Question 1. Why, after the Hundred Years' War, the kings of both countries had to fight again for their power with the rebellious nobility?
Answer. The reason was the degeneration of the dynasty, most likely because for many generations the kings married their close relatives. AT early XIV century in France, the reign of Charles VI ended in the madness of the king. This led to the struggle of factions of the nobility, led by the uncles of the king - Bourgions and Armagnacs. The Bourguignons entered into an alliance with the British, which helped England to win brilliant victories. The victory of France in the Hundred Years' War meant the expulsion of the British from French lands, but not the defeat of the Bourguignons. In England, by the end of the Hundred Years War, the weak-minded Henry VI (the grandson of the insane Charles VI, therefore we can talk about a genetic disease) was on the throne. His death gave way to a dynastic crisis. And again, as in France, pretenders to the throne from the side branches of the royal house fought at the head of powerful factions of the nobility.
Question 2. What were the goals of Louis XI and Charles the Bold? By what means did each of them achieve these goals?
Answer. Louis XI tried to finally end the struggle in the House of Burgundy with victory and the frontiers of France before the Hundred Years' War. To do this, he used any means, mainly diplomacy and conspiracies. War for him remained a last resort (both because of its unpredictability and because it required a lot of money, and the king was stingy). Charles the Bold wanted to create his own kingdom. He united a large territory under his rule and laid claim to the crown of Burgundy. The Kingdom of Burgundy was part of the Holy Roman Empire. The title continued to exist, it was worn by the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Karl was quite capable of obtaining this title. The Duke of Burgundy tried to become King of Burgundy by constantly fighting. In one of the wars, he died, not having time to achieve his goal.
Answer. It was in the power of Charles the Bold to get the crown. He might well have founded independent state if he had done this, or if he had left behind his sons. It would be a big and strong state. He would have every chance to play a significant role in history and even survive to this day. Thus, the victory of Charles the Bold could completely change the history of Western Europe.
Question 4. Why did Henry VII put scarlet and white rose?
Answer. In England, starting from the reign of Henry VI, there was a struggle for power between the families of Lancaster, on whose coat of arms there was a red rose, and Yorks, on whose coat of arms there was a white rose. Henry VII Tudor was from the Lancaster family (albeit from a side branch) and married the sister of the penultimate king from the York dynasty. Thanks to this, he said that his dynasty united the Lancasters and Yorks, because there are two roses on the coat of arms of this dynasty.
Question 5. List the signs centralized state.
Answer. Signs:
1) there are no feudal lords and territories that do not obey royalty;
2) there are no internal borders in the state;
3) the state has a single bureaucratic system, which is subordinate only to the central government;
4) the army of the state is subordinate only to the central government;
5) only the central government can collect taxes and mint coins.
Question 6. What is the difference between an absolute monarchy and a class monarchy?
Answer. The estate monarch rules with the consent of the representatives of the estates and relies on their support, the representatives of the estates influence his decisions. No one influences the decisions of the absolute monarch. He rules referring only to the will of the Lord and relies on the bureaucracy and the professional army.
Question 7. Finish compiling the tables “Kings of France. Unification of the country and centralization of power” and “Kings of England. The unification of the country and the centralization of power ”(see assignments for § 18 and 19).
A lesson on the history of the Middle Ages in grade 6 on the topic: “Strengthening royal power in XV century in France and England" .
Goals: Create conditions for the formation of ideas about the final stage of the formation of centralized states in France and England.
Tasks: reveal distinctive features this process in each of these countries and summarize the available knowledge on the subject; introduce the concepts of a centralized state and absolutism.
Equipment : computer, presentation, homework test (2 options)
Board layout: topic of the lesson, date of the War of the Scarlet and White Roses (1455 - 1485)
During the classes.
1. Org. the beginning of the lesson.
Hello guys! Sit down. Glad to see you at our today's lesson! Check if everything is ready for fruitful work in the lesson: a textbook, a notebook, writing materials, a diary and your bright heads. I hope that today at the lesson you will not be embarrassed by the presence of guests, and you will work as actively and fruitfully as you work at all our lessons.
- (student name) please tell me who is absent today!? It's a pity. I hope that those who are absent will definitely learn about the material we have covered today and learn about our homework.
And now I would like to voice the goals, objectives and plan of our lesson (list the goals, objectives of the lesson and work plan).
Lesson plan:
1.Completion of the unification of France.
2. France is a centralized state.
3. War of the Scarlet and White Roses in England.
4. Reign of Henry VII.
2. Checking homework:
Before proceeding to the study of new material, we need to check how you learned the past material "Peasant Revolts in France and England." Therefore, I suggest that you complete the test tasks.
Take the files that are on the edges of your desks and take out the dough sheet from them. The test has two options. Each version of the test is already signed. It remains for you to sign the sheets, indicate your initials, class and date.
Remember that you need to work actively and read assignments correctly.
To do the work, I give you 7 minutes. Time has gone.
(Keep track of the time. 1 minute before the end of the time, announce the end of the work) 1) testing:
Option number 1.
1. What was the position of the French people in the XIV century?
A) the plague epidemic claimed many lives
B) reduced the amount of tax paid
C) the welfare of the peasants improved;
2. When did an uprising called the Jacquerie break out in France?
A) April 1332
B) September 1346
B) May 1358
3. The leader of the "Zhakov" uprising was:
A) Guillaume Cal
B) Wat Tyler
B) Charles the Bold
4. Why did the jacquerie fail? (select multiple answers)
A) spontaneity and disorganization
B) distrust of the leader
B) division of teams
D) bad weapons
D) lack of material interest
E) bad leadership
5. The consequences of this uprising can be considered:
A) the faith of the peasants in their own strength
B) accelerating the process of freeing peasants from personal dependence
C) the process of even greater enslavement of the peasants
6. One of the reasons for the uprising in England can be considered:
A) enslavement of peasants
B) the introduction of a cash tax
C) mistreatment of peasants by seigneurs
7. The peasant uprising in England began in:
Option number 2.
1. The peasant uprising in England was led by:
A) John Ball
B) Guillaume Cal
B) Wat Tyler
2. Who was not a participant in this uprising?
A) urban poor
B) noble lords
B) rural artisans
3. What demand did the rebels not put forward?
A) confiscate church lands
B) grant freedom to all addicts
B) abolish the cash tax
4. The reasons for the defeat of the uprising in England can be considered: (select several answers)
A) lack of a talented leader
B) poor organization
C) poor weapons of the rebels
D) the disunity of the rebels
5. Bottom line peasant uprising in England one can count:
A) strengthening reactionary laws against the poor
B) peasants got the opportunity to redeem themselves at will
C) increased already heavy taxes
6. How did the masters deal with the rebels?
A) hanged traitors
B) executed the guilty
C) all rebels were imprisoned
7. What lesson did the English king learn from this uprising?
A) you need to increase your influence
B) laws against the poor were relaxed
C) there was a strong enslavement of the peasants
Time is up.
Put away your pens, grab your pencils, trade it with your neighbor.
Now we will perform a mutual check with subsequent grading.
You can see the grading criteria on the board.
Criteria for evaluation:
Less than 3 - "2"
From 3 to 5 - "3"
From 5 to 6 - "4"
Key:
I go to work I give you 2 minutes.
Guys time is up.
One of the group collects the tests and puts them on the edge of the table.
Learning new material.
Guys let's start learning. new topic. Open your workbooks. The topic of our lesson with you is “Strengthening of royal power at the end of the 15th century in France and England”. Please write it down in your notebook. (Slide #1) (1 minute)
In past lessons, we talked with you about the fact that France waged wars: it was the Hundred Years War with England, and the uprising of the peasants led by Guillaume Cal.
But the war is over, and peaceful life is gradually getting better.
King Louis XI continued the unification of the country. Today we will find out how and when the unification of France and England took place, how a centralized state was formed, and what form of government was established in these states.
1. Completion of the unification of France
After the end of the war in France, gradually begins to improve life. This is expressed in:
1) the lands abandoned during the war begin to plow up
2) cities and villages are being restored
3) an indicator of a successfully restored economy can be considered the fact that in the harvest years France now exported grain to neighboring countries.
4) Restored craft
5) production of fabrics and glass begins
6) fairs begin to appear.
(Slide #2)
During the reign of King Louis XI of France big feudal lords united in a secret alliance, the soul of which was the Duke of Burgundy Charles the Bold.
Now I invite you to get to know these two people better.
Today at the lesson you are united in groups consisting of 4 people. Now each of you will take the remaining sheet from the file. This sheet presents for you excerpts from the book of the French writer De Commines "Memoirs" about two politicians Louis XI and Charles the Bold.
In the process of completing the assignment, you are allowed to quietly discuss the answers to the questions posed in the group and write down the answers on the sheets with the document.
To complete the task, you are given 5 minutes.
Guys, the time is up and now we will answer the questions posed together with you.
(The teacher reads out the questions. Asks: “Does anyone want to answer the question!?”)
How did you imagine King Louis XI?
In what ways did he seek to consolidate his power? (bribery, gave positions, was interested in strong people)
What class did the king rely on? (on average) and why?
What personality traits of Charles the Bold did you learn about? (purposeful, cunning, deceitful, practical, patient, prudent, stingy)
What does the expression "laws of chivalry" mean?
What class did the Duke of Burgundy rely on and why? (on noble feudal lords who could resist the king)
"F. De Commin" Memoirs "
“Of all those whom I have ever known, King Louis XI, our master, most humble in dress and in words, could best get out of trouble and attack. He did his best to bribe anyone who could serve him or harm him. He was not at all annoyed if the person he wanted to win over refused him, but continued his efforts, making generous promises and actually granting him money and such distinctions as he knew he would like. Those whom he expelled and rejected in times of peace and prosperity, he, if necessary, again bribed at a high price, used them and did not feel any enmity for the past. Quite naturally he was a friend of the middle class and an enemy of all the "nobles" who could get along without him. No one has ever listened to so many people, asked about so many things as he did, no one wanted to know so many people like him, he thoroughly knew all the significant and powerful people in England, Spain, Portugal, Italy, as well as the lands of Burgundy and Brittany "
Born in Dijon in the family of the Duke of Burgundy Philip the Good and the Portuguese Infanta Isabella. From early youth he was passionately engaged in knightly games and military exercises; received a good education, so that I easily read Latin writers. Already at the age of 19, at the battle of Gaverne, he showed that stubborn courage that reached the point of recklessness, which remained the main feature of his character for the rest of his life. He lived simply, avoiding the luxury and red tape that reigned at the court of his father. All his life he tried to live according to the laws of knightly honor. He despised intrigue, deceit, pretense, but at the same time he was brave, arrogant and stubborn.
Well done, you did a good job. The most active participants in our conversation receive extra points, which will be taken into account when checking the correctness of grading your test and in the following lessons when grading.
Fizminutka (2 minutes)
1. Gently lower your head down, reach your chest with your chin. Then move your head back and stretch the back of your head to your shoulder blades, stretching the front of your neck. On the exhale, the head falls forward, on the inhale back. (Repeat 2x)
2. Tilt your head to the right, reaching with your ear to your shoulder. Move your head to the left. Moving the head from one side to the other, accompanied by breathing. With an exhalation - tilt your head, while inhaling raise your head in central position and as you exhale, lower it to the other side. (Repeat 2x)
3. Stretch your arms in front of you and dynamically rotate your hands in different directions.
The struggle between Louis XI and Charles the Bold lasted 12 years. In an open war, the king was defeated and was forced to conclude a humiliating peace for himself. Then Louis XI set the neighbors who were dissatisfied with him against Charles the Bold. In the war with them, the army of the Duke of Burgundy was defeated, he himself was killed. The king then dealt with the rest of the opponents one by one. Those who fell into his hands, Louis XI kept for many years in iron cages, where the captives could not even straighten up to their full height.
work with a map (Work from a place)
(Slide number 3) map from 181 textbooks
Find the map on page 181.
Consider it and tell me what color the king's possessions are marked with? What can be said about its territory?
What can you say about the possessions of vassals?
What territories were annexed to the king's dominions by the end of the 15th century? What color are they marked?
Most of the Duchy of Burgundy went to the king. The southern region of Provence with the city of Marseille was also annexed to France. Only the duchy of Brittany became part of the royal possessions under the successors of Louis XI. By the end of the 15th century, the unification of France was completed.
We write in our notebooks: The unification of France was completed by the end of the 15th century. (1 minute)
2. France is a centralized state.
The process of unification of the country went in parallel with the strengthening of royal power. What facts testify to this?
Even after the Hundred Years War, the king replaced the detachments of vassals with a permanent army of knights and mercenaries, i.e. created a permanent army, in order to maintain a permanent army, money is needed. Where to get them? Therefore, the king created an annual tax from all over the country, the king himself decided state affairs, declared war and made peace, issued laws, judged his subjects (he even joked that he carries all his advisers in the saddle of his horse)
With money and a standing army, the king no longer needed the Estates General. Therefore, during his reign, he convened them only 1 time.
- So we see that by the endXV century, France was subordinated to a single centralized authority - the power of the king. Accordingly, by the endXV century, a centralized state was formed in France.(We write in a notebook: “A centralized state has formed in France)
(Slide number 4)
This definition is presented on the slide, copy it to your notebook .(1 minute)
centralized called the state, which is controlled from one center, there are uniform governing bodies, laws, taxes and a standing army.
We make a subtitle in the notebook: "Unification of England."
4. War of the Scarlet and White Roses in England.
We have learned how the strengthening of royal power took place in France, and now we will get acquainted with how this process took place in England.
Two years after the Hundred Years War in England began internecine war lasting 30 years. The feudal lords were divided into two warring groups: each supported one of the branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancasters or Yorks, who fought for the throne. Since the coat of arms of the Lancasters depicted a scarlet rose, and the coat of arms of the Yorks had a white rose, the war was called War of the Scarlet and White Roses (1455-1485). (Slide number 5)
- Write down date in your notebook (on the slide)
This fight was very brutal. The victors ruthlessly cut off the heads of their opponents. Relatives of the dead took revenge on the families of their enemies, killing even children. Unlike the usual feudal war, in which the opponents tried to capture more prisoners for ransom, here the main goal was to destroy the opponents. (Slide number 6)
The war ended after almost all the noble nobles exterminated each other. Henry Tudor, a distant relative of the Lancasters, entered the fight for the throne. Having won the last battle, Henry married the daughter of the king from the York dynasty and combined scarlet and white roses in his coat of arms. With him in England began the rule of the Tudor dynasty. 5. Reign of Henry Tudor.
What did Henry do when he came to power?
2) fought against recalcitrant feudal lords
3) replenished the treasury in various ways (a fine from noble feudal lords, collected a tax from the population even in peacetime)
4) Parliament met only 2 times
5) distributed lands and titles to his supporters
Thus, absolutism was established in England. (Slide number 7)
- Let's write down the definition :
Absolutism- a form of government in which the monarch has unlimited supreme power.
Like any form of government, absolutism also has its distinctive features. Let's find out which ones. Pay attention to the slide .
The main features of absolutism : (Ask one student at a time) slide number 8
1) the creation of an apparatus of officials
2) creation of a standing army
3) the absence of class-representative bodies
Guys, please copy the material from the slide to your notebook. I give you for this task 1 minute.
Fixing the material
And now I want to know how carefully you worked in the lesson and whether you figured out the new material. You have colored circles in your files, take them and spread them out in front of you.
Now I will ask you questions, and you raise one of the circles: if you agree with my statement, you raise a green circle, if you disagree, then a red one. So, everything is clear to everyone!? (green circle)
A state is called centralized, which is controlled from one center, there are uniform governing bodies, laws, taxes and a standing army. (green circle)
Absolutism established in France (red circle)
Absolutism - a form of government in which the monarch has unlimited supreme power (green circle)
4. What colors of roses were depicted on the coats of arms of the warring dynasties - green and black? (red circle)
6. Reflection.(Working with circles)
In conclusion of our lesson, I would like to ask you, what do you think:
1. Have we achieved our goals and objectives? (If “yes”, then raise the green circle, if “no”, raise the red circle, if suddenly you are in doubt with the choice of one or another answer, raise the yellow circle)
2. Do you understand everything about the topic covered? (similar answers to the question)
7. Grading. Guys, today you all received grades when completing the test, I will announce them to you in the next lesson. Separately, I would like to highlight the answers (name the names of the most actively responding when working with documents, with a map). I will add points for you to the test or when grading in the next lessons.
8. Homework: (Slide number 9)
Successes of the centralization process
By the beginning of the 14th century, the process of centralization was coming to an end in France. It is based on the formation of estate representation in the state while maintaining the monarchical form of government. The form of the monarchy could be estate or feudal.
By this time there is an increase in the territorial possessions of the royal domain.
Definition 1
The royal domain is the hereditary possession of the French king. The basis of the royal domain is the personal possessions of Hugh Capet in Ile-de-France and Orleans. In XIV, the royal domain includes the lands of petty knights who swore allegiance to the king. When a centralized state is formed, the entire territory of the country is considered a domain.
The long-term struggle for the territories of the English and French kings ended in victory for the latter. The French court extended its right:
- in 1308-1309 to Languedoc (county of Toulouse), most of Aquitaine, areas along the Dordogne and Garonne rivers;
- in 1285 to Navarre.
The British left only the coast of the Biscay Sea.
In 1284, the county of Champagne was ceded to France. Reason: King Philip IV to marry the only daughter and heiress of the Count of Champagne, Countess Jeanne I. In 1307, the rich trading and craft city of Lyon, located in the center of the country, became the royal domain. Thus, by the beginning of the 14th century, three-quarters of the lands of the kingdom were already under the rule of the French king.
King's aspirations
Owning most of the territories in the state, the king seeks to turn the population of the entire country into his subjects. He wishes to become the supreme sovereign in the kingdom. Philip IV begins to strengthen his position with the destruction of the existing hierarchy feudal relations. The feudal ladder prevented the strengthening of royal power. Therefore, the king establishes ties with the rear-vassals directly, bypassing intermediate steps.
The next direction on the way to the goal: the strengthening of the royal court and the introduction of a single tax on the entire French people. Thus, in the area political activity The royal court turns out to be the peasantry, which is in land or personal dependence on secular and church feudal lords.
The results of the transformations of Philip IV
Remark 1
Philip IV laid the foundations for a strong royal power in France. Under him, the role of the royal court and the Parisian parliament is changing. The King's Court becomes the highest court. The judicial powers of secular and ecclesiastical feudal lords were reduced. The same fate befell the city courts.
By the middle of the 14th century, the parliament turns into a permanent body. The number of members of the Parisian parliament is strictly fixed - 100 people. These are advisers, prosecutors and lawyers. the main objective his activity consisted in smoothing out local customs, their subordination to the developed national law.
The tax system is undergoing changes to generate more revenue for the royal treasury. Philip IV introduced an indirect tax, which the people called bad. They were taxed on all goods sold in the country. The king could also use direct robberies. For example, he reduced the proportion of precious metal in coins. This earned him the nickname of the counterfeiter. The king took out his wrath several times on Jewish usurers. He expelled them from the state, and confiscated their property in favor of the treasury. The king would then allow them to return to France after paying a substantial fee. Philip IV demanded loans from free cities for state needs. But he didn't repay the debt. So he ruined the city treasury and subordinated the management of the city to his own official. By depriving the city of communal liberties, the king strengthened his power.
Answer left Guest
Supreme political power under an absolute monarchy, it completely passes to the king and does not share it with any state bodies. To do this, the kings needed to overcome the political opposition of the feudal oligarchy and the Catholic Church, eliminate class-representative institutions, create a centralized bureaucracy, a standing army, and a police force. Already in the 16th century. The states-general practically cease to function. In 1614 they were convened for the last time, were soon dissolved and did not meet again until 1789. For some time, to consider projects of important reforms and solve financial issues, the king collected notables (feudal nobility). In the XVI century. (according to the Bologna Concordat of 1516 and the Edict of Nantes of 1598), the king completely subjugated the Catholic Church in France. As a kind of political opposition to royal power in the 16th-17th centuries. actedParis Parliament, which by this time had become a stronghold of the feudal nobility and repeatedly used its right to demonstrate and rejected royal acts. By royal ordinance in 1667, it was established that a remonstrance could be declared only within a certain period after the issuance of an ordinance by the king, and a second remonstrance was not allowed. In 1668, King Louis XIV, having appeared in the Paris Parliament, with his own hand removed from its archive all the protocols relating to the period of the Fronde, i.e. to anti-absolutist speeches of the middle of the 17th century. In 1673, he also decided that Parliament did not have the right to refuse to register royal acts, and the remonstrance could only be declared separately. In practice, this deprived Parliament of its most important prerogative - to protest and reject royal legislation. general idea about the power of the king and the nature of his specific powers. In 1614, at the suggestion of the States General, the French monarchy was declared divine, and the power of the king began to be regarded as sacred. A new official title of the king was introduced: "king by the grace of God." The notions of sovereignty and unlimited power of the king are finally approved. Increasingly, the state began to be identified with the personality of the king, which found its extreme expression in the statement attributed to Louis XIV: "The state is me!" . Royal prerogatives did not go beyond the legal order, and it was believed that "the king works for the State." In general, French absolutism was based on the concept of the inseparable connection between the king and the state, the absorption of the first by the second. It was believed that the king himself, his property, his family belonged to the French state and nation. Legally, the king was recognized as the source of any power that was not subject to any control. This, in particular, led to the consolidation of the complete freedom of the king in the sphere of legislation. Under absolutism, legislative power belongs to him alone, according to the principle: "one king, one law." The king had the right to appoint to any state and church position, although this right could be delegated by him to lower officials. He was the final authority in all matters of public administration. The king made the most important foreign policy decisions, determined the economic policy of the state, established taxes, and acted as the supreme manager of state funds. Judicial power was exercised on his behalf.
The Norman Conquest laid the foundation for a centralized state in England. William the Conqueror confiscated land from a significant part of the Anglo-Saxon nobility and transferred it as fiefs to his associates. But their lands did not represent compact possessions, but were scattered throughout the country. In addition, all feudal lords, both large and small, were declared direct vassals of the king and were supposed to bring him homage. The king retained huge domain estates, which amounted to about a seventh of all cultivated land in the country. The entire territory of the state was controlled by the king through sheriffs, royal officials who had mainly administrative and fiscal powers (powers to collect taxes).
Further strengthening of royal power in England was associated with the reforms of King Henry II. Due to military reform the obligatory service of the king's vassals for his fief was replaced by "shield money", which made it possible for the king to maintain hired detachments that obey him unquestioningly. The judicial reform expanded the powers of the royal court: the king's traveling judges could deal with criminal offenses, and cases related to land ownership, for a fee, could be considered in the royal court with the participation of jurors. Under the forestry reform, all forests in England were declared the property of the king.
Thus, by the end of the XII century. in England, the main features of a centralized state were formed.
Royal power under the Capetian dynasty
In France, royal power in the X century. was extremely weak. After the death in 987 of the last representative of the Carolingian dynasty, Louis V the Lazy, the French nobility elected Count Hugo Capet of Paris as the new king of France, who became the founder of the new French royal dynasty - Capetians. However, in fact, only the royal domain, located between Paris and Orleans (Ile-de-France), was subordinate to him. But even on the territory of the domain, there were possessions of small vassals of the king, who behaved very independently and often showed their disobedience to the king.
However, compared with his vassals, even the most powerful, the king had a number of significant advantages. He was a suzerain, by virtue of which he had the right to confiscate the fief if the holder did not fulfill his vassal obligations, the pre-emptive right to buy a fief, and the right to attach fiefs left without heirs to his domain. To expand their domain lands, the Capetians also actively used the marriage policy: they sought to marry their sons to the heirs of large feudal estates. The king, having passed the rite of coronation, became a sovereign, that is, a ruler who towered over the entire feudal system, since his power was consecrated by the Divine will.
Rite of coronation
Capetians, starting with the second representative of this dynasty Robert II the Pious(996-1081), developed a complex, elaborately thought-out coronation rite, aimed at emphasizing the sacred nature of their power. They were crowned only in Reims, the city where Clovis was baptized, and the sacred oil - myrrh - was taken for the coronation from a special bottle brought, according to legend, from heaven by a dove during the baptism of Clovis. Therefore, the rite of anointing to the kingdom gave the king in the eyes of the people special qualities that distinguish him from mere mortals. So, according to legend, the king, by the laying on of his hands, could heal dangerous diseases, for example, scrofula.
Strengthening of royal power in the XII-XV centuries
Skillfully using all their advantages, the French kings, starting from Louis VI Tolstoy(1108-1137), steadily increased their power and by the beginning of the XIV century. took it to a whole new level.
Under Philip II (1180-1223), the position of a judge (balli) was introduced, which had investigative powers on the territory of the royal domain.
At Saint Louis IX(1226-1270) the territory of the domain, which expanded dramatically in previous years due to the confiscation of a number of English possessions and the lands of the County of Toulouse, was divided into administrative districts - balyages. Since that time, the balls carried out legal proceedings on behalf of the king, collected taxes and monitored the execution of royal decrees. Saint Louis IX introduced a single monetary system.material from the site
By the time of the reign Philip IVbeautiful(1285-1314) the territory of the domain was three-fourths of the kingdom. At this time, the king's advisers put forward the idea that the king is the emperor in his kingdom, that is, his power is not limited by any customs, and his will has the force of law.
The victory in the Hundred Years War further strengthened the power of the king in France: all taken from English king the lands entered the royal domain, and the national identity, which originated in France precisely during the years of the age-old confrontation with England, made the king a symbol of national unity.
At Louis XI(1461-1483) and Charles VIII(1483-1498) the unification of France was completed.
