English: Wikipedia is making the site more secure. You are using an old web browser that will not be able to connect to Wikipedia in the future. Please update your device or contact your IT administrator.
中文: 维基 百科 正在 使 网站 更加 安全 您 正在 使用 旧 的 ， 这 在 将来 无法 连接 维基百科。 更新 您 的 设备 或 您 的 的 管理员。 提供 更 长 ， 具 技术性 的 更新 仅 英语 英语 英语 英语 英语 英语 英语 英语 英语 HI ）。
Espanol: Wikipedia está haciendo el sitio más seguro. Usted está utilizando un navegador web viejo que no será capaz de conectarse a Wikipedia en el futuro. Actualice su dispositivo o contacte a su administrador informático. Más abajo hay una actualizacion más larga y más técnica en inglés.
ﺎﻠﻋﺮﺒﻳﺓ: ويكيبيديا تسعى لتأمين الموقع أكثر من ذي قبل. أنت تستخدم متصفح وب قديم لن يتمكن من الاتصال بموقع ويكيبيديا في المستقبل. يرجى تحديث جهازك أو الاتصال بغداري تقنية المعلومات الخاص بك. يوجد تحديث فني أطول ومغرق في التقنية باللغة الإنجليزية تاليا.
Francais: Wikipedia va bientôt augmenter la securité de son site. Vous utilisez actuellement un navigateur web ancien, qui ne pourra plus se connecter à Wikipédia lorsque ce sera fait. Merci de mettre à jour votre appareil ou de contacter votre administrateur informatique à cette fin. Des informations supplementaires plus techniques et en anglais sont disponibles ci-dessous.
日本語: ウィキペディア で は サイト の セキュリティ を て い ます。 ご 利用 の は バージョン が 古く 、 今後 、 ウィキペディア 接続 でき なく なる 可能 性 が ます デバイス を する 、 、 管理 管理 者 ご ください。 技術 面 の 更新 更新 更新 更新 更新 更新 更新 更新 更新 詳しい 詳しい 詳しい 詳しい HIP 情報は以下に英語で提供しています。
German: Wikipedia erhöht die Sicherheit der Webseite. Du benutzt einen alten Webbrowser, der in Zukunft nicht mehr auf Wikipedia zugreifen können wird. Bitte aktualisiere dein Gerät oder sprich deinen IT-Administrator an. Ausführlichere (und technisch detailliertere) Hinweise findest Du unten in englischer Sprache.
Italiano: Wikipedia sta rendendo il sito più sicuro. Stai usando un browser web che non sarà in grado di connettersi a Wikipedia in futuro. Per favore, aggiorna il tuo dispositivo o contatta il tuo amministratore informatico. Più in basso è disponibile un aggiornamento più dettagliato e tecnico in inglese.
Magyar: Biztonságosabb lesz a Wikipedia. A böngésző, amit használsz, nem lesz képes kapcsolódni a jövőben. Használj modernebb szoftvert vagy jelezd a problemát a rendszergazdádnak. Alább olvashatod a reszletesebb magyarázatot (angolul).
Sweden: Wikipedia gör sidan mer säker. Du använder en äldre webbläsare som inte kommer att kunna läsa Wikipedia i framtiden. Uppdatera din enhet eller kontakta din IT-administratör. Det finns en längre och mer teknisk förklaring på engelska längre ned.
हिन्दी: विकिपीडिया साइट को और अधिक सुरक्षित बना रहा है। आप एक पुराने वेब ब्राउज़र का उपयोग कर रहे हैं जो भविष्य में विकिपीडिया से कनेक्ट नहीं हो पाएगा। कृपया अपना डिवाइस अपडेट करें या अपने आईटी व्यवस्थापक से संपर्क करें। नीचे अंग्रेजी में एक लंबा और अधिक तकनीकी अद्यतन है।
We are removing support for insecure TLS protocol versions, specifically TLSv1.0 and TLSv1.1, which your browser software relies on to connect to our sites. This is usually caused by outdated browsers, or older Android smartphones. Or it could be interference from corporate or personal "Web Security" software, which actually downgrades connection security.
You must upgrade your web browser or otherwise fix this issue to access our sites. This message will remain until Jan 1, 2020. After that date, your browser will not be able to establish a connection to our servers.
HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY'S OWN OFFICE, the highest state institution in Russia XIX - present. 20th century It was under the direct control of the emperor. In the end of the XVIII century. took shape as the personal office of Paul I. It acquired national functions from 1812.
I department(1812-1917) was in charge of the preparation of imperial decrees, the reporting of ministers and the affairs of supervising the service of officials. Small in number, but consisting of especially experienced and trusted officials, it provided its employees with the most favorable conditions for a career and proximity to the court. The chief executives of the 1st department were: gr. A. A. Arakcheev (1812-1825), N. N. Muravyov (1825-1832), A. S. Taneev (1832-1865), S. A. Taneev (1865-1889), K. K. von Rennenkampf (1889-1896), A. S. Taneev (1896-1917).
II department(1826-1882) was engaged in the codification of laws, including the publication Complete collection Laws and the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. In the service in this department, which was considered high school for officials, consisted of the most professional and erudite lawyers. The chief managers of the II department were: M. M. Speransky (1826-1839), D. V. Dashkov (1839). gr. D. N. Bludov (1839-1861), bar. M. A. Korf (1861-1864). gr. V. N. Panin (1864-1867), book. S. N. Urusov (1867-1881), F. M. Markus (1881-1882).
III department(1826-1880) managed the political investigation and investigation in the empire. In addition to political investigation, he was in charge of oversight of schismatics and sectarians, of foreigners living in Russia, the fight against corruption in the state apparatus and economic abuses, the collection of information about all incidents in the empire, supervision of peasant affairs (until 1861), as well as theater censorship (until 1865). The III branch exercised control over literature (especially the periodical press), performing censorship functions in special cases. While rooting out free-thinking, it attracted both paid and unpaid voluntary agents and collected through them information about the harmful trend of minds. Section III received a legal copy of all periodicals published in Russia. The staff of the department itself was relatively small, but it was in charge of the Separate Corps of Gendarmes. The chief head of the III department was at the same time the chief of the gendarmes. The chiefs were: A. H. Benckendorff (1826-1844), c. A. F. Orlov (1844-1856), book. V. A. Dolgorukov (1856-1866), gr. P. A. Shuvalov (1866-1874), A. L. Potapov (1874-1876), N. V. Mezentsov (1876-1878), A. R. Drenteln (1878-1880).
In 1880, Section III was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the Police Department of the Ministry of the Interior, under whose jurisdiction the Separate Corps of Gendarmes was also transferred. From 1867, provincial gendarmerie administrations were created throughout the empire (except for the outskirts) instead of the district system, and from 1866 in St. Petersburg and from 1880 in Moscow and Warsaw - security departments.
- OFFICE OF HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY - OFFICE OF HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY - state institution Russian Empire in 1704-27, 1741-1917. The initial personal office of the emperor, then the management of the imperial treasury and property (see Cabinet lands). Since 1826 it has been subordinated to the Ministry of the Imperial Court. Big encyclopedic dictionary
- The Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty - An institution that was in charge of the personal property of the royal family and dealt with some other issues in 1704-1917. Established in 1704 by Peter I, it was actually the office of the king, was in charge of his treasury and property, and corresponded. Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty - State institution of the Russian Empire in 1704-1727, 1741-1917. initially - the personal office of the emperor, then - the management of the imperial treasury and property (see cabinet lands). since 1826 it has been subordinated to the Ministry of the Imperial Court. Big Law Dictionary
- The Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty - I An institution under this name appeared in Russia under Peter I, with the same character as royal cabinets had in the West. It was the sovereign's own office, which did not have a certain competence. Under Catherine I... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
Introduction 2
Chapter 1 "Education of the III department" 6
Chapter 2 "Activities of the III department" 12
Conclusion 17
Appendix 18
INTRODUCTION
Topic justification:
Several generations of our compatriots grew up in captivity of a well-thought-out mythology that excluded independent judgments. In "historical" studies, we were offered a strictly adjusted set of "heroes", an equally carefully selected set of "villains". Almost the entire 19th century remains a blank spot for us, and even more so, such a topic as the history of the Russian political police. This topic was not thoroughly studied by pre-revolutionary historians, while Soviet researchers approached the archives of the III branch and the Police Department only as material on the history of the revolutionary movement. Meanwhile, elucidation of the social nature and functions of the police organization is extremely important for understanding the policy of the tsarist government. This task is not yet resolved. It is all the more difficult to give an outline of the history of at least a limited period of the life of the political police. I do not pretend to give an exhaustive characterization of the III branch of the time of Nicholas I. My task is to make in separate essays a cursory summary of the material already known about the III department, to present, if possible, the general outlines of this institution.
Historiography
The history of the Russian political police remains unexplored to the end. Pre-revolutionary historians did not carefully examine this topic. Created on July 3, 1826, the III Department of His Imperial Majesty's own Chancellery, the famous Russian historian, contemporary of Emperor Nicholas I, author of a 29-volume collected works, Soloviev S.M. gives only a superficial assessment, characterizing the general structure of the Nikolaev apparatus.
Another equally well-known historian of ours, Klyuchevsky V.O. in his "Course of Russian History" gives a cursory description of the III branch, without revealing the essence of the organization's activities.
In contrast to the two historians mentioned above, the founder of populism, A.I. . Herzen, who hated Nicholas with that soul-searing force with which one can only hate a tyrant, claimed that the emperor was constantly trying to see if his gaze had the property of a rattlesnake - to stop the blood in the veins. From the above quotation it becomes clear what Herzen's assessment was.
The work “History of the Ministry of Internal Affairs” by Varadinov N, published in St. Petersburg in 1859, is of an exclusively descriptive nature. The author does not go beyond the presentation of events, without trying to make any analysis, generalizations, or conclusions, at least on the main areas of work of the III Division.
It should also be noted Baron Korf M.A., whose sarcastic assessment of Benckendorff, who for a long time headed the III Department, makes it possible to look at the problem under study from a completely different angle.
An important place among the works devoted to XIX century and directly the activity of the III branch, is occupied by the book of the historian Schilder “Emperor Nicholas. His Life and Reign", first published in 1903. A detailed study of the formation of the III department, its structure and activities, as well as the use of memoir sources (Benckendorff's letters to the III department) makes this book truly unique in the study this issue.
The positions of Soviet historians differ significantly from the positions of noble historians. In the 20th century, the history of the III branch is considered in line with the revolutionary movement and social inequality, which leads far away from studying the very essence of the issue.
A look at the history of the III branch as the history of the revolutionary movement and political struggle in the first half of the 19th century is covered in the work of Mironenko S.V. "Pages of the Secret History of Autocracy". And despite the fact that the position from which the author speaks does not quite correspond to the spirit of the era under study, the widespread use of memoirs and documents of that time makes this book undeniably interesting for historical science.
The work of the historian Trotsky I.M. “III Department under Nicholas I”, republished in 1990, is devoted to a little-studied topic - the detective and provocative activities of the political police in the first half of the 19th century. The figures of the leaders of the infamous III Section are vividly described: Benckendorff, Dubelt, von Fock, and the emperor himself. Trotsky's research proves that the activity of the political police always reflects the fundamental features of the regime it defends.
On a wide background Russian history events are revealed in the work of two contemporary authors: Golovkov G. and Burin S. - "The office of impenetrable darkness", published in Moscow in 1994. Based on numerous documents and materials, including little-known ones, historians explore the relationship between the Russian revolutionary movement and the political police, their interpenetration and mutual substitution.
List of sources
Memoirs:
1. Nikitenko A.V. Notes and diary. T.1. SPB., 1905.
2. Milyutin D.A. Memories of Count D.A. Milyutin. Moscow, TRITE Studio Nikita Mikhalkov Russian Archive. 1997.
Office work:
3. Reitblat A. I. Letters and secret notes of F.V. Bulgarin to the III department. M., "New Literary Review". 1998.
.
CHAPTER 1
EDUCATION III OFFICES.
Even before the end of the trial of the Decembrists, Emperor Nicholas I took a very important measure, which put a well-known seal on all subsequent years of his reign and was in direct connection with the events
December 14, 1825: we are talking about the establishment of the III department of His Imperial Majesty's own office and the appointment of Adjutant General Benckendorff as chief of the gendarmes.
In January 1826, Benckendorff presented a note on the establishment of a higher police force, proposing that its head be named Minister of Police and Inspector of the Gendarme Corps. This note was followed by others on the organization of the gendarme corps. However, Emperor Nicholas did not want to assign the name of the Ministry of Police to the planned new institution; probably, this was prevented by the memories of the Napoleonic era associated with the names of Fouche and Savary. Finally, a new hitherto unprecedented name was invented for the new institution: the III department of His Majesty's own chancellery.
On June 25, 1826, the birthday of Emperor Nicholas, the highest order appeared to appoint the head of the 1st cuirassier division, Adjutant General Benckendorff, chief of gendarmes and commander of the imperial main apartment.
Mikhail Maksimovich Fok was appointed director of the office of the III department, a man who was undoubtedly intelligent, well-educated and secular. Extensive acquaintance and connections in high Petersburg society gave him the opportunity to see and know what was being done and said among the then aristocracy, in literary and other circles of the capital's population. At the same time, Fok enjoyed the most helpful friendship and trust of Adjutant General Benckendorff, as evidenced by the surviving correspondence.
On July 3 (15), 1826, the highest decree was issued in the name of the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Lansky, on the basis of which the special office of this ministry was destroyed and transformed into the III department of His Majesty's own office, and it was ordered to destroy the orders necessary for this. In pursuance of this decree, it was ordered to the heads of the provinces, so that they, on the subjects that entered the aforementioned Department, were no longer reported to the Ministry of the Interior, but directly to His Imperial Majesty.
Adjutant General Benckendorff explains in his notes the appearance of the III Section as follows; he writes: “Emperor Nicholas sought to eradicate the abuses that had crept into many parts of the administration, and was convinced from the suddenly discovered conspiracy, which stained the first minutes of the new reign with blood, of the need for widespread, more vigilant supervision, which would finally flow into one focus; the sovereign chose me to form a higher police force, which would patronize the oppressed and watch over evil intentions and people prone to them. The number of the latter has increased to a terrifying degree since a multitude of French adventurers, having mastered the education of youth in our country, brought the revolutionary principles of their fatherland to Russia, and still more since the last war, through the rapprochement of our young officers with the liberals of those countries of Europe where our victories turned us on. Never thinking of preparing for this kind of service, I had only the most superficial idea of it, but the noble and beneficent motives that gave rise to this institution, and the desire to be useful to our new sovereign, did not allow me to evade accepting the position he had formed, to which he called I have high confidence in him.
It was decided to establish a corps of gendarmes under my command.
Section III, established at the same time, represented under my command the focus of this new department and together with the highest secret police, which, in the person of secret agents, was supposed to help and facilitate the actions of the gendarmes. The emperor, in order to make this position more pleasant in my eyes, deigned to add to it the title of commander of his main apartment.
I immediately set to work, and God helped me to fulfill my duties to the pleasure of the sovereign and without restoring public opinion against me. I have been able to do good, to render favors to many, to discover many abuses, and, in particular, to prevent and avert many evils. one
III Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancery
The beginning of the formation of the special services of the Russian Empire was laid on June 3, 1826. On this day, Emperor Nicholas I signed a decree on the formation of the III Department as part of His Own Imperial Majesty's Chancellery (SEIVK). It was this structure that became the prototype of the special services in the field of state security of the Russian Empire.
The formation of the III Branch is directly related to the events of December 14, 1825, when part of the guards regiments went to Senate Square Petersburg, trying by the usual methods palace coups change the direction of the political development of the Russian Empire.
A. Ladurner. Sketch based on a drawing by Emperor Nicholas I. Late 1840s.
The events of December 14, 1825 created a real danger to the life of the young monarch Nicholas I. It was on this day that the issue of the personal safety of Nikolai Pavlovich and his family became clear. Nicholas I himself calmly assessed his chances when, on December 11-12, 1825, he decided to “take the throne” himself. On the morning of December 14, 1825, Nikolai Pavlovich, dressing, said to A.Kh. Benckendorff: "Tonight, perhaps, we will both be no more in the world, but at least we will die having done our duty" 223 . Indeed, under the control of the Decembrists were significant forces. As one of the options for the development of events, they considered regicide. They had the opportunity to do so. From December 11 to 12, 1825, a company of the Moscow Regiment under the command of the Decembrist Staff Captain Mikhail Alexandrovich Bestuzhev carried the guard in the Winter Palace. On the night of December 14, K.F. Ryleev was looking for a plan Winter Palace, to which Alexander Bestuzhev, grinning, said: “The royal family is not a needle, and if you manage to captivate the troops, then, of course, it will not hide ...”
Therefore, after the suppression of the protests of the rebels (later they would be called Decembrists), it became logical to appeal to Nicholas I at the end of January 1826 by Adjutant General A.Kh. Benckendorff with a note "On the organization of the external police", which dealt with the creation of a special political police. After its consideration, on June 25, 1826, Nicholas I signed a decree on the organization of a separate corps of gendarmes. On July 3, 1826, another decree followed - on the transformation of the Special Chancellery of the Ministry of the Interior into the III Branch of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. A.Kh. Benkendorf. The creation of these structures meant a transition from political search to the system political control in the Russian Empire.
J. Doe. Portrait of AH. Benckendorff. 1822
It should be emphasized that the founder and long-term leader of the III Branch, Count A.Kh. Benckendorff was a military general and did not make a career on palace parquets. In 1803, he took part in the fighting in Georgia (orders of St. Anne and St. Vladimir IV degree), took part in the wars with France in 1805 and 1806–1807.
M.Ya. von Fock. Lithograph from an original by Friedrich. 1820s
For distinction in the battle of Preussish-Eylau A.Kh. Benckendorff was awarded the order St. Anna II degree. AT Russian-Turkish war 1806–1812 distinguished himself in the battle of Ruschuk (June 1811, Order of St. George IV degree).
Reception A.Kh. Benckendorff. Late 1820s and.
During the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns, he established himself as a dashing cavalry commander, distinguished by personal courage. For this campaign, Benckendorff received the orders of St. George III degree, St. Anna I degree, St. Vladimir II degree, a golden sword adorned with diamonds with the inscription "For courage". Nevertheless, he did not consider it shameful for his honor in 1821 to present to Emperor Alexander I a detailed note with information about the "Union of Welfare". The emperor left the general's note without movement, but the events of 1825 showed Benckendorff's foresight.
The new division was not formed from scratch. Until 1826, the Special Office under the leadership of M.Ya. Fock background. His experience was used to the fullest. In a note dated July 14, 1826, M.Ya. von Fock proposed to divide III Section into four expeditions. Von Fock saw the task of the first expedition as a warning of "malice against the person of the sovereign emperor." This meant that the III Division primarily ensures the strategic security of the king and his entourage, guarding the "security of the throne." At the same time, it must be emphasized that the III Branch itself was a rather analytical structure, the main task of which was the collection and generalization of the collected information. The new structure used an agent network created by von Fock. Since the main danger to the throne then came from among the opposition nobility, these were not ordinary agents. Among them were State Councilor Nefediev, Count Lev Sollogub, Collegiate Councilor Blandov, writer and playwright Viskovatov 224 . Particular attention was paid to the employees of the III Division on the army and guards, since it was the military during the 18th - early 19th centuries. were the main organizers of conspiracies and regicides.
A.V. Tyranov. Portrait of Major General L.V. Dubelt. 1840s
Over time, the III Section gradually abandoned operational work, since this was not part of its tasks, and its staff was very small 225 . Total number employees of the III Department at the time of its foundation was only 27 people. At the time of the abolition of the III Branch in 1880, the number of employees was not much higher - 58 people 226 .
III Branch was repeatedly reorganized. In 1839, after the unification of the position of the Chief of Staff of the Gendarme Corps and the Manager of the III Department in the person of L.V. Dubelt, a single structure was created that existed until 1880.
It should be noted that in addition to collecting information and analyzing it analytically, the III Branch, with its small staff of officials, solved many issues that had nothing to do with issues of state security and state protection. Therefore, when in the 1860s. the internal political situation in the Russian Empire sharply worsened, new tasks were set before the III Branch. Chief among them is the struggle against the revolutionary movement in Russia.
Among the measures to protect the imperial family in the early 1860s. it can be attributed to the fact that the head of the III Department and the Chief of Gendarmes V.A. Dolgorukov 227 and the St. Petersburg military governor-general A.L. Suvorov was entrusted with unremitting surveillance of all those going to Tsarskoe Selo by rail. In turn, the Tsarskoye Selo police were instructed to watch all the visitors.
IN. Sherwood. Portrait of V.A. Dolgoruky in the uniform of the Life Guards Horse Regiment. 1882
But these were traditional measures. Time required new solutions. After the assassination attempt by D. Karakozov in April 1866 and the resignation of V.A. Dolgorukov, the new Minister of Internal Affairs, Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov, took up the transformations. On his initiative, the gendarmerie corps lost its police prerogatives. The main task of the corps was "observation of society", i.e., the III Branch actually became a "pure special service." However, these reforms also had their Negative consequences. The fact is that the liberal intelligentsia, which formed public opinion in Russia, was very sympathetic to the tyrannical moods of the revolutionaries, so the cases of the arrested revolutionaries were “fall apart” by liberal courts.
P.A. Shuvalov
Therefore, in 1871, the police functions were returned to the III Division, which made it possible to actively influence the investigative and judicial processes.
It was also important to increase the funding of all structures that fought against the revolutionary movement in Russia. The budget of the Guards of the III Branch, directly engaged in the protection of the king, amounted to 52,000 rubles. in year. In July 1866, additional appropriations were allocated for the "strengthening of foreign agents" in the amount of 19,000 rubles. 29,000 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of the "secret department" under the St. Petersburg Chief of Police. in year. These measures have given some results. Contemporaries P.A. Shuvalov was remembered as a man under whom not a single assassination attempt was made on the emperor.
Thus, in 1826 a structure was created, which was used in the 1820-1850s. significant influence in society. In fact, the III Branch of the SEIVK became the foundation for the creation of professional intelligence services in Russia. At the same time, the III Branch, due to a number of objective reasons, "did not keep pace" with the development of the revolutionary movement in Russia and in the late 1870s - early 1880s. actually lost the initiative in opposing the political terror of the Narodnaya Volya. This was the main reason for the liquidation of the III Branch in 1880.
This text is an introductory piece. author Zimin Igor ViktorovichHis Imperial Majesty's own convoy Throughout the 19th century. the backbone of the protection of Russian monarchs were the Cossacks. The beginning of the creation of the Own Convoy dates back to the time of Catherine II, who in 1775 ordered the formation of a military team for her personal
From the book The King's Work. 19th – early 20th centuries author Zimin Igor ViktorovichSpecial Security Team of the III Department of the Own H.I.V. Chancellery The immediate reason for the formation on May 2, 1866 of a special "protective" (secret) team of the III Department of the Own E.I.V. office was the first attempt on the emperor Alexander II,
From the book The King's Work. 19th – early 20th centuries author Zimin Igor ViktorovichHis Imperial Majesty's Own Consolidated infantry regiment The tragic events of March 1, 1881 led to the creation of new state guard units. Among them was His Imperial Majesty's Own Consolidated Infantry Regiment. it
From the book The King's Work. 19th – early 20th centuries author Zimin Igor ViktorovichHis Imperial Majesty's Own Railway Regiment
From the book Royal money. Income and expenses of the House of Romanov author Zimin Igor Viktorovich From the book Daily Life of Tsarist Diplomats in the 19th Century author Grigoriev Boris NikolaevichPart I. His Imperial Majesty's Own Office for Foreign Affairs
From the book Jewelry Treasures of the Russian Imperial Court author Zimin Igor Viktorovich authorFebruary 22, 1917 Wednesday. His Imperial Majesty's Own Train On February 22, 1917, Emperor Nicholas II left for Headquarters in the city of Mogilev. General A. I. Spiridovich recalls his conversation with Major General D. N. Dubensky, the official historiographer of the stay
From the book Around treason, cowardice and deceit [The true story of the abdication of Nicholas II] author Multatuli Petr ValentinovichNight of February 28, 1917. His Imperial Majesty's Own Train Emperor Nicholas II, having arrived at his train at night, immediately received Adjutant General N.I. Ivanov, whom the Tsar had long instructed about his mission in Petrograd. Chamber Fourier Journal of 28 February
From the book Around treason, cowardice and deceit [The true story of the abdication of Nicholas II] author Multatuli Petr ValentinovichFebruary 28, 1917 Tuesday. His Imperial Majesty's Own Train The first oddity of the Sovereign's return from Headquarters to Tsarskoye Selo is the chosen route. Unlike the previous ones, it was not printed on thick cardboard, but only hastily written on
From the book Religion and Customs of Russians author de Maistre JosephXXXV History of the Decree of His Imperial Majesty of 1806
From the book Court of Russian Emperors. Encyclopedia of life and life. In 2 vols. Volume 1 author Zimin Igor Viktorovich From Tyutchev's book. Privy Councilor and Chamberlain author Ekshtut Semyon ArkadievichNadine or Roman of a high society lady through the eyes of the secret political police According to unpublished materials of the Secret Archive of the III Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery History should not seem to you a sleepy cemetery, through which only
From the book Petersburg Arabesques author Aspidov Albert PavlovichAccording to the project and drawings drawn by Her Majesty's own hand. The fate of the St. Petersburg house itselfBy the beginning of the 1760s, St. Petersburg was built up mainly with estates, which included small (except for the palaces of nobles) wooden or stone houses on vast plots.
From the book Court of Russian Emperors in its past and present author Volkov Nikolai EgorovichIV. Instructions of Her Imperial Majesty to Mr. Chief Chamberlain (1730) Ponezhe Her Imperial Majesty, following the example of other well-established courts, the most graciously conceived and established the Chief Chamberlain at her Imperial Court, and besides, such
From the book Kaluzhanin Hero. The feat of non-commissioned officer Starichkov author Bessonov V. A.Appendix 3 The attitude of the Kaluga governor A.L. Lvov to the head of the Military Marching Office of His Imperial Majesty, gr. To Kh. A. Lieven of June 23, 1806, on the situation of the Starichkov family in Kaluga Dear Sir, Count Christopher Andreevich! Your Excellency in
