Article 14 of the Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire proclaimed the emperor "a sovereign leader Russian army and navy". The sovereign determined the structure of the army and navy, issued decrees and orders regarding "... everything in general related to the device armed forces and Defense of the Russian State" 1. On the eve of the First World War, on July 16, 1914, the "Regulations on the field command and control of troops in war time", which allowed the emperor, if he "did not deign to lead the troops personally", to delegate control of the armed forces to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The commander-in-chief received the broadest powers, his orders in the theater of operations were equated with the highest commands. in front of him 2 .
For the first time in national history the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief was replaced on July 20, 1914. In just years great war until signing Brest Peace Eight people were replaced at the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, among whom, along with full generals, was an ensign and even, in an unprecedented case, a "shtafirka", a civilian.
On March 9, 1918, the last Supreme Commander-in-Chief was relieved of his post, and on March 27, the Russian army itself ceased to exist.
Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov (junior) (6.11.1856 - 5.01.1929)
Command term. 20.07.1914 - 23.08.1915
Chin, rank.
Battle path. With his participation in 1914, the unsuccessful East Prussian and triumphal Galician operations were carried out, the enemy offensive was repelled during the Warsaw-Ivangorod and Lodz operations, the Przemysl fortress was taken. Enjoyed great popularity among the troops. Even major failures at the front in 1915 - the loss of Galicia, Poland and a significant part of the Baltic states - did not affect his reputation.
He was removed from office at his own request (another version is due to political intrigues). After the decision of Nicholas II to personally lead the army, he was appointed governor in the Caucasus and commander-in-chief Caucasian front.
Before abdicating the throne on March 2, 1917, Nicholas II again appointed Nikolai Nikolaevich as commander-in-chief. However, a week later, the Provisional Government forced the Grand Duke to resign - hatred for the Romanov dynasty was already seething over the edge.
Awards. Order of St. George 4th degree, St. George 3rd class, St. George 2nd degree; St. George's weapon, decorated with diamonds, with the inscription "For the liberation of Chervona Rus".
A HIT TO A PORTRAIT
A man of large scale, direct, decisive, who received a completed higher military education who had experience Turkish war... impressing with his appearance, having passed a number of combat positions from a junior officer to the commander-in-chief of the capital district inclusive - in this form the appearance of the Grand Duke of Russia was drawn 3.
_General of Infantry A.Yu. Danilov
(06.05.1868 - 17.07.1918)
Command term. 23.08.1915 - 2.03.1917
Chin. Colonel of the Guard.
Battle path. With the outbreak of war, Nicholas II wanted to personally lead the army, but was forced to yield to the government, which categorically did not make this decision. The "Great Retreat" of the summer of 1915 strengthened the tsar in his conviction to fulfill his royal duty - "when the enemy deepened into the empire, to take over the supreme command of the active troops and ... to defend the Russian Land from the enemy's attempts" 4 .
He made successful personnel changes, appointed the experienced and popular General M.V. Alekseev, established supplies, raised the morale of the troops. All this led to the stabilization of the front and largely prepared the Brusilovsky breakthrough of 1916, which became a turning point in the war.
Awards. Order of St. George 4th degree.
A HIT TO A PORTRAIT
With the Sovereign calmer. His Majesty gives instructions so consistent with military strategic tasks that you develop these directives with full conviction in their expediency. He knows the front very well and has a rare memory 5 .
_General of Infantry M.V. Alekseev
(03.11.1857-08.10.1918)
Command term. 1.04.1917 - 21.05.1917
Chin, rank. Infantry General, Adjutant General.
Battle path. Trying to stop the expansion of the army, he demanded that all orders for the army pass through the Supreme Commander. After the appearance of order N1 and the soldiers' committees, he compromised, hoping to take the committees under control by introducing officers into them. The Provisional Regulations on the Organization of the Ranks of the Active Army and Navy, sent out on March 30, 1917, sanctioned the military committees, but limited their scope of competence.
Participated in the creation of the "Union of Army and Navy Officers", at the 1st Congress on May 7 opposed the demand for peace without annexations and indemnities. On May 21, he demanded the restoration of the activities of military courts and the introduction of the death penalty at the front, after which he was removed from his post and appointed military adviser to the Provisional Government.
Awards. Order of St. George 4th degree, St. Anna 4th class "For Bravery", St. Stanislav 3rd class with swords and bow, St. Anna 3rd class with swords and bow, St. Vladimir 4th class with swords and a bow, St. Stanislav 1st class with swords; Golden weapon with the inscription "For bravery".
A HIT TO A PORTRAIT
Enormous capacity for work, excellent acquaintance with the army and its needs, great caution, thoughtfulness ensure [Alekseev's] systematic conduct of operations without risky moves that do not correspond to the current disordered state of the army 6 .
_General from the cavalry A.M. Dragomirov
(01.08.1853-17.03.1926)
Command term. 22.05.1917 - 19.07.1917
Chin, rank. Cavalry General, Adjutant General.
Battle path. One of the best commanders of the First World War, who developed and carried out a fateful breakthrough. After the abdication of Nicholas II, he was considered as an alternative to Alekseev for the post of Commander-in-Chief, and after his resignation he led the army.
On May 22, 1917, by order along the front, he began the formation of "special shock revolutionary battalions recruited in the center of Russia," called upon to "drag along the hesitant" during the offensive. Brusilov was preparing an offensive under the red flag, but on the basis of a plan developed by the tsarist Headquarters. The offensive of the Russian army in the summer of 1917 failed. In the context of the retreat that began on July 12, military revolutionary courts were established and the the death penalty at the front.
Awards. Order of St. George 4th degree, St. George 3rd class, St. Stanislav 3rd class with swords and bow, St. Anna 3rd class with swords and bow, St. Stanislav 2nd degree with swords, White Eagle with swords; St. George's weapon, adorned with diamonds, with the inscription "For the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian armies in Volhynia, in Bukovina and Galicia on May 22-25, 1916."
A HIT TO A PORTRAIT
The head of a broad flight of thought and a clear understanding of the matter ... The only general who combines both brilliant strategic talents and a broad understanding of Russia's political tasks and is able to quickly assess the situation that has arisen.
_Chairman of the State Duma M.V. Rodzianko
(18.08.1870-31.03.1918)
Command term. 19.07.1917 - 27.08.1917
Chin. Infantry General.
Battle path. Gained fame after escaping from Austrian captivity in July 1916. After the February Revolution, in five months he went from a corps commander to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. On July 19, 1917, he agreed to accept the supreme command on the condition of non-interference in his orders. He stabilized the front with tough measures.
At the State Conference on August 12-15 in Moscow, he outlined his program to restore order in the rear. At the end of August, from Headquarters, he negotiated with Kerensky on establishing firm power in the country, but the words of the Commander-in-Chief were regarded as an ultimatum. He was declared a rebel, removed from his post and, after the suppression of the speech on August 25-31, he was arrested.
Awards. Order of St. George 4th degree, St. George 3rd class, St. Vladimir 3rd class with swords, St. Stanislav 2nd class with swords, St. Vladimir 3rd class with swords, St. Stanislav 1st class with swords, St. Anna 1st class with swords.
A HIT TO A PORTRAIT
"Kornilov is bold, courageous, stern, resolute, independent and will not stop at any independent action required by the situation, and to no responsibility" 9 .
_Lieutenant General A.I. Denikin
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (22.04.1881-11.06.1970)
Command term. 30.08.1917 - 3.11.1917
Chin. Didn't have. Civilian "shtafirka". Declared himself Supreme Commander.
Battle path. On May 3, 1917, he was appointed Minister of War, in this capacity, in preparation for the summer offensive, he traveled around the front-line units with patriotic speeches, for which he received the nickname "Chief Persuader".
Having dealt with Kornilov, in view of the refusal of other candidates, he declared himself supreme commander in chief. In September, he formed the "Business Cabinet" and declared Russia a republic, held a Democratic Conference and formed the Pre-Parliament. At this time, the army actually found itself in the hands of the committees and was rapidly decomposing.
Awards. Soldiers' St. George's Crosses of the 1st, 2nd and 4th degrees (granted to the Minister of War for "great feats in the struggle for the freedom of the Russian land" by soldiers and officers).
A HIT TO A PORTRAIT
Kerensky should be considered one of the greatest orators of his kind in history. There was nothing charming about his speeches. His voice was hardened by the constant screaming. He gesticulated little ... but he mastered the speech and spoke with conquering conviction 10 .
_Consul General of Great Britain R.B. lockhart
(01.12.1876-20.11.1917)
Command term. 3.11.1917 - 9.11.1917
Chin. Lieutenant general.
Battle path. One of the closest assistants to A.A. Brusilov. On September 10, 1917, Kerensky's chief of staff, after the latter's flight, became Acting Commander-in-Chief. He ordered the troops to stand in position, on November 7-8 he refused to negotiate peace with the enemy on behalf of the Council of People's Commissars, since "only the central government, supported by the army and the country, can have sufficient weight and significance for opponents." "For disobedience to the instructions of the government and for behavior that brings unprecedented disasters to the working masses of all countries, and especially to the armies," he was dismissed from his post. While waiting for the arrival of the new commander-in-chief, on November 18 he ordered the release of Kornilov from custody, remained at Headquarters, and on November 20 fell victim to a soldier's lynching.
Awards. Order of St. George 4th degree, St. George 3rd class, St. Stanislav 2nd class with swords, St. Vladimir 4th class with swords and a bow, St. Vladimir 3rd class with swords; George weapon.
A HIT TO A PORTRAIT
Dukhonin was a broad-minded, frank and honest person, far from political squabbles and machinations. Unlike some older officers, he did not complain and grumble about " new system"and by no means idealized the old army ... There was nothing in him from the old military bureaucrat and martinet 13.
_A.F. Kerensky
Nikolai Vasilievich Krylenko (05/02/1885-07/29/1938)
Command term. 9.11.1917 - 5.03.1918
Chin. Ensign
Battle path. After the October coup, he became a member of the first Council of People's Commissars as a member of the Committee on Military and Naval Affairs. After the refusal of N.N. Dukhonin to negotiate for peace November 9 appointed V.I. Lenin Supreme Commander. On November 12, he ordered all units at the front to begin negotiations on an armistice; on November 13, he began negotiations with Germany, which ended on December 2 with an armistice.
He reported to the Council of People's Commissars about the loss of combat capability by the army and advocated for peace on any terms. After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, he resigned, and on March 13, 1918, the post of Supreme Commander-in-Chief was abolished.
Awards. Didn't have
A HIT TO A PORTRAIT
Ensign Krylenko, nicknamed "Comrade Abram", squat, short-legged, round-shouldered, with unshaven red stubble on his cheeks, in a protective jacket, with casually put on and clumsily hanging combat equipment ... 14.
_Major General G.I. Goncharenko (Yuri Galich)
1. Complete Collection Laws of the Russian Empire. Meeting the third. Volume XXV. 1905. Det. I. Ch. I. C. 457.
2. Regulations on the field command of troops in wartime. SPb. 1914. From 1-3.
3. Danilov Yu.N. Russia in the World War 1914-1915. Berlin. 1924. S. 144.
4. The highest rescript to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. August 23, 1915. Op. Quoted from: Polivanov A.A. Nine months at the head of the War Ministry (June 13, 1915 - March 13, 1916) // Issues of History. 1994. N3. S. 121.
5. Quoted. Quoted from: Multatuli P.V. God bless my decision ... Emperor Nicholas II at the head of the army and the conspiracy of the generals. M. 2002. S. 115.
6. Dragomirov's telegram to the Minister of War Guchkov on March 21, 1917 // Zayonchkovsky A.M. Strategic outline of the war 1914-1918. S. 128.
7. Order on the front N 561 of May 22, 1917 // Golovin N.N. Military efforts of Russia in the World War M. 2001. S. 359.
8. Letter to M.V. Rodzianko G.E. Guchkov March 18, 1917// Zayonchkovsky A.M. Decree. op. S. 125.
9. Denikin A.I. Essays on Russian Troubles. The collapse of power and the army. Paris, 1921. S. 193.
10. Lockhart R. B. History from the inside. Memoirs of a British agent. M., Berlin, 2017. S. 195.
11. Conversation of the government with the headquarters on a direct wire on November 9, 1917 // Worker and Soldier. No. 20.1917. November 9.
12. Ibid.
13. Kerensky A.F. Russia at a historical turn. Memoirs. M.: Respublika, 1993. S. 297.
14. Yuri Galich. Death of Dukhonin. On the sixth anniversary of his death. (From the diary of an eyewitness) // Today. Riga. N267. November 30, 1923
EVERY 10th GENERAL AND OFFICER OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE WAS AN ARMENIAN BY NATIONALITY
Armenians in Russian tsarist army is a topic for special study. In total, during the existence of the Russian Empire, there were about 1300 generals in the Russian army, of which 132 generals (10%) were Armenians by nationality.
Apart from generals, a similar percentage is observed among officers. As for ordinary soldiers of Armenian origin, by the beginning of the 20th century, there were 250 thousand people, with a total number of tsarist army - 5 million soldiers (that is, 5% of all ground forces Russia).
We present you the list of Armenian generals in the Russian tsarist army:
1. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (Manukyan) (1729-1800) Armenian by mother.)
2. Abamelek David Semyonovich (1774–1833), major general (1818).
3. Abamelek Ivan Semyonovich (1768–1828), major general (1817).
4. Abamelek Solomon Iosifovich (1853–1911), lieutenant general.
5. Abamelek - Lazarev Artemy Davidovich (1823–1885), major general.
6. Abamelek - Lazarev Semyon Davydovich (1815–1888), major general (1859).
7. Akimov Nikolai Agafonovich (1842–1913), cavalry general (1906).
8. Alkhazov Yakov Kaikhosrovich (1826–1896), general of infantry (full general of infantry) (1891).
9. Amirov Solomon Artemyevich Major General.
10. Pavel Ivanovich Arapetov (1780–1853), major general (1813).
11. Argutinsky-Dolgorukov David Luarsabovich (1843–1910), lieutenant general (1903).
12. Argutinsky-Dolgorukov Moisei Zakharovich (1797–1855), adjutant general (1848).
13. Arutinov Tigran Danilovich (1858–1916), lieutenant general (1915).
14. Artsruni Yegor Semyonovich (1804–1877), major general.
15. Artsruni Yeremia Georgievich (1804–1877), major general (1861).
16. Atabekov Andrei Adamovich (1854–1918), General of Artillery (1916).
17. Akhverdov Gavriil Vasilievich Major General (1917).
18. Akhverdov Ivan Vasilievich (1873–1931), major general (1916).
19. Akhverdov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1800–1876), lieutenant general (1855).
20. Akhverdov Nikolai Isaevich (1755–1817), lieutenant general (1807).
21. Akhverdov Nikolai Nikolaevich Major General (1898).
22. Akhverdov Fedor Isaevich (1773–1820), major general (1808).
23. Akhsharumov Veniamin Ivanovich Lieutenant General (1873).
24. Akhsharumov Dmitry Ivanovich (1792–1837), lieutenant general.
25. Bagramov Ivan Sergeevich (1860–1921), major general (1912).
26. Bagratuni Yakov Gerasimovich (1879–1943), major general (1917).
27. Bebutov Arseny Ivanovich (1834–1913), major general (1904)
28. Bebutov Vasily Osipovich (1791–1858), general of infantry (full general of infantry) (1856)
29. Bebutov David Grigorievich (1855–1931), major general (1917)
30. Bebutov David Osipovich (1793–1867), lieutenant general (1856)
31. Bebutov Nikolai Vasilyevich (1839–1904), major general (1895)
32. Bezhanbek Pavel Petrovich (1869–1956), major general (1917)
33. Bektabekov Alexander Evseevich (1819–1876), major general (1869)
34. Bektabekov Solomon Ivanovich (1803–1860), major general (1848)
35. Budagov Grigory Ivanovich (1820–1882), admiral
36. Vartanov Artemy Solomonovich (1855–1937), lieutenant general (1913)
37. Varshamov Ivan Sergeevich (1828–1907), major general (1878)
38. Vakhramov Ivan Grigorievich Major General (1886)
39. Vekilov Avvakum Gerasimovich Lieutenant General (1911)
40. Gadzhaev Alexander-Bek Agabyan-Bek Major General (1917)
41. Grigorov Mikhail Gavrilovich General of Artillery (1878)
42. Delyanov David Artemyevich (1763–1837), major general (1813)
43. Dolukhanov Arseny Sergeevich Major General (1916)
44. Dolukhanov Khozrev Mirzabekovich Lieutenant General (1893)
45. Kalantarov Stepan Gerasimovich (1855–1926), lieutenant general (1915)
46. Kalantarov Stepan Isaevich Major General (1900)
47. Kalachev Nikolai Khristoforovich (1886–1942), major general (1913)
48. Kalustov Nikita Makarovich, lieutenant general (1864)
49. Kamsarakan Arshak Petrosovich (1851–1936), major general (1913)
50. Kamsarakan Konstantin Petrosovich (1840–1922), lieutenant general
51. Karangozov Konstantin Adamovich (1852–1907), major general (1902)
52. Karganov Alexander Alexandrovich, major general (1884)
53. Kasparov Ivan Petrovich (1740–1814), lieutenant general (1808)
54. Ketkhudov Alexander Egorovich Major General
55. Kishmishev Stepan Osipovich (1833–1897), lieutenant general (1888)
56. Korganov Adam Solomonovich cavalry general (1911)
57. Korganov Gavriil Grigorievich (1880–1954), Major General (1917)
58. Korganov Gavrila Ivanovich (1806–1879), major general
59. Korganov Grigory Gavrilovich (1844–1914), major general (1906)
60. Korganov Osip Ivanovich (1811–1870), major general (1858)
61. Lazarev Alexander Ivanovich (1858–1913), major general (1910)
62. Lazarev Ivan Davidovich (1820–1879), lieutenant general (1860)
63. Lazarev Lazar Ekimovich (1797–1871), major general.
64. Lalaev Matvey Stepanovich (1828–1912), General of Artillery (1896)
65. Lisitsev Daniil Khristoforovich Major General.
66. Loris-Melikov Ivan Yegorovich (1834–1878), major general (1875)
67. Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich (1825–1888), cavalry general (1875)
68. Madatov Avram Petrovich Major General (1880)
69. Madatov Valerian Grigorievich (1782–1829), lieutenant general (1826)
70. Mardanov Alexander Yakovlevich Major General (1904)
71. Markarov Ivan Khristoforovich (1844–1931), adjutant general
72. Markozov Vasily Ivanovich (1838–1908), general of infantry (full general of infantry) (1908)
73. Mgebrov Absalom Ivanovich Lieutenant General (1914)
74. Melik-Avanyan Yegan Gukasovich major general (1734)
75. Melik-Allakhverdov Alexander Romanovich Major General (1918)
76. Melik-Beglyarov Shaamir Khan Fridunovich Major General.
77. Melik-Gaykazov Isaac Osipovich Major General (1895)
78. Melik-Shakhnazarov Mikhail Mezhlumovich (1838–1898), major general.
79. Melik-Shakhnazarov Nikita Grigorievich Lieutenant General (1898)
80. Melik-Shakhnazarov Nikolai Mezhlumovich (1851–1917), lieutenant general (1917)
81. Melik-Shakhnazarov Pavel Dmitrievich (1854–1910), lieutenant general (1917/1918)
82. Melikov Ivan Grigorievich Major General.
83. Melikov Levan Ivanovich (1817–1892), cavalry general (1869)
84. Melikov Nikolai Levanovich (1867–1924), major general.
85. Melikov Pavel Moiseevich (1781–1848), major general (1829) 86. Melikov Pyotr Levanovich (1862–1921), major general (1909)
87. Mylov Sergey Nikolaevich General of Infantry.
88. Nazarbekov Foma Ivanovich (1855–1931), general of infantry
89. Nazarov Konstantin Alekseevich Major General.
90. Oganovsky Pyotr Ivanovich Lieutenant General (1910)
91. Piradov Konstantin Andreevich Major General (1911)
92. Pozoev Georgy Avetikovich Major General (1915)
93. Pozoev Leon Avetikovich Lieutenant General (1913)
94. Pozoev Ruben Avetikovich Major General (1915)
95. Salagov Semyon Ivanovich (1756–1820), lieutenant general (1800)
96. Sanjanov Israel Agaparunovich Major General (1888)
97. Saradzhev Vasily Alexandrovich Major General (1903)
98. Serebryakov Lazar Markovich (1792–1862), admiral of the fleet.
99. Semyon Osipovich Serebryakov Major General (1856)
100. Silikov Movses Mikhailovich (1862–1937), major general (1917)
101. Simonov Ivan Iosifovich Major General (1911)
102. Sumbatov Georgy Luarsabovich Major General (1877)
103. Sumbatov David Alexandrovich Lieutenant General (1888)
104. Sumbatov Mikhail Luarsabovich (1822–1886), major general (1883)
105. Tamamshev Vasily Mikhailovich Major General (1913)
106. Tanutrov Zakhar Egorovich Major General (1854)
107. Takhatelov Isak Artemyevich Lieutenant General
108. Ter-Akopov-Ter-Markosyants Vagharshak Major General (1916)
109. Ter-Asaturov Dmitry Bogdanovich Lieutenant General (1886)
110. Ter-Asaturov Nikolai Bogdanovich Major General (1910)
111. Tergukasov Arzas Artemyevich (1819–1881), lieutenant general (1874)
112. Tigranov Leonid Faddeevich Major General (1916)
113. Tumanov Alexander Georgievich (1821–1872), lieutenant general (1871)
114. Tumanov Georgy Alexandrovich (1856–1918), cavalry general (1916)
115. Tumanov Georgy Evseevich (1839–1901), general of infantry (full general of infantry) (1891)
116. Tumanov Isaak Shioshievich (1803–1880), lieutenant general (1871)
117. Tumanov Konstantin Aleksandrovich (1862–1933), lieutenant general (1917)
118. Tumanov Mikhail Georgievich (1848–1905), major general (1902)
119. Tumanov Nikolai Georgievich Lieutenant General (1911)
120. Tumanov Nikolay Evseevich (1844–1917), engineer-general (1907)
121. Tumanov Nikolai Ivanovich Lieutenant General (1914)
122. Uzbashev Artemy Solomonovich Major General (1892)
123. Khastatov Akim Vasilyevich (1756–1809), major general (1796)
124. Khodjaminasov Tarkhan Agamalovich Lieutenant General (1882)
125. Khristoforov Lazar (1690–1750), major general (1734)
126. Chilyaev Boris Gavrilovich (1798–1864), major general.
127. Chilyaev Sergey Gavrilovich (1803–1864), major general (1850)
128. Shaitanov Dmitry Avanesovich Major General (1877)
129. Shakhatunyan Gevorg Oganesovich (1836–1915), major general (1887)
130. Shelkovnikov Boris Martynovich (1837–1878), major general (1876)
131. Shelkovnikov Vladimir Yakovlevich Major General (1886)
132. Ebelov Mikhail Isaevich (1855–1919), general of infantry (full general of infantry)
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Forgotten pages of the Great War
Generals of the 14th year
General Staff Academy
Yes, Suvorov was not found among the Russian generals of 1914. However, there was no Napoleon among the French generals, Caesar - among the Italians, Generalissimo Eugene of Savoy - among the Austrians. The German generals Hindenburg and Ludendorff were, of course, prominent figures in the First World War, but they lost the war. So the allegations that Russia and its army more than others - both allies and opponents - suffered from the mediocrity of command, to put it mildly, are biased.
Finally, it is worth noting that military geniuses, like our Alexander Vasilyevich, are extremely rare on the planet. Commanders of this level can be counted on the fingers. And most of the wars in history have been fought by warlords far less gifted.
What are in our case? Who are they - the generals of the 14th year?
To begin with, some statistics that will help us determine "passport data" commanders Russian imperial army. By 1914, there were 1574 generals in the state: full (a cross between a modern army general and a colonel general) - 169, lieutenant generals - 371, major generals - 1034.
Higher military education (Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff, Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy, Nikolaev Engineering Academy, Alekseevskaya Law Academy, Quartermaster Academy) had 56 percent. Among the full generals, the percentage is higher - 62. In 1914, the army consisted of 36 army corps and 1 guards. Of the 37 corps commanders, 33 had a higher military education, the vast majority graduated from the Academy of the General Staff. It is interesting that among those who did not have a higher education were the commander of the Guards Corps, General Bezobrazov and the future heroic commander of the Southwestern Front, and in 1914, the commander of the 12th Army Corps, Brusilov.
If we compare the highest officers of Russia before the Russo-Japanese and First World Wars in terms of educational category, the changes are striking. Among the regimental commanders higher education could boast 9 percent more. It was - 30%, now - 39%. But among the corps commanders there were 57%, it became 90%!
The changes also affected the age limit. In 1903, among corps commanders over 60 years old, there were 67%, in 1914 only 10% remained. Among the regimental commanders who have passed the 50-year milestone, 28% of 49% remained. The bulk of the commanders of infantry divisions were aged 51-60 years, cavalry - 46-55 years. In absolute terms - 65 and 13 lieutenant generals, respectively.
As you know, there was no column "nationality" in the questionnaires of the empire. She was replaced by the column "religion". However, the statistics were also national theme". The vast majority of generals were Russians: 86%. Every tenth general was either an ethnic German or a Pole (7 and 3 percent, respectively).
As for the class origin, again, the vast majority of the generals were from the nobility. Almost 88%. But service nobles, not local ones. At the beginning of the twentieth century, few representatives nobility remained landowners. And even among the officers - even more so. So, among the corps commanders, only five had landed property. The same number is among divisional commanders. Even among the commanders of the guard regiments, and the Guard is the military elite of the country, less than 40% owned land and estates. Lived on a salary. By the way, it was noticeably inferior to the salary of civil officials who occupied the same positions in the Table of Ranks as the generals.
In addition to corps, divisions and regiments, before 1914 the generals served in the military ministry, the military educational institutions, artillery, engineering and railway troops, Separate corps of gendarmes, border guards, in the navy. By the way, in Imperial Navy 60 admirals also served.
Nicholas II and the son of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Sr., grandson of Emperor Nicholas I
It's time to introduce a few persons of the highest generals of the Russian army. Ten days before Russia's entry into World War I, the Emperor's uncle was appointed Supreme Commander Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich Jr. Among the members of the family he was called Nikolasha, in the army - the Evil One (from the prayer "Our Father" - "... save us from the evil one").
There were grounds for such a nickname in the troops. The son of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich Sr. and the grandson of Emperor Nicholas I inherited some of the character traits of his grandfather and great-grandfather Paul I. He was quick-tempered and terrible in anger. That did not contribute to the desire of the commanders of formations and units to meet with the Grand Duke once again at parades, exercises and other events.
The topic of the number of Ossetian generals in the army Russian Empire repeatedly mentioned in the republican media. But nowhere was the exact number of those who had a chance to put on the general's epaulets sounded. Yes, there is confusion about the names themselves. Therefore, there is a need to bring some clarity to this issue. It should be borne in mind that there are two types of generals - those who were retired "with the rank of major general" (or "promoted to major general with dismissal from service") and those who served in the ranks of generals. About the "servants" and will be discussed.
For the first time, the rank of general appeared in the Russian army in 1655, but the system of rank production was established only by the Table of Ranks, published in 1722. It remained virtually unchanged until the end of 1917. During all this time, about 15 thousand people served in the ranks of generals. How many of them were Ossetians?
The first general was Ignatius (Aslanbek) Mikhailovich Tuganov, born in 1804. He began his military service in 1823 in the Kabardian infantry regiment, in 1827 he was promoted to officer. From 1827 he served in the Life Guards of the Caucasian Mountain half-squadron of the Imperial Convoy. In 1841 he was promoted to colonel and later commanded the Gorsky regiment and the 7th brigade of the Caucasian Linear Cossack army. On December 6, 1851, he was promoted to major general and from that time until his death in 1868 he was with the Caucasian Corps.
Mussa Alkhasovich KUNDUHOV was the next to conquer the general's height. Taken by the amanat to Petersburg, he was assigned to Pavlovsk military school, from which in 1836 he was released as an officer in the Caucasian Corps. From that time began his long-term, full of various events military service. Kundukhov rose to the very important position of the head of the Military Ossetian District of the Terek Region. In 1860 he received the rank of major general. And then his fate took a sharp turn. In 1865, he led the resettlement of the highlanders to Turkey. And before and now there are many assumptions why he did this. But the most likely version is that it was a special operation of the Russian authorities to take some of the highlanders out of Russia, and General Kundukhov, as a reliable person, was instructed to carry it out. In the future, he commanded the Turkish troops, but in battles with the Russians he lost all the battles, not much striving for victory. Mussa Kundukhov died in 1889 in the city of Erzerum.
General Magomed Inalovich DUDAROV was born in 1823, he began his service in 1841 in the Gorsky Cossack regiment. Then he was in the Life Guards in Lancers regiment. In 1850, he was enrolled in the Life Guards of the Caucasian Mountain Half-Squadron of the Imperial Convoy, but served under the chief head of the Military Educational Institutions. He was promoted to colonel. In 1861 he was appointed commander of the Terek irregular cavalry regiment. He was known and respected both at the Royal Court and in the mountain villages of the Caucasus. By appointing Dudarov to such a responsible position, the authorities hoped that with his authority he would calm the unrest in the Terek region. AT this case The boss was not wrong. Basically, the Terek regiment participated in the hostilities in Chechnya and Dagestan. For the distinction shown in dealing with the highlanders during the winter expedition in the Argun district in 1861, Colonel Dudarov was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 2nd degree with swords. In 1865, with the end Caucasian war, the Terek regiment was disbanded, and the Terek permanent militia was formed on its basis, and Colonel Dudarov was appointed to be at the disposal of the head of the Terek region. On September 18, 1871, he was promoted to major general, and from 1885 to 1889 he was in the reserve. The general died in 1893 in Vladikavkaz.
Major General Mikhail Georgievich BAEV, born in 1837. He graduated from the Konstantinovsky Military School and the Academy of the General Staff (the first of the Ossetians). Most of the time he served in the customs units. From 1872 he commanded the Taurogen border guard brigade, then he was the head of the Yurburg customs district. Since 1881, he was in the Caucasus to oversee the affairs of the customs department. In 1883 he was promoted to major general. From 1888 to January 1895 he was the head of the Bessarabian customs district. He died in Vladikavkaz in 1895.
General Temirbulat DUDAROV was born in 1844, graduated from the 2nd cadet corps. Served in artillery units. From 1879 he commanded the 2nd battery of the 39th artillery brigade, from 1895 - the 3rd division of the 4th artillery brigade. In 1900 he was promoted to major general and appointed commander of the 2nd Turkestan artillery brigade, at the head of which he was until 1904, when he was dismissed.
Inal Tegoevich KUSOV, born in 1847 became the first Ossetian to receive the rank of lieutenant general and lead a division. He began his service in His Own Imperial Majesty Convoy. He served as an officer in the 80th Kabardian Infantry Regiment, then was transferred to the cavalry - the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment. He especially distinguished himself in the Russian-Turkish war - for military distinction he was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class. and Golden Weapons. From 1889 he commanded the Dagestan cavalry regiment, from 1896 - the 1st Labinsk regiment of the Kuban Cossack army. On December 3, 1900, he was promoted to major general and appointed commander of the 1st brigade of the 1st Caucasian Cossack division. Since 1906, lieutenant general, head of the 1st Caucasian Cossack division. In July 1908 he was dismissed. He died in 1918.
General Sergei Semenovich KHABALOV, born in 1858, rose to high positions. He graduated from the 2nd St. Petersburg Military Gymnasium, the Mikhailovsky Artillery School and the Academy of the General Staff. He began serving as an officer in the 1st Terek Cossack Battery, then served on the line of the General Staff. He taught at various military schools. Since 1903 he became the head of the Alekseevsky military school, in 1904 he was promoted to major general and a year later he headed the Pavlovsk military school. In 1910 he became a lieutenant general, and in 1914 he received the post of military governor of the Ural region and the chief ataman of the Ural Cossack army. In June 1916, he was entrusted with the responsible post of chief commander of the Petrograd Military District, and from January 1917 he was commander of the troops of the same district. Until now, General Khabalov is accused of not being able to keep the situation in Petrograd, that he is responsible for the abdication of the Sovereign Emperor. After retiring, General Khabalov in the years civil war was in the ranks of the white forces in the South of Russia. In March 1920 he was evacuated from Novorossiysk to Greece. He died in exile in 1924.
Among the most famous Ossetian generals was Sozryko Dzankhotovich (Joseph Zakharovich) KHORANOV, born in 1842. Nobody questions his personal courage, but he was not a commander. Nevertheless, he, without commanding even a hundred, became the head of a division. He began his service in His Imperial Majesty's Own Convoy. In the years Russian-Turkish war was with General Skobelev, who continued to patronize him. Participant Russo-Japanese War. Awarded with the St. George weapon. On January 31, 1905 he was promoted to major general. From May 1907 he was with the troops of the Caucasian Military District. Member of the First World War. Since April 1916, commander of the 1st brigade of the 1st Terek Cossack division. On August 8, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and on August 23, 1917, he became the head of the 2nd Caucasian native cavalry division. During the Civil War, he was part of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia. He remained in the USSR, died in Ossetia in 1935.
Under General Skobelev, General Dmitry Konstantinovich ABATSIEV, born in 1857, also began to serve.
Unlike Khoranov, he went through all the levels of the military hierarchy, becoming a real commander and the most combative of all Ossetian generals. He was General Skobelev's personal orderly. For military distinctions in the Russian-Turkish war, he was awarded the St. George crosses of the 4th, 3rd and 2nd class. After the war, he passed the officer's examination at the Vilna infantry cadet school. Already an officer with General Skobelev, he participated in the Akhal-Teke expedition, was awarded the Golden Weapon. From 1883 he served in the Imperial Convoy. From April 1902 to May 1903 he commanded the 3rd hundred of the Convoy, then was the assistant commander of the Convoy. Colonel since 1903. From 1904 to 1906 he commanded the Ussuri Cossack regiment, with which he participated in the Russo-Japanese War. For military distinction, on March 28, 1906 he was promoted to major general. In 1907 he was appointed commander of the 2nd brigade of the 1st Caucasian Cossack division. Since 1912, Abatsiev was a lieutenant general, head of the 2nd Caucasian Cossack division. Member of the First World War on the Caucasian front. For the capture of the city of Bitlis, he was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class. From June 1916 he was the commander of the 6th Caucasian Army Corps. In September 1917, he was enrolled in the reserve ranks of the headquarters of the Caucasian Military District. In February 1918, he was appointed commander of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Corps, on September 30, 1918, by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasian Front, he was promoted to general from the cavalry for military distinctions. Member of the White Movement. In the Volunteer Army since the end of 1918. On June 13, 1919, he was approved with the rank of general from the cavalry and appointed honorary representative of the mountain peoples under the commander of the troops of the North Caucasus. Since 1920 in exile in Yugoslavia. Chairman of the court of honor for generals. He died in 1936 in Belgrade.
General Alexander Mikhailovich BORUKAEV was born in 1850, graduated from the Konstantinovsky military school. Served in the artillery. Member of the Russian-Turkish and Russian-Japanese wars. Since 1895, the battery commander of the 35th artillery brigade. Since 1903, colonel, commander of the 1st division of the 40th artillery brigade. Since 1905, the commander of the 10th artillery brigade. In 1907 he was promoted to major general, and in July 1908 he was dismissed. He died in Vladikavkaz in March 1919.
Lieutenant-General Afako Patsievich FIDAROV, born in 1859, after the Konstantinovsky military school, served in units of the Terek Cossack army. From 1902 he was a military instructor in Persia. Participated in the Russian-Japanese war as part of the Terek-Kuban regiment. For military distinction he was awarded the "Golden Weapon". Since 1907 he commanded the 1st Khopersky regiment of the Kuban KV. On July 23, 1910, he was promoted to major general with the appointment of a brigade commander of the 2nd Caucasian Cossack division. During the First World War, he commanded the 1st Turkestan Cossack division. Since 1916, lieutenant general. During the Civil War, as part of the white forces of the South of Russia. Remained in the USSR. Shot in December 1929 in Vladikavkaz.
The son of an officer in the village of Novoosetinskaya of the Terek Cossack army, Zaurbek Dzambulatovich TURGIEV, was born in 1859, graduated from the Stavropol gymnasium and the 2nd Konstantinovsky military school. He was released as an officer in the 1st Gorsko-Mozdok Regiment, then served in the 1st Sunzha-Vladikavkaz Regiment. Participated in the Russo-Japanese War. In February 1904, he was promoted to military sergeant major and became an assistant regiment commander. Since 1907, he was commander of the 2nd Black Sea Regiment of the Kuban KV, was promoted to colonel. In 1908 he headed the 1st Yeysk Regiment of the Kuban KV. In 1911 he was appointed commander of the 1st brigade of the 1st Caucasian Cossack divisions. October 21, 1913 Zaurbek Turgiev was promoted to major general. According to the mobilization plan, in case of war, he was supposed to lead the Terek Cossack division, but in March 1914 he fell seriously ill, was hospitalized and died in June 1915. He was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general.
The last general of the Russian Empire from among the Ossetians was Elmurza Aslanbekovich MISTULOV, a native of Art. Chernoyarsk Terek Cossack army. He was born in 1869, graduated from the Stavropol Cossack cadet school. He served in the 1st Sunzha-Vladikavkaz regiment. Member of the Russo-Japanese War as part of the Terek-Kuban Regiment. For military distinction he was awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th century, "Golden Weapon" and promoted to captain. Since 1913 he commanded the 2nd Sunzha-Vladikavkaz regiment, led by the First World War. From March 1916 he was commander of the 1st Caucasian Regiment of the Kuban KV. From December 1916 he became commander of the 2nd brigade of the 1st Kuban Cossack division. In January 1917, Elmurza Mistulov was promoted to major general. Since September, he has been a brigade commander of the 3rd Kuban Cossack Division. He was an active participant in the uprising of the Terek Cossacks against Soviet power. From July 1918 he commanded the troops of the Terek army. On July 12, he was seriously wounded in a battle near st. Cool. Having healed, on October 17 he again assumed the post of commander. Being unable to stop the retreat of the Cossack troops, on November 9, 1918, he shot himself in the village of Prokhladnaya.
Thus, it turns out that thirteen Ossetians served in the ranks of generals. Of these, the youngest general was Kundukhov, who received general's shoulder straps at 42, and later all Khoranov - at 63. Two died not by their own death - Mistulov (shot himself) and Fidarov (shot). General Khoranov, who died at the age of 93, lived the longest. And the last, in 1935, General Abatsiev died.
Although there are not so many serving Ossetian generals, but, firstly, for small Ossetia this is an impressive figure, and, secondly, what kind of generals they were! Passed through the crucible of severe trials and proved themselves in them from the most worthy side! It is also necessary to take into account the fact that even more - three times - there were retired generals. And all together they made their invaluable contribution to the military glory of the Russian army, entered the galaxy of the generals of the Russian Empire and formed the glorious traditions of the Ossetian military intelligentsia.
Mikhail BAEV
Alexander BORUKAEV Temirbolat DUDAROV
Afako FIDAROV Sergey KHABALOV
Sozryko KHORANOV Moussa KUNDUHOV
Inal KUSOV Elmurza MISTULOV
Aslambek TUGANOV
http://ossetia.kvaisa.ru/news/show/22/397
In the annals military glory Russian state inscribed names of more than 200 generals of Armenian origin. All of them distinguished themselves by fighting spirit and determination, their courage and courage were marked by many awards and the highest noble ranks. Below are the names and titles of ten generals of the Russian Empire of Armenian origin:
1. David Delyanov (David Arutyunovich Dalakyan (1763 -1837)) - Major General of the Russian Imperial Army. Born in Moscow. As part of the Sumy Hussars, he fought in Prussia against the troops of Napoleon. He distinguished himself in the battles near Friedland (1806-1807), the Battle of Borodino, foreign campaigns of Russian troops in Prussia and France (1813-1814). Winner of many orders and awards. Son - Ivan Davydovich Delyanov, Minister of Education of the Russian Empire.
2. Valerian Madatov (Rostom Grigorievich Madatyan (1782 - 1829)) - Prince, Lieutenant General. Born in the Karabakh village of Avetaranots (Chanakhchi) near Shushi. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war (1806 -1812), Patriotic War(1812) and foreign campaigns of the Russian army (1813-1814), after which he became a major general. Later he took part in the Russian-Persian (1826-1828) and Russian-Turkish wars (1828-1829). awarded George Cross IV degree and the rank of lieutenant colonel for the battle near Batin, in which he defeated a 4,000-strong cavalry detachment of Turks, advancing from Shumla, with 2 squadrons. Khachatur Abovyan wrote about him in his work "Wounds of Armenia": "The world may turn upside down, but the memory of him is indelible in our people and in our country."
3. Mikhail Lazarev (1788-1851) - admiral, adjutant general. Born into a noble family of the Lazarevs in Vladimir. In 1832 he became commander of the staff Black Sea Fleet and ports of the Black Sea. Two more years later (1834) the governor of Sevastopol and Nikolaev. Thanks to Lazarev, the first iron steamer and steam ships were created in Russia. He was a mentor to three Russian naval commanders: P. Nakhimov, V. Kornilov and V. Istomin. Discoverer of Antarctica.
4. Vasily Bebutov (Vasil Ovsepovich Beibutyan (1791 - 1858)) - prince, general of infantry. Born in Tiflis. Descended from the princely family of the Bebutovs. Participated in the Russian-Turkish war (1806-1812), the Patriotic War (1812) and the Crimean War (1853-1856). In 1830 he was appointed head of the newly conquered Armenian region, which he ruled for 8 years. In 1847-1858 he became head of the Civil Administration and Chairman of the Council of the Main Administration of the Transcaucasian Territory. Bebutov was the first in the Caucasus to be awarded the highest order of the Russian Empire - the Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (1854).
5. Lazar Serebryakov (Kazar Markosovich Artsatagortsyan (1792 - 1862)) - Admiral Russian fleet, nobleman. Born in Karasubazar (Belogorsk, Crimea). Participated in the battle near the fortress of Varna and in the capture of the Varna Heights, the cities of Messermia, Midia and Inada, the fortress of Anapa. As part of the embassy mission of General Nikolai Muravyov, Serebryakov visited Turkey and Egypt, contributing to the final expulsion of the Turks from the Caucasian coast. In 1851 he became the head of the entire Black Sea coastline and a member of the Caucasian department of the Imperial Russian geographical society. During the period Crimean War(1853-1856) commanded ships on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and military expeditions to the southeastern Turkish garrisons. In March 1855, at the height of the bloody defense of Sevastopol, he received news of the death of his eldest son Markos.
6. Moses Argutinsky-Dolgorukov (Movses Argutyan (1797 - 1855)) - prince, lieutenant general, nephew of the Patriarch of the Armenian Apostolic Church Joseph Argutinsky-Dolgorukov. Born in Tiflis. For military distinctions in the Persian war he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He took an active part in organizing the resettlement of Persian Armenians (1828). In 1829-1830 he was the head of the Armenian region. For 23 years of living in the Caucasus, he conducted continuous expeditions to pacify the recalcitrant mountain peoples of the Caucasus. In 1842, he led the Samur detachment, receiving the nickname "Samur Lion". In 1847 he was appointed military governor of Derbent, as well as commander of troops in the Caspian region. Awarded with the Order St. George IV degree.
7. Arzas Artemyevich Ter-Gukasov (Arshak Ter-Ghukasyan (1819 - 1881)) - lieutenant general. The son of the Shamkhor archpriest, rector of the Tiflis Lower Avlabar Church (“Shamkhoreans Karmir Avetaran”). Born in Tiflis. Participated in many Caucasian expeditions. Thanks to the leadership talent of Ter-Gukasov, his division defeated the Turks in the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878) and liberated the cities of Bayazet and Alashkert. Organizer and honorary trustee of the Grozny mountain elementary school. Awarded 7 orders.
8. Ivan Lazarev (Hovhannes Lazaryan (1820 - 1879)) - lieutenant general, nobleman. Born in Shusha. He came from the Karabakh beks. He took part in expeditions to pacify the mountain peoples of the Caucasus, received all ranks and orders for exceptional military merit. In 1850 he was appointed administrator of the Mekhtuli Khanate, in 1854 - Dargin district, in 1859 - commander of the troops and head of the temporary administration in Central Dagestan. Having become a lieutenant general in 1860, Lazarev took part in the siege and capture of Gunib. Ivan Lazarev was Mikhail Loris-Melikov's successor as commander of the Caucasian Corps. Awarded 9 orders.
9. Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov (Mikael Tarielovich Loris-Melikyan (1825 - 1888))- Minister of the Interior of the Russian Empire. From the family of hereditary bailiffs and princes of the Lori region. Born in Tiflis. He served in the Caucasus for 32 years, took part in 180 battles with the highlanders and the Turks. In 1865, Mikhail Loris-Melikov became the adjutant general of Emperor Alexander II and the chief ataman of the Terek Cossack army. Governor-General of Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara and Kharkov provinces. The Minister of the Interior with expanded powers, pursued a liberal policy, called the "Dictatorship of the Heart", planned the creation of a representative body with legislative powers. Author of the first constitution of Russia, honorary member Russian Academy Sciences. Awarded with many awards.
10. Boris Shelkovnikov (Beibut Martirosovich Metaksyan (1837 - 1878) - Major General. Descendant of an old family. Born in Nukha (Sheki, Azerbaijan). Military governor of the Erzurum region, participant in the Crimean War (1853-1856). During the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878), with the forces entrusted to him, Shelkovnikov thwarted the plans of the Turks to capture Sochi, and then, going on the counteroffensive, conquered Abkhazia (1877). Note that Boris Shelkovnikov is the brother of the famous Lieutenant Colonel Georgy Shelkovnikov.
