Analytical languages this name was given in their classification of languages by the brothers Friedrich and August Schlegel to the new Indo-European languages. All languages that have a more or less developed grammatical structure, which allows one word with a slightly modified form to always express the same concept, but not the same grammatical relationship, are called organic by the Schlegels. Thus, each of the Indo-European languages can be called organic, where famous series forms that change the ending expresses the same concept, but in different relations of case, number, person and tense, voice, etc. For example, the Latin forms lupus, lupi, lupo, lupum, etc. express one concept "wolf", but in the sentence each of these forms expresses a special relationship to other forms logically related to it. Such a grammatical relationship can be expressed in various ways: either through special changes at the end, middle, or beginning of a word, i.e., the so-called. inflection, or through descriptive expressions. On this basis, Schlegels divided all organic languages into synthetic and analytical. The former have the character that they express grammatical relations through internal changes in the word, i.e., inflection, while the analytical ones are mainly based on the external immobility of forms and, at the same time, on addition. This difference will seem obvious if we compare the Latin caballi and the French de cheval, Latin. caballo and fr. à cheval, dat. amabo and fr. j "aimerai (I will love): we see here that the same grammatical expression in the first case is expressed by one in simple words, in the second - two simple or difficult words. It can be seen from the history of languages that all languages, over time, tend to acquire an analytical character: with each new era the number of characteristic features of the analytical class increases. ancient language The Vedas were almost entirely synthetic, classical Sanskrit had already developed a little more new analytic elements; the same thing happened to all other languages: in ancient world they all had a strong synthetic character, for example. lang. Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Zenda, etc. On the contrary, the new languages took on an analytic character; Most of the European languages moved in this direction, the language of English, which left only insignificant remnants of declensions and conjugations. There are almost no inclinations and French, but there are still conjugations that are also quite strongly developed in German, where the declension has been preserved in larger sizes than in the Romance languages. This fate befell almost all other new Indo-European languages, eg; New Indian, like Pali, pahlavi, Afghan, or Pashto, New Persian dialects, New Armenian, etc. All these languages, in comparison with the languages of ancient times, have a rather strong analytical character. However, two groups of new languages differ from all of them: Slavic and Lithuanian. Synthetic character traits still predominate here; this conservatism is almost equally inherent in the Slavic as in the Lithuanian group, and is very striking when comparing these two groups with the rest of the languages of the Indo-European family. The grammatical forms of declensions and conjugations flourish in these two cognate groups, and it is difficult to decide on which side the preponderance is. If it seems that the current declension of Lithuanian nouns, and especially adjectives, is richer than the Slavic, then there is no doubt that the Slavic conjugation is richer than the Lithuanian. In any case, the fact is that the Slavo-Lithuanian group is synthetic, while other new Indo-European languages have given precedence to the analytical principle.
Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .
See what "Analytical Languages" is in other dictionaries:
Literary Encyclopedia
A type of languages in which grammatical meanings are expressed not by word forms (as in synthetic languages), but mainly by function words, word order, intonation, etc. Analytical languages include English, French, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Analytical languages- ANALYTICAL LANGUAGES. And I. as opposed to synthetic ones. such languages in which the relationship between the words included in the phrase (see) is indicated only by the forms of the entire phrase, such as, for example, word order, intonation of the whole ... ... Dictionary of literary terms
A type of languages in which grammatical meanings are expressed not by word forms (as in synthetic languages), but mainly by function words, word order, intonation, etc. Analytical languages include English, French, Bulgarian and ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Languages in which grammatical meanings (relationships between words in a sentence) are expressed not by the forms of the words themselves (cf .: synthetic languages), but by auxiliary words with significant words, the order of significant words, the intonation of the sentence. TO… … Dictionary of linguistic terms
analytical languages- Languages in which grammatical meanings are expressed outside the word (in the sentence) through: 1) word order; 2) intonation; 3) official words, etc. A.ya. are: English, French, Italian, Spanish and all isolating languages... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
A type of languages in which grammatical relations are expressed by functional words, word order, intonation, etc., and not by inflection, that is, not by grammatical alternation of morphs within a word form, as in synthetic languages. To A. I. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
analytical languages- And I. as opposed to synthetic ones. such languages in which the relationship between the words included in the phrase (see) is indicated only by the forms of the entire phrase, such as, for example, word order, intonation of the whole phrase, ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
Analytical languages- Analytic languages, see Typological classification of languages ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
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Morphological typology (and this is chronologically the first and most developed area of typological research) takes into account, firstly, the ways of expressing grammatical meanings and, secondly, the nature of the connection in the word of its significant parts (morphemes). Depending on how you express grammatical meanings distinguish between synthetic and analytic languages. Depending on the nature of the connection of morphemes, agglutinative and fussy languages are distinguished (§ 141-142).
In the languages of the world, there are two main groups of ways of expressing grammatical meanings: 1) synthetic ways and 2) analytical. Synthetic methods are characterized by the combination of a grammatical indicator with the word itself (this is the motivation for the term synthetic1); such an indicator that introduces the grammatical meaning "inside the word" can be an ending, a suffix, a prefix, an internal inflection (i.e., alternation of sounds at the root, for example , flow - flows - flow), change of stress (legs - legs), suppletivism (I - me, I go - I go, good - better), repetition of the morpheme2. Learn more about grammatical methods in different languages see Reformed 1967: 263-313.
A common feature of analytical methods is the expression of grammatical meaning outside the word, separately from it - for example, using prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliary verbs and other auxiliary words, as well as using word order and general intonation of the statement3.
Most languages have both analytical and synthetic means of expressing grammatical meanings, but their specific weight varies. Depending on which methods prevail, languages of a synthetic and analytical type are distinguished. All are synthetic languages. Slavic languages.
Synthetic (from Greek synthesis - combination, compilation, association) - based on synthesis, united.
This is, in particular, the origin of the Proto-Slavic indicator of the imperfect: the duration of the action was conveyed figuratively - by doubling the suffix vowel or adding another, similar, vowel, cf. st.-glor. VERB, NESYAH.
3 Analytical (from the Greek. analysis - separation, decomposition, dismemberment - separating, decomposing into its constituent parts; associated with the analysis of Bulgarian), Sanskrit, ancient Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Yakut, Arabic, Swahili, etc.
The languages of the analytical system include all Romance languages, Bulgarian, English, German, Danish, Modern Greek, New Persian, etc. Analytical methods these languages predominate, but synthetic grammatical means are also used to some extent.
Languages in which there are almost no possibilities for the synthetic expression of a number of grammatical meanings (as in Chinese, Vietnamese, Khmer, Lao, Thai, etc.), in early XIX in. called amorphous ("formless"), that is, as if devoid of form, but already Humboldt called them isolating. It was seen that these languages are by no means devoid of grammatical form; it is simply that a number of grammatical meanings (namely, syntactic, relational meanings) are expressed here separately, as if “isolatedly”, from lexical meaning words (for details, see Solntseva 1985).
There are languages in which the root of a word, on the contrary, turns out to be so “overburdened” with various auxiliary and dependent root morphemes that such a word turns into a sentence in meaning, but at the same time remains shaped like a word. Such a “word-sentence” device is called incorporation (lat. incorporatio - inclusion in its composition, from lat. m - in and corpus - body, single whole), and the corresponding languages are incorporating or polysynthetic (some Indian languages, Chukchi, Koryak and etc.).
In the languages of the world, there are two main groups of ways of expressing grammatical meanings: 1) synthetic ways and 2) analytical. Synthetic methods are characterized by the combination of a grammatical indicator with the word itself (this is the motivation for the term synthetic). Such an indicator that introduces a grammatical meaning "inside the word" can be ending, suffix, prefix, internal inflection(i.e. alternation of sounds in the root, for example, flow - flows - flow), change accents(legs - legs)suppletive modification word bases (I - me, I go - I go, good - better),transfix(in Semitic languages: a complex consisting of several vowels, which is “woven” into a three-consonant root, adding lexico-grammatical and syntactic meanings to it and thus completing the root to the required word form), repeat morphemes.
A common feature of analytical methods is the expression of grammatical meaning outside the word, separately from it - for example, using prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliary verbs and other service words, as well as with the help of word order and general intonation of the utterance.
Most languages have both analytical and synthetic means of expressing grammatical meanings, but their specific weight varies. Depending on which methods prevail, languages of a synthetic and analytical type are distinguished. Synthetic languages include all Slavic languages (except Bulgarian), Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Yakut, German, Arabic, Swahili and many others. others
The languages of the analytical system include all the Romance languages, Bulgarian, English, Danish, Modern Greek, New Persian and many others. etc. Analytical methods in these languages prevail, however, synthetic and grammatical means are used to some extent.
Languages in which there are almost no possibilities for the synthetic expression of a number of grammatical meanings (as in Chinese, Vietnamese, Khmer, Lao, Thai, etc.) at the beginning of the 19th century. called amorphous("formless"), i.e. as if devoid of form, but already Humboldt called them insulating.
It has been proved that these languages are by no means devoid of grammatical form, just a series of grammatical meanings (namely, syntactic, relational meanings) are expressed here separately, as if “isolated”, from the lexical meaning of the word.
There are languages in which a word, on the contrary, turns out to be so “overburdened” with various auxiliary and dependent root morphemes that such a word turns into a sentence in meaning, but at the same time remains shaped like a word. Such a device "word-sentence" is called incorporation(lat. incorporatio-"inclusion in one's composition", from lat. in- "in and corpus-"body, whole"), and the corresponding languages - incorporating, or polysynthetic(some Indian languages, Chukchi, Koryak, etc.).
4. Morphological typology of the languages of E. Sepir.
The new typological classification belongs to the American linguist E. Sapir (1921). Considering that all previous classifications are “a neat construction of a speculative mind”, E. Sapir made an attempt to give a “conceptual” classification of languages, based on the idea that “every language is a formalized language”, but that “a classification of languages, built on the distinction of relations, purely technical” and that it is impossible to characterize languages from only one point of view. Therefore, E. Sapir bases his classification on the expression different type concepts in the language: 1) root, 2) derivational, 3) mixed-relational and 4) purely relational (See Chapter IV, § 43.). The last two points should be understood in such a way that the meanings of relations can be expressed in the words themselves (by changing them) together with lexical meanings - these are mixed relational meanings; or separately from words, for example, word order, auxiliary words and intonation - these are purely relational concepts. The second aspect of E. Sapir is that very “technical” side of expressing relations, where all grammatical methods are grouped into four possibilities: a) isolation (i.e. ways of function words, word order and intonation), b) agglutination, With) fusion (the author deliberately separates the two types of affixation, since their grammatical tendencies are very different) (Ibid.) and d) symbolization, where internal inflection, repetition and stress are combined. (In the case of tone stress, for example in the language of Shilluk (Africa), jit with a high tone is "ear", and with a low tone - "ears" - a very similar fact with vowel alternation). The third aspect is the degree of "synthesis" in grammar in three stages: analytical, synthetic and polysynthetic, i.e. from the absence of synthesis through normal synthesis to polysyntheism as "over-synthesis" (from the Greek polys- "many" and synthesis- "connection"). From all that has been said, E. Sapir obtains a classification of languages, shown in the table:
|
Basic type |
Degree of synthesis | ||
|
A. Simple purely relational languages |
1) Isolating 2) Isolating with agglutination |
Analytical |
Chinese, Annamese (Vietnamese), Ewe, Tibetan |
|
B. Complex purely relational languages |
1) Agglutinating, isolating |
Analytical |
Polynesian |
|
2) Agglutinating |
Synthetic |
Turkish |
|
|
3) Fusion-agglutinating |
Synthetic |
Classic Tibetan |
|
|
4) Symbolic |
Analytical | ||
|
B. Simple mixed-relational languages |
1) Agglutinating |
Synthetic | |
|
2) Fusion |
Analytical |
French |
|
|
B. Complex mixed-relational languages |
1) Agglutinating |
Polysynthetic | |
|
2) Fusion |
Analytical |
English, Latin, Greek |
|
|
3) Fusion, symbolic |
Slightly synthetic |
Sanskrit |
|
|
4) Symbolic-fusion |
Synthetic |
More about the Russian language. Analytic and synthetic languages. The elephant is catching up with Moska. The "source" of action is the elephant; the action is "applied" to Moska. The pug is chasing the elephant. Here Moska is the source of action; it is directed at the elephant. How do we guess about it? By endings in words. If a pug- then this is the subject, the source of the action; pug is an addition, not a source of action. No matter how you shuffle the words in a sentence, it's still a word pug would be an addition: An elephant caught up with the pug. The elephant caught up with Moska ... The word order does not show where the subject is, where the object is. Show this endings: -a, -y in the word pug, null and -a in word elephant. Here is a word from some unknown sentence: wave. Is it subject or not? It is clear that the subject is not: the word itself, by its composition, ending -u, says that it is an addition. So, grammatical meanings can be expressed in the word itself, in its structure, for example, with the help of endings, or grammatical alternations, or doubling the stem ... But these same grammatical meanings can also find their expression outside the word - in a sentence. Example - English sentences: Adogrunsdownanelephant- The dog is chasing the elephant; Anelephantrunsdownadog- The elephant is chasing the dog. Who is catching up with whom - we learn only from the whole sentence, this is evidenced by the word order, and only he. There are languages where grammatical meanings are expressed mainly within the word: Latin, Ancient Greek, Russian, Polish, Finnish ... Such languages are called synthetic: they combine in a word, form a synthesis, lexical and grammatical meanings. There are languages where grammatical meanings are expressed mainly outside of the word, in the sentence: English, French, and all isolating languages (cf. isolating languages), such as Vietnamese. Such languages are called analytical, they have a word as a transmitter of lexical meaning, and grammatical meanings are transmitted separately: by the order of words in a sentence, function words, intonation ... Some languages clearly have a predilection for expressing grammatical meanings by means of a sentence, mainly using analytical indicators, while others concentrate these indicators within a word. There are no absolutely synthetic languages, that is, those that do not resort to grammatical analysis. So, the Russian language is synthetic, but it uses many auxiliary words - conjunctions, prepositions, particles, intonation plays a grammatical role. On the other hand, fully analytic languages are rare. Even in Vietnamese, some auxiliary words tend to approach the position of the affix. Languages are changing. For example, the Russian language, distinctly synthetic, shows a slow movement towards analyticism. This movement is microscopic, it manifests itself in insignificant details, but these details are a number, and there are no other details that show counter-motion, i.e., act in favor of enhancing synthesis. Here is an example: instead of a form grams, kilograms(genitive plural) in everyday speech is often used - in the role of this case - a form without -ov: three hundred grams of cheese, five kilograms of potatoes. Strict literary norm requires in these cases grams, kilograms. New, recently widespread units of measurement in the SI system also have a form in the genitive plural that is equal to the form of the nominative case: one hundred bit, eman, gauss, angstrom etc., and already as a norm. The difference seems to be small - to say grams or gram. But notice: grams- the form itself says that it is the genitive plural. Gram is the singular nominative and plural genitive. The only way to tell them apart is in the sentence. Consequently, the exact indication of the case is shifted from the "shoulders" of the word to the "shoulders" of the sentence. The fact is private, this is an insignificant detail, but many details add up to big picture: analytical trends in the Russian language of the XX century. intensify. It turned out that the younger the generation, the more inclined it is to use analytical constructions - in cases where the language makes it possible to choose between analyticism and synthetism. All this together allows us to say that the Russian literary language last century slowly accumulates the features of analyticism. How far will this movement go? Will it continue in the future? It's hard to predict. But there is no doubt that - with an extremely slow pace of change - our language will remain vividly synthetic for centuries to come. // Encyclopedic dictionary of a philologist (linguistics) /Comp. M. V. Panov. - M .: Pedagogy, 1984 - p.: 25-26 MORPHOLOGICAL TYPES OF LANGUAGES Morphological typology (and this is chronologically the first and most developed area of typological research) takes into account, firstly, the ways of expressing grammatical meanings and, secondly, the nature morpheme compounds in the word. Depending on the ways of expressing grammatical meanings, there are synthetic and analytic languages(§ 26; see also § 27). Depending on the nature of the connection, morphemes are distinguished agglutinative and fusional languages(§§ 28-29). 26. Analytic and synthetic languages In the languages of the world, there are two main groups of ways of expressing grammatical meanings: 1) synthetic ways and 2) analytical. Synthetic methods are characterized by the combination of a grammatical indicator with the word itself (this is the motivation for the term synthetic). Such an indicator that introduces the grammatical meaning "inside the word" can be ending, suffix, prefix, internal inflection(i.e. alternation of sounds in the root, for example, flow - flow - flow), change accents (legs - feet), suppletive modification word stems ( I - me, go - go, good - better), transfix(in Semitic languages: a complex consisting of several vowels, which is "woven" into a three-consonant root, adding to it Most languages have both analytical and synthetic means of expressing grammatical meanings, but their specific weight varies. Depending on which methods prevail, languages of a synthetic and analytical type are distinguished. Synthetic languages include all Slavic languages (except Bulgarian), Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Yakut, German, Arabic, Swahili and many others. others The languages of the analytical system include all the Romance languages, Bulgarian, English, Danish, Modern Greek, New Persian and many others. etc. Analytical methods in these languages prevail, however, synthetic grammatical means are also used to some extent. Languages in which there are almost no possibilities for the synthetic expression of a number of grammatical meanings (as in Chinese, Vietnamese, Khmer, Lao, Thai, etc.) at the beginning of the 19th century. called amorphous("formless"), i.e. as if devoid of form, but already Humboldt called them insulating. It has been shown that these languages are by no means devoid of grammatical form, just a series of grammatical meanings (namely, syntactic, relational meanings) are expressed here separately, as if "isolated", from the lexical meaning of the word (For details, see Solntseva 1985, Solntsev 1995). There are languages in which a word, on the contrary, turns out to be so “overburdened” with various auxiliary and dependent root morphemes that such a word turns into a sentence in meaning, but at the same time remains shaped like a word. Such a "word-sentence" device is called incorporation(lat. incorporate- "inclusion in its composition", from lat. in- "in and corpus- "body, whole"), and the corresponding languages - incorporating, or polysynthetic(some Indian languages, Chukchi, Koryak, etc.). Synthetic(from Greek. synthesis- combination, compilation, association) - based on synthesis, united. Read also
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