Crimean War 1853-1856 also called the Eastern War because of the so-called " eastern question”, which officially served as a pretext for the outbreak of hostilities. What is the "Eastern question", as it was understood in Europe in the middleXIXcentury? This is a set of claims to Turkish possessions, stretching from the Middle Ages, from the time crusades, to the lands associated with the ancient shrines of Christianity. Initially, they meant only Palestine and Syria. After the capture of Constantinople and the Balkans by the Turks, the plans of the European powers to assert their dominion over all the lands of the former Byzantium under the pretext of "liberating Christians" began to be called the "Eastern Question".
In the middleXIXcentury Russian Emperor NicholasIdeliberately aggravated relations with Turkey. The pretext for this was the transfer by the Turkish government of jurisdiction over some Christian churches in Jerusalem to the Catholic mission, which was under the auspices of France. For Nicholas, this was a violation of a long tradition, according to which Turkey recognized the Russian autocrat as the patron of all Christians on its territory, and the Orthodox confession enjoyed an advantage there over other Christian denominations.
Politics of NicholasIin relation to Turkey has repeatedly changed. In 1827, the Russian squadron, together with the Anglo-French squadron, defeated the Turkish fleet in Navarino Bay under the pretext of protecting the rebellious Greeks. This event served as a pretext for Turkey to declare war on Russia (1828-1829), which was once again successful for Russian weapons. As a result, Greece gained independence, and Serbia gained autonomy. But NicholasIhe feared the collapse of Turkey and in 1833 threatened the Egyptian Pasha Muhammad Ali with war if he did not stop the movement of his army to Istanbul. Thanks to this, NicholasImanaged to conclude a profitable agreement with Turkey (in Uskar-Inkelessi) on the free navigation of Russian ships, including military ones, through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles.
However, by the 1850s, Nicholas had a plan to divide Turkey with other powers. First of all, he tried to interest the Austrian Empire in this, which in 1849 was saved from collapse by the Russian army, which suppressed the revolution in Hungary, but stumbled upon a blank wall. Then NicholasIturned to England. At a meeting with the British ambassador in St. Petersburg, Hamilton Seymour, in January 1853, the tsar expressed a plan to divide the Ottoman Empire. Moldavia, Wallachia and Serbia passed under the protectorate of Russia. From the Balkan possessions of Turkey, Bulgaria stood out, which was also supposed to form a state under the protectorate of Russia. England received Egypt and the island of Crete. Constantinople turned into a neutral zone.
NicholasIhe was sure that his proposal would meet with the approval and participation of England, but he miscalculated cruelly in this. His assessment of the international situation on the eve Crimean War turned out to be erroneous, and Russian diplomacy was to blame for this, for decades glorifying the tsar with reassuring reports about the unchanging respect enjoyed by Russia in the West. The Russian ambassadors in London (Baron F.I. Brunnov), Paris (Count N.D. Kiselev), Vienna (Baron P.K. Meyendorf) and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count K.V. Nesselrode managed to overlook the rapprochement between England and France and the growing hostility of Austria towards Russia.
NicholasIhoped for a rivalry between England and France. At that time, the king considered his main opponent in the East, inciting Turkey to resist, France. French ruler Louis Bonaparte, who in 1852 proclaimed himself emperor under the name of NapoleonIII, dreamed of settling scores with Russia, and not only because of his famous uncle, but also because he considered himself a deeply offended Russian tsar, who did not recognize his imperial title for a long time. England's interests in the Middle East brought her closer to France, as opposed to Russia's intentions.
Nevertheless, being sure of the benevolence or cowardice of the Western powers, NicholasIin the spring of 1853 he sent Prince A.S. Menshikov with the task of negotiating "holy places" and privileges Orthodox Church in Turkey from a position of strength. Menshikov made the break in relations with Turkey desired by the tsar, and in June of the same year, NikolaiIbegan to send Russian troops to Moldavia and Wallachia, which were under the protectorate of Turkey.
For their part, France and England, confident in their own strength, were also looking for a pretext for war. The strengthening of Russia's positions in the East did not smile at all on both powers, and they were not at all going to cede influence to it in Turkey, which was sprawling at the seams. British diplomacy very skillfully showed the appearance that it did not want an aggravation of relations with Russia. Meanwhile, behind the scenes, the British ambassador in Constantinople, Stretford-Ratcliffe, vigorously incited the Porte to intransigence Menshikov in the negotiations (which, however, was easy). When England finally dropped the mask, NikolaiIunderstood everything, but it was already too late.
The tsar decided to occupy the Danubian principalities in order to secure his demands on Turkey, but, as in 1827, he did not declare war yet, leaving it to the Turks (which happened in October 1853). However, unlike the times of the Battle of Navarino, the situation was now completely different. Russia found itself in international isolation. England and France immediately demanded that Russia withdraw its troops from the Danube principalities. The Vienna court was more and more inclined towards Russia's ultimatum about the same. Only Prussia remained neutral.
NicholasIbelatedly decided to intensify military action against Turkey. Having abandoned the landing operation near Constantinople at the very beginning, he ordered the troops to cross the Danube and transfer the war to the Ottoman Empire itself (to the territory of present-day Bulgaria). At the same time, the Russian Black Sea Fleet destroyed the Turkish one in the roadstead of Sinop and burned the city. In response to this, England and France entered their fleets into the Black Sea. March 27, 1854 they declared war on Russia.
The main reason for the Crimean War was the desire of the great European powers to assert themselves at the expense of the decrepit Ottoman Empire and prevent their rivals from doing so. In this regard, Russia, England and France were driven by similar motives. England and France were able to agree on common interests, while Russia failed to attract any ally. The unsuccessful foreign policy combination for Russia, in which the war began and went on for her, was due to an inadequate assessment by her ruling circles of the international situation, as well as the forces and influence of Russia.
slide 1
Municipal budgetary educational institution main comprehensive school No. 7 of the village of Prirechensky municipality city of Goryachiy Klyuch
Test on the history of Russia of the XIX century. "Crimean War 1853-1856"
Savchenko Natalia Ivanovna teacher of history and social studies
slide 2
1. Select the date of the reign of Nicholas I: a) 1801-1825; b) 1825-1855; c) 1762-1796. 2. Indicate the years when the Crimean War took place: a) 1853-1855; b) 1855-1856; c) 1853-1856 3. In Europe, the Crimean War was called: a) Northern; b) Eastern; c) Western. 4. The following did not act on the side of Turkey: a) England; b) Prussia; c) France. 5. When did it happen Sinop battle? a) November 18, 1853; b) October 18, 1853; c) November 8, 1853 6. Who commanded the Russian squadron in the battle of Sinop? a) V.I. Istomin; b) V.A. Kornilov; c) P.S. Nakhimov. 7. Who led the defense of Sevastopol? a) V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov; b) A.S. Menshikov and I.D. Gorchakov; c) E.I. Totleben and S.A. Khrulev.
slide 3
8. How many months did the defense of Sevastopol last? a) 10; b) 11; c) 12. 9. What was the name of the first nurse in the Russian army? a) Dasha Krymskaya; b) Masha of Sevastopol; c) Dasha Sevastopolskaya. 10. The fall of Sevastopol predetermined the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War. When did it happen? a) 1853; b) 1854; c) 1855. 11. What was the fate of the Black Sea squadron of the Russian fleet in the Crimean War? a) was defeated by the Turkish fleet in the Sinop Bay; b) took refuge in the ports of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; c) was flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay. 12. Which of the great Russian doctors participated in the defense of Sevastopol? a) S.I. Botkin; b) N.I. Pirogov; c) N.V. Sklifosovsky.
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13. What was the name of the hero - a sailor of the Sevastopol defense, whose exploits were described in his Sevastopol stories by L.N. Tolstoy? a) Petr Koshka; b) Ivan Gavrilov; c) Semyon Shein. 14. Set the sequence of events: a) Surrender of Sevastopol; b) Sinop battle; c) Death of Kornilov. (b, c, a) 15. Which name falls out of the general logical series: a) Kornilov; b) Nakhimov; c) Ermolov. 16. What were the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty? a) Russia paid the victorious countries an indemnity in the amount of 50 million rubles; b) Russia was forbidden to have a merchant and fishing fleet on the Black Sea; c) The Black Sea was declared neutral. 17. The crisis of the Nikolaev system manifested itself in: a) the collapse of the financial system; b) backwardness military equipment; c) profitability Agriculture.
slide 5
18. Nicholas I understood that the main reason hindering the development of the country was: a) mediocrity of officials; b) serfdom; c) imperfection of the administrative apparatus. 19. Who is depicted in the portraits?
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
b c b b a c a b c c c b a (b, c, a) c c b b
ANSWERS:
19. Nicholas I; V.A. Kornilov; P.S. Nakhimov; P.M. Cat.
Information sources: 1. Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia XIX. 8th grade. M., Enlightenment, 2009 Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia XIX. Workbook., M., Education, 2009 Kolganova E.V., Sumakova N.V. Lesson developments on the history of Russia. XIX century. 8th grade. M., Wako, 2006 http://artchive.ru/images/work/800/23197/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0 %B9-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%
The spirit in the troops is beyond description. At times ancient greece there was not so much heroism. I have not been able to be in business a single time, but I thank God that I have seen these people and live in this glorious time.
Lev Tolstoy
The wars of the Russian and Ottoman empires were a common occurrence in the international politics of the 18th-19th centuries. In 1853, the Russian Empire of Nicholas 1 entered another war, which went down in history as the Crimean War of 1853-1856, and ended with the defeat of Russia. In addition, this war showed the strong resistance of the leading countries Western Europe(France and Great Britain) strengthening the role of Russia in Eastern Europe especially in the Balkans. The lost war also showed Russia itself the problems in domestic politics which led to many problems. Despite victories at the initial stage of 1853-1854, as well as the capture of the key Turkish fortress of Kars in 1855, Russia lost the most important battles on the territory of the Crimean peninsula. This article describes the causes, course, main results and historical meaning in short story about the Crimean War of 1853-1856.
Causes of the aggravation of the Eastern question
Under the eastern question, historians understand a number of controversial issues in Russian-Turkish relations, which at any moment could lead to conflict. The main problems of the Eastern question, which became the main one for the future war, are as follows:
- The loss of the Crimea and the northern Black Sea region by the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 18th century constantly stimulated Turkey to start a war in the hope of regaining the territories. Thus began the wars of 1806-1812 and 1828-1829. However, as a result of them, Turkey lost Bessarabia and part of the territory in the Caucasus, which further strengthened the desire for revenge.
- Belonging to the Bosphorus and Dardanelles. Russia demanded that these straits be opened for the Black Sea Fleet, while Ottoman Empire(under pressure from Western European countries) ignored these demands of Russia.
- The presence in the Balkans, as part of the Ottoman Empire, Slavic Christian peoples who fought for their independence. Russia supported them, thereby causing a wave of indignation among the Turks about Russia's interference in the internal affairs of another state.
An additional factor that intensified the conflict was the desire of the countries of Western Europe (Britain, France, and Austria) not to let Russia into the Balkans, and also to close its access to the straits. For the sake of this, the countries were ready to support Turkey in a potential war with Russia.
The reason for the war and its beginning
These troubled moments brewed throughout the late 1840s and early 1850s. In 1853 Turkish sultan transferred the Bethlehem temple of Jerusalem (then the territory of the Ottoman Empire) to the control of the Catholic Church. This caused a wave of indignation of the highest Orthodox hierarchy. Nicholas 1 decided to take advantage of this, using the religious conflict as a pretext for attacking Turkey. Russia demanded that the temple be handed over to the Orthodox Church, and at the same time also open the straits for the Black Sea Fleet. Turkey refused. In June 1853, Russian troops crossed the border of the Ottoman Empire and entered the territory of the Danubian principalities dependent on it.
Nicholas 1 hoped that France was too weak after the revolution of 1848, and that Britain could be appeased by transferring Cyprus and Egypt to it in the future. However, the plan didn't work. European countries called the Ottoman Empire to action, promising it financial and military assistance. In October 1853, Turkey declared war on Russia. Thus began, to put it briefly, the Crimean War of 1853-1856. In the history of Western Europe, this war is called Eastern.
The course of the war and the main stages
The Crimean War can be divided into 2 stages according to the number of participants in the events of those years. Here are the steps:
- October 1853 - April 1854. During these six months the war was between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (without the direct intervention of other states). There were three fronts: Crimean (Black Sea), Danube and Caucasian.
- April 1854 - February 1856. British and French troops enter the war, which expands the theater of operations, as well as a turning point in the course of the war. The allied troops were superior to the Russian ones from the technical side, which was the reason for the changes in the course of the war.
As for specific battles, the following key battles can be distinguished: for Sinop, for Odessa, for the Danube, for the Caucasus, for Sevastopol. There were other battles, but those listed above are the main ones. Let's consider them in more detail.
Battle of Sinop (November 1853)
The battle took place in the harbor of the city of Sinop in the Crimea. Russian fleet under the command of Nakhimov completely defeated the Turkish fleet of Osman Pasha. This battle was perhaps the last major world battle on sailing ships. This victory significantly raised morale Russian army and gave hope for an early victory in the war.
Map of the Sinopo naval battle November 18, 1853
Bombing of Odessa (April 1854)
In early April 1854, the Ottoman Empire launched a squadron of the Franco-British fleet through its straits, which swiftly headed for Russian port and shipbuilding cities: Odessa, Ochakov and Nikolaev.
On April 10, 1854, the bombardment of Odessa, the main southern port, began. Russian Empire. After a rapid and intense bombardment, it was planned to land troops in the northern Black Sea region, which would force the withdrawal of troops from the Danube principalities, as well as weaken the defense of the Crimea. However, the city withstood several days of shelling. Moreover, the defenders of Odessa were able to deliver accurate strikes against the Allied fleet. The plan of the Anglo-French troops failed. The allies were forced to retreat towards the Crimea and begin battles for the peninsula.
Fights on the Danube (1853-1856)
It was with the entry of Russian troops into this region that the Crimean War of 1853-1856 began. After the success in the Battle of Sinop, another success awaited Russia: the troops completely crossed to the right bank of the Danube, an attack was opened on Silistria and further on Bucharest. However, the entry into the war of England and France complicated the offensive of Russia. On June 9, 1854, the siege of Silistria was lifted and the Russian troops returned to the left bank of the Danube. By the way, on this front, Austria also entered the war against Russia, which was worried about the rapid advance of the Romanov Empire into Wallachia and Moldavia.
In July 1854, near the city of Varna (modern Bulgaria), a huge landing of the British and French armies landed (according to various sources, from 30 to 50 thousand). The troops were supposed to enter the territory of Bessarabia, ousting Russia from this region. However, a cholera epidemic broke out in the French army, and the British public demanded that the leadership of the army first strike at the Black Sea fleet in the Crimea.
Fights in the Caucasus (1853-1856)
An important battle took place in July 1854 near the village of Kyuruk-Dara (Western Armenia). The combined Turkish-British forces were defeated. At this stage, the Crimean War was still successful for Russia.
Another important battle in this region took place in June-November 1855. Russian troops decided to attack the eastern part of the Ottoman Empire, the fortress of Karsu, so that the allies would send part of the troops to this region, thereby slightly weakening the siege of Sevastopol. Russia won the battle of Kars, but this happened after the news of the fall of Sevastopol, so this battle had little effect on the outcome of the war. Moreover, according to the results of the "peace" signed later, the fortress of Kars returned to the Ottoman Empire. However, as the peace talks showed, the capture of Kars still played a role. But more on that later.
Defense of Sevastopol (1854-1855)
The most heroic and tragic event of the Crimean War is, of course, the battle for Sevastopol. In September 1855, Franco-British troops captured the last point of the city's defense - Malakhov Kurgan. The city survived 11 months of siege, however, as a result, it was surrendered to the allied forces (among which the Sardinian kingdom appeared). This defeat became a key one and served as an impetus for the end of the war. From the end of 1855, intensified negotiations began, in which Russia had practically no strong arguments. It was clear that the war was lost.
Other battles in the Crimea (1854-1856)
In addition to the siege of Sevastopol on the territory of Crimea in 1854-1855, several more battles took place, which were aimed at "unblocking" Sevastopol:
- Battle of the Alma (September 1854).
- Battle of Balaklava (October 1854).
- Battle of Inkerman (November 1854).
- An attempt to liberate Evpatoria (February 1855).
- Battle on the Chernaya River (August 1855).
All these battles ended in unsuccessful attempts to lift the siege of Sevastopol.
"Distant" battles
Main fighting wars took place near the Crimean peninsula, which gave the name to the war. There were also battles in the Caucasus, on the territory of modern Moldova, as well as in the Balkans. However, not many people know that battles between rivals also took place in remote regions of the Russian Empire. Here are some examples:
- Peter and Paul Defense. The battle that took place on the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula between the combined Franco-British troops on the one hand and Russian on the other. The battle took place in August 1854. This battle was the result of the victory of Britain over China during the Opium Wars. As a result, Britain wanted to increase its influence in the east of Asia, ousting Russia from here. In total, the Allied troops made two assaults, both ended in failure for them. Russia withstood the Peter and Paul defense.
- Arctic Company. The operation of the British fleet to attempt to blockade or capture Arkhangelsk, carried out in 1854-1855. The main battles took place in the Barents Sea. The British also undertook the bombardment of the Solovetsky fortress, as well as the robbery of Russian merchant ships in the White and Barents Seas.
Results and historical significance of the war
In February 1855, Nicholas 1 died. The task of the new emperor, Alexander 2, was to end the war, and with minimal damage to Russia. In February 1856, the Paris Congress began its work. Russia was represented by Alexei Orlov and Philip Brunnov. Since neither side saw the point in continuing the war, on March 6, 1856, the Treaty of Paris was signed, as a result of which the Crimean War was completed.
The main terms of the Treaty of Paris 6 were as follows:
- Russia returned the Karsu fortress to Turkey in exchange for Sevastopol and other captured cities of the Crimean peninsula.
- Russia was forbidden to have Black Sea Fleet. The Black Sea was declared neutral.
- The Bosporus and Dardanelles were declared closed to the Russian Empire.
- Part of Russian Bessarabia was transferred to the Moldavian principality, the Danube ceased to be border river, so navigation was declared free.
- On the Allada Islands (an archipelago in the Baltic Sea), Russia was forbidden to build military and (or) defensive fortifications.
As for losses, the number Russian subjects, who died in the war, is 47.5 thousand people. Britain lost 2.8 thousand, France - 10.2, the Ottoman Empire - more than 10 thousand. The Sardinian kingdom lost 12 thousand soldiers. Austrian casualties are unknown, possibly because Austria was not officially at war with Russia.
In general, the war showed the backwardness of Russia, compared with the states of Europe, especially in terms of the economy (completion of the industrial revolution, construction railways, the use of steamboats). After this defeat, the reforms of Alexander 2 began. In addition, a desire for revenge was brewing in Russia for a long time, which resulted in another war with Turkey in 1877-1878. But this is a completely different story, and the Crimean War of 1853-1856 was completed and Russia was defeated in it.
8th grade
Option 1
BUT1.
Cause of the Crimeanwar was the desire of Russia:
a) annex the peoples of the North Caucasus
b) go to the shores of the Black Sea
c) annex Bessarabia
d) expand influence in the Balkans
A2.disembarkationAnglo-Frenchtroops in the Evpatoria region meant that the main hostilities were transferred to the territory:
a) Turkey
b) Crimea
c) the Balkan Peninsula
d) Transcaucasia
AZ. When did it happenSinop naval battle?
a) in 1825
b) in 1837
c) in 1853
d) in 1856
BUT4
. Who was one of the participants in the heroic defense of Sevastopol?
a) E.I. Totleben
b) A.P. Ermolov
you. Menshikov
d) P.D. Kiselev
A5.
What did the predominance of sailing ships in the Russian fleet mean?
a) the steam fleet had less
speed and agility
b) steam engines in the nineteenth century. almost never used on ships
c) Russia was ahead of the fleets
Western countries by the level of technical equipment
d) the Russian fleet lagged behind Western countries in terms of technical equipment
A6. Terms
Paris Peace Treaty Russia:
a) received new territories in Transcaucasia
b) was deprived of the right to keep the navy on the Black Sea
c) gave Turkey Sevastopol
d) acquired the right of free passage of ships through the Bosporus and Dardanelles
IN 1.Fill in the name of the city missing in the passage.
Comrades! Our troops, after a bloody battle with a superior enemy, retreated to ________ to protect him with their breasts. The Commander-in-Chief decided to sink 5 old ships in the fairway: they would temporarily block the entrance to the roadstead ... It is sad to destroy our work: a lot of our efforts were used to keep the ships, doomed victims, but we must submit to necessity ...
8th grade
Test on the topic "Crimean War"
Option 2
A1. What was the reason for the start of the Crimean War?
a) the annexation of the territory to Russia Central Asia
b) the capture of Istanbul by British troops
c) the suppression of the revolution in France by the troops of the Holy Alliance
d) a dispute between the Orthodox and Catholic churches for the right to control Christian shrines in Palestine
A2. The battle of Sinop unfolded in the bay off the coast:
a) Turkey
b) Crimea
c) the Balkan Peninsula
D) Transcaucasia
AZ. Indicate the dates of the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War.
a) in November 1853 - September 1854
b) in September 1854 - August 1855
c) in February 1855 - March 1856.
d) in August 1855 - March 1856.
A4. Who was an ally of Turkey during the Crimean War
a) England
b) Germany
c) Iran
d) Sweden
A5. What did the use of flintlock smoothbore rifles in the Russian army during the Crimean War mean?
a) rifled weapons had a lower rate of fire
b) smooth-bore weapons had a greater range
c) Russia was ahead of Western countries in terms of technical equipment
d) Russia was technically lagging behind Western countries
A6. After the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty:
a) Russia's international position has strengthened
b) the ruling circles of Russia realized the need to modernize the country
c) a new anti-Turkish coalition was created in Europe, consisting of Russia, England and France
d) strengthened the country's defense capability
IN 1. What is the name of the document from which the excerpt is given?
ARTICLE XI
The Black Sea is declared neutral: the entry into the ports and waters of it, open to merchant shipping of all peoples, is formally and forever forbidden to warships, both coastal and all other powers ...
ARTICLE XIII
Due to the declaration of the Black Sea as neutral on the basis of Article XI, it cannot be necessary to maintain or establish naval arsenals on the shores of it, as having no purpose, and therefore E.V. emperor of all Russia and e. and. in. the sultans undertake not to start or leave any naval arsenal on these shores.
Preview:
Option 1
1 . Select the date of the reign of Nicholas I:
a) 1801-1825; b) 1825-1855; c) 1762-1796.
2. Indicate the years when the Crimean War took place:
a) 1853-1855; b) 1855-1856; c) 1853-1856
3 . In Europe, the Crimean War was called:
a) North b) Eastern; c) Western.
4. On the side of Turkey were:
a) England b) Prussia; c) France.
5. When did the Battle of Sinop take place?
6 . Who commanded the Russian squadron in the battle of Sinop?
a) V.I. Istomin; b) V.A. Kornilov; c) P.S. Nakhimov.
7. Who led the defense of Sevastopol?
a) V.A. Kornilov and P.S. Nakhimov; b) A.S. Menshikov and I.D. Gorchakov; c) E.I. Totleben and S.A. Khrulev.
8. How many months did the defense of Sevastopol last?
a) 10; b) 11; at 12.
9. Which name falls out of the general logical series:
a) Kornilov; b) Nakhimov; c) Ermolov.
11 Set match:
1) conservative A) K.D. Kavelin
2) Slavophil B) N.P. Ogarev
3) Westerner C) N.I. Greek
4) revolutionary D) Yu.F Samarin
A) S.S. Uvarov B) A.I. Koshelev V) I.S. Aksakov
D) A.I. Herzen D) B.N. Chicherin E) V.G. Belinsky
13 Which of the representatives public thought Russia critically assessed the activities of Peter I?
A) conservatives B) westerners
14 Members of which circle gathered for "literary Fridays"?
A) "Literary society number 11"
B) Circle of Petrashevists
B) Stankevich's circle
D) Circle of brothers of Crete
15. Indicate the name of the Russian ideologist who believed that "the cell of socialism in Russia should be the peasant land community":
A) V.G. Belinsky B) A.S. Khomyakov
C) S.S. Uvarov D) A.I. Herzen
C) S.S. Uvarov D) F.M. Dostoevsky
17. The Slavophiles allowed the preservation of autocracy in Russia, but the people had the right to express their opinion through a representative body. Write the name of this body.
Answer:_____________________________
18. The reason for the beginning of the Crimean War was:
A) the defeat of the Turkish fleet in the Sinop Bay B) Turkish intervention in the affairs of the Danube principalities
C) a religious dispute over the shrine of Christianity D) the introduction of Turkish troops into Transcaucasia
19 The Crimean War began in:
A) 1852 B) 1853 C) 1854 D) 1855
20. The Russian fleet in the battle of Sinop was commanded by:
C) P.S. Nakhimov D) Nicholas I
A) the beginning of the defense of Sevastopol
B) Parisian world
B) Battle of the Alma
D) Turkey's declaration of war against Russia
A) Nicholas I B) V.I. Istomin V) E.I. Totleben
D) V.P. Botkin D) A.S. Menshikov E) P.S. Nakhimov
23. Under the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty:
A) Russia patronized the Danube principalities
B) Russia lost Sevastopol
C) the Black Sea was declared neutral
D) Russia received the right to have a fleet on the Black Sea
Test on the topic "Crimean War"
Option 2
1 . What was the name of the first sister of mercy in the Russian army?
a) Dasha Krymskaya; b) Masha of Sevastopol; c) Dasha Sevastopolskaya.
2 . The fall of Sevastopol predetermined the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War. When did it happen?
a) 1853; b) 1854; c) 1855
3 . What is the fate of the Black Sea squadron of the Russian fleet in the Crimean War?
a) was defeated by the Turkish fleet in the Sinop Bay;
b) took refuge in the ports of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus;
c) was flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay.
4 . Which of the great Russian doctors participated in the defense of Sevastopol?
a) S.I. Botkin; b) N.I. Pirogov; c) N.V. Sklifosovsky.
5 . What was the name of the hero - a sailor of the Sevastopol defense, whose exploits were described in his Sevastopol stories by L.N. Tolstoy?
a) Petr Koshka; b) Ivan Gavrilov; c) Semyon Shein.
6. Set the sequence of events:
a) Surrender of Sevastopol; b) Sinop battle; c) Death of Kornilov.
7 What were the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty?
a) Russia paid the winning countries an indemnity in the amount of 50 million rubles;
b) Russia was forbidden to have a merchant and fishing fleet on the Black Sea;
c) The Black Sea was declared neutral.
8 . The crisis of the Nikolaev system manifested itself in:
a) the collapse of the financial system; b) the backwardness of military equipment; c) the profitability of agriculture.
9 . Nicholas I understood that the main reason hindering the development of the country was:
a) mediocrity of officials; b) serfdom; c) imperfection of the administrative apparatus
A) A.I. Herzen B) M.P. Pogodin
C) S.S. Uvarov D) V.G. Belinsky
11. Set match:
1) conservative A) A.I. Koshelev
2) Slavophil B) T.N. Granovsky
3) Westerner C) V.G. Belinsky
4) revolutionary D) M.P. Pogodin
12. Representatives of the liberal direction of the social movement included:
A) N.I. Grech B) I.S. Kireevsky V) S.M. Solovyov
D) A.S. Khomyakov D) F.M. Dostoevsky E) N.P. Ogarev
13. Which of the representatives of Russian social thought defended the idea of the unity of the historical path of Russia and Western Europe?
A) conservatives B) westerners
C) Slavophiles D) revolutionaries
14. The organizer of the circle "Literary society number 11":
A) A.I. Herzen B) M.V. Butashevich-Petrashevsky
C) S.S. Uvarov D) V.G. Belinsky
15. What newspaper did A.I. Herzen:
A) "Telescope" B) "Bell"
C) "Contemporary" D) "Domestic Notes"
A) P.Ya. Chaadaev B) A.I. Herzen
C) V.G. Belinsky G) F.M. Dostoevsky
17 Write the missing word.
The theory of official nationality: "..., autocracy, nationality."
Answer: ___________________________
18. The Crimean War ended in:
A) 1855 B) 1856 C) 1857 D) 1858
19. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian troops in the battle on the Alma River:
A) A.S. Menshikov B) V.I. Istomin
C) P.S. Nakhimov D) Nicholas I
20. Arrange the events in chronological order:
A) Battle of the Alma
B) Entry into the war of England and France
C) The entry of allied troops into Sevastopol (the end of the siege of Sevastopol)
D) Sinop battle
21. Select participants in the defense of Sevastopol:
A) N.I. Pirogov B) A.S. Menshikov C) P. Cat
D) V.A. Kornilov D) Nicholas I E) I.F. Paskevich
22. Sevastopol was returned to Russia in exchange for a Turkish fortress:
A) Erzurum B) Ardagan C) Kars D) Istanbul
23 . Under the terms of the Paris Peace Treaty:
A) Russia received fortresses in Transcaucasia
B) Russia received the right to have a fleet in the Caspian Sea
C) Russia received the right to have a fleet on the Black Sea
D) Russia was deprived of the right to have the Black Sea Fleet
Test key:
Option 1
1-b
2-in
3-b
4-a
5-a
6-in
7-a
8-b
9-in
10 - B
11:1B, 2D, 3A, 4B
12 - BVD
13 - B
14 - B
15– G
16 - A
17- Zemsky Cathedral
18 - B
19– B
20 - B
21– GVAB
22-B
23 - B
Option 2
1-in
2-in
3-in
4-b
5-a
6-b c a
7-in
8-b
9-b
10 - A
11: 1G, 2A, 3B, 4C
12 - BVG
13 - B
14th
15-B
16-A
17Orthodoxy
18-B
19-A
20-GBAV
22-B
