Was the first novels. The royal dynasty of the Romanovs: a scheme with dates of reign

Historically, Russia is a monarchical state. First there were princes, then kings. The history of our state is old and diverse. Russia knew many monarchs with different characters, human and managerial qualities. However, it was the Romanov family that became the brightest representative of the Russian throne. The history of their reign has about three centuries. And the end Russian Empire also inextricably linked with this surname.

Romanov family: history

The Romanovs, an old noble family, did not immediately have such a surname. For centuries, they were first called Kobylins, a little bit later Koshkins, then Zakharyin. And only after more than 6 generations they acquired the name of the Romanovs.

For the first time, this noble family was allowed to approach the Russian throne by the marriage of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with Anastasia Zakharyina.

There is no direct connection between the Rurikoviches and the Romanovs. It has been established that Ivan III is the great-great-grandson of one of the sons of Andrei Kobyla - Fedor on the maternal side. Whereas the Romanov family became a continuation of another grandson of Fedor - Zacharias.

However, this fact played a key role when, in 1613, at the Zemsky Sobor, the grandson of Anastasia Zakharyina's brother, Mikhail, was elected to reign. So the throne passed from the Ruriks to the Romanovs. After that, the rulers of this kind succeeded each other for three centuries. During this time, our country changed the form of power and became the Russian Empire.

The first emperor was Peter I. And the last was Nicholas II, who abdicated as a result of the February Revolution of 1917 and was shot with his family in July of the following year.

Biography of Nicholas II

In order to understand the reasons for the deplorable end of the imperial reign, it is necessary to take a closer look at the biography of Nikolai Romanov and his family:

Nicholas II was born in 1868. From childhood he was brought up in best traditions royal court. From a young age he became interested in military affairs. From the age of 5, he took part in military training, parades and processions. Even before taking the oath, he had various ranks, including being a Cossack chieftain. As a result, the rank of colonel became the highest military rank of Nicholas. Nicholas came to power at the age of 27. Nicholas was an educated, intelligent monarch;
To the bride of Nicholas, a German princess who received Russian name- Alexandra Fedorovna, at the time of the marriage she was 22 years old. The couple loved each other very much and reverently treated each other all their lives. However, the environment treated the empress negatively, suspecting that the autocrat was too dependent on his wife;
There were four daughters in the family of Nicholas - Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and the youngest son Alexei was born - a possible heir to the throne. Unlike strong and healthy sisters, Alexei was diagnosed with hemophilia. This meant that the boy could die from any scratch.

Why was the Romanov family shot?

Nicholas made several fatal mistakes, which as a result led to a tragic end:

The first ill-conceived oversight of Nikolai is considered a crush on the Khodynka field. In the first days of his reign, people went to Khodynskaya Square for gifts promised by the new emperor. As a result, pandemonium began, more than 1200 people died. Nicholas remained indifferent to this event until the end of all the events dedicated to his coronation, which lasted for several more days. The people did not forgive him for such behavior and called him Bloody;
During his reign, there were many strife and contradictions in the country. The emperor understood that it was necessary to urgently take measures in order to raise the patriotism of the Russians and unite them. Many believe that it was for this purpose that the Russo-Japanese War was unleashed, which as a result was lost, and Russia lost part of its territory;
After the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, on the square in front of winter palace without the knowledge of Nikolai, the military shot people who had gathered for a rally. This event was called in history - "Bloody Sunday";
First world war Russian state entered also carelessly. The conflict began in 1914 between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The sovereign considered it necessary to stand up for the Balkan state, as a result of which, Germany stood up to defend Austria-Hungary. The war dragged on, which ceased to suit the military.

As a result, a provisional government was created in Petrograd. Nicholas knew about the mood of the people, but could not take any decisive action and signed a paper about his abdication.

The Provisional Government placed the family under arrest, first in Tsarskoe Selo, and then they were exiled to Tobolsk. After the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917, the whole family was moved to Yekaterinburg and, by decision of the Bolshevik Council executed to prevent a return to royal power.

The remains of the royal family in our time

After the execution, all the remains were collected and transported to the mines of Ganina Yama. It was not possible to burn the bodies, so they were thrown into the mine shafts. The next day, the villagers found the bodies floating at the bottom of the flooded mines and it became clear that a reburial was necessary.

The remains were again loaded into the car. However, having driven off a little, she fell into the mud in the area of the Porosenkov Log. There they buried the dead, dividing the ashes into two parts.

The first part of the bodies was discovered in 1978. However, due to the long obtaining of permission for excavations, it was possible to get to them only in 1991. Two bodies, presumably Maria and Alexei, were found in 2007 a little further from the road.

Over the years, many modern, high-tech examinations have been carried out by different groups of scientists to determine the involvement of the remains in the royal family. As a result, genetic similarity was proven, but some historians and the Russian Orthodox Church still do not agree with these results.

Now the relics are reburied in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Living members of the genus

The Bolsheviks sought to exterminate as many representatives of the royal family as possible so that no one would even have the thought of returning to their former power. However, many managed to escape abroad.

In the male line, living descendants descend from the sons of Nicholas I - Alexander and Mikhail. There are also descendants in the female line, which originate from Ekaterina Ioannovna. Most of them do not live on the territory of our state. However, representatives of the genus have created and are developing public and charitable organizations that carry out their activities, including in Russia.

Thus, the Romanov family is a symbol of the bygone empire for our country. Many are still arguing about whether it is possible to revive imperial power in the country and whether it is worth it. Obviously, this page of our history has been turned over, and its representatives are buried with appropriate honors.

Video: the execution of the Romanov family

This video recreates the moment of the capture of the Romanov family and their further execution:

1. INTRODUCTION

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE DYNASTY OF THE ROMANOV FAMILY

THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II

CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NICHOLAS

DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. INTRODUCTION

The history of the Romanov family has been documented since the middle of the 14th century, from the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Simeon the Proud - Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who, like many boyars in the medieval Moscow state, played a significant role in public administration.

Kobyla had five sons, the youngest of whom, Fedor Andreevich, bore the nickname "Cat".

According to Russian historians, “Mare”, “Koshka” and many other Russian surnames, including noble ones, came from nicknames that arose spontaneously, under the influence of various random associations, which are difficult, and most often impossible, to reconstruct.

Fedor Koshka, in turn, served the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy, who, speaking in 1380 on the famous victorious campaign against the Tatars on Kulikovo Field, left Koshka to rule Moscow instead of himself: “Observe the city of Moscow and protect the Grand Duchess and all his family” .

The descendants of Fyodor Koshka occupied a strong position at the Moscow court and often became related to members of the Rurik dynasty then ruling in Russia.

By the names of men from the family of Fedor Koshka, in fact, by patronymic, the descending branches of the family were called. Therefore, the descendants bore different surnames, until finally one of them - the boyar Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin - occupied such an important position that all his descendants began to be called Romanovs.

And after the daughter of Roman Yuryevich - Anastasia - became the wife of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the surname "Romanovs" became unchanged for all members of this family, who played an outstanding role in the history of Russia and many other countries.

2. FROM THE HISTORY OF THE DYNASTY OF THE ROMANOV FAMILY

The Romanovs, a boyar family, from 1613 - the royal, and from 1721 - the imperial dynasty in Russia, which ruled until February 1917. The documented ancestor of the Romanovs was Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, the boyar of the Moscow princes of the middle of the 14th century. The ancestors of the Romanovs before the beginning of the 16th century. were called Koshkins (from the nickname of the 5th son of Andrei Ivanovich - Fedor Koshka), then Zakharyins. The rise of the Zakharyins dates back to the 2nd third of the 16th century. and is associated with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yurievich - Anastasia (died in 1560). The ancestor of the Romanovs was the 3rd son of Roman - Nikita Romanovich (died in 1586) - a boyar from 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and many diplomatic negotiations; after the death of Ivan IV, he headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). Of his sons, the most famous are Fedor (see Filaret) and Ivan (died in 1640) - a boyar since 1605, was a member of the government of the so-called "Seven Boyars"; after the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - the son of Filaret and nephew Ivan, the latter and his son Nikita (see Romanov N.I.) enjoyed very great influence at court. In 1598, with the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the Rurik dynasty came to an end. In preparation for the election of a new tsar, Fedor Nikitich Romanov was named as a possible candidate for the tsar's throne. Under Boris Godunov, the Romanovs fell into disgrace (1600) and their exile (1601) to Beloozero, Pelym, Yarensk and other places far from Moscow, and Fedor was tonsured a monk under the name Filaret. The new rise of the Romanovs began in the reign of I "False Dmitry I. In the Tushino camp II" False Dmitry II, Filaret was named the Russian patriarch.

At the Zemsky Sobor of 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the son of Fyodor (Filaret) Romanov, was elected Russian Tsar (reigned 1613-1645). Michael was a man of small mind, indecisive and, moreover, painful. The main role in governing the country was played by his father, Patriarch Filaret (until his death in 1633). During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-76), transformations began in the social and political fields. Alexey himself participated in public administration, was for his time an educated person. He was succeeded by Fedor Alekseevich, sickly and far from state affairs (reigned in 1676-1682); then his brother the Great Peter I the Great (1682-1725) became king, during whose reign the largest reforms were carried out in Russia, and a successful foreign policy made it one of the strongest countries in Europe. In 1721 Russia became an empire, and Peter I became the first Emperor of All Russia. By Peter's decree of February 5, 1722, on the succession to the throne (confirmed in 1731 and 1761), the emperor appointed himself a successor from among the members of the imperial family. Peter I did not have time to appoint a successor, and after his death, his wife Catherine I Alekseevna (1725-27) took the throne. The son of Peter I - Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich was executed on June 26, 1718 for actively opposing the reforms. The son of Alexei Petrovich - Peter II Alekseevich occupied the throne from 1727 to 1730. With his death in 1730, the Romanov dynasty in the direct male generation was cut short. In 1730-40, the granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich, the niece of Peter I, Anna Ivanovna, ruled, and from 1741, the daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, with whose death in 1761 the Romanov dynasty was stopped along the female line. However, the surname Romanovs was carried by representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty: Peter III (son of the Duke of Holstein Friedrich Karl and Anna, daughter of Peter I), who ruled in 1761-62, his wife Catherine II, nee Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, who ruled in 1762-96, their son Paul I (1796-1801) and his descendants. Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I (1801-25), Nicholas I (1825-55), in the conditions of the development of capitalist relations, tried in every possible way to preserve the feudal system with an absolute monarchy, and brutally suppressed the revolutionary liberation movement. Alexander II (1855-81), son of Nicholas I, was forced in 1861 to cancel serfdom. However, in the hands of the nobility, the most important posts in the government, the state apparatus and the army were practically preserved. Desiring to continue to hold power, the Romanovs, especially Alexander III (1881-94) and Nicholas II (1894-1917), pursued a reactionary course in domestic and foreign policy. Among the many great princes from the Romanov dynasty, who occupied the highest positions in the army and in the state apparatus, Nikolai Nikolaevich (the Elder) (1831-91), Mikhail Nikolaevich (1832-1909), Sergei Alexandrovich (1857-1905) and Nikolai Nikolaevich (Younger) (1856-1929).

3. THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

Any Orthodox Christian often has to see the icons of the martyrs, of which there are many in our Church, and hear about their deeds that exceed human nature. But how often do we know how these people lived? How was their life before their martyrdom? What filled their holidays and weekdays? Were they great prayer books and ascetics, or just ordinary people like the rest of us? What filled and warmed their souls and hearts so much that at a fateful moment they confessed their faith with blood and sealed its truth with the loss of their temporary life?

Small surviving photo albums slightly open the veil of this mystery, as they allow you to see with your own eyes the moments of the personal life of not one martyr, but whole family- Holy Royal Martyrs of the Romanovs.

The personal life of the last Russian Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II and his family was carefully hidden from prying eyes. Sincerely and invariably keeping the commandments of Christ, living according to them not for show, but with their hearts, the Sovereign and Empress carefully avoided everything evil and unclean that only surrounds all those in power, finding for themselves endless joy and rest in their family, arranged according to the word of Christ , like a small Church, where until the last moments of their lives reigned reverence, understanding and mutual love. Likewise, their children, hidden by parental love from the corrupting influence of time and brought up in the spirit of Orthodoxy from birth, did not find greater joy for themselves than common family meetings, walks or holidays. Being deprived of the opportunity to be near their royal parents incessantly, they especially appreciated and cherished those days, and sometimes just minutes, that they could spend together with their dearly beloved father and mother.

PERSONALITY OF NICHOLAS II

Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov) (05/19/1868 - 07/17/1918), Russian tsar, Russian emperor, martyr, son of Tsar Alexander III. Nicholas II was raised and educated under personal guidance his father, on a traditional religious basis, in Spartan terms. The subjects were taught by prominent Russian scientists K.P. Pobedonostsev, N. N. Beketov, N. N. Obruchev, M. I. Dragomirov and others. Much attention was paid to the military training of the future tsar.

Nicholas II ascended the throne at the age of 26, earlier than expected, as a result of the premature death of his father. Nicholas II managed to quickly recover from the initial confusion and began to pursue an independent policy, which caused dissatisfaction with part of his entourage, who hoped to influence the young tsar. basis public policy Nicholas II was the continuation of his father's aspirations to give Russia more internal unity by asserting the Russian elements of the country.

In his first address to the people, Nikolai Alexandrovich announced that from now on, having imbued with the precepts of his deceased parent, he accepts a sacred vow before the face of the Almighty to always have as a single goal the peaceful prosperity, power and glory of dear Russia and the arrangement of the happiness of all His loyal subjects . In an address to foreign countries, Nicholas II declared that will devote all its cares to the development of Russia's internal well-being and will not deviate in anything from the completely peace-loving, firm and straightforward policy that has so powerfully contributed to the general calm, while Russia will continue to see in respect for law and legal order the best guarantee of the security of the state.

The model of a ruler for Nicholas II was Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who carefully preserved the traditions of antiquity.

In addition to a strong will and a brilliant education, Nikolai possessed all the natural qualities necessary for state activity, above all, a huge ability to work. If necessary, he could work from morning until late at night, studying the numerous documents and materials received in his name. (By the way, he also willingly engaged in physical labor - sawing firewood, removing snow, etc.) Possessing a lively mind and a broad outlook, the king quickly grasped the essence of the issues under consideration. The king had an exceptional memory for faces and events. He remembered by sight most of the people he had to deal with, and there were thousands of such people.

However, the time in which Nicholas II fell to reign was very different from the era of the first Romanovs. If then the folk foundations and traditions served as a unifying banner of a society that was revered by both the common people and the ruling class, then to n. 20th century Russian foundations and traditions become the object of denial on the part of an educated society. A significant part of the ruling stratum and intelligentsia rejects the path of following Russian foundations, traditions and ideals, many of which they consider obsolete and ignorant. Russia's right to its own path is not recognized. Attempts are being made to impose on it an alien model of development - either Western European liberalism or Western European Marxism.

The reign of Nicholas II is the most dynamic period in the growth of the Russian people in its entire history. In less than a quarter of a century, the population of Russia has increased by 62 million people. The economy grew rapidly. Between 1885 and 1913, industrial output increased fivefold, exceeding the rate of industrial growth in the most developed countries of the world. The Great Siberian Railway was built, in addition, 2 thousand km were built annually railways. The national income of Russia, according to the most underestimated calculations, has grown from 8 billion rubles. in 1894 to 22-24 billion in 1914, that is, almost three times. The average per capita income of Russian people has doubled. The incomes of workers in industry grew at a particularly high rate. For a quarter of a century, they have grown at least three times. The total expenditure on the share of public education and culture increased by 8 times, more than twice the expenditure on education in France and one and a half times - in England.

PERSONALITY OF ALEXANDRA FEDEROVNA (WIFE OF NICHOLAS II)

She was born in Darmstadt (Germany) in 1872. She was baptized on July 1, 1872 according to the Lutheran rite. The name given to her consisted of her mother's name (Alice) and the four names of her aunts. The godparents were: Edward, Prince of Wales (future King Edward VII), Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich (future Emperor Alexander III) with his wife, Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Beatrice, Augusta von Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Cambridge and Maria Anna , Princess of Prussia.

In 1878, a diphtheria epidemic spread in Hesse. Alice's mother and her younger sister May died from her, after which Alice lived most of the time in the UK at Balmoral Castle and Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Alice was considered the favorite granddaughter of Queen Victoria, who called her Sunny (“Sunny”).

In June 1884, at the age of 12, Alice visited Russia for the first time, when her older sister Ella (in Orthodoxy - Elizaveta Feodorovna) was married to Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. For the second time, she arrived in Russia in January 1889 at the invitation of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. After staying in the Sergievsky Palace (Petersburg) for six weeks, the princess met and attracted the special attention of the heir to Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich.

March 1892, Alice's father, Duke Ludwig IV, died.

In the early 1890s, the marriage of Alice and Tsarevich Nicholas was opposed by the latter's parents, who hoped for his marriage to Helen Louise Henrietta, daughter of Louis-Philippe, Count of Paris. A key role in arranging Alice's marriage with Nikolai Alexandrovich was played by the efforts of her sister, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, and the latter's husband, through whom the lovers corresponded. The position of Emperor Alexander and his wife changed due to the perseverance of the crown prince and the deteriorating health of the emperor; On April 6, 1894, the engagement of the Tsarevich and Alice of Hesse-Darmstadt was announced by a manifesto. The following months, Alice studied the basics of Orthodoxy under the guidance of the court protopresbyter John Yanyshev and the Russian language with the teacher E. A. Schneider. On October 10 (22), 1894, she arrived in the Crimea, in Livadia, where she stayed with the imperial family until the day of the death of Emperor Alexander III - October 20. On October 21 (November 2), 1894, she accepted Orthodoxy there through chrismation with the name Alexander and patronymic Fedorovna (Feodorovna).

CHILDREN OF ALEXAEDRA AND NICHOLAS

Four daughters of Nikolai and Alexandra were born beautiful, healthy, real princesses: daddy's favorite romantic Olga, serious beyond her years Tatyana, generous Maria and funny little Anastasia.

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born in November 1895. Olga became the first child in the family of Nicholas II. Parents could not get enough of the appearance of the child. Olga Nikolaevna Romanova distinguished herself by her abilities in the study of sciences, she loved solitude and books. The Grand Duchess was very smart, she had Creative skills. Olga behaved with everyone simply and naturally. The princess was surprisingly responsive, sincere and generous. The first daughter of Alexandra Fedorovna Romanova inherited facial features, posture, as well as golden hair from her mother. From Nikolai Alexandrovich, the daughter inherited the inner world. Olga, like her father, had an amazingly pure Christian soul. The princess was distinguished by an innate sense of justice, did not like lies.

Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna was a typical good Russian girl with a big soul. She made an impression on those around her with her tenderness, with her enchanting sweet treatment of everyone. She behaved with everyone evenly, calmly and amazingly simply and naturally. She did not like housekeeping, but she loved solitude and books. She was developed and very well-read; She had an aptitude for the arts: she played the piano, sang, and studied singing in Petrograd, drawing well. She was very modest and did not like luxury.

Olga Nikolaevna was remarkably smart and capable, and teaching was a joke to her, which is why she was sometimes lazy. characteristic features she had a strong will and an incorruptible honesty and directness in which she was like a Mother. She had these wonderful qualities from childhood, but as a child Olga Nikolaevna was often stubborn, disobedient and very quick-tempered; afterwards she knew how to restrain herself. She had wonderful blond hair, large blue eyes and a marvelous complexion, a slightly upturned nose, resembling the Sovereign.

Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born on June 11, 1897, and was the second child in the Romanov couple. Like Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, Tatyana outwardly resembled her mother, but her character was paternal. Tatyana Nikolaevna Romanova was less emotional than her sister. Tatyana's eyes were similar to the eyes of the Empress, the figure was graceful, and the color of blue eyes harmoniously combined with brown hair. Tatyana was rarely naughty, and had amazing, according to contemporaries, self-control. Tatyana Nikolaevna had a highly developed sense of duty and a penchant for order in everything. Due to her mother's illness, Tatyana Romanova often managed the household, and this did not burden the Grand Duchess in any way. She loved needlework, embroidered and sewed well. The princess was of sound mind. In cases requiring decisive action, she always remained herself.

Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna was just as charming as her older sister, but in her own way. She was often called proud, but I did not know anyone who would have been less proud than her. The same thing happened to her as to Her Majesty. Her shyness and restraint were taken for arrogance, but as soon as you got to know Her better and win Her trust, the restraint disappeared and the real Tatyana Nikolaevna appeared before you. She had a poetic nature, longed for true friendship. His Majesty dearly loved the second Daughter, and the Sisters joked that if you need to turn to the Sovereign with some kind of request, then "Tatyana should ask Papa to let us do this." Very tall, thin as a reed, She was endowed with a graceful cameo profile and brown hair. She was fresh, fragile and pure as a rose.

Maria Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born on June 27, 1899. She became the third child of the Emperor and Empress. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna Romanova was a typical Russian girl. She was characterized by good nature, gaiety, and affability. Maria had a beautiful appearance and vitality. According to the memoirs of some of her contemporaries, she was very similar to her grandfather Alexander III. Maria Nikolaevna loved her parents very much. She was strongly attached to them, much more than the rest of the children of the royal couple. The fact is that she was too small for the older daughters (Olga and Tatiana), and too old for the younger children (Anastasia and Alexei) of Nicholas II.

The successes of the Grand Duchess were average. Like the other girls, she was capable of languages, but she only fluently mastered English (which she constantly communicated with her parents) and Russian - the girls spoke it among themselves. Not without difficulty, Gilliard managed to learn her French at a level "quite tolerable", but no more. German - despite all the efforts of Fraulein Schneider - remained undeveloped.

Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova.

She was born on June 18, 1901. The sovereign had been waiting for an heir for a long time, and when the daughter turned out to be the long-awaited fourth child, he was saddened. Soon the sadness passed, and the Emperor loved the fourth daughter, no less than his other children.

They were expecting a boy, but a girl was born. Anastasia Romanova, in her agility, could give odds to any boy. Anastasia Nikolaevna wore simple clothes inherited from her older sisters. The bedroom of the fourth daughter was not richly cleaned. Necessarily every morning Anastasia Nikolaevna took a cold shower. It was not easy to keep an eye on Princess Anastasia. As a child, she was very nimble. She liked to climb, where not getting, to hide. When she was a child, Grand Duchess Anastasia loved to play pranks, as well as to make others laugh. In addition to gaiety, Anastasia reflected such character traits as wit, courage and observation.

Like other children of the emperor, Anastasia received home education. Education began at the age of eight, the program included French, English and German languages, history, geography, the law of God, natural sciences, drawing, grammar, arithmetic, as well as dance and music. Anastasia did not differ in diligence in her studies, she could not stand grammar, she wrote with terrifying mistakes, and called arithmetic with childish immediacy "swinishness". Teacher of English language Sydney Gibbs recalled that once she tried to bribe him with a bouquet of flowers to increase her grade, and after his refusal, she gave these flowers to a Russian language teacher, Pyotr Vasilyevich Petrov.

During the war, the empress gave many of the palace rooms for hospital premises. The older sisters Olga and Tatyana, together with their mother, became sisters of mercy; Maria and Anastasia, being too young for such hard work, became patronesses of the hospital. Both sisters gave their own money to buy medicines, read aloud to the wounded, knitted things for them, played cards and checkers, wrote letters home under their dictation, and entertained them in the evenings. telephone conversations, sewed linen, prepared bandages and lint.

Tsarevich Alexei was the fourth child in the family of Nicholas II.

Alexei was a long-awaited child. From the first days of his reign, Nicholas II dreamed of an heir. The Lord sent only daughters to the emperor. Tsesarevich Alexei was born on August 12, 1904. The heir to the Russian throne was born a year after the Sarov celebrations. The entire royal family fervently prayed for the birth of a boy. Tsarevich Alexei inherited all the best from his father and mother. Parents loved the heir very much, he answered them with great reciprocity. The father was a real idol for Alexei Nikolaevich. The young prince tried to imitate him in everything. The royal couple did not even think about how to name the newborn prince. Nicholas II had long wanted to name his future heir Alexei. The tsar said that "it's time to break the line of Alexandrov and Nikolaev." Also, Nicholas II was sympathetic to the personality of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, and the emperor wanted to name his son in honor of the great ancestor.

On the mother's side, Alexei inherited hemophilia, which was carried by some of the daughters and granddaughters of the English Queen Victoria.

The heir Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolayevich was a boy of 14 years old, intelligent, observant, receptive, affectionate, cheerful. He was lazy and did not particularly like books. He combined the features of his father and mother: he inherited the simplicity of his father, was alien to arrogance, arrogance, but had his own will and obeyed only his father. His mother wanted to, but could not be strict with him. His teacher Bitner says of him: "He had a great will and would never submit to any woman." He was very disciplined, withdrawn and very patient. Undoubtedly, the disease left its mark on him and developed these traits in him. He did not like court etiquette, he liked to be with the soldiers and learned their language, using in his diary purely folk expressions he had overheard. His stinginess reminded him of his mother: he did not like to spend his money and collected various abandoned things: nails, lead paper, ropes, etc.

During the First World War, Alexei, who was the chief of several regiments and chieftain of all Cossack troops, visited the active army with his father, awarded distinguished fighters, etc. He was awarded the silver St. George medal of the 4th degree.

Romanov emperor nikolai burial

7. DEATH OF THE LAST OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

After the Bolshevik Revolution, the tsar and his family were placed under house arrest. Members of the imperial family were executed on July 17, 1918, during the Civil War, because the Bolsheviks feared that whites might unite around the living tsar.

The night of July 16-17, 1918 was fatal for the last Romanovs. On this night, former Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, 14-year-old Alexei, daughters, Olga (22 years old), Tatyana (20 years old), Maria (18 years old) and Anastasia (16 years old), as well as the doctor Botkin E.S., the maid A. Demidova, the cook Kharitonov and the footman who were with them, were shot in the basement of the House of Special Purpose (the former house of engineer Ipatiev) in Yekaterinburg. At the same time, the bodies of those shot in a car were taken outside the city and, not far from the village of Koptyaki, were dumped into an old mine.

But the fear that the whites approaching Yekaterinburg would find the corpses and turn them into "holy relics" forced a reburial. The next day, the executed were taken out of the mine, again loaded onto a car, which moved along a dead road into the forest. In a swampy place, the car stalled, and then, after trying to burn the corpses, they decided to bury them right on the road. The grave was filled and leveled.

So, more than 80 years ago, the 300-year-old Russian Romanov dynasty came to an end. The paradoxes of the reign of Nicholas II can be explained by the objectively existing contradictions of Russian reality at the beginning of the 20th century, when the world was entering a new phase of its development, and the tsar did not have the will and determination to master the situation. Trying to uphold the "autocratic principle", he maneuvered: either he made small concessions, or he refused them. Surprisingly, the nature of the last king corresponded to the essence of the regime: to avoid change, to maintain the status quo. As a result, the regime rotted, pushing the country to the abyss. Rejecting and hindering the reforms, the last tsar contributed to the beginning of the social revolution, which could not help but carry all the hard things that had accumulated in Russian life over many decades of its trampling and oppression. This should be recognized with absolute sympathy for the terrible fate of the royal family and with a categorical rejection of the crime that was committed against her and other representatives of the Romanov dynasty.

At the critical moment of the February coup, the generals changed their oath and forced the tsar to abdicate. Then, for political reasons, the Provisional Government trampled on the principles of humanism, leaving the abdicated tsar in revolutionary Russia, which overthrew tsarism. And, finally, class interests, as they were understood in the outbreak of civil war, took precedence over moral considerations. The result of all this was the assassination of the emperor

I also consider the fate of the royal remains to be a tragedy of the last Romanovs, which turned out to be not only the subject of detailed research, but also a bargaining chip in the political struggle. The burial of the royal remains, unfortunately, did not become a symbol of repentance, let alone reconciliation. For most, this procedure passed by consciousness. But, nevertheless, their burial was a real step towards the disappearance of the protracted uncertainty of the relationship between today's Russia and its past.

The drama of the Russian Tsar, in all likelihood, is more correctly viewed in the context of world history from the standpoint of its forward movement and the principles of humanism in relation to the human person. Three hundred years ago, the head rolled onto the chopping block English king, a hundred years later - French, and a hundred years later - Russian.

9. LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1.#"justify">. Alekseev V. The death of the royal family: myths and reality. (New documents about the tragedy in the Urals). Yekaterinburg, 1993.

The murder of the century: a selection of articles about the murder of the family of Nicholas II. New time. 1998

.#"justify">. Volkov A. Near the royal family. M., 1993.

.#"justify">.http://nnm.ru/blogs/wxyzz/dinastiya_romanovyh_sbornik_knig/

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The last more than 300 years of Russian autocracy (1613-1917) are historically associated with the Romanov dynasty, which gained a foothold on the Russian throne during the period known as the Time of Troubles. The appearance of a new dynasty on the throne is always a major political event and is often associated with a revolution or coup, that is, the forcible removal of the old dynasty. In Russia, the change of dynasties was caused by the suppression of the ruling branch of the Rurikids in the offspring of Ivan the Terrible. Problems of succession to the throne gave rise to a deep socio-political crisis, accompanied by the intervention of foreigners. Never in Russia have they changed so often supreme rulers each time bringing a new dynasty to the throne. Among the contenders for the throne were representatives from different social strata, there were also foreign candidates from among the "natural" dynasties. The descendants of the Rurikovichs (Vasily Shuisky, 1606-1610), then came from among the untitled boyars (Boris Godunov, 1598-1605), then impostors (False Dmitry I, 1605-1606; False Dmitry II, 1607-1610) became kings .). No one managed to gain a foothold on the Russian throne until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov was elected to the kingdom, and finally a new ruling dynasty was established in his person. Why did the historical choice fall on the Romanov family? Where did they come from and what did they look like by the time they came to power?
The genealogical past of the Romanovs was quite clearly represented already in the middle of the 16th century, when the rise of their family began. In accordance with the political tradition of that time, the genealogies contained the legend of the “departure”. Having become related to the Rurikovichs (see table), the boyar family of the Romanovs also borrowed the general direction of the legend: Rurik in the 14th “knee” was derived from the legendary Prussian, and the native “from the Prussian” was recognized as the ancestor of the Romanovs. The Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Yakovlevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins and others known in Russian history childbirth.
The original interpretation of the origin of all clans that have a legend about leaving “from the Prussians” (with a predominant interest in the ruling house of the Romanovs) was given in the 19th century. Petrov P.N., whose work has been reprinted in large numbers already today. (Petrov P.N. History of the birth of the Russian nobility. Vol. 1–2, St. Petersburg, - 1886. Reprinted: M. - 1991. - 420s. ; 318 p.). He considers the ancestors of these families to be Novgorodians who broke with their homeland for political reasons at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries. and went to the service of the Moscow prince. The assumption is based on the fact that in the Zagorodsky end of Novgorod there was a Prussian street, from which the road to Pskov began. Its inhabitants traditionally supported the opposition against the Novgorod aristocracy and were called "Prussians". “Why should we look for other people's Prussians? ...” - asks Petrov P.N., calling on “to dispel the darkness of fairy-tale fictions, which were still accepted as truth and who wanted to impose a non-Russian origin on the Romanov family at all costs.”

Table 1.

The genealogical roots of the Romanov family (XII - XIV centuries) are given in the interpretation of Petrov P.N. (Petrov P.N. History of the birth of Russian nobility. T. 1-2, - St. Petersburg, - 1886. Reprinted: M. - 1991. - 420s.; 318 p.).
1 Ratsha (Radsha, Christian name Stefan) is the legendary founder of many noble families Russia: Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Neplyuevs, Kobylins, etc. A native of the "Prussians", according to Petrov P. N. Novgorod, a servant of Vsevolod Olgovich, and maybe Mstislav the Great; according to another version of Serbian origin
2 Yakun (Christian name Mikhail), Novgorod mayor, died in monasticism with the name Mitrofan in 1206
3 Aleksa (Christian name Gorislav), in monasticism Varlaam St. Khutynsky, died in 1215 or 1243.
4 Gabriel, hero of the Battle of the Neva in 1240, died in 1241
5 Ivan is a Christian name, in the Pushkin family tree - Ivan Morkhinya. According to Petrov P.N. before baptism was called Gland Kambila Divonovich, moved "from the Prussians" in the 13th century, the generally accepted ancestor of the Romanovs .;
6 Petrov P.N. considers this Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose five sons became the founders of 17 families of the Russian nobility, including the Romanovs.
7 Grigory Aleksandrovich Pushka, the founder of the Pushkin family, is mentioned under 1380. From him the branch was called the Pushkins.
8 Anastasia Romanova - the first wife of Ivan IV, the mother of the last Tsar Rurikovich - Fedor Ivanovich, through her the genealogical relationship of the Rurik dynasties with the Romanovs and Pushkins is established.
9 Fedor Nikitich Romanov (born between 1554-1560, died 1663) from 1587 - boyar, from 1601 - tonsured a monk with the name Filaret, patriarch from 1619. Father of the first king of the new dynasty.
10 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the founder of a new dynasty, was elected to the kingdom in 1613 by the Zemsky Sobor. The Romanov dynasty occupied the Russian throne until the 1917 revolution.
11 Alexei Mikhailovich - Tsar (1645-1676).
12 Maria Alekseevna Pushkina married Osip (Abram) Petrovich Gannibal, their daughter Nadezhda Osipovna is the mother of the great Russian poet. Through it - the intersection of the Pushkin and Hannibal families.

Without discarding the traditionally recognized ancestor of the Romanovs in the person of Andrei Ivanovich, but developing the idea of the Novgorod origin of the “leaving the Prussians”, Petrov P.N. believes that Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla is the grandson of the Novgorodian Iakinf the Great and is related to the Ratsha family (Ratsha is a diminutive of Ratislav. (See Table 2).
In the annals, he is mentioned under 1146 among other Novgorodians on the side of Vsevolod Olgovich (son-in-law of Mstislav, the great Kyiv prince 1125-32). At the same time, Gland Kambila Divonovich, the traditional ancestor, “a native of the Prussian”, disappears from the scheme, and until the middle of the 12th century. the Novgorod roots of Andrei Kobyla are traced, who, as mentioned above, is considered the first documented ancestor of the Romanovs.
The formation of the reigning from the beginning of the XVII century. genus and the allocation of the ruling branch is presented in the form of a chain of Kobylina - Koshkina - Zakharyina - Yurievs - Romanovs (see Table 3), reflecting the transformation of a family nickname into a surname. The rise of the clan dates back to the second third of the 16th century. and is connected with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin - Anastasia. (See Table 4. At that time, it was the only non-titled surname that remained in the forefront of the old Moscow boyars in the stream of new titled servants who flooded to to the sovereign's court in the second half of the 15th century. - the beginning of the XVI century. (princes Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Mstislavsky, Trubetskoy).
The ancestor of the Romanov branch was the third son of Roman Yuryevich Zakharin - Nikita Romanovich (d. 1586), the brother of Empress Anastasia. His descendants were already called Romanovs. Nikita Romanovich - a Moscow boyar since 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and diplomatic negotiations, after the death of Ivan IV, headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). One of the few Moscow boyars of the 16th century who left a good memory among the people: name preserved folk epic depicting him as a good-natured mediator between the people and the formidable Tsar Ivan.
Of the six sons of Nikita Romanovich, the eldest stood out especially - Fedor Nikitich (later - Patriarch Filaret, the unspoken co-ruler of the first Russian tsar of the Romanov family) and Ivan Nikitich, who was part of the Seven Boyars. The popularity of the Romanovs, acquired by their personal qualities, increased from the persecution they were subjected to by Boris Godunov, who saw in them potential rivals in the struggle for the royal throne.

Table 2 and 3.

Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov. Rise to power of a new dynasty

In October 1612, as a result of the successful actions of the second militia under the command of Prince Pozharsky and the merchant Minin, Moscow was liberated from the Poles. The Provisional Government was created and elections to the Zemsky Sobor were announced, the convocation of which was planned for the beginning of 1613. There was one, but extremely painful issue on the agenda - the election of a new dynasty. They unanimously decided not to choose from foreign royal houses, and there was no unity regarding domestic candidates. Among the noble candidates for the throne (princes Golitsyn, Mstislavsky, Pozharsky, Trubetskoy) was 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov from an old boyar, but untitled family. By himself, he had little chance of winning, but the interests of the nobility and the Cossacks, who played a certain role during the Time of Troubles, converged on his candidacy. The boyars hoped for his inexperience and expected to maintain their political positions, which had strengthened during the years of the Seven Boyars. The political past of the Romanov family was also at hand, as mentioned above. They wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient. Agitation was actively conducted among the people in favor of Michael, which also played an important role in his approval on the throne. The final decision was made on February 21, 1613. Michael was chosen by the Council, approved by "the whole earth." The outcome of the case was decided by a note by an unknown ataman, who stated that Mikhail Romanov was the closest relative to the former dynasty and could be considered a “natural” Russian tsar.
Thus, autocracy of a legitimate nature (by birthright) was restored in his face. The possibilities of alternative political development of Russia, laid down during the Time of Troubles, or rather, in the then formed tradition of electiveness (and hence the replacement) of monarchs, were lost.
Behind Tsar Mikhail for 14 years stood his father, Fyodor Nikitich, better known as Filaret, Patriarch of the Russian Church (officially since 1619). The case is unique not only in Russian history: the son occupies the highest state post, the father - the highest church. This is hardly a coincidence. Reflections on the role of the Romanov clan during the Time of Troubles are suggested by some Interesting Facts. For example, it is known that Grigory Otrepiev, who appeared on the Russian throne under the name of False Dmitry I, was a servant of the Romanovs before being exiled to the monastery, and he, having become a self-proclaimed tsar, returned Filaret from exile, elevated him to the rank of metropolitan. False Dmitry II, in whose Tushino headquarters Filaret was, made him a patriarch. But be that as it may, in early XVII in. a new dynasty was established in Russia, with which the state functioned for more than three hundred years, experiencing ups and downs.

Tables 4 and 5.

Dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, their role in Russian history

During the XVIII century. Genealogical ties between the Romanov dynasty and other dynasties were intensively established, which expanded to such an extent that, figuratively speaking, the Romanovs themselves were dissolved in them. These ties were formed mainly through the system of dynastic marriages that had become established in Russia since the time of Peter I (see Tables 7-9). The tradition of equal marriages in the context of dynastic crises, so characteristic of Russia in the 20-60s of the 18th century, led to the transfer of the Russian throne into the hands of another dynasty, whose representative acted on behalf of the vanished Romanov dynasty (in male offspring - after his death in 1730 Mr. Peter II).
During the XVIII century. the transition from one dynasty to another was carried out both along the line of Ivan V - to representatives of the Mecklenburg and Brunswick dynasties (see Table 6), and along the line of Peter I - to members of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty (see Table 6), whose descendants occupied Russian throne on behalf of the Romanovs Peter III to Nicholas II (see Table 5). The Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, in turn, was a younger branch of the Danish Oldenburg dynasty. In the 19th century the tradition of dynastic marriages continued, genealogical ties multiplied (see Table 9), giving rise to the desire to “hide” the foreign roots of the first Romanovs, so traditional for the Russian centralized state and burdensome for the second half of the XVIII - XIX centuries. The political need to emphasize the Slavic roots of the ruling dynasty was reflected in the interpretation of Petrov P.N.

Table 6

Table 7

Ivan V was on the Russian throne for 14 years (1682-96) together with Peter I (1682-1726), initially under the regency of his older sister Sophia (1682-89). He did not take an active part in governing the country, had no male descendants, his two daughters (Anna and Ekaterina) were married, based on the state interests of Russia at the beginning of the 18th century (see Table 6). In the conditions of the dynastic crisis of 1730, when the male offspring of the line of Peter I was cut short, the descendants of Ivan V established themselves on the Russian throne: daughter - Anna Ioannovna (1730-40), great-grandson Ivan VI (1740-41) under the regency of mother Anna Leopoldovna , in the person of which representatives of the Brunswick dynasty actually ended up on the Russian throne. The coup of 1741 returned the throne to the descendants of Peter I. However, having no direct heirs, Elizaveta Petrovna transferred the Russian throne to her nephew Peter III, who belonged to the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty by his father. The Oldenburg dynasty (through the Holstein-Gottorp branch) is connected with the Romanov dynasty in the person of Peter III and his descendants.

Table 8

1 Peter II is the grandson of Peter I, the last male representative of the Romanov family (by his mother, a representative of the Blankenburg-Wolfenbüttel dynasty).

2 Paul I and his descendants, who ruled Russia until 1917, from the point of view of origin, did not belong to the Romanov family (Paul I was a representative of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasties on his father, and Anhalt-Zerbt dynasties on his mother).

Table 9

1 Paul I had seven children, of which: Anna - the wife of Prince Wilhelm, later King of the Netherlands (1840-49); Catherine - since 1809 the wife of the prince
George of Oldenburg, since 1816 married to Prince Wilhelm of Württemburg, who later became king; Alexandra - the first marriage with Gustav IV, the Swedish king (until 1796), the second marriage - since 1799 with Archduke Joseph, the Hungarian stole.
2 Daughters of Nicholas I: Maria - since 1839 the wife of Maximilian, Duke of Leitenberg; Olga - since 1846 the wife of the Württemberg Crown Prince, then - King Charles I.
3 Other children of Alexander II: Maria - since 1874 married to Alfred Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, later Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; Sergei - married to Elizabeth Feodorovna, daughter of the Duke of Hesse; Pavel - since 1889 married to the Greek Queen Alexandra Georgievna.

On February 27, 1917, a revolution took place in Russia, during which the autocracy was overthrown. On March 3, 1917, the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II, in a military trailer near Mogilev, where the Headquarters was located at that time, signed his abdication. This ended the history of monarchical Russia, which on September 1, 1917 was declared a republic. The family of the deposed emperor was arrested and deported to Yekaterinburg, and in the summer of 1918, when there was a threat of the capture of the city by the army of A.V. Kolchak, they were shot by order of the Bolsheviks. Together with the emperor, his heir, the minor son Alexei, was liquidated. The younger brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, the heir of the second circle, in whose favor Nicholas II abdicated the throne, was killed a few days earlier near Perm. This is where the story of the Romanov family should end. However, excluding all legends and versions, it can be reliably said that this family has not died out. Survived lateral, in relation to the last emperors, branch - the descendants of Alexander II (see table 9, continued). Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich (1876-1938) was next in line to the throne after Mikhail Alexandrovich, the younger brother of the last emperor. In 1922, after the completion civil war in Russia and the final confirmation of information about the death of the entire imperial family, Kirill Vladimirovich declared himself Guardian of the Throne, and in 1924 took the title of Emperor of All Russia, Head of the Russian Imperial House Abroad. His seven-year-old son Vladimir Kirillovich was proclaimed heir to the throne with the title Grand Duke Heir Tsesarevich. He succeeded his father in 1938 and was Head of the Russian Imperial House Abroad until his death in 1992 (see Table 9, continued.) He was buried on May 29, 1992 under the vaults of the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg. His daughter Maria Vladimirovna became the head of the Russian Imperial House (abroad).

Milevich S.V. - Toolkit for a course in genealogy. Odessa, 2000.

For more than 300 years, the Romanov dynasty was in power in Russia. There are several versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one of them, the Romanovs come from Novgorod. The family tradition says that the origins of the family should be sought in Prussia, from where the ancestors of the Romanovs moved to Russia in early XIV century. The first reliably established ancestor of the family was the Moscow boyar Ivan Kobyla.

The beginning of the ruling dynasty of the Romanovs was laid by the great-nephew of the wife of Ivan the Terrible, Mikhail Fedorovich. He was elected to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, after the suppression of the Moscow branch of the Rurikovich.

Since the 18th century, the Romanovs have ceased to call themselves tsars. On November 2, 1721, Peter I was declared Emperor of All Russia. He became the first emperor in the dynasty.

The reign of the dynasty ended in 1917, when Emperor Nicholas II abdicated as a result of the February Revolution from the throne. In July 1918, he was shot by the Bolsheviks along with his family (including five children) and close associates in Tobolsk.

Numerous descendants of the Romanovs now live abroad. However, none of them, from the point of view of the Russian law on succession to the throne, has the right to the Russian throne.

Below is a chronology of the reign of the Romanov family with the dating of the reign.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Reign: 1613-1645

He laid the foundation for a new dynasty, being elected at the age of 16 to reign by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613. Belonged to an ancient boyar family. He restored the functioning of the economy and trade in the country, which he inherited in a deplorable state after the Time of Troubles. Concluded "perpetual peace" with Sweden (1617). At the same time, he lost access to the Baltic Sea, but returned the vast Russian territories previously conquered by Sweden. He concluded an "eternal peace" with Poland (1618), while losing Smolensk and Seversk land. Attached land along the Yaik, Baikal, Yakutia, access to the Pacific Ocean.

Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov (Quiet). Reign: 1645-1676

He ascended the throne at the age of 16. He was a gentle, good-natured and very religious person. He continued the reform of the army started by his father. At the same time, he attracted a large number of foreign military specialists who were left idle after the end of the Thirty Years' War. Under him, Nikon's church reform was carried out, which affected the main church rites and books. Returned Smolensk and Seversk land. Annexed Ukraine to Russia (1654). Suppressed the uprising of Stepan Razin (1667-1671)

Fedor Alekseevich Romanov. Reign: 1676-1682

The short reign of the extremely painful king was marked by a war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate and the further conclusion of the Treaty of Bakhchisarai (1681), according to which Turkey recognized Left-Bank Ukraine and Kyiv as Russia. A general census was carried out (1678). The fight against the Old Believers received a new round - Archpriest Avvakum was burned. He died at the age of twenty.

Peter I Alekseevich Romanov (the Great). Reigned: 1682-1725 (ruled independently from 1689)

The previous tsar (Fyodor Alekseevich) died without making an order regarding the succession to the throne. As a result, two tsars were crowned on the throne at the same time - the young brothers of Fyodor Alekseevich Ivan and Peter under the regency of their elder sister Sofya Alekseevna (until 1689 - Sophia's regency, until 1696 - formal co-rule with Ivan V). Since 1721, the first Emperor of All Russia.

He was an ardent supporter of the Western way of life. For all its ambiguity, it is recognized by both adherents and critics as the "Great Sovereign".

His bright reign was marked by the Azov campaigns (1695 and 1696) against the Turks, which resulted in the capture of the Azov fortress. The result of the campaigns was, among other things, the king's awareness of the need to reform the army. The old army was disbanded - the army began to be created according to a new model. From 1700 to 1721 - participation in the most difficult with Sweden, the result of which was the defeat of the hitherto invincible Charles XII and Russia's access to the Baltic Sea.

In 1722-1724, the largest foreign policy event of Peter the Great after Northern war- The Caspian (Persian) campaign, which ended with the capture of Derbent, Baku and other cities by Russia.

During his reign, Peter founded St. Petersburg (1703), established the Senate (1711) and Colleges (1718), introduced the "Table of Ranks" (1722).

Catherine I. Years of reign: 1725-1727

The second wife of Peter I. A former maid named Marta Kruse, who was taken into captivity during the Great Northern War. Nationality not known. She was the mistress of Field Marshal Sheremetev. Later, Prince Menshikov took her to him. In 1703, Peter liked her, who made her his mistress, and later his wife. She was baptized into Orthodoxy, changing her name to Ekaterina Alekseevna Mikhailova.

Under her, the Supreme Privy Council was created (1726) and an alliance was concluded with Austria (1726).

Peter II Alekseevich Romanov. Years of government: 1727-1730

Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei. The last representative of the Romanov family in a direct male line. He ascended the throne at the age of 11. He died at the age of 14 from smallpox. In fact, the administration of the state was carried out by the Supreme Privy Council. According to contemporaries, the young emperor was distinguished by waywardness and adored entertainment. It was entertainment, fun and hunting that the young emperor devoted all his time to. Under him, Menshikov was overthrown (1727), and the capital was returned to Moscow (1728).

Anna Ioannovna Romanova. Years of government: 1730-1740

Daughter of Ivan V, granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich. She was invited in 1730 to the Russian throne by the Supreme Privy Council, which she later successfully dissolved. Instead of the Supreme Council, a cabinet of ministers was created (1730). The capital was returned to St. Petersburg (1732). 1735-1739 were marked by the Russian-Turkish war, which ended with a peace treaty in Belgrade. Under the terms of the Russian treaty, Azov was ceded to Russia, but it was forbidden to have a fleet on the Black Sea. The years of her reign are characterized in literature as "the era of the dominance of the Germans at court", or as "Bironism" (by the name of her favorite).

Ivan VI Antonovich Romanov. Years of government: 1740-1741

Great-grandson of Ivan V. Was proclaimed emperor at the age of two months. The baby was proclaimed emperor under the regency of the Duke of Courland Biron, but two weeks later the guards removed the duke from power. The emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna, became the new regent. At the age of two he was overthrown. His short reign was subject to a law condemning the name - they were withdrawn from circulation, all his portraits were destroyed, all documents containing the name of the emperor were withdrawn (or destroyed). Until the age of 23, he spent in solitary confinement, where (already half-mad) he was stabbed to death by guards.

Elizabeth I Petrovna Romanova. Years of government: 1741-1761

Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. During her reign, the death penalty was abolished for the first time in Russia. A university was opened in Moscow (1755). In 1756-1762. Russia took part in the largest military conflict of the XVIII century - seven years war. As a result of hostilities, Russian troops captured the entire East Prussia and even briefly took Berlin. However, the short death of the Empress and the coming to power of the pro-Prussian-minded Peter III nullified all military achievements - the conquered lands were returned to Prussia, and peace was concluded.

Peter III Fedorovich Romanov. Years of government: 1761-1762

Nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna, grandson of Peter I - son of his daughter Anna. Reigned 186 days. A lover of everything Prussian, he stopped the war with Sweden immediately after coming to power on extremely unfavorable terms for Russia. I spoke Russian with difficulty. During his reign, a manifesto "On the Liberty of the Nobility", an alliance of Prussia and Russia, a decree on freedom of religion (all -1762) was issued. He stopped the persecution of the Old Believers. He was overthrown by his wife and died a week later (according to the official version - from a fever).

Already during the reign of Catherine II, the leader peasant war Emelyan Pugachev in 1773 pretended to be the "miracle of the saved" Peter III.

Catherine II Alekseevna Romanova (the Great). Years of government: 1762-1796

Wife of Peter III. She enslaved the peasants to the maximum, expanding the powers of the nobility. Significantly expanded the territory of the Empire during the Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1791) and the partition of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795). The Board was marked by the largest peasant uprising Emelyan Pugacheva, posing as Peter III (1773-1775). A provincial reform was carried out (1775).

Pavel I Petrovich Romanov: 1796-1801

Son of Catherine II and Peter III, 72nd Grand Master of the Order of Malta. He ascended the throne at the age of 42. Introduced compulsory succession to the throne only through the male line (1797). Significantly eased the situation of the peasants (decree on a three-day corvee, a ban on selling serfs without land (1797)). From foreign policy, the war with France (1798-1799) and the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov (1799) are worthy of mention. Killed by the guards (not without the knowledge of Alexander's son) in his own bedroom (strangled). Official version- stroke.

Alexander I Pavlovich Romanov. Years of government: 1801-1825

Son of Paul I. In the reign of Paul I, Russia defeated the French troops during Patriotic War 1812. The result of the war was a new European order, enshrined in the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815. During numerous wars, he significantly expanded the territory of Russia - he annexed Eastern and Western Georgia, Mingrelia, Imeretia, Guria, Finland, Bessarabia, and most of Poland. He died suddenly in 1825 in Taganrog from a fever. For a long time there was a legend among the people that the emperor, tormented by conscience for the death of his father, did not die, but continued his life under the name of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich.

Nicholas I Pavlovich Romanov. Years of government: 1825-1855

The third son of Paul I. The beginning of the reign was marked by the Decembrist uprising of 1825. The "Code of Laws of the Russian Empire" (1833) was created, a monetary reform was carried out, and a reform in the state village. The Crimean War (1853-1856) was started, until the devastating end of which the emperor did not live. In addition, Russia participated in Caucasian war(1817-1864), Russian-Persian War (1826-1828), Russian-Turkish War (1828-1829), Crimean War (1853-1856).

Alexander II Nikolaevich Romanov (Liberator). Years of government: 1855-1881

The son of Nicholas I. During his reign, the Crimean War was ended by the Paris Peace Treaty, humiliating for Russia (1856). In 1861 serfdom was abolished. Zemstvo and judicial reforms were carried out in 1864. Alaska was sold to the USA (1867). The financial system, education, city self-government, and the army were reformed. In 1870, the restrictive articles of the Peace of Paris were repealed. As a result Russian-Turkish war 1877–1878 returned to Russia Bessarabia, lost during Crimean War. He died as a result of a terrorist act committed by the People's Will.

Alexander III Alexandrovich Romanov (Tsar-Peacemaker). Years of government: 1881-1894

Son of Alexander II. During his reign, Russia did not wage a single war. His reign is characterized as conservative and counter-reform. A manifesto was adopted on the inviolability of autocracy, the Regulations on the strengthening of emergency protection (1881). He pursued an active policy of Russification of the outskirts of the empire. A military-political Franco-Russian alliance with France was concluded, which laid the foundation for the foreign policy of the two states until 1917. This union preceded the creation of the triple Entente.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov. Years of government: 1894-1917

Son of Alexander III. The last Emperor of All Russia. A difficult and ambiguous period for Russia, accompanied by serious upheavals for the empire. Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) turned around for the country severe defeat and the almost complete destruction of the Russian fleet. The defeat in the war was followed by the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907. In 1914 Russia entered the First World War (1914-1918). The emperor was not destined to live until the end of the war - in 1917 he abdicated as a result, and in 1918 he was shot with his whole family by the Bolsheviks.

The origin of the family and surname of the Romanovs

The history of the Romanov family has been documented since the middle of the 14th century, from the boyar of the Grand Duke of Moscow Simeon Gordoy - Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who, like many boyars in the medieval Moscow state, played a significant role in government.

Kobyla had five sons, the youngest of whom, Fedor Andreevich, bore the nickname "Cat".

The descendants of Fyodor Koshka occupied a strong position at the Moscow court and often became related to members of the Rurik dynasty then ruling in Russia.

In 1598, the Rurik dynasty ceased to exist - the last of the dynasty, Tsar Fedor Ivanovich, died without descendants. After many years of Troubles, in 1613 the Zemsky Sobor was convened to elect a new tsar.

They elected Mikhail Romanov, who became the founder of a new dynasty that ruled Russia for three centuries - until March 1917.

From Mikhail Romanov in 1645, the throne passed to his son, Alexei Mikhailovich, who was the father of sixteen children. Thirteen of them were born by his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, three by his second wife, Natalia Naryshkina.

Since the subsequent narrative cannot do without a number of details that are necessary in order to make it clear when and why the Romanov dynasty embarked on the path of concluding many marriage alliances with German ruling houses, the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich will already be covered taking into account this circumstance.

The key moment in the history associated with many subsequent events is the second marriage of Alexei Mikhailovich to Natalya Naryshkina. And that's where we'll start the next chapter.

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Appendix 3. Genealogical tree of the genus