of the Georgian detachment to repel the attack of the enemy and the rumor that Russian regiments were rushing to help him from the North Caucasus forced the Turks to retreat and limit themselves to damage inflicted by them on the Guria principality.
Turkish provocations against Georgia did not end there. Soon, Turkey inspired an attack on Eastern and Western Georgia by the ruler of Khunzakh, Omar, Khan of Avar, who with a large detachment first attacked Kakheti, defeated the Akhtala copper smelters, stole with him numerous prisoners in Akhaltsikhe for sale into slavery, and in the end made a swift raid on Upper Imereti , devastating the Saabashidzeo region and the Wakhan fortress. And this happened in conditions when Georgia, at least Kartli - the kingdom of Kakheti, had been under the patronage of the Russian Empire for almost two years. This incident not only disappointed Heraclius II, but also forced him to agree to a "peace" with the North Caucasian robber: the king was forced to agree to pay him 5 thousand tetri per year (the monetary unit of Georgia, an analogue of a penny) in exchange for a guarantee of peace for the Georgian villages bordering Dagestan. Later, Heraclius II informing P.S. Potemkin about the disastrous consequences of the attack of Omar Khan, noted that earlier his kingdom had not been subjected to such significant assurance from the mountain tribes.
The impunity of the attack on Georgia in 1785 by Omar - Khan of Avar and the forced nature of the humiliating deal with him by the famous Georgian king concealed an alarming symptom of the degradation of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom, associated exclusively with the conclusion of the Treaty of St. pro-Turkish-minded forces, and not only the Dagestan feudal lords, but also a number of Transcaucasian khanates who took up arms against Erekle II, so authoritative and respected among them in the recent past, testified, firstly, that the latter, thanks to the Treaty of Georgievsk concluded by him by Russia, began to be perceived by them as a traitor to the general Caucasian interests, who allowed the mighty northern power to infiltrate the Caucasian region and dictate its political will to them; secondly, that such a mindset among its Caucasian slanderers was encouraged in every possible way by Turkey, which was by no means limited to the role of an outside observer, which, in particular, was clearly evidenced by the "sacred" nurtured on its territory and directed against Russia and Georgia spiritual movement Muslims against "infidels" led by Sheikh Mansur (Ushurma);
and, thirdly, that the Treaty of Georgievsk, concluded by Heraclius II with Russia, mainly in order to protect his kingdom from all kinds of excesses on the part of detractors of this political step, which he fully realized, in practice, unfortunately, began to give the impression of a fictitious document pursuing more unilateral and selfish goals than really coinciding and mutually beneficial bilateral interests.Indeed, in order to exclude the presence of self-interest in the then policy of the government of Catherine II towards Georgia, it is necessary to answer at least the following questions: Firstly, why did this government ignore one of the fundamental provisions of the Treaty of St. military unit and did not order the transfer to Tbilisi of one (at least one regiment) from the so-called Caucasian line, especially since the Georgian side took over its material support? Secondly, why is the episode of a successful battle so pathetically described on the pages of Sankt-Peterburgskiye Vedomosti? detachment of Russian troops under the command of Major General Samoilov "with the North Caucasian robbers who invaded Kakheti, turned out to be exceptional? For what reason did the Russian government recall this detachment from Georgia, disregarding the fact that the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and its people, which came under the protection of Russia, were thus exposed to the blow of numerous enemies, embittered by the conclusion of the Treaty of St. George? The correct answer to these interrelated questions, apparently, is contained in the "Essays on the History of Georgia", where the following is said on this subject: 70-80 years of the XVIII century. showed that in the relations between Russia and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, despite their strong alliance, there was a veiled contradiction that affected the struggle of the allies to expand their influence in the Caucasus. Heraclius II, with the help of Russia, wanted to achieve undivided dominance in Eastern Transcaucasia, the annexation of Samtskhe-Saatabago, which was to be followed by the complete reunification of Georgia and its exorbitant strengthening (as a single state).
Autocratic Russia, meanwhile, sought to establish only its own dominance here and established equal relations both with Heraclius and with the Armenian-Azerbaijani khanates. The idea of creating a strong Georgian state, as well as restoring the Armenian-Albanian state, apparently served in essence the goal that the Transcaucasian kings-rulers would not spare themselves in the name of the conquest plans of Russia, and then, as the interests of the patron expanded, they should completely yield to him field. In conditions when Russia's rivals in the Transcaucasus were noticeably weakening, and its interest in this region was growing, " the patron's need for a strong and united Georgia has disappeared ". At the same time, in those specific conditions, when Russian troops had already been withdrawn from here, Russia was inclined to somewhat contribute to the strengthening of Christian Georgia in the Transcaucasus in order to prevent the domination of Iran and Turkey here.
The realism of the above description of Russia's political interests in Transcaucasia and their inconsistency (or incomplete alignment) with Georgian interests is confirmed by the line of conduct in Georgia of two (not one!) commanders of the Russian expeditionary corps, Generals Totleben and Sukhotin, who arrived here in 1769, as well as the connivance of the government Catherine II to the attack of Omar Khan of Avar on Kakheti and Imereti in 1785, as well as his behavior during the subsequent tragedy of a disproportionately larger scale, which inflicted a heavy wound on the Georgian people and centuries-old Russian-Georgian relations (this will be discussed below). Meanwhile, difficulties also affected the political negotiations of the Georgian ambassador in St. Petersburg, Garsevan Revazovich Chavchavadze (1757-1811), who soon after the signing of the Treaty of St. George arrived here on behalf of Erekle II, thus laying the foundation for a permanent Georgian diplomatic representation in Russia. He was authorized to negotiate with the Russian government on certain issues that, after the conclusion of the treaty, remained, as it were, in limbo: they meant, first of all, the obligations of the parties, recorded in separate articles and providing for the mandatory presence of a contingent of Russian troops in Eastern Georgia. Due to the fact that negotiations on this sore point were at an impasse, the Georgian ambassador decided to go to Tbilisi in order to inform Irakli II about everything face to face and receive appropriate instructions. He informed P.S. Potemkin of his departure from St. Petersburg, and through the latter, apparently, the editors of the St. She said: Georgian Envoy Prince Garsevan Revazovich Chevchavadze [(original spelling) - D.V.] with his wife, young son, secretary Prince Egor Avalov, translator Philip Khuttsov, four of his servants lives in Sadovaya Street in the house of the merchant Mansurov ". This information note reported interesting information about family members, employees, service personnel and the place of residence of the Georgian ambassador in St. Petersburg.
Let us return, however, to the newspaper's report on the ambassador's first stay in St. Petersburg, which marked the beginning of the official Georgian representation in Russia.
Meanwhile, the benevolent state of these relations did not cause doubts, including among the editors of the Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti. So, in the broadcast and lengthy information published in the newspaper in connection with Catherine II’s visit to the territory of the former Crimean Khanate recently annexed to Russia, among the honorary persons who accompanied the Empress on this trip, the son of Erekle II, Teimuraz, who specially arrived from Georgia for this purpose, was repeatedly mentioned, who had a priestly rank and as Bishop of Ninotsminda was called Anthony.
In connection with the information about the journey of the Empress to the south of Russia, two more facts attract attention. The first is related to the fact that at the end of the journey, Catherine II, heading from Moscow to St. Petersburg, did not change the traditions of her predecessors and did it in the village of Vsekhsvyatsky, which was the former fiefdom of Peter I's friend, Tsarevich Alexander Archilovich Bagrationi. Here, in the Church of All Saints, built by the sister of Tsarevich Alexander Daredzhan Archilovna, the Empress attended the service: July 4th (1787). EIV, having set out from the Petrovsky entrance palace at 8 o’clock in the morning, deigned to stop in the village of Vsesvyatskoye and for Sunday afternoon listen to the liturgy in the Church of All Saints, from where, after driving to the black mud, located 28 miles from Moscow, there was a dinner table, after which continued procession through the village of Peshki ... deigned to have an overnight stay in the village of Demyanov ". The second fact is interesting in that when the empress wished to award those with whom she had a chance to communicate during her trip to the south of Russia, among them was a Georgian nobleman, who then held the post of chairman of the civil chamber of the Yekaterinoslav governorship, collegiate adviser Giorgi Garsevanishvili (“Garsevanov”) who was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 4th degree.
In 1984, a memorial sign was unveiled on Goriyskaya Street in Georgievsk in honor of the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Georgievsk. The authors of the monument are a creative group of Georgian architects: N.N. Chkhenkeli, A.A. Bakhtadze, I.G. Zaalishvili.
(materials of Dzalis - the society of Russian-Georgian friendship were used)| Alexander Popov
Accession of the Georgian (Kartli-Kakheti) kingdom to Russia
In 1783, Catherine II and the King of Kartli-Kakheti, Erekle II, signed the Treaty of Georgievsk, which established the protectorate of Russia in relation to Eastern Georgia. The treaty sharply complicated the relationship of the kingdom with Iran and Turkey, which claimed its territory, and intensified the struggle for power between the branches of the ruling family.
After the attempts of Persia to regain control over Eastern Transcaucasia, the heir of Heraclius, Tsar George XII, in an effort to retain power, turned to Paul I with a request to annex his country to Russia, subject to the preservation of the rights to the Georgian throne for his descendants.
Shortly after the death of George XII, on January 18 (30), 1801, Paul I signed a manifesto on the annexation of Georgia to Russia. In this document, Kartalinia and Kakheti were first called the "Georgian Kingdom". Its population retained all the previous rights and privileges, including property rights, but the rights and privileges of the Russian Empire also extended to it. However, the rights of George's son, David, to the Georgian throne were not confirmed.
On March 6 (18) followed the decree of Alexander I "On the management of Georgia", according to which it became a province within Russia, and on September 12 (24), 1801 new system administration of the Georgian kingdom. It assumed his autonomy, which was expressed, among other things, in the inclusion of the "ruler of Georgia" in the composition of the bodies local government subordinate to the governor-general. However, soon Tsarevich David resigned and until his death (1819) lived in St. Petersburg.
Despite the fate of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom and its ruling dynasty, other countries of the Transcaucasus also sought to rely on Russia in the fight against Muslim Persia and Turkey, even at the cost of losing their independence. In 1803, Mengrelia became a subject of Russia, in 1804 - Imeretia and Guria, the Ganja Khanate and the Jaro-Belokan region were also annexed, in 1805 - the Karabakh, Sheki and Shirvan khanates and the territory of Shirak, in 1806 - the khanates of Derbent, Cuban and Baku, in 1810 - Abkhazia, in 1813 - the Talysh khanate. Thus, within a short period of time, almost all of Transcaucasia went to the Russian Empire.
