Institute of social organization of the upper strata of the ruling class.
It included Duma ranks, palace ranks, Moscow ranks and elected from cities.
The official hierarchy of the Sovereign's court was guaranteed by localism. The rank was equal to the salary
The palace ranks of the Sovereign's court had state assignments, in addition to the usual for the courts of the nobility, the management of some branch of the master's economy.
State and palace administration had not yet completely differentiated. When appointed to a palace position, the main thing was the personal trust of the prince.
The names of the ranks coincided with the usual names of the assignments of servants - ministerials. But the scale of their activities is incomparably wider, because the patrimony of their master is the whole country.
For example, consider only a few of the highest palace ranks.
equestrian(French marshal). He is in charge of the palace herds, the organization of the noble cavalry. Commands the cavalry in the absence of the prince. Participates in diplomatic and military activities. In fact, the head of government. In the absence of the Grand Duke's heirs - the main contender for the throne. The last groom was M.F. Naked.
The Butler. He is in charge of all the palace volosts (exchange, distribution, land surveying, court). Controls feeders. Serves the emperor at the table. From the untitled Moscow boyars in the 15th century, from the titled ones - later.
Treasurer. Keeper of valuables and archive. In European terms, chancellor. The head of not only financial, but also diplomatic departments. closest adviser for state affairs. Along with the butler, he controls the feeders, but outside the palace parishes.
Gunsmith. Managed the armory. Not lower than okolnichy. Very often this position was occupied by service princes.
Bedding= (follower). He was in charge of the sovereign's bed and personal treasury, kept the personal office of the prince, ceremonial vestments, jewelry. closest servant. He followed the sewing of the prince's clothes and its storage (not only from moths, but also from the evil eye). He slept with the sovereign in the same room, went to the bathhouse (a bench under his feet, etc.), accompanied him in solemn services, and took care of him. Godunov began with bedding. He was appointed military commander (army-infantry). City militia - spearmen, archers, squeakers. Usually, not from the well-born, personal trust is more important. Solicitors and sleeping bags obeyed him.
The higher ranks also included those whose ministerial duties were not expanded by state duties - the hunter, falconer, kravchiy, key keeper, stoker.
Moscow ranks mainly associated with the army. This is the garrison of the capital - residents. From nobles. The lower palace positions were equated to them:
Stolniki. In addition to serving at the table, they were part of the prince's inner circle. Accompanied on trips, could be governors and ambassadors. Of the young men - stewards - ceremonial bells;
Solicitors - were in charge of grain and fodder yards. They occupied command positions in the war (centuries). Camping bells (squire - bodyguard).
Elected from the cities - non-Moscow nobles who are delegated to the capital to strengthen the army. They should have been well provided for and trained in military affairs. Elite of the noble cavalry.
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Socio-economic development of Russian lands in the xiv - xvi centuries
1. Changes in land ownership and the social composition of the population. 2. State of agriculture. 3. Development of cities. 4. The state of the craft and trades
16th century
Three fields Development of the steppe zone → plow, oxen. Since the main costs of the peasant's labor were absorbed by field cultivation, horticulture was less developed. → it spread
16th century
The growth of cities in breadth, the construction of new ones on new borders (service cities). In the composition of the urban population, the share of all categories of artisans was up to 25%. Some cities
Trade
Trade routes are dangerous. (Robbers, ushkuyniki. Protection of trade caravans). Internal customs. Trade is organized in cities, where tamga is collected - a sales tax. Even in sa
16th century
Expansion of the scale of trade. Shops and living yards in cities. Rural stalls. The main goods of large-scale domestic trade are bread, salt, and fish. From internal to
External
1) The constant need to organize a rebuff to the Tatar raids and the desire to get rid of the tribute to the Horde. Golden Horde in the 14th century still a single, strong state with huge mobilization
The policy of the Moscow principality at the end of the 13th - beginning of the 15th centuries
1. Moscow principality at the end of the XIII - the first quarter of the XIV centuries. 2. The rise of Moscow in the XIV - early XV centuries. 1. Moscow principality at the end of XIII
Ivan Danilovich Kalita (1325 - 1340)
By the time of accession to the Moscow throne, he already had experience in managing the Moscow principality during his brother's long absences. Naturally continued his policy. Even during the life of his brother, he managed to kill
Forms of subordination of junior princes
1. Personal service of the specific prince to the great under the contract. The specific prince was obliged to serve without disobedience, and the great - to reward according to the service. Such a service obligation is in no way connected
Feudal war of the second quarter of the xv
1. Causes of the feudal war. 2. Development of events. 3. Consequences of the feudal war. 1. Causes of the feudal war. 1425) 1430 - 1453 - feudal war
Great reign of D. Shemyaki
After the capture of Vasily II, Dmitry Shemyaka became the Grand Duke, as the eldest in the Kalita family. The question of the great reign of the five-year-old Ivan Vasilyevich did not arise. Hoping to get jarls
Completion of the creation of a unified Russian state in the second half of the 15th - first half of the 16th centuries
1. The struggle with the inheritances within the Grand Duchy of Moscow. 2. Accession to Moscow of the territories of other principalities. 3. Folding the apparatus of governance of a single Russian state.
Princess Maria
Rostov. In 1474 - to Moscow. + Mikhail Andreevich is the cousin of Vasily the Dark. Vereya After the death of Mikhail Andreevich in 1485, his youngest son S.
Stages of the struggle for Novgorod
1. 1471 Ivan III declared the Novgorodians traitors and gathered an army, concluding an alliance with Tver. Battle on the Shelon River. The viceroy left for Kyiv with a retinue. Prince of Lithuania
Results of the unification process
The association is purely territorial. But the area of Moscow possessions under Vasily III was equal to five France. New borders came to the frontiers with dangerous opponents - Livonian Order, Lithuania
Organization of legal proceedings
The court of the Grand Duke is the highest authority. There is also a court of boyars and courtiers and a court of governors and volosts (the former principality = county, the county was divided into volosts). Court fees did not go to the prince, but to him
Regulation of possession by dependent population
A single term for the transition of peasants was introduced - a week before and a week after St. George's Day. + payment of the elderly, if he lived 4 years or more, if less - the share of the elderly. The interests of the southern feudal lords were taken into account.
Foreign policy of Moscow in the 14th - the first half of the 16th centuries
1. Relations with the Golden Horde, and the Tatar khanates. 2. Relations with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. 3. Relations with European states. 1. Relationships
Significance of the events of 1480
1. The payment of tribute to the Tatars was finally stopped. This is the last invasion of nomads with the aim of enslaving the Russian lands, then there will be only Tatar raids. 2. Strengthened the authority of the grand dukes
Kingdom of Hungary
1482 - 1489 - an agreement between Moscow and Hungary was in force against the Lithuanian prince Casimir. In reality, the Hungarians did not conduct any actions against the Lithuanian troops. Relations have cooled.
State reforms of the mid-16th century
1. Country during the boyar rule. 2. Search for social support for reforms (the Elected Rada, Zemsky Sobors). 3. Judicial reform. Sudebnik of 1550.
Spiritual
Elena - a widow's lot and to a distant monastery, reigning - to her eldest son. Guardians - a seven-member commission from the Boyar Duma. 1) headed by the brother of Vasily 3 Andrey Ivanovich Staritsky;
Beginning of the political crisis
Reason: with an incapacitated monarch, the power system of the Grand Duke of Moscow could not function. There is no one to represent the state in foreign policy, to control the loyalty of the nobility
Sudebnik of 1550
Reasons: - the need to reorganize the judicial apparatus; - bringing legal norms in line with the strengthening of the state; - bringing legal
Orders with financial functions
1. Large parish (former Treasury), or order of the large treasury, or state yard, or state parish. (1553). Trial of government artisans. Collection of military taxes and payment of monetary salaries
Territorial orders
Kazan Palace (1570) or Order of the Kazan Palace, or Meshchersky Palace. Management of the Kazan and Astrakhan lands, and then Siberia. All matters of judicial, military, administrative
The reasons
1. Low combat capability of local cavalry. 2. The impossibility of its use for domestic political purposes. 3. The need to create a regular (i.e. constantly combat-ready) troops
Sosh writing reform
A serving plow is 800 quarters of good land, and a black plow is 500. Submit 20 rubles from a plow. Yamsky money 10 rubles from a plow. + new taxes. 1) food money - households
Significance of reforms
Contributed to the strengthening of autocracy. Created the foundations of the state apparatus centralized state. Contributed to a change in the balance of power within the class of feudal lords
The domestic policy of Ivan the Terrible in 1560 - 1584
1. Oprichnina. 2. Politics of 1573 - 1584. 1. Oprichnina Oprichnina was a sharp change in domestic policy from re
Reasons for the oprichnina
The inability to fully implement the reforms, especially the military one, due to the lack of land for distribution. The political jealousy of the tsar for his inner circle as a hindrance to his autocracy.
Oprichnina preparation
In 1560, Empress Anastasia died and the collapse of the elected Rada began. Adashev fell into disgrace. Sylvester was sent to the Cyril Monastery to the north. In 1561 Ivan 4 married Maria Temryuk
The consequences of the oprichnina
1. Political: 1) Stabilization of the regime of the personal power of the king with the strengthening of despotism. 2) Limitation of the competence of the Boyar Duma in internal management. 3) Growth watered
In the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries
1. Changes in land ownership and the situation of the dependent population. Formation of serfdom. 2. Agriculture 3. Craft. 4. Trade. &nbs
Monastic land tenure
The monasteries owned villages, villages, city courtyards, settlements, fishing, salt pans. The monastic economy was more stable than the secular one, it was more involved in commodity-den
The situation of the dependent population
In the center of the country in the 16th century, peasant households and plots began to be divided into frilled and corvée. This is more effective than the processing of the lord's arable land with the "drive". Bobyl corvee and resettlement appeared
Serfdom
The uncontrolled transfer of the tax-paying population complicated the collection of taxes, made the distribution of small estates meaningless, and undermined the foundations of the barely emerging corvée system. Since the material
Typography
The strong desolation of cities in the 80s led to a reduction in handicraft production. But this desolation was less than in agriculture and was easier to overcome in the 1990s. Generally not
Domestic policy during the reign of Fyodor Ioanovich and Boris Godanov
1. Struggle for power. 2. Social policy. 3. Creation of the Moscow Patriarchate. 1. Struggle for power March 8, 1584 Ivan died
Fight at the throne
After the death of Ivan IV, two courts remained - the Sovereigns and the heir. Sovereign court: Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky (Gedeminovich-Olgerdovich, son of a cousin
Interregnum
The decision on the Zemsky Sobor on the initiative of the Patriarch, the Boyar Duma. Candidates - Prince of the Blood Shuisky. Gedeminovichi Belsky and Mstislavsky. Fyodor Romanov. About Goduno
Reorganization of the supreme authorities
Fedor - revision of the treasury, inspection of orders, inspection of books of annual income. Revival of the influence of the Boyar Duma. Partial return of feedings. Shuisky received Pskov in feeding
Consolidation of the taxable population
1597 - five-year fixed years - bonded serfs remain in serfs until the death of the owner - "voluntary" serfs in six months turned into serfs
Caring for the Poor
The distribution of commemoration by Fyodor for all deceased relatives, sending the canvas to a "poor house" for the burial of the homeless. Godunov, having ascended the throne, promised that there would be no beggars in the kingdom. Organizations
Concessions to combat slaves
In 603, a decree on the immediate release of all serfs deprived of food by their masters. All measures social policy did not create a long-term and lasting support for the throne.
The foreign policy of the Russian state in the second half of the sixteenth century
1. Accession of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. 2. The beginning of the annexation of Siberia. 3. Politics in the Caucasus. 4. Defense from the Crimean Khanate. 5. L
Preliminary stage of the struggle for Kazan
1545 - Russian campaign - a show of force. It was possible to provoke a speech in Kazan by a pro-Moscow group of nobility and the expulsion of Safa Giray. A protege became Khan for several months
The value of the accession of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates
1. Security was provided from the east to the old arable lands, the center and the newly developed southern territories. 2. A reserve of land was received for distribution to the nobles for service. 3. Provided without
Russian diplomatic miscalculation
They defeated Sweden in 1554-57, and considered that it was weakened. They decided that the union of Sweden and Denmark is impossible. It was decided that Lithuania would be neutral, since in 1556 a truce
Relations with Western Europe after the Livonian War
1586 - S. Batory died and Fyodor Ioanovich claimed the Polish throne. Lost to the Swedish prince Sigismund. 1590 - 1595 - war with Sweden. Tsar Fedor with the queen were in Novgorod
Russia in troubled times 1604 - 1612
1. Reasons civil war at the beginning of the seventeenth century. 2. Fight for the throne. 3. Movement of social protest. 4. Patriotic movement. 5. The results of the civil war.
The reasons
Political: 1. Dynastic crisis. 2. In the struggle for power, the factions of the nobility ignore the national interests. 3. Temporary weakness of the state, loss and
The election of the king
Applicants: - Fedor Mstislavsky (Olgerdovich) (compromising evidence - Seven Boyars); - Vasily Golitsyn (Gedeminovich) (ambassador in Smolensk, already in captivity); - Dmitry Trubetskoy (
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 13th-16th centuries
1. Features of political development. 2. Features of socio-economic development. 1. STAGES OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT. EDUCATION STATE
Strengthening the state
In 1315-1341, Gedemin became the Grand Duke of Lithuania. The sources are conflicting. He is considered the founder of a new dynasty, but it is difficult to understand how he is connected with previous rulers. Versions
Weakening of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Jagiello failed to stabilize the situation that arose after the death of Vytautas. He put Svidrigailo Olgerdovich on the throne. On his side are opponents of the Polish order. Prepare for war with
Social composition
F e o d a l s. Developed system of vassalage. Magnates (lords). Aristocrats. They had the right to build castles and cities on their lands. But not all owners of their estates. often had
Golden Horde
1. State structure. 2. Socio-economic development in the XIII-XIV centuries. 3. The collapse of the Golden Horde. 1. STATE
Formation of the Golden Horde
The term "Golden Horde" was originally applied to the Horde of Genghis Khan himself, and only later was rethought after his death as one of the names of the Ulus of Jochi, actually founded by the son of Joch
Socio-economic development of the XIII-XIV centuries
The Kypchaks stood for a little more high level culture than the Mongols, so the order of nomadic pastoralism was the same. The entire population was considered to belong to the house of Jochi, headed by the khan.
Political history
1237-1256 - Batu. A pagan, but there are many Muslim merchants in the advisers. → skillful organization of the collection of taxes of all kinds. 1257 - 1266 - Berke. Golden Oh
M.A. Tsvetkova, 2005
WAYS OF FORMING THE STATE'S COURT
M.A. Tsvetkova
The Boyar Duma and the Sovereign's Court were the most important institutions of Muscovite Russia in the 15th-17th centuries. Their study is devoted to an extensive scientific literature, but first of all, the Boyar Duma was studied. Much less attention was paid to the Sovereign's Court2.
The Sovereign Court was a special military-political and military-administrative association of service people, which played a crucial role in the life of the Russian states XV-XVII centuries. Its origin began in a period of fragmentation and was associated with the peculiarities of the boyar service in Northeast Russia. The court carried out the functions of the state apparatus of power. The central governing body of the Russian state - the Boyar Duma was the upper house of the Sovereign's court.
The boyars were the highest stratum of the sovereign's court and played a huge role in political life countries. Reconstruction of the composition of the Duma people is a difficult task, since the sources were preserved in an incomplete volume and often contradicted each other3.
The main set of sources on the history of the Sovereign's Court is made up of bits and genealogical materials of official origin. Early court documents have not been preserved. But their loss can be made up for with the help of the Dvorovaya Notebook, where almost all the people who were part of the 50-60s were represented. 16th century to the Sovereign Court and the Boyar Duma. The difficulty lies in the fact that the princely lists from the Dvorovaya notebook have come down to us in a faulty form. The Thousand Book of 1550 and court documents help to reconstruct the original text.
Among the records that have come down to us, the Rank of 1495 deserves special attention. The researchers who worked with him did not pay attention to the fact that this Category included, along with other records, lists of princes. Comparison of these lists with court documents of the 16th century. reveals the identity of surnames and, no less important, a stable time [email protected] dock of their location. This observation gives
reason to assume that the Rank of 1495 is an early court document, and allows you to get an idea of initial stage formation of the sovereign's court. Having reconstructed the Rank of 1495, it is possible to establish which princely families were represented there.
[Princes of Starodubsky]
Book. Ivan Likhach yes Yuri yes Boris Ramoda-noes,
Ivan Obrazets and Andrey Pestrukha, Prince Fedorov's children of Motley,
Alyoshka and Fedor and Semyon Priimysh Krivoborsky,
Book. Ivan Starodubsky Black,
Vasily Kover Starodubsky.
\Klyazya Rostov]
Book. Andrey Ivanovich Rostovsky Khokholek, his children Yushko and Alexander,
Book. Alexander Volodimerovich Rostovsky, Prince. Vasily yes Prince. Semyon prince Ivanov children of Yanov-Rostov.
[Princes of Yaroslavl] Konstantin Prince Semenov, son of Rama-novich,
Book. Konstantin Ushatoy,
Book. Andrey prince Dmitreev son of Kurbsky, Prince. Semyon prince Fedorov son of Kurbsky, Prince. Mikhail Prince Lvov, son of Ramanovich,
Book. Dmitri Prince Fedorov, son of Yukhotto, Prince. Andrey Prozorovsky,
Book. Fedor Sitsky,
Book. Dmitry Solntse and Davyd Zasekins,
Book. Ivan Kargodomsky,
Book. Ivan Sheleshpansky,
Grigory and Pyotr Fedorov, children of Davydovich,
Book. Ivan Sholukha Kubensky.
[Princes of Suzdal]
Book. Michael Shuisky,
Book. Boris prince Ivanov son of Humpbacked, Prince. Vasily Andreevich Nokhtev, and his son Ivan,
Book. Ivan Alexandrovich Barbasha.
The princely lists show that the nobility of Vladimir-Suzdal origin retained its political power. This is explained by the fact that their principalities fell under the influence of Moscow already in the 14th century, and the annexation took place without a bloody struggle, as was the case in Novgorod.
When comparing the Rank of 1495 with the Dvorovaya Notebook, it is clear that there are much fewer surnames in the Rank, that is, only the most noble ones were entered there. In the Dvorovaya Notebook, a wider range of surnames is already found, which are absent in the Rank. According to the category books, it is possible to establish the names of the princes who served successfully in 1552-1564, but were not included in the city lists of the Dvorovaya notebook. Consequently, they served according to the lost princely list. Such, for example, are S.D., V.D. and F.D. Paletsky.
It can be noted that the list of princes of Rostov is incomplete. In the Thousand Book of 1550, under the heading "Rostov", it is indicated that the princes I.B. and N.B. The Lobanov-Rostovskys served on the princely lists of Rostov, which means that they retained their ancestral lands within the boundaries of the former Rostov principality. In this regard, it is difficult to agree with V.B. Kobrin, who believes that the land was taken from all the Rostov princes. In fact, the richest managed to keep them, judging by the fact that their names were included in the princely lists.
Rostov and Suzdal princes formed the most influential stratum of the Sovereign's court, but this did not happen immediately. The princes of Yaroslavl, in contrast to the princes of Rostov and Suzdal, retained their sovereign rights in the old possessions. The ties of those princes who did not have these rights were also strong. None of the Yaroslavl princes became boyars, but some rose to the rank of okolnichi under Vasily III. Thus, it is clear why the owners of patrimonial estates from among the Suzdal princes served in the Sovereign's court according to separate princely lists. Persons who lost their patrimonial estates were recorded with other nobles in the lists of those cities where they had estates.
The list of the princes of Starodubsky has been preserved only partially. Its reconstruction is also helped by the Thousand Book of 1550. A.A. Zimin published it according to a faulty list, and therefore the list of the Starodubsky princes is not highlighted at all in the Dvorovaya Notebook. In court documents, there were about 60 of them, of which 35 served on the princely lists.
The Suzdal princes were not as numerous as the princes of Yaroslavl, Staro-Dubsky, Rostov. But in the Boyar Duma they had the greatest representation. At
A. Adasheva, five of them bore the boyar rank and three served according to princely lists4.
It should be noted that in the Dvorovaya notebook in the heading “boyars”, Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Velsky is in the first place. However, he received the boyar rank only in 1560. Therefore, it was entered there later, that is, this is a postscript. In the first place is Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Shuisky. Opposite his name in the text of the Yard Notebook it is written that he is truly blackened. Apparently, he was already advanced in age.
It should be noted that the service on the princely lists gave great privileges: first of all, it opened the way to the Boyar Duma, appointment to the highest positions.
At the end of the XV century. a number of cities were taken by Russian troops, as a result of which their former sovereign princes were included in the princely lists. In the Dvorovaya notebook in the middle of the 16th century. new princely lists appear, which are absent in the Rank of 1495. For example, for the first time we discover the princes of Mosalsky. The Belozersky princes, on the other hand, are out. Thus, the circle of princely surnames is changing, but only slightly.
[Princes of Mosalsky]
Book. Vasily Koltso, and Andrey, and Pstrok, Prince Semyonov's children of the Old Mossad. Peter is dead.
Book. Vasily Mustache, yes Fedor, yes Ivan, yes Mikhailo, Prince Semyonov children of Mosalsky. Book. Vasily, yes Ivan, yes Mikhailo in full, die.
Book. Vasily, yes, Prince. Ivan and Mikhailo Prince Vasiliev children of Litvin Mosalsky. Book. Alsksandro, yes Osif, yes Ivan Mens-coy prince Dmitriev children of Mosalsky princes Alexandrov children of Prince. Danilo - die - yes Semyon.
Book. Danilo, and Leo Prince Ivanov Klubukov-Mosalsky. Novik 67th.
In memory dated August 11, 1500, Ivan III named Ivan Mamonov, who was sent as an ambassador to the Crimea, among the Princes Trubetskoy with the city of Trubetskoy and volosts and Mosalsky with the city of Mosalsk and volosts 5 who passed to him. This message is confirmed by an annalistic entry: “The same in the summer (7000), August, the prince of the great Vorotyn princes, prince Dmitrov and prince Semyon, was sent to the Lithuanian land to the city of Mosayask; they took the city that was walking and took it and fought the land”6. Unfortunately, it is not known whether these princes went over to the side of Ivan III before the battle on the river. Bucket or after it.
After the oprichnina, the lists of princes from the Boyar lists disappear, only to reappear for a short time in the first years of the reign of Fyodor Ioannovich in the Boyar list of 1588/9. and the List of nobles scheduled to participate in the campaign of 1589-15901. Then, after the election of Boris Godunov to the kingdom, the princely lists disappear, since they main feature there was a relationship with the dynasty, and under Boris Godunov a new zemstvo dynasty appears, the princely families mentioned above were no longer the closest relatives of the monarch.
From the 14th century Duma ranks were persons representing about a dozen noble families. These clans sought to secure the right to possess Duma ranks8. During the reign of Ivan III, the Sovereign's Court retained the status of his personal court. Promotion on the ladder of ranks of individuals and families depended on their official merits and was determined by the Grand Duke himself. At the end of the XV century. there was a tendency to consolidate individual names in their positions. This trend affected all layers of the Sovereign's court and was strengthened by the developing parochial system. By the middle of the XVI century. The sovereign's court turned into a closed corporation. The consequence of this was an increase in the number of the Sovereign's court, which led to the separation of most of its members from court service. Ivan the Terrible, having introduced the oprichnina, divided the court, which weakened state power as a whole9.
The development of the Sovereign's Court, apparently, should be associated with the formation of the local system. The main difference between the State
the roar of the courtyard of the XVI century. from the court of the era of fragmentation lies in the fact that all adena of the Sovereign's court were provided with estates for the first time. The approval of the local system and the dominance of state land ownership on this basis formed the Sovereign Court, which became the main political pillar of the autocratic monarchy. This relationship has not yet been studied in the literature.
NOTES
"Klyuchevsky V.O. History of estates in Russia: Works: In 9 vol. -164.
2 Pavlov A.P. Sovereign court and political struggle under Boris Godunov (1584-1605). SPb., 1992; Bentsianov M.M. Sovereign court and territorial corporations of service people of the Russian state at the end of the 15th - the middle of the 16th centuries: Abstract of the thesis. dis.... cand. history Sciences. Yekaterinburg, 2000.
3 Bochkareva Z.N., Bychkova M.E. Rare sources on the history of Russia. M., 1977. S. 2.
4 Zimin A.A. The composition of the boyar duma in the XV-XVI centuries. // Archaeographic Yearbook, 1957. M., 1958.
5 Collection of the Russian Historical Society. M., 1885. T. 41. S. 318.
6 Resurrection Chronicle // complete collection Russian chronicles (PSRL). T. 8. St. Petersburg. 1859. S. 255.
7 Stanislavsky A.L. Works on the history of the Sovereign's court in Russia in the 16th-17th centuries. M., 2004. S. 194-202,212-216,321-322.
8 Marshall T. Poe. Russian elite in the 17th century. T. 1: Duma and ceremonial ranks of the Sovereign's court. 1613-1713 M., 2004.
5 Bentsianov M M. Decree. op.
M. A. Tsvetkova. Ways of the formation of the Sovereign's court
Current page: 6 (total book has 28 pages) [accessible reading excerpt: 6 pages]
2.2. Ways - palace executive authorities on the territory of the Grand Duke
Further development Principalities led to some changes in the system of administration of the Principalities. To solve numerous problems and manage the population and lands of the Grand Duke, trusted persons - managers were needed. Princely lands were called ways in the sense of profitable, profitable items. Word path meant good, profit, income. The prince owned personal lands, and management and direction of activity constituted a special "path". The path in the Russian state, in the XIV - the first half of the XVI century - the name of the department of the palace economy, a special direction for solving economic and other managerial tasks that were set by the prince or to provide the princely court with everything necessary. Strengthening of princely power from the second half of the XIV century. led to the appearance of assistants to the prince - worthy boyars, who controlled the sectors of the palace economy. Posts used to complain "with the way". Hence, all the boyars - feeders were usually called "traveling boyars". When appointed (for “correction”) to positions, worthy boyars received the right to inherit the estate and during the entire period of service (and sometimes for life), they were allocated one or another feeding. Officials (traveling boyars) were given the right to turn in their favor part of the trade, judicial duties and other princely income they collected.
"Ways" as the beginnings of individual palace departments in the form of assignments - "feeding" - appeared quite early. Already in the contract letter of the sons of Ivan Kalita (50s of the XIV century), the Sokolnichiy, Konyushy and Huntsman "ways" were mentioned. Subsequently, Stolnichiy and Chashnichy "paths" meet. The “worthy” boyars who led these “paths” had the corresponding names: falconer, stableman, trapper, steward, chalice. Good boyars, occupied separate economic and administrative positions at the princely court. The worthy boyars were subordinate to their servants, who lived in settlements, villages and villages, they had the ranks of stable clerks, sleeping bags, roundabouts, falconers, beaver farmers, gardeners, gardeners, etc.
Good boyars are a special class of feudal lords, boyars who served directly under the princes and formed the basis of princely courts. They, as a rule, performed tasks related to the family or property and economic life of their overlords, delivered mail, and collected taxes. This estate sometimes played a very prominent role in organizing the dynastic succession of princely power, carried out viceroyal and representative functions of princes, actively participated in the organization of government and influenced foreign and domestic policy.
Management by means of roads constituted a special administrative system of the princely palace and was higher than the management of governors and volosts. In cities and rural areas there were settlements, villages and villages assigned to one or another way, which were in a very weak administrative connection with the general administration or even completely separate from it.
With the centralization of the state and the increase in territory, the competence of the palace and patrimonial system began to expand, to go beyond the princely domain itself. The complication of functions led to the fact that numerous states of clerks, clerks, housekeepers, etc. appeared under the control of the “good boyars”. Some subordination of the palace and palace departments was determined: the palace (Great Palace) became the central institution to which the “good” departments were subordinate and, in addition to In addition, they were entrusted with many issues related to local government (the appointment of governors, volostels, the development of texts of statutory letters - documents that determined the rights of local government bodies), with church and secular land tenure (for example, the so-called "use" of service people) and some others. .
In the department of each "way" were lands, villages and villages. Each "worthy" boyar was subordinate to lower officials (keykeepers, villagers). The person who headed the "path" received the right to manage and judge the population of the territory subordinate to this "path"; a part of the income from fees from this population was received in his favor. At the time of their appointment, the worthy boyars were assigned specific tasks, the range of duties was determined.
In the system of "paths" at the end of the XV-XVII centuries. equerry (palace rank) in the management system occupied the highest position. According to the Sheremetevsky list, the 1st award with the rank of "equestrian boyar" refers to 1495 - 1496. The rank was introduced by Tsar Ivan III. Konyushy was one of the most important persons in the state apparatus, therefore, the most prominent of the boyars, representatives of the old Moscow aristocracy, was appointed to this position on the principle of personal devotion to the Grand Duke. The equestrian combined, as a rule, the palace and duma ranks. For a long time they were representatives of the old boyar family of Chelyadnins. The means of providing Konyushy was food collected from the path, that is, an administrative-territorial unit, the population of which was subordinate to the palace administration. The equestrian path controlled the maintenance of horses and the princely stables, the palace lands assigned to it, and all the princely meadows. From the beginning of the XV century. The stable boyar was in charge of a special treasury, which received income from the villages assigned to the department of the stable boy, and kept the archives of the stable order, which had already taken shape at the end of the 15th century. The high position of Konyushy is explained by the special significance of the stable way, later
The stable order, in the system of the palace economy, which was associated with the development of the equestrian local noble militia. In addition, Konyushy's special closeness to the Grand Duke is partly due to the fact that Konyushy in the 15th-16th centuries. was in charge of the grand ducal hunting.
One of the oldest officials of the princely court, known since 1550 - a falconer - was in charge of falconry, and sometimes all institutions of the military - princely hunting. The falconers were usually appointed by unnamed people. The last falconer of the Moscow tsars was Gavrila Pushkin. To falconer's way belonged to falconers and other servants of the princely bird hunting.
The Tsar's beavers and kennels belonged to the hunting path. The most important article of the palace economy was the exploitation of the country's natural resources. Wax and honey, fish and furs were the main wealth ancient Russia. The princes owned many villages of beavers, beekeepers (beekeepers), and fishermen. On the then deserted rivers of the present Moscow and neighboring territories, beavers were found in large numbers; in places rich in beavers, somewhere along the river. Klyazma or along the river. Vozhe, dozens of villages of Bobrovnikov sat down, distributing beaver ruts among themselves. The villages of beekeepers were divided among themselves by boards (hollow trees with honey) into “board huts”. All along the river The Volga and its large tributaries there were a number of "fish settlements" inhabited by fishermen. A significant part of these beaver ruts, side huts, fish ezes (shutters) belonged to the princes and was divided into management between the palace ways: trapping, bowling, steward.
In Russia at the end of the XV-XVII centuries. - a bed keeper - an official of the grand-ducal, and then the royal court, who was in charge of the "sovereign bed", a bed workshop in which the clothes and linen of the sovereigns were sewn, the management of settlements that made canvases and canvases for the sovereign's household. The bed clerk kept the seal “for quick and secret royal affairs” and was often in charge of the personal office of the sovereign. He was usually among the most close advisers and influenced the activities of the Grand Duke, the sovereign. In the submission of the bedkeeper were sleeping bags, which were on duty in the sovereign's room, undressed him, and accompanied him on trips. Usually sleeping bags were young people of noble birth.
First mentioned in 1284 as a court rank - roundabout - and a position in the Russian state of the XIII-XVIII centuries. The initial functions of the roundabout were: arranging and providing for the prince's travels and participating in receptions and negotiations with foreign ambassadors. In the XIV-XV centuries. okolnichiy was a member of the Boyar Duma of the Grand Duke. Okolnichy were appointed heads of orders, regimental governors, participated in the organization of court ceremonies. Award to the roundabout in the XVI-XVII centuries. often was the first step in the rise of royal favorites.
In the acts of the XVI century. at the courts of the great and specific princes, they are introduced to the staff of court officials: the steward and the chalice. Stolnichiy and chalice became exclusively courtiers; but at specific times they belonged to the palace staff, controlled special palace departments, ways; Later in the tsarist period they had no administrative significance. Chashniy - a court position and rank in the household of Russian princes and tsars in the 13th - early 18th centuries. Until the 15th century inclusive, the chalice keeper not only served the prince at festive dinners, but also performed some administrative functions. Chalice way was the department of palace beekeeping and sovereign drinking; villages and villages of palace beekeepers, beekeepers, along with the side palace forests, were subordinate to him.
At the beginning of the XVI century. the stolnik (stolnik's way) in the Moscow principality was still judicial-administrative power for the people, lands and waters of this way. The palace grounds for fishing, as well as palace gardens and orchards with gardeners and vegetable gardens, belonged to the steward's path. When it was necessary to help a private owner to populate his empty lands, on which the duties of this department could fall or which were within the limits of his administrative district, the authorities gave the landowner a charter, according to which neither the governor of that county, nor the stolnik, nor the villager with their tiuns they could neither take their exactions from the settlers of those lands, nor judge them for anything other than murder and red-handed robbery.
The villages of each path were united into volosts, which were ruled by volosts, representatives of the stolnik, cup or other path. These "worthy" stewards acted through elected elders of worthy villages and settlements. In the second half of the XVI century. these departments still bore the old appanage names of the paths, the area of each of them was divided into parts, called by the names of cities or counties in which there were lands and villages that belonged to one or another path: this was the steward's path of Kostroma, Pereyaslav, etc.
All these departments were separated from each other and separated from other institutions. The settlements, villages and villages scattered throughout the cities and volosts of the principality, assigned to these routes, were either completely isolated from the general regional administration of governors and volosts, or were in a very weak administrative dependence on it.
The boyar, who was in charge of the economic management of certain palace lands, was the head of all the people who inhabited the lands given to his management. The economy, administration and court were united in the hands of one person. The ancient administration, in complete contrast to the later one, concentrated in one department all matters relating to the subject population.
The treasurer, who was in charge of the prince's treasury: money, all valuable property, golden vessels, chains, crosses, precious stones, furs, etc., should have belonged to a number of rulers of these paths, a horseman, a falconer, a huntsman, a steward. they only kept the prince's treasury, but also managed some of the sovereign's income, mainly customs. But they by no means concentrated in their hands the management of all the incomes of the princes; the butler and the stolnik had a special treasury, and other officials who were in charge of one or another profitable item of the palace economy. The boyar - the treasurer was subordinated to petty officials - treasurers and tiuns; they were in charge of princely property kept in provincial towns. To prevent abuse, these positions were usually entrusted to people who were not free, who were completely dependent on the prince. These serf treasurers, like the tiuns, and other petty officials, also not free, were usually set free according to the wills of the princes.
Above all these palace posts was the position of a thousand. The indicated ranks of this time survived, although with a changed meaning, until the tsarist period, while the position of the thousandth was abolished at the end of the fourteenth century. Tysyatsky, just as in the previous Kiev time, was the leader of the Zemstvo regiments, urban and rural militia. Due to his ties with the regional population, the tysyatsky was a powerful and influential person. This position often passed by inheritance from father to son and, remaining in one clan, greatly enhanced the significance of this clan.
So, the "ways" were palace departments, between which the management of the economic lands belonging to the princely palace was divided. But these departments did not concern the palace lands. Ways could be called fishing grounds, if the right to exploit the free grounds in the principality belonged exclusively to the princely palace. But the acts of specific and Moscow time do not indicate such exclusivity: fishing grounds are a simple property of landed property, and the specific or great prince, transferring his land into the hands of a private owner, along with it transferred the right to use the fishing grounds located on it.
The appointment of boyars to the positions of worthy leaders in the management system of the palace economy was a preparatory step for the creation of a broader management structure - the Sovereign's Court. If at the beginning the worthy boyars worked in parallel with representatives of the Sovereign's Court, and their positions were the same in name, then later the Boyar Duma and the Sovereign's Court came to the fore. The worthy boyars fulfilled their historical mission and opened a new page in the system of governing the principality (state) in the form of the Sovereign's Court.
2.3. Sovereign Court and its role in the formation of the executive power in Russia, in state administration (XII-XVI centuries)
The term "yard" in the pre-Mongolian period of Russian history was used in different meanings. In the second half of the XI and until the middle of the XII century. so called the residence of the prince, the place of implementation of his judicial and administrative functions, the center of receipt (and then redistribution) of state taxes, court fines, i.e. the place where the prince solved state-financial issues. In the second half of the XII century. the core of the princely squad, consisting of its junior members, was transformed into the Court. The prince was surrounded by two types of courtiers - "free servants" and "servants under the court". The courtier - the manager - obeyed both free and dependent people. All of them specialized in different areas of activity, as they were military people, and served in the princely economy (for example, artisans, managers, hunters, youths, children, swordsmen). The younger warriors were now called the generalized term "nobles", that is, employees at the princely court.
During the period feudal fragmentation on the territory of most principalities at the end of the 15th century. independent executive bodies were created in the form of princely courts. At the end of the XV century. there was also the Courtyard of the wife of Ivan III Sophia Paleolog. The princely courts did not represent such a complex management structure as in the Novgorod Republic, but they were the prototypes, the beginnings of the Sovereign's court. History has preserved to this day the description of other Courts as territorial management structures. Primarily, special status used by the Court of the heirs of the Grand Duke's throne. It is known, for example, that Prince Ivan the Young had a court. Own Court existed under Prince Vasily Ivanovich, the future Vasily III. Later, in 1500, Prince Vasily Ivanovich received the "principality of Novgorod and Pskov." Obviously, it was from that time that a special Novgorod court began. In favor of the assumption about the existence of a special Novgorod court is the mention in the Novgorod cadastral books of some positions typical of the Sovereign's court. In addition to the butlers appointed from Moscow, in Novgorod there were also stablemen, nurseries and huntsmen. Novgorod stables, nurseries and huntsmen initially, most likely, served at the Novgorod court. Obviously, at the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI century. Novgorod also had its own boyars, more precisely Moscow boyar children, who spoke at diplomatic negotiations as successors to the Novgorod boyars. It is no coincidence that the Yard Notebook described only the yard service people of the "Moscow Lands". It is quite likely that in Novgorod land up to the middle of the 16th century. nominally, a special Novgorod court was preserved. Special children of the boyars were later also in the service of Tsarina Anastasia Romanova. In particular, notes in the Dvorovaya notebook indicate that about three dozen boyar children were in her service.
There were special Yards of the Tver land (until the middle of the 1540s). The activity of the Tver chancellery was connected with the existence of the Tver Palace. The Tver Palace continued to function even in the middle of the 16th century. In connection with the dissolution of the Tver Boyar Duma, the Court of Tver was included in the Sovereign's Court between 1513 and 1518. By the middle of the XVI century. there were at least 44 separate territorial courts, not counting the family princely courts, in which they served according to separate lists. After the thousandth reform, this number increased even more due to the involvement of the landowners of the North-West of the country in the yard service.
The evolution of princely administration and the creation of the Sovereign Court reflected the process of centralization of the Russian state and developed as new principalities and lands were annexed to the territory of the Moscow principality proper. The structure of the Sovereign Court also grew due to the creation of new local government structures, which included service people resettled from other counties.
Sovereign's Court in medieval history Russia was represented by an administrative association of service people "in the fatherland", who were directly involved in the leadership of the country, in the execution of the decisions of the prince, sovereign. Members of the Sovereign Court were key figures in central and local administration, participated in campaigns, embassy missions, legal proceedings, palace and court services, i.e. representatives of the Sovereign's Court actually performed the functions of executive power in its modern sense. There were no more perfect management structures at that time. During the period of the formation of a unified Moscow state, the “princely court” began to be called: in broad sense- organization of various ranks of service feudal lords, delegated "county - territorial organization”, in the narrow sense of the term - the immediate environment of the prince. Further, the structure of the territorial division of the yard was transformed in the direction of the “estate-bureaucratic structure”.
In the history of the evolution of the Sovereign's court, the following stages can be distinguished.
The first stage - IX - the end of the XI centuries. - the formation of the foundations of the princely court, i.e., the appointment of service personnel from among the boyars to the highest positions and from among the servants of the courtyard to lower positions to solve management functions on the lands of the Grand Duke, the entire Old Russian state and vassals, as well as to serve the princely family. During this period, these employees could meet the needs of the prince and his family and solve management problems. However, it was far from perfect mechanism of executive power.
The second stage - XII - the first half of the XV centuries. - the birth of the institution of the Sovereign's court (prince's court), the creation of the Grand Palace - there is a merger of the princely courts with the Grand Duke's. In the last decade of the reign of Ivan III, the importance of the Court as an administrative social institution. At this time, the traditional tripartite structure of the grand ducal court was formed, which included princes, boyars and boyar children.
The third stage - the second half of the XV - the middle of the XVI centuries. In the second half of the XV century. the sharp quantitative growth of the service population led to the allocation and design of the Sovereign's own court, a change in its class structure, and the way of life of the courtyards. During this period, the tasks of management become more complicated, and the development of the structure of the Sovereign Court occurs due to the allocation of new court posts, related by the nature of their activities with the Boyar Duma, the Palace and the deacon environment. The sovereign's court becomes one of the key links in the system of general government, the executive power of the prince, the king. The sovereign's court has turned into a closed organization, where access to new faces has almost ceased. The Sovereign Court begins to act as a special force, as a nationwide executive structure that inherited its status from the former court of the Moscow princes. The Sovereign of All Russia appointed the nobles as military leaders, diplomats, governors in the center and in the field. The successful career of the courtier was determined not only by his official zeal, but also by family ties and the patronage of influential friends. This management system was based on the territorial principle of service organization.
From the end of the XV century. The sovereign's court took an active part in all the significant events of the Moscow prince. All governors, volostels, ambassadors and military leaders different levels were appointed to their positions exclusively from among the persons who were part of the Sovereign's court. Most often, they also produced land descriptions of individual counties and conducted legal proceedings. The category of the Novgorod campaign "peace" in 1495 singled out the following categories in the composition of the Sovereign's court: boyars, rounders, butlers, nurseries, bed-keepers, clerks, princes and boyar children. The development of the grand ducal office led to the separation in the second half of the 15th century. positions of treasurer and printer. In fact, treasurers and printers were occasionally mentioned in sources of an earlier time, however, from the end of the 15th century. these positions are permanent. In addition to them at the end of the XV century. equables, treasurers, printers, falconers and hunters also acquired the character of special court positions. The position of a groom was first encountered in the category of the Novgorod trip Basil III in 1510. However, it is likely that this position existed in the Russian state during the reign of Ivan III in the 60s. 15th century Falconers and hunters had fairly close functions and, most likely, their duties were performed by the same persons. All these positions were presented in the categories of trips of the Grand Duke in 1510, 1513 and 1522. Further development of the structure of the Sovereign's court is recorded in the records of the Courtyard notebook. In the second half of the XVI century. in the Dvorovaya notebook were recorded: boyars, okolniki, butlers, treasurers, bedkeepers, printer, large clerks, yard clerks, falconer (and hunter), gunsmiths (squires, rynds - bodyguards as part of the tsar’s court guard), nurseries, service princes, tribal princely corporations of the princes of Obolensky, Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Starodub and Mosalsky, as well as boyar children from various cities of the Russian state. The allocation of the positions of equerry, butler, treasurer, printer, gunsmith, nursery, bedding, trapping and falconer in the composition of the Sovereign's court was an indicator of the process of incorporating the Grand Duke's Sovereign's Court into the system of general state administration and a certain unification of the former worthy system.
By the middle of the XVI century. the main principles of separation and the main signs of the class status of such groups as stewards, solicitors and (apparently, no later than the 50s) nobles were formed. This, however, did not yet mean a complete break with the former territorial structure of the court. The growth of crisis phenomena within the Sovereign's Court stimulated a series of reforms of the Court at the end of this period.
The fourth stage - the second half of the XVI - early XVII centuries - characterizes the final design of the structure of the Sovereign Court as a result of the reforms of Ivan IV and Boris Godunov. The essence of the revision of the composition of the court was to bring its bureaucracy into line with the existing service-parochial relations and the “breed” of a service person on the terms of his faithful service to the monarch.
The fifth stage is the second half of the 17th century. - reforms are being carried out public service aimed at turning service people of the Sovereign's Court into employees. The gradual merger of the Moscow ranks into a separate top of the Sovereign's court, called courtiers, led in the second half of the 17th century. to the emergence of administration in the modern sense. The formation of the bureaucratic - hierarchical structure of the Sovereign's court was due to its new functions. One of the tasks of the grand duke's power was the creation of a single all-Russian apparatus of power. The dominance of traditional forms of administration and the general underdevelopment of office work led to an increase in the importance of the Sovereign's Court as a special administrative executive structure.
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At the end of the 12th century, the Sovereign Court was formed in Tsarist Russia. This definition in Europe initially determined the circle of people who served the royal family in a personal residence. But in Russia, the list of people included not only servants. It was a privilege to get a position in the Sovereign's court. Since over time, the entire political system of government was concentrated in it.
Life before the Sovereign's Court
From the 11th century, the Russian state became more and more isolated, but steadily developed. positive side isolation turned out to be the economic and cultural development of the regions. The population increased, the economy became stronger, the cities became richer.
The Russian lands were united by only a few factors:
- princes and boyars recognized the power of the Kyiv prince;
- a single religion and language was preserved in the regions;
- the obedience of the norms described in the adopted code of laws "Russian Truth" was controlled.
Reasons for fragmentation
Vladimir Monomakh, who reigned from 1113-1125, tried to stop the process, but died. His son Mstislav took the throne after the death of his father, but did not rule for long, only 7 years.
A prerequisite for the fragmentation of the state was the resettlement of people from those lands that were periodically raided by the Polovtsy. The eastern and southwestern cities of Vladimir, Suzdal, Galich and Volyn took over the main flow of refugees.
The princes and boyars who owned the lands were not satisfied with subordination to Kyiv. After all, in order to maintain order in their lands, they had sufficient power and were strong. In addition, the local boyars and the princely retinue provided each prince with the necessary protection and assistance, supporting the idea of not being dependent on the capital.
Fragmentation of the Old Russian state
Due to the princely civil strife, the defense capability of the state weakened. In the XII - I half. 13th century Old Russian state turned out to be completely broken.
By the end of the XII century, 15 lands became independent, independent of the capital. The largest of them were the Galicia-Volyn and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities, and the Novgorod Republic. In 1132, the fragmentation of Russia reached its climax.
The centralization of the state has become conditional. Each prince ruled on his own land independently, taking into account the boyars and retinue close to him - those forces on which his power depended.
A historically significant person in that period was Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. He ruled in the Vladimir-Suzdal lands and led an active foreign policy in order to give himself the title of king. But in 1174 he was killed and power passed to his brother - Vsevolod the Big Nest. It was the Vladimir-Suzdal principality that became the center, which later rallied the state.
Reasons for the emergence of the Sovereign's Court
Let's look at the definition of history, what is the Gosudarevchfhiio yard. Historians date its origin to the second half of the 12th century. It included representatives of the princely squad. But at that time, submission was based on the principle "the vassal of your vassal is not my vassal." Then the Sovereign's Court appeared. This is a structure that, over time, on the basis of voluntary subordination, included boyars, "free servants" and servants who were subordinate to the "dvor-majordomo". Over time, the number of willing vassals grew.
In the XIII-XIV centuries. each prince had his own "Tsar's court". These are all vassals in the structure: squad, boyars and their descendants, hired workers, slaves. They were all called nobles.
Sovereign's Court
At the end of the 16th century, during the reign of the Rurikids in Russia, the Moscow Sovereign Court was fully formed. It was a local system, which included people from three classes: the upper and middle classes constituted the residence of the king, the lower - his servants.
The upper class included people with large landholdings. The top of this class also had ranks in the Boyar Duma. The rest occupied various positions at court: a printer, a stableman, a sleeping bag, a gunsmith, and so on. The middle class included cavalrymen who were called up for service in the capital: district landowners (nobles and children of boyars). Total people eventually reached 1200. The role of the royal court in governing the country was great. The people included in the structure influenced foreign and domestic policy.
Palace ranks
The ranks of the Moscow Sovereign Court are palace and Moscow positions. The list included:
1. The groom - after the death of the king, if he had no heirs, he was the first contender for the throne. He was in charge of herds and cavalry, participated in military and diplomatic activities.
2. Butler - served at the table, was in charge of the exchange between the palace servants, carried out distribution, surveying, judged.
3. The treasurer of the royal court kept the valuables and the archive.
4. Gunsmith - was in charge of the gunsmith's room.
5. The bed clerk was in charge of the sovereign's bedroom, personal treasury and jewelry, office, formal clothes.
In addition to these positions, there were ranks of huntsman, falconer, kravchey, keykeeper, stoker.
The royal court also consisted of Moscow officials. They were assigned to the nobles, whose activities were connected with the army. These were stewards and solicitors.
The fragmentation of the Russian state served as a prerequisite for the emergence of the royal court. The role of the Sovereign's court in governing the country was great. People close to the king, who held ranks in this structure, could influence the political and economic spheres. What is the Sovereign's Court (definition in history), this article told you.
