Presentation on the topic "Roman army". Military vehicles of the ancient world Roman army presentation

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Roman soldiers of the time of Romulus. In early Rome, only wealthy citizens, who came from noble patrician and plebeian families, could serve in the army. Legionnaires bought all the equipment at their own expense. Salaries were not provided, but in the event of victory, everyone counted on a part of the military booty. The army was neither professional nor regular.

Manipulative system. Manipula (handful) - a division of the Roman army, 60 soldiers lined up in a close formation in 6 ranks with a depth of 10 rows. On the battlefield lined up in a checkerboard pattern.

Principle, triarii, hastati. period of the Punic Wars.

In the late Republic and in the Empire, anyone could become a legionnaire, equipment was provided by the state. Recruits were trained before enlisting in the legion. The service life was 16 years (or 18 campaigns). The salary of the legionnaires was paid by the commander, at the end of the service the soldier received Roman citizenship and a significant monetary reward.

Legion during the Empire. Number - about 12,000 people in 10 cohorts; The 1st cohort is 2 times larger than the rest. In total, there were about 200 legions in the Roman army, the total number of the army was over half a million people.

The total weight of the legionnaire's weapons was about 30 kilograms. In the campaign, the weight of the tools necessary for arranging the camp, firewood, food and drinking water- about 12-15 kg more. The legionnaire carried all this equipment himself. For this, they were figuratively called "Mary's mules" - after one of the prominent military leaders of the late Republic.

In peacetime, legionnaires continuously practiced weapons and were engaged in drill and physical training. Three times a month, 30-kilometer marches were held with an overnight stay and the equipment of a temporary camp on the model of the fort shown here (although without permanent defensive structures) Fixed camp - fort of the legion in Gaul

Combat tactics

The Romans actively used technical means for attack and defense and were masters of the siege.

Roman siege weapons: ballista, scorpion, siege ladder

The final episode of the siege: testudo in action

What to read: Varie D. Wars of antiquity. M., 2009. Dando-Collins S. Legions of Rome M., 2013. Connolly P. Greece and Rome. Encyclopedia of military history. M., 2000. McNally. M. Teutoburg forest. M., 2014. Penrose J. Rome and his enemies. M., 2008.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Route sheet "Culture of Ancient Rome" to visit the hall of the Pushkin Museum im. Pushkin

The itinerary "Culture of Ancient Rome" is designed for an independent visit to the hall of the Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin. The tasks proposed in it are used for independent work of students or with ...

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Roman army As a result of continuous wars, the Romans created a large and combat-ready army, which was divided into legions. The bulk of the legionnaires were farmers: the poor, who did not own land, on military service did not take. Thanks to the correct construction and competent management of the troops, the Romans conquered vast territories.

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The basis of the Roman army The Roman infantry was very powerful. The legionnaire was protected by a helmet, shell, leather belt with metal plaques. The shield had a semi-cylindrical shape, was made of wood and covered with bull skin. The lower parts of the legs were protected from blows by soldiers' leather shoes.

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Weapons of the Romans The Romans had perfect offensive weapons: sharp and strong swords that could cut and stab. But the main innovation was a special spear, which was suitable for both throwing and close combat. It consisted of a sharp and thin iron tip, impaled on a shaft.

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The battle formation of the Romans Before the battle, the Romans were built in three lines, each of which consisted of ten detachments. In the first line - young men of military age, in the second - older and stronger warriors, in the third - the most reliable, whose courage has been tested in practice more than once. Construction in the form of rectangles - legions. This building system proved to be very effective in battles with the enemy. While the enemy smashed the first 2 lines, he himself ran out of steam. At the 3rd line, professional Roman fighters finished him off.

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Experienced Warriors Experienced Warriors Experienced Warriors Experienced Warriors Youths Youths Youths Youths Older Older Older Older The cavalry covered the Roman army from the flanks so that it would not be surrounded by opponents. If the army was surrounded, then in many cases it lost the battle. The commander had to take into account the terrain when building troops. Due to the formation in the form of legions, the Roman army often won battles. Construction of the Roman army

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Discipline in the Roman Army The Roman army was distinguished by strict discipline. If a legionary showed cowardice, then every tenth of the legion was executed. A sentry who fell asleep at the post was stoned to death. And if the soldiers distinguished themselves, they increased the share of military booty, awarded honorary weapons. A crown with a battlement was awarded to the one who first climbed the wall or rampart of an enemy fortress.

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Roman military camp During the campaigns, the legions for overnight stays built a fortified camp in the shape of a quadrangle. A huge ditch was built around the camp, an earthen rampart was erected and it was strengthened with a palisade. The tents were set up so that the arrows of the enemy did not reach them. The camp was divided into streets and quarters. The two intersecting main streets ended at the gates of the camp.

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Roman cavalry Traditionally, in the Roman army, the cavalry played a significantly smaller role than the legionary infantry. Great importance in the matter of creating a qualitatively new cavalry, they had reforms carried out by the emperor Gallienus (253-268 AD). The number of legionary cavalry gradually increased from 120 to 726 people. The cavalry covered the infantry from the flanks.

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Roman siege weapons A siege weapon is a machine for destroying or weakening fortified defenses during a siege. The range of siege weapons ranged from the highly sophisticated machines brought in by the attackers to the primitive structures built on the spot.

This issue is made on the basis of the three-volume “ military history” Razin and the book “On the Seven Hills” by M.Yu. German, B.P. Seletsky, Yu.P. Suzdalsky. Release is not special historical research and is intended to help those who are engaged in the manufacture of military miniatures.

Brief historical background

Ancient Rome is a state that conquered the peoples of Europe, Africa, Asia, Britain. Roman soldiers were famous all over the world for their iron discipline (but not always it was iron), brilliant victories. The Roman generals went from victory to victory (there were also cruel defeats), until all the peoples of the Mediterranean were under the weight of a soldier's boot.

Roman army in different time had a different number, the number of legions, different construction. With the improvement of military art, weapons, tactics and strategy changed.

In Rome, there was universal conscription. Young men began to serve in the army from the age of 17 and up to 45 in field units, after 45 to 60 they served in fortresses. Persons who participated in 20 campaigns in the infantry and 10 in the cavalry were exempted from service. Service life also changed over time.

At one time, due to the fact that everyone wanted to serve in light infantry (weapons were cheap, they were purchased at their own expense), the citizens of Rome were divided into ranks. This was done under Servius Tullius. The 1st category included people who possessed property, which was estimated at no less than 100,000 copper asses, the 2nd - at least 75,000 asses, the 3rd - 50,000 asses, the 4th - 25,000 asses, the 5th -mu - 11.500 ass. All the poor were included in the 6th category - proletarians, whose wealth was only offspring ( proles). Each property category exhibited a certain number of military units - centuries (hundreds): 1st category - 80 centuries of heavy infantry, which were the main fighting force, and 18 centuries of horsemen; a total of 98 centuries; 2nd - 22; 3rd - 20; 4th - 22; 5th - 30 centuries of lightly armed and 6th category - 1 century, a total of 193 centuries. Lightly armed warriors were used as convoy servants. Thanks to the division into ranks, there was no shortage of heavily armed, lightly armed foot soldiers and horsemen. Proletarians and slaves did not serve because they were not trusted.

Over time, the state took over not only the maintenance of the warrior, but also withheld from him from the salary for food, weapons and equipment.

After a severe defeat at Cannes and in a number of other places, after the Punic Wars, the army was reorganized. Salaries were sharply increased, and proletarians were allowed to serve in the army.

Continuous wars required many soldiers, changes in weapons, formation, training. The army became mercenary. Such an army could be led anywhere and against anyone. This is what happened when Lucius Cornellius Sulla (1st century BC) came to power.

Organization of the Roman army

After the victorious wars of the IV-III centuries. BC. All the peoples of Italy fell under the rule of Rome. To keep them in obedience, the Romans gave some nations more rights, others less, sowing mutual distrust and hatred between them. It was the Romans who formulated the law “divide and rule”.

And for this, numerous troops were needed. Thus, the Roman army consisted of:

a) legions in which the Romans themselves served, consisting of heavy and light infantry and cavalry attached to them;

b) Italian allies and allied cavalry (after granting citizenship rights to Italians who joined the legion);

c) auxiliary troops recruited from the inhabitants of the provinces.

The main tactical unit was the legion. At the time of Servius Tullius, the legion numbered 4,200 men and 900 cavalry, not counting the 1,200 lightly armed soldiers who were not part of the legion's line-up.

Consul Mark Claudius changed the order of the legion and weapons. This happened in the 4th century BC.

The legion was divided into maniples (in Latin - a handful), centuriae (hundreds) and decuria (tens), which resembled modern companies, platoons, squads.

Light infantry - velites (literally - fast, mobile) went ahead of the legion in a loose storyu and started a fight. In case of failure, she retreated to the rear and to the flanks of the legion. In total there were 1200 people.

Hastati (from the Latin "hasta" - spear) - spearmen, 120 people in a maniple. They formed the first line of the legion. Principles (first) - 120 people in the maniple. Second line. Triaria (third) - 60 people in the maniple. Third line. The triarii were the most experienced and experienced fighters. When the ancients wanted to say that the decisive moment had come, they said: "It came to the triarii."

Each maniple had two centuries. There were 60 people in the centurion of hastati or principes, and there were 30 people in the centurion of triarii.

The legion was given 300 horsemen, which amounted to 10 tours. The cavalry covered the flanks of the legion.

At the very beginning of the application of the manipulative order, the legion went into battle in three lines, and if an obstacle was encountered that the legionnaires were forced to flow around, this resulted in a break in the battle line, the maniple from the second line hurried to close the gap, and the place of the maniple from the second line was occupied by the maniple from the third line . During the fight with the enemy, the legion represented a monolithic phalanx.

Over time, the third line of the legion began to be used as a reserve, deciding the fate of the battle. But if the commander incorrectly determined the decisive moment of the battle, the legion was waiting for death. Therefore, over time, the Romans switched to the cohort system of the legion. Each cohort numbered 500-600 people and, with an attached cavalry detachment, acting separately, was a legion in miniature.

Commanding staff of the Roman army

In tsarist times, the king was the commander. In the days of the republic, the consuls commanded, dividing the troops in half, but when it was necessary to unite, they commanded in turn. If there was a serious threat, then a dictator was chosen, to whom the head of the cavalry was subordinate, in contrast to the consuls. The dictator had unlimited rights. Each commander had assistants who were entrusted with individual parts of the army.

Individual legions were commanded by tribunes. There were six of them per legion. Each pair commanded for two months, replacing each other every day, then giving up their place to the second pair, and so on. The centurions were subordinate to the tribunes. Each centuria was commanded by a centurion. The commander of the first hundred was the commander of the maniple. The centurions had the right of a soldier for misdemeanors. They carried with them a vine - a Roman rod, this tool was rarely left idle. The Roman writer Tacitus spoke of one centurion, whom the whole army knew under the nickname: “Pass another!” After the reform of Marius, an associate of Sulla, the centurions of the Triarii gained great influence. They were invited to the military council.

As in our time, the Roman army had banners, drums, timpani, pipes, horns. The banners were a spear with a crossbar, on which a banner made of a single-color material hung. The maniples, and after the reform of Maria the cohorts, had banners. Above the crossbar there was an image of an animal (a wolf, an elephant, a horse, a boar…). If the unit performed a feat, then it was awarded - the award was attached to the flagpole; this custom has been preserved to this day.

The badge of the legion under Mary was a silver eagle or a bronze one. Under the emperors, it was made of gold. The loss of the banner was considered the greatest shame. Each legionnaire had to defend the banner to the last drop of blood. AT Hard time the commander threw the banner into the thick of the enemies to induce the soldiers to return it back and scatter the enemies.

The first thing the soldiers were taught was to relentlessly follow the badge, the banner. The standard-bearers were selected from strong and experienced soldiers and enjoyed great honor and respect.

According to the description of Titus Livius, the banners were a square cloth, laced to a horizontal bar, mounted on a pole. The color of the cloth was different. They were all monochromatic - purple, red, white, blue.

Until the allied infantry merged with the Romans, it was commanded by three prefects, chosen from among Roman citizens.

Great importance was attached to the quartermaster service. The head of the commissary service is the quaestor, who was in charge of fodder and food for the army. He oversaw the delivery of everything needed. In addition, each centuria had its own foragers. A special official, as a captain in modern army distributing food to the soldiers. At the headquarters there was a staff of scribes, bookkeepers, cashiers who gave out salaries to soldiers, priests-fortunetellers, military police officials, spies, signal trumpeters.

All signals were given by a pipe. The sound of the trumpet was rehearsed with curved horns. At the changing of the guard, they blew a fucina trumpet. The cavalry used a special long pipe, curved at the end. The signal to assemble the troops for the general meeting was given by all the trumpeters gathered in front of the commander's tent.

Training in the Roman army

The training of the fighters of the Roman manipulative legion, first of all, was to learn the soldiers to go forward on the orders of the centurion, to fill gaps in the battle line at the moment of collision with the enemy, to hasten to merge into the general mass. The execution of these maneuvers required more complex training than in the training of a warrior who fought in the phalanx.

The training also consisted in the fact that the Roman soldier was sure that he would not be left alone on the battlefield, that his comrades would rush to his aid.

The appearance of legions divided into cohorts, the complication of maneuver required more complex training. It is no coincidence that after the reform of Mary, one of his associates, Rutilius Rufus, introduced into the Roman army new system education, reminiscent of the system of training gladiators in gladiatorial schools. Only well-trained soldiers (trained) could overcome fear and get close to the enemy, attack from the rear on a huge mass of the enemy, feeling only a cohort nearby. Only a disciplined soldier could fight like that. Under Mary, a cohort was introduced, which included three maniples. The legion had ten cohorts, not counting the light infantry, and between 300 and 900 cavalry.

Fig. 3 - Cohort battle order.

Discipline

The Roman army, famous for its discipline, unlike other armies of that time, was entirely in the power of the commander.

The slightest violation of discipline was punishable by death, as well as failure to comply with the order. So, in 340 BC. the son of the Roman consul Titus Manlius Torquata, during reconnaissance without the order of the commander-in-chief, entered into battle with the head of the enemy detachment and defeated him. He talked about this in the camp with enthusiasm. However, the consul condemned him to death. The sentence was carried out immediately, despite the pleas of the entire army for mercy.

Ten lictors always walked in front of the consul, carrying bundles of rods (fascia, fascines). AT war time an ax was inserted into them. The symbol of the consul's authority over his subordinates. First, the offender was flogged with rods, then they cut off their heads with an ax. If part or all of the army showed cowardice in battle, then decimation was carried out. Decem translated into Russian means ten. This is what Crassus did after the defeat of several legions by Spartacus. Several hundred soldiers were flogged and then executed.

If a soldier fell asleep at his post, he was put on trial and then beaten to death with stones and sticks. For minor infractions, they could be flogged, demoted, transferred to hard work, reduced salaries, deprived of citizenship, sold into slavery.

But there were also awards. They could be promoted in rank, increase salaries, reward with land or money, freed from camp work, awarded with insignia: silver and gold chains, bracelets. The award was given by the commander himself.

The usual awards were medals (falers) depicting the face of a god or a commander. Wreaths (crowns) were the highest insignia. Oak was given to a soldier who saved a comrade - a Roman citizen in battle. A crown with a battlement - to the one who first climbed the wall or rampart of an enemy fortress. A crown with two golden prows of ships, to the soldier who was the first to step onto the deck of an enemy ship. The siege wreath was given to the commander who lifted the siege from the city or fortress or liberated them. But the highest award - a triumph - was given to the commander for an outstanding victory, while at least 5,000 enemies were to be killed.

The victor rode in a gilded chariot, robed in purple and embroidered with palm leaves. The chariot was drawn by four white horses. War booty was carried in front of the chariot and prisoners were led. Relatives and friends, songwriters, soldiers followed the victor. There were triumphal songs. Every now and then the cries of “Io!” and "Triumph!" (“Io!” corresponds to our “Hurrah!”). The slave standing behind the victor on the chariot reminded him that he was a mere mortal and that he should not be arrogant.

For example, the soldiers of Julius Caesar, who were in love with him, followed him, joking and laughing at his baldness.

Roman camp

The Roman camp was well thought out and fortified. The Roman army was said to drag the fortress behind them. As soon as a halt was made, the construction of the camp immediately began. If it was necessary to move on, the camp was abandoned unfinished. Even broken for a short time, it differed from the one-day one by more powerful fortifications. Sometimes the army stayed in the camp for the winter. Such a camp was called a winter camp; houses and barracks were built instead of tents. By the way, on the site of some Roman tagers, cities such as Lancaster, Rochester and others arose. Cologne (the Roman colony of Agripinna), Vienna (Vindobona) grew out of the Roman camps… Cities, at the end of which there is “…chester” or “…kastr”, arose on the site of Roman camps. "Castrum" - camp.

The place for the camp was chosen on the southern dry slope of the hill. Nearby there should have been water and pasture for cart cattle, fuel.

The camp was a square, later a rectangle, the length of which was one third longer than the width. First of all, the place of the praetorium was planned. it square area, whose side is 50 meters. The commander's tents, altars, and a platform for addressing the commander's soldiers were set up here; it was here that the court and the gathering of troops took place. To the right was the quaestor's tent, to the left the legates' tent. On both sides were placed the tents of the tribunes. In front of the tents, a street 25 meters wide passed through the entire camp, the main street was crossed by another, 12 meters wide. There were gates and towers at the ends of the streets. They were equipped with ballistas and catapults. (the same throwing weapon, got its name from a projectile, a ballista, a metal core, a catapult - arrows). Legionnaires' tents stood in regular rows on either side. From the camp, the troops could set out on a campaign without hustle and disorder. Each centuria occupied ten tents, maniples twenty. The tents had a plank frame, a gable plank roof and were covered with leather or coarse linen. Tent area from 2.5 to 7 sq. m. The decuria lived in it - 6-10 people, two of whom were constantly on guard. The tents of the Praetorian Guard and the cavalry were large sizes. The camp was surrounded by a palisade, a wide and deep ditch and a rampart 6 meters high. There was a distance of 50 meters between the ramparts and the tents of the legionnaires. This was done so that the enemy could not light the tents. An obstacle course was arranged in front of the camp from several countervailing lines and barriers from pointed stakes, wolf pits, trees with pointed branches and woven together, forming an almost impassable obstacle.

Greaves have been worn by Roman legionnaires since ancient times. Under the emperors they were abolished. But the centurions continued to wear them. Leggings had the color of the metal from which they were made, sometimes they were painted.

In the time of Marius the banners were silver, in the time of the empire they were gold. The cloths were multicolored: white, blue, red, purple.

Rice. 7 - Weapons.

The cavalry sword is one and a half times longer than the infantry. The swords are single-edged, the handles were made of bone, wood, metal.

A pilum is a heavy spear with a metal tip and shaft. Serrated tip. Wooden tree. The middle part of the spear is wrapped tightly coil to coil with a cord. One or two tassels were made at the end of the cord. The tip of the spear and the rod were made of soft forged iron, up to iron - of bronze. The pilum was thrown at the enemy's shields. The spear that stuck into the shield pulled it to the bottom, and the warrior was forced to drop the shield, as the spear weighed 4-5 kg and dragged along the ground, as the tip and rod were bent.

Rice. 8 - Scutums (shields).

Shields (scutums) acquired a semi-cylindrical shape after the war with the Gauls in the 4th century. BC e. Scutums were made from light, well-dried, aspen or poplar boards tightly fitted to each other, covered with linen, and on top with bull skin. Along the edge, the shields were bordered with a strip of metal (bronze or iron) and strips were placed in a cross through the center of the shield. In the center was placed a pointed plaque (umbon) - the pommel of the shield. Legionnaires kept in it (it was removable) a razor, money and other small things. On the inside there was a belt loop and a metal clip, the name of the owner and the number of the centurion or cohort were written. The skin could be dyed: red or black. The hand was pushed into the belt loop and taken by the bracket, thanks to which the shield hung tightly on the hand.

The helmet in the center is an earlier one, the one on the left is a later one. The helmet had three feathers 400 mm long; in ancient times, helmets were bronze, later iron. The helmet was sometimes decorated in the form of snakes on the sides, which at the top formed a place where feathers were inserted. In later times, the only decoration on the helmet was the crest. At the top of the Roman helmet was a ring through which a strap was threaded. The helmet was worn on the back or on the lower back, as a modern helmet is worn.

Roman velites were armed with javelins and shields. The shields were round, made of wood or metal. Velites were dressed in tunics, later (after the war with the Gauls) all legionnaires began to wear trousers. Some of the velites were armed with slings. At the slingers on the right side, through left shoulder hanging bags for stones. Some velites may have had swords. Shields (wooden) were covered with leather. The color of the clothes could be anything except purple and its shades. Velites could wear sandals or go barefoot. Archers in the Roman army appeared after the defeat of the Romans in the war with Parthia, where the consul Crassus and his son died. The same Crassus who defeated the troops of Spartacus under Brundisium.

Fig 12 - Centurion.

The centurions had silver-plated helmets, no shields, and the sword was worn on the right side. They had leggings and, as a distinctive sign on the armor, on the chest they had the image of a vine folded into a ring. During the manipulative and cohort construction of the legions, the centurions were on the right flank of the centuries, maniples, cohorts. The cloak is red, and all the legionnaires wore red cloaks. Only the dictator and high commanders were allowed to wear purple cloaks.

Animal skins served as saddles. The Romans did not know stirrups. The first stirrups were rope loops. The horses were not forged. Therefore, the horses were very taken care of.

References

1. Military history. Razin, 1-2 vols., Moscow, 1987

2. On the seven hills (Essays on the culture of ancient Rome). M.Yu. German, B.P. Seletsky, Yu.P. Suzdal; Leningrad, 1960.

3. Hannibal. Titus Livius; Moscow, 1947.

4. Spartacus. Raffaello Giovagnoli; Moscow, 1985.

5. Flags of the states of the world. K.I. Ivanov; Moscow, 1985.

6. History of ancient Rome, under the general editorship of V.I. Kuzishina; Moscow, 1981.

Publication:
Library of the Military History Commission - 44, 1989

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Second war between Rome and Carthage

Plan: 1. Hannibal's troops invade Italy. 2. Battle of Cannes. 3 . End of the war. Key concepts: Sicily, Carthage, Hannibal, Cannes, Scipio, Zama

Consider a map. - Which countries were leaders in the Mediterranean? - What territories belonged to these powers? What were the reasons for the wars between Rome and Carthage?

Locate the island of Sicily on the map - Where is Carthage located - Find the borders of the Roman Republic?

Punic Wars First Punic War (264-241 BC) Second Punic War (218-201 BC) Third Punic War (149-146 BC)

Write down the reason for the war between Rome and Carthage: The war for the possession of new territories on the coast of the Western Mediterranean.

Carthage lost the first Punic War. - Sicily went to Rome. Both sides began to prepare for a new war. Compare the armies of the participants in the wars. questions Army of Rome Army of Carthage Composition Strengths Weak sides

1. Hannibal's troops invade Italy. Hannibal decided to get ahead of his rivals and strike first. To do this, he personally led the army and left Spain in 218. BC. After 5 months, he approached the Alps.

Follow the path of Hannibal's troops on the map

HANNIBAL crosses the Rhone.

Hannibal gave the order to cross the snowy mountains. For 15 days the army climbed up and then went down. Hannibal lost half of his army.

The tribes of the Gauls helped Hannibal and joined his ranks

The first serious battle took place at Cannae in 216 BC. Independent work. Consider the battle plan. - Why Hannibal's army (40 thousand people) was able to defeat the Roman (80 thousand people)

Hannibal built 40 thousand infantrymen: a crescent moon facing the enemy with a convex side.

Why do you think the Romans were defeated? There was no unity in command Hannibal carefully thought out tactics

3. End of the war. Independent work: Write down the reasons for the defeat of Hannibal's army. feared that Hannibal would seize power in Carthage.

D.Z. §47, write out dates, names