Good afternoon! Today we will get acquainted with the Latin language, find out why a doctor needs it in any country, and also try to learn some important Latin terms.

So, Latin. To be honest, I really enjoyed teaching him for a number of reasons:

• In class on this subject, it felt like I was touching some secret ancient knowledge. This is understandable, because we are talking about the language spoken by the great doctors of antiquity;
• You will study in Latin. That's why good knowledge Latin will make memorizing anatomy relatively easy for you;
• Latin terms (especially medical ones) sound very, very cool;
• By the way, the term used in Latin during a conversation or report eloquently indicates your erudition. It may not be entirely true, but that's the impression I've always had.

What is Latin for? Doctors need it so that doctors who speak different languages have always been able to understand each other. Of course, anatomy cannot be imagined without Latin. Biologists, chemists and pharmacists need it because of the use of a single terminology, which greatly facilitates the classification of drugs, animal species, etc.

Clinical terminology is also built in Latin. For example, if the name of a drug ends with "in", we can assume with a high degree of probability that we are talking about an antibiotic - amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin. If the name of the disease has the suffix "oma", then they certainly talk about a tumor - hemengioma, sarcoma, lipoma. If the suffix "itis" is present, this is inflammation. For example, stomatitis, bronchitis, colitis.

The study Latin for physicians has its own specifics. At the end of the course of this subject at the medical university, you are unlikely to be able to talk in Latin with your friend on the phone. You also most likely will not be able to easily pronounce in the new language you have learned in your arsenal phrases like "I may be a fan of the Marvel comics universe, but the director Zack Snyder is so good that I loved the Superman and Batman films more than anyone else." All you need from this subject is to be able to understand and name from memory anatomical terms, diagnoses of diseases, as well as be able to write prescriptions in Latin.

From my own experience, I’ll say that Latin terms memorized in advance, before starting to study at a medical university, provide several advantages at once:

1. Firstly, you get used to the subject much faster and new topics are much easier for you.
2. Secondly, you will quickly win a good attitude of the teacher towards you. Your Latin teacher will definitely consider you a capable student if you answer best in the first couple.
3. And thirdly, having a good vocabulary, you will be able to compensate to some extent for your lag in grammar if this suddenly happens. That's exactly what happened to me - in terms of vocabulary, I was very good, but grammar was given very hard. But I got on the list of contenders for the coveted "machine gun" precisely because of the vocabulary - at least that's what the teacher told me.

When I created this selection of Latin words, I focused primarily on the very beginning of the first semester of the first year. Therefore, if you have already entered for sure, but wanted to know how to prepare for a medical university in advance, this article is for you. After all, it is best in such a situation to begin your preparation with Latin.

In fact, a Latin lesson

Let's try to remember a few simple words with pronunciation. I’ll make a reservation right away that in our first selection I will not indicate the gender, the variation in the spelling of the word in the genitive case or in plural, as is customary in dictionaries.

For our first Latin lesson, I propose to memorize two simple rules, which we will use right now:

1. In Latin, the last syllable is NEVER stressed;
2. The sound of the letter "L" is always softened. The word "clavicula" (collarbone) will never sound "clavicula". We will read it as "clavicula". Just like "scapula" (scapula) - it will sound like this: "scapule".

So, we begin to learn Latin for doctors. Our lexical minimum for this lesson:

• Caput(kaput) - head;
• Cranium(cranium) - skull. A fairly common word. There is even the science of craniology, which studies the structure of the human skull in a normal way;
• Basis cranii(basis of the crane) - the base of the skull;
• Fornix cranii(forniks krani) - the vault of the skull, that is, the lid of the skull;
• Maxilla(maxilla) - upper jaw. Do not forget our second rule and read as "maxil";
• Mandibula(mandible) - lower jaw. The correct sound will be "mandible";

I used a classic Da Vinci illustration to show you what I was talking about. With a red dotted line, I marked the border between the cranial vault (fornix cranii) and its base (basis cranii). The rounded part on top is the vault. Below is the base.

I highlighted the upper jaw (maxilla) in blue, and the lower jaw (mandibula) in green.

• Cervix(cervix) - neck;
• vertebra(vertebra) - vertebra;
• columna vertebralis(columna vertebralis) - the spinal column. It is he who consists of the vertebrae;
• Corpus vertebrae(corpus vertebre) - the body of the vertebra. It is very easy to memorize Latin on associations - often, especially in sports, the human body is called the "body". Boxers say so: “body punch”;
• arcus vertebrae(arcus vertebre) - the arch of the vertebra. It is also not without reason that an architectural figure in the form of an arc is called an “arch”;

This is what the spinal column looks like:

Next block of words:

• Thorax(thorax) - chest. The same term is called the chest - the anatomical formation, inside which the chest cavity is located.
• Cavum thoracis(kavum thoracis) - chest cavity. It is limited to the sternum, ribs and vertebrae, that is, the chest.
• Sternum(sternum) - sternum. One of the coolest bones to study. There are only a few elements to remember, the main one is ...
• Corpus sterni(case stern) - the body of the sternum. I think you already know the translation of this word, by analogy with the vertebral body;
• Costa(kosta) - rib;
• caput costae(kaput coste) - the head of the rib. Yes, at first I myself thought that the human head and the head of any anatomical formation have different names, it turns out not
• corpus costae(case coste) - the body of the rib. I think you already remember well what a corpus is;

In this illustration you can see the chest, front view. The sternum is a long vertical bone located in front. The body of the sternum is even signed here, only on English language- body of sternum. By the way, Latin and English have a large number of similar words.

And the last block of Latin words for today.

• Сingulum membri superioris(Tsingulum membri superioris) - the belt of the upper limb. The word superior, like its opposite, inferior, will come up very often throughout the anatomy.
• Superior(superior) - top. simple association. "Super" - above all others;
• Inferior(inferior) - lower. It's also easy to remember. "Inferno" is another name for hell. "Infernal" - infernal, diabolical. The stereotypical hell is always at the bottom;
• Scapula(scapule) is a word already parsed today. As you remember, this translates as "blade";
• Clavicula(klavikulya) - clavicle. We also took it apart. By the way, for me in anatomy it was very surprising that the girdle of the upper limbs consists of only two bones - the scapula and the collarbone. I thought it was full of bones.

I highlighted the clavicle in red, and the shoulder blade in green.

Here is such a list. I would recommend that you learn it in parts. Write each term several times, say it out loud, and then tell a few of the learned terms with Russian translation to your household or a friend on the phone (I periodically told the cat).

This concludes our first (hopefully not the last) medical Latin lesson. If you study a few expressions a week before you start your studies, you will become a very skilled student in your Latin classes. Good luck everyone, study and love science!

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Latin (lingua latīna) is ancient language with Indo-European roots. Many people classify Latin as a "dead" language because it is rarely spoken outside of specialized courses or certain religious services. However, Latin is not truly a "dead" language. She has influenced languages ​​such as French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, English and many others. In addition, knowledge of Latin is essential in many literary studies. By learning how to learn Latin, you will be able to better understand many modern languages, gain the status of an experienced connoisseur of foreign classical literature and become part of a tradition that has existed for thousands of years.

Steps

Part 1

Getting to know the Latin lexicon

Learn Latin verbs. In Russian, a verb is usually an action, but in Latin a verb can describe an action, a state of something, or any change in a person, place, or thing. Latin verbs consist of a word stem and a corresponding ending (the part of the word that makes it functional) and express the use of one of four categories:

• person (first: I/we; second: you/you; third: he/she/it)
• tense (past, present, future)
• pledge (active or passive)
• mood (indicative, conditional, imperative)

1. Learn Latin nouns. Nouns are a little more difficult than verbs, but they also do not cause much difficulty. Noun endings indicate number (singular and plural), gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), and case (nominative/genitive/dative/accusative/active/vocative).

   Understand Latin adjectives. In Latin, adjectives are inflected in the same way as nouns, usually according to either the first and second declensions (e.g. magnus, magna and magnum are all forms of the adjective "great") or, at times, the third declension (e.g. acer, acris and acre are all forms of the adjective "sharp"). Adjectives in Latin are divided into three degrees of comparison:

   Learn Latin adverbs. Just like adjectives, adverbs have a comparative and a superlative degree. Adverbs are formed by appropriate changes in the ending: "-ius" for the comparative form, "-e" for the superlative. Adverbs formed from adjectives of the first and second declension have the ending "-e", and from the third - "ter."

   Use Latin conjunctions. Just like in Russian, conjunctions in Latin connect words, phrases, subordinate clauses and other sentences (for example, "and", "but" or "if"). Conjunctions have a fairly definite focus, and therefore there should be no difficulty in learning or using them. There are three main types of unions:

   • connecting (connect words / phrases / sentences with the same position) - et, -que, atque
   • separators (express opposition or choice) - aut, vel, -ve
   • adversatives (express contrast) - at, autem, sed, tamen

2. Buy a Latin dictionary. Having a dictionary with Latin words and many of their cognates will greatly help you in replenishing your vocabulary. In general, any good dictionary Latin. If you're not sure which dictionaries are best for learning languages, read online reviews or ask for advice from those who have already learned the language.

   Make and use word cards. This is an excellent way to improve your vocabulary in any language. To get started, get a pack of blank cards. Then write a word or phrase in Latin on one side and his/her translation into your language on the back. Now you can test yourself. Keep a stack of cards with words or expressions that are difficult for you so that you can review and remember them later.

   Use mnemonics. Mnemonics is a learning technology that helps you remember something complex by associating it with another word, sentence, or picture. Acronyms (forming a word by adding the first letters of each word in a phrase) and rhymes are the two most common types of mnemonic devices. There are many mnemonic methods for learning Latin that you can find online or in books. You can also invent your own to help you learn.

   Set aside time to study. Find a balance between work and free time it may not be easy, and cutting off another chunk of the day for learning seems impossible at all. However, it will definitely be a manageable task if you manage your time properly by keeping your regular schedule and setting aside a little for studying each day.

   Determine your ideal learning environment. Some people find it easier to concentrate at night, while others prefer to study first thing in the morning. Some are comfortable studying in their own room, others go to the library to be less distracted. If you are studying Latin, you may need certain conditions for a calm and thoughtful study. So you need to figure out what is the best way for you to do it.

Instruction

Learning Latin should begin with learning the alphabet. There are 25 letters in the Latin alphabet. The six letters (a, e, i, o, u, y) represent the 12 vowels of Latin. There are also 4 diphthongs in Latin. You need to know that in Latin there are long and short vowels. Shortness and longitude are denoted by superscripts: ā - "a" long, ă - "a" short. The stress in Latin words is never placed on the last syllable. In two-syllable words, the stress is placed on the initial syllable. In trisyllabic and polysyllabic words, the stress is placed on the second syllable from the end, if this second syllable is long. On the third syllable from the end, the stress is placed if the second syllable is short. For example, in the word transformatio, the emphasis is on "a".

Further, in Latin 4 . In the first conjugation, the stem ends in a long "a" (ā). For example, "ornāre", in which "ornā" is the stem and "re" is the suffix. The suffix can also be "ere". The second conjugation includes verbs whose stem ends in long "e" (ē), for example, "habēre". The third conjugation includes verbs whose stem ends in a consonant, short u and short i (ŭ and ĭ), such as tangere (stem tang). The fourth conjugation includes long "i" verbs (ī), for example, "audīre", where "audī" is the stem and "re" is the suffix.

Verbs in Latin have the following grammatical categories: tense (six tenses: present tense, future first, future second, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect), mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative), pledge (real and), number (singular and plural), person (1, 2 and 3rd person). Of course, you need to study each section gradually. However, you should start somewhere, for example, to start with four correct conjugations. Let's consider how the verbs of I-IV conjugations change in the present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice.

Verb I of conjugation ornāre: orno, ornas, ornat, ornāmus, ornatis, ornānt. Verb II of conjugation tacēre: taceo, taces, tacet, tacēmus, tacētis, tacent. Verb III of conjugation tangere: tango, tangĭs, tangĭt, tangĭmus, tangĭtis, tangŭnt. Verb IV of conjugation audīre: audio, audis, audit, audīmus, audītis, audiuŭt.

Let's talk a little about nouns in Latin. They have the category of gender (male, female, neuter), number (singular, plural). There are 6 cases in Latin: Nominativus (nominative case), Genetivus ( Genitive), Dativus (dative), Accusativus (accusative), Ablativus (positive), Vocativus (vocative). Nouns in Latin have 5 declensions. The first includes nouns with stems in ā and ă. To the second - on ŏ and ĕ. To the third - into a consonant and ĭ. K IV - on ŭ. By the fifth - on ē.

So, we have learned a little about the Latin verb and noun. It is important that now, when we can already distinguish them a little, with the help of a dictionary it is possible to translate some Latin sentences;

Fortuna caeca est - Fortune is blind;
Epistula non erubescit - Paper does not blush;
Mala herba cito crescit - Bad grass grows fast;
Amicitia vitam ornat - Friendship adorns life;
Amat victoria curam - Victory loves care;
Terra incognita - Unknown land;
Cogito ergo sum - I think, therefore I am.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE. WORD CHANGES. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GRAMMAR.
The Latin language, like Russian, is inflectional: the connection of words in a sentence is determined by their form, i.e., the presence of inflection (ending) and suffix in each specific case.
Due to the inflectional nature, the Latin language belongs to the synthetic type of languages ​​in which the word synthesizes (combines) the lexical and grammatical meaning; word order in it is relatively free, as in Russian.

As opposed to languages synthetic tuning(to which German also partially belongs) there are languages ​​of the analytical system (for example, English and French), in which the role of inflections (endings) is minimal and the word is usually a carrier only lexical meaning, and grammatical relations are determined mainly by various functional words ( auxiliary verbs, personal pronouns, prepositions, etc.), as well as word order in sentences.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction. Latin meaning 3
How the tutorial is built and what it teaches 8
What is Grammar 10
I part
I chapter 11
§ 1. Letters and their pronunciation (11). § 2. Combinations of vowels (13).
§ 3. Combinations of consonants (14). § 4. Longitude and shortness of vowels (number) (14). §5. Accent (15). Exercises (15).
II chapter 16
§ 6. Characteristics of the structure of the Latin language (16). § 7. Initial information about the noun (18). § 8.1 declination (20). § 9. The verb esse (to be) (22). § 10. Some syntactic remarks (22). Exercises (23).
III chapter 24
§eleven. Initial information about the verb (25). § 12. Characteristics of conjugations. General view about dictionary (basic) forms of the verb (26). § 13. Basic (dictionary) forms of the verb (28). § 14. Praes-ensindicativiactivi. Imperativus praesentis activi (29). § 15. Negatives with verbs (31). § 16. Preliminary explanations for the translation (32). Exercises (38).
IV chapter 40
§ 17. Imperfectum indicativi activi (40). § 18. II declension. General remarks (41). § 19. Nouns of the II declension (42). §twenty. Phenomena common to I and II declinations (43). § 21. Adjectives I-II declensions (43). § 22. Possessive pronouns (45). § 23. Accusativus duplex (46). Exercises (46).
V chapter 47
§ 24. Futurum I indicativi activi (48). § 25. Demonstrative pronouns (49). § 26. Pronominal adjectives (51). § 27. Ablativus loci (52). Exercise(53).
Test 54
VI chapter 56
§ 28. III declension. General information (57). § 29. Nouns of the III declension (59). § 30. Correlation of forms of indirect cases with the form of the nominative case (60). § 31. Gender of nouns of the III declension (62). § 32. Ablativus temporis (62). Exercises (63).
VII chapter 64
§ 33. Adjectives of the III declension (64). § 34. Participium praesentis activi (66). § 35. Nouns of the III declension of the vowel type (67). Exercises (68).
Articles to read 69
II part
VIII Chapter 74
§ 36. Passive voice. Form and meaning of verbs (74). § 37. The concept of active and passive constructions (76). § 38. Personal and reflexive pronouns (78). § 39. Features of the use of personal, reflexive and possessive pronouns (79). § 40. Some meanings of genetivus (80). Exercises (81).
Chapter 82
§41. The tense system of the Latin verb (82). §42. The main types of formation of perfect and supine stems (83). § 43. Perfectum indicativi acti (84). § 44. Supinum and its derivational role (86). § 45. Participium perfecti passivi (87). § 46. Perfectum indicativi passivi (88). Exercise (89).
X Chapter 90
§ 47. Plusquamperfectum indicativi activi and passivi (91). § 48. Futurum II indicativi activi and passivi (92). § 49. Relative pronoun (93). § 50. The concept of complex sentences (94). § 51. Participium futuri activi (95). Exercise (96).
Test 97
XI Chapter 99
§ 52. The verb esse with prefixes (99). § 53. Compound verb posse (101). § 54. Accusativus cum infinitivo (102). § 55. Pronouns in turnover ace. With. inf. (103). § 56. Forms of the infinitive (104). § 57. Definition in the text and methods of translation of turnover ace. With. inf. (105). Exercises (107).
XII Chapter 108
§ 58. IV declension (109). § 59. Verba deponentia and semidepo-nentia (110). § 60. Nominativus cum infinitivo (112). § 61. Ablativus modi (113). Exercises (114).
XIII Chapter 115
§ 62. V declension (115). § 63. Dativus duplex (116). § 64. Demonstrative pronoun hie, haec, hoc (117). Exercises (117).
XIV Chapter 118
§ 65. Degrees of comparison of adjectives (119). Section 66. comparative(119). § 67. Superlatives (120). § 68. Formation of adverbs from adjectives. Degrees of comparison of adverbs (121). § 69. Suppletive degrees of comparison (122). Exercise (124)
Articles to read 125
III part
XV Chapter 129
Section 70. Participle turnovers(129). § 71. Ablativus absolutus (130). §72. Definition in the text and ways of translating turnover abl. abs. (132). § 73. Ablativus absolutus without participle (133). Exercises (134).
XVI Chapter 135
§ 74. Numerals (136). § 75. The use of numerals (137). § 76. Definitive pronoun idem (138). Exercise (138).
XVII Chapter 139
§ 77. Forms of the conjunctiva (139). § 78. Meanings of the conjunctiva (142). § 79. Shades of the meaning of the subjunctive in independent sentences (143). § 80. Additional and target clauses (144). § 81. Relative clauses of the corollary (146). Exercises (147).
XVIII Chapter 148
§ 82. Forms of the conjunctiva of the perfect group (149). § 83. The use of the subjunctive of the perfect group in independent sentences (150). § 84. Consecutio temporum (150). §85. Relative clauses are temporary, causal and concessive (151). Exercises (153).
XIX Chapter 154
§ 86. Indirect question (154). Exercise (155).
Test 155
XX Chapter 159
§ 87. Conditional sentences (159). Exercise (160).
XXI Chapter 161
§ 88. Gerund and gerund (161). § 89. Use of the gerund (162). § 90. Use of the gerund (164). § 91. Signs of difference between gerund and gerund and comparison of their meanings with the infinitive (164). Exercises (165).
IV part
Selected passages from the works of Latin authors
C. Julius Caesar. Commentarii de bello Gallico 168
M. Tullius Cicero. Oratio in Catilinam prima 172
Cornelius Nepos. Marcus Porcius Cato 184
C. Plinius Caecilis Secundus Minor. Epistulae 189
Velleius Paterculus. Historiae Romanae libri duo 194
Eutropius. Breviarium historiae Romanae ab U. c 203
Antonius Possevinus. De rebus Muscoviticie 211
Alexander Gvagninus. Muscoviae descriptio 214
P. Vergilius Maro. Aeneis 224
Q. Horatis Flaccus. Carmen. Satira 230
Phaedrus. Fabulae 234
Pater Noster 237
Ave, Maria 237
Gaudeamus 238
aphorisms, winged words, abbreviations 240
grammar guide
Phonetics 250
Morphology 250
I. Parts of speech (250). P. Nouns. A. Case endings (251). B. Patterns of Declensions (252). V. Nominativus in the third declension (252). D. Features of the declension of individual nouns (253). III. Adjectives and their degrees of comparison (254). IV. Numerals (254). V. Pronouns (257). VI. Verb. A. The formation of verb forms from three stems (259). B. Depositional and semi-depositional verbs (262). B. Insufficient verbs (262). D. Archaic verbs (out of conjugations) (262). VII. Adverbs (266). VIII. Prepositions (267). Simple Sentence Syntax 267
IX. Word order in a sentence (267). X. Use of cases (268). XI. Accusativus cum infinitivo (271). XII. Nominativus cum infinitivo (272). XIII. Ablativus absolutus (272). XIV. Gerundium. Gerundivum (272). XV. Meaning of the conjunctiva (272).
Syntax complex sentence 273
XVI. Unions. A. Composing (most common) (273). B. Subordinating (most common) (274). XVII. Cop-secutio temporum (274). XVIII. Subject clauses (275). XIX. Definitive clauses (275). XX. Definitive sentences with adverbial meaning (276). XXI. Additional subordinate clauses (276). XXII. Relative clauses of purpose (276). XXIII. Relative clauses of the corollary (277). XXIV. Temporal subordinate clauses (277). XXV. Causal clauses (278). XXVI. Concessive subordinate clauses (278). XXVII. Conditional clauses (279). XXVIII. Indirect question (279). XXIX. Indirect speech (279). XXX. Attractio modi (280). XXXI. Relative clauses with conjunctions ut, quum, quod (280).
Elements of word formation 282
Applications 287
About Roman names 287
About the Roman calendar 288
On Latin Versification 292
About notes 293
About etymology and vocabulary 294
Key to control work 295
Latin-Russian Dictionary 298.

The course will provide you with the opportunity to touch the riches of the Latin language, which influenced the formation and development of several European ones, such as French, Italian, Spanish, English and others. Therefore, learning Latin will make it easier for you to master new foreign languages ​​in the future or open up unexpected facets in already known ones. Just like logic and mathematics, the practical skills of linguistic analysis of Latin texts will have a positive impact on any research activity.

The Latin language has long been the basis of scientific terminology in various branches of knowledge, and therefore is necessary for those who study jurisprudence, medicine, biology, philology, history, philosophy and other disciplines.

Since the Latin language today is not native to any nation, that is, it does not belong to the "living" ones, during the classes we will concentrate not on conversational practice, but on the translation and analysis of texts. The compilers of the course have made efforts to ensure that in the process of learning you learn to read, understand and translate with a dictionary both individual sentences and adapted prose texts. In the classroom, you will also master the ability to translate simple Russian sentences into Latin, which will help you better understand and consolidate the grammatical categories of the language being studied.

In the course of classes, you will definitely get acquainted with winged Latin expressions included in the treasury of world culture, as well as with the fate of Latin words in Russian and other European languages.

Requirements

Completed secondary education.

Course program

Introductory Lecture

I. 1. Alphabet. Reading Rules

2. Verb - general information. Basic forms, bases, personal endings of the active voice

3. Praesens indicativi activi. Imperativus praesentis activi. Prohibition forms

4. Noun - general information. Cases. first declension

5. Personal pronouns. reflexive pronoun

II 1. Second declension (masculine)

1. 2. Second declension ( neuter gender). neuter rule

3. Adjectives I-II declension. Possessive pronouns

4. Passive voice. Personal endings of the passive voice. Praesens indicativi passivi. Infinitivus praesentis passivi

5. Real and passive constructions. Ablativus auctoris. Ablativus instrumenti

III 1. Pronouns ille; iste; ipse

2. Imperfectum indicativi activi et passivi

3. The pronoun is, ea, id. Pronominal adjectives

4. Futurum primum indicativi acti et passivi

5. Prefixed verbs with “esse”

IV 1. Third declension: consonant type

2. Third declension: vowel type

3. Third declension: mixed type

3. Third declension: adjectives

4. Features of the third declension

5. Participium praesentis activi

V 1. Functions of the infinitive. Turnover Accusativus cum infinitivo (beginning)

2. Turn Nominativus cum infinitivo (beginning)

3. Perfectum indicativi activi

4. Participium perfecti passivi. Perfectum indicativi passivi

5. Pronouns qui, quae, quod

VI 1. Plusquamperfectum et futurum secundum indicativi activi et passivi.

2. Ablativus absolutus

3. Comparative degree of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Ablativus comparisonis.

4. Superlative degree of comparison of adjectives. Genetivus partivus

5. Fourth declension

VII 1. Fifth declension

2. Pronoun hic, haec, hoc

3. Participium futuri activi. Infinitives

4. Turnover Accusativus cum infinitivo (continued)

5. Numerals

VIII 1. Gerundium

2. Gerundivum as a definition

3. Coniugatio periphrastica. Descriptive conjugation.

4. Irregular Verbs- eo, fero

5. Irregular verbs - volo, nolo, malo

IX 1. Modus coniunctivus - formation of forms

2. Coniunctivus in independent clauses

3. Student anthem "Gaudeamus"

4. The rule of setting times in subordinate clauses with conjunctiva

5. Indirect question

Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of this course, students will

Be able to:

1. Translate into Russian coherent adapted texts and individual sentences with a dictionary.

2. Translate simple sentences into Latin with a dictionary.

3. Use a Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin dictionary.

Know:

1. Fundamentals of Latin morphology.

2. Fundamentals of Latin syntax.

3. Fundamentals of grammatical terminology.

Own:

1. The skills of reading texts and setting stress.

2. Translation skills from Latin into Russian.

3. Translation skills from Russian into Latin.

Formed competencies

OK-1 - readiness for a critical understanding of the phenomena of social and cultural life; the ability to perceive, analyze, generalize information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it

OK-2 - willingness to respectfully treat historical heritage and cultural traditions, tolerantly perceive social and cultural differences

OK-3 - the ability to use in cognitive and professional activity basic knowledge in the field of humanities, social and economic sciences

OK-4 - possession of a culture of thinking, the ability to reasonably and clearly build oral and written speech

OK-5 - the ability to use computer skills in the social sphere, in cognitive and professional activities

PC-1 - the ability to demonstrate knowledge of the main provisions and concepts in the field of theory and history of literature (literatures) and the main language (languages) being studied, communication theory, philological analysis and text interpretation, understanding of history, state of the art and prospects for the development of philology

PC-3 - possession of basic skills for collecting and analyzing literary and linguistic facts using traditional methods and modern information technologies

PC-6 - the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in the field of theory and history of literature (literatures) and the studied foreign language (languages), communication theory, philological analysis and text interpretation in their own research activities

PC-13 - possession of translation skills various types texts (mainly scientific and journalistic) from a foreign language and into foreign language; annotation and summarizing scientific papers and works of art in a foreign language