Presentation on theme: "The grammatical basis of a sentence. Subject and predicate".

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The grammatical basis of the sentence. Subject and predicate.

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SUBJECT

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Subject - main member suggestions. Answers the questions who? what? In the nominative case. Associated with the predicate.

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The subject denotes the producer of the action or the carrier of the attribute called the predicate.

• The Queen gave Snow White a poisoned apple.
• Snow White was the most beautiful princess in the world.

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The subject names the object on which the action is performed (the meaning of the passive voice).

• The dwarf house was cleaned by Snow White in just three hours.

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1. noun:

• The Queen has long been considered one of the most beautiful women in your kingdom.

The subject can be expressed

2. pronoun:

• She had no idea that the growing princess Snow White could become more beautiful.
• « Who can know for sure?" - the mirror evaded the answer.

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The subject can be expressed

3. a word in the meaning of a noun:

• The sick recovered faster if they were cared for by Snow White.
• Those invited to the palace didn't know how to react to the queen's words.
• it Tomorrow seemed to the queen the main day of her life.
• This was the most terrible sorcery of all that the queen resorted to.

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Distinguish!

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The subject can be expressed

4. the pronoun which in the attributive clause:

• The apple that was given to Snow White turned out to be poisoned.

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Distinguish!

"Which" is the subject in Im. n. You can substitute the word to which it refers.

• The main difference between the little mermaid will be a long tail instead of legs, which does not allow walking on the ground, but helps to swim quickly.

Minor member in oblique cases (often with prepositions):

• Deep under water is a palace in which the sea king himself and his daughters live.

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The subject can be expressed

5. cardinal number:

« Eight is more than five, ”concluded the smart Dobryak.

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The subject can be expressed

6. Infinitive:

• « Washing is just a waste of time!” - said the gnomes.

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The subject can be expressed

7. phrase or phraseological unit:

• All seven gnomes engaged in the extraction of precious stones.
• About three hundred princes Wooed Snow White's hand.
• He has golden hands.

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Attention!

Check subject-verb agreement.

• Tikhonya with Grumpy one hundred whether close friends of Snow White.
• The king on important matters of state with the queen never no advice als .

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Distinguish the subject from the direct object.

Addition:

• The ships were built in the last century.
• The houses, located on the edge of the edge, were painted in all the colors of the rainbow.

Subject:

• The ships were built in the last century.
• The houses were painted in all the colors of the rainbow.

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• 1. One of the saddest stories Andersen is "The Little Match Girl".

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 2. Most children Andersen's fairy tales are read in our country from early childhood.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 3. Mashenka received as a birthday present a beautiful thick book in which many fairy tales Andersen.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 4. Reading fairy tales and pretending to be a princess is the favorite pastime of little girls.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 5. Copenhagen Little Mermaid- this is the only monument in the world that is dedicated to the heroine of the fairy tale.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 6. It's nice that so many children in the world still love fairy tales.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 7. About three hundred distinguished guests attended the opening of Andersen's monument.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 8. A man who loved children so much simply could not write bad fairy tales.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 9. picture book famous artists was the most pleasant gift.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 10. Snow White with the Seven Dwarfs became the most popular cartoon characters in America.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 11. The reader always enjoys not only the content, but also the appearance of the book.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 12. "How good it is to be able to read!" - say all the kids after they read their first book in their lives.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 13. Anyone who, while reading fairy tales, can imagine himself as a child, will never grow old.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 14. something mysterious happens to tourists at the sight of the house, which became the birthplace for all of Andersen's most famous fairy tales.

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Highlight the subjects in the sentences.

• 15. From 300,000 to a million editions Andersen's fairy tales are published annually by various world publishing houses.

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PREDICATE

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The predicate is the main member of the sentence. Answers the questions what does the subject do? what is the subject? what is he?

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The predicate denotes the action or attribute of the object named by the subject.

• The Queen wanted to kill Snow White.
• poisoned apple was the most beautiful.

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Predicate types:

• - simple verb
• - compound verb
• - compound nominal

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A simple verbal predicate is expressed by the forms of the verb in some mood.

• Gnomes work from morning to evening.
• Birds will sing about spring and happiness.
• Let Grumpy wash all the dishes.
• Snow White would go back to the dwarfs' house.

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A simple verbal predicate is expressed by a phraseological phrase.

• The grumbler went berserk. He beats the bucket all day long.

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Compound verb predicate = Auxiliary + Infinitive

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An auxiliary verb is expressed by verbs that cannot be used in a sentence on their own.

• On the same day, the queen began to prepare a new witchcraft potion.
• The queen thought to solve all her problems only with the help of witchcraft.
• The Queen is used to talking to her mirror before going to bed.

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Compound verb predicate:

The auxiliary element is expressed by short adjectives that do not have full form (glad, ready, obligated, must, intend, able).

• The queen was willing to wait a week for the poison to fully absorb into the apple.
• “We are happy to help the princess!” - answered the gnomes.

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Remember!

Glad , ready , must , must , intends , able ...

Not verbs, but short adjectives!

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Distinguish!

The infinitive is part of the predicate:

• The king did not like to argue with his new wife.
• The prince could not forget Snow White.

Infinitive - object or circumstance:

• Snow White advised the dwarves to wash their faces more often.
• smart ass left to study.

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composite nominal predicate = linking verb + Nominal part

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Compound nominal predicate:

The linking verb is expressed by the verb to be , there is (absent in present tense!)

• Snow White was an ordinary girl.
• "She is will be beautiful! - told her father around.
• She is a beauty.

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Distinguish!

linking verb to be not used in the present tense (only in a compound nominal predicate).

• The day was sunny.
• Sunny day.

Verb to be in meaning to be, to be, to visit, to exist(only in a simple verb predicate).

• The little mermaid had a voice.
• it were sea treasures.

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Compound nominal predicate:

The linking verb is expressed by semi-significant verbs (show up, seem, become and etc.).

• Queen seemed like a witch.

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Compound nominal predicate:

The linking verb is expressed by verbs, the meaning of which in the predicate is weakened.

• The gnomes returned home tired.(Compare: They returned home around midnight.)
• The king's first wife had been ill for a month.(Compare: She lay in bed.)
• The princess was born happy.(Compare: The princess was born around Christmas.)

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Compound nominal predicate:

The nominal part is expressed by the noun in Im. or TV. cases.

• The queen looked like a witch.(noun in tv.p.)
• In fact, the queen was a real witch.(noun in tv.p.)
• Snow White is such a sweetie!

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Compound nominal predicate:

The nominal part is expressed by the name of the adjective, numeral, pronoun, participle.

• The road from the forest edge to the dwarfs' house was long.
• Tikhonya has always been the seventh.
• "This house is ours!" - said the Grump.

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Compound nominal predicate:

The nominal part is expressed by a short adjective or a short participle!

• Grumpy's suggestion that Snow White be kicked out of the house was stupid and inexplicable.(Kr. append.)
• Ariel and her sisters are very friendly.(Kr. append.)
• The apple was poisoned.(Kr. participle.)

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Compound nominal predicate:

The nominal part is expressed by the adjective in comparative degree!

• The desire to have legs turned out to be stronger.
• This forest was the most dangerous in the kingdom.
• The good-natured man was the least contentious in the dwarf squad.

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Name the predicate.

• 1. Many people in Denmark would like to take part in Andersen's anniversary celebrations.

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Name the predicate.

• 2. The publisher offered him to translate the fairy tale "The Little Mermaid" into the language of the Mumbo Yumbo tribe in order to familiarize the latter with European culture.

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Name the predicate.

• 3. Tourists come to this area of ​​Copenhagen take a picture against the backdrop of the Little Mermaid.

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Name the predicate.

• 4. “I’m going to read the next chapter from The Snow Queen to Vanechka at night,” the hostess apologized to the guests.

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Name the predicate.

• 5. The artist was supposed to make illustrations for The Snow Queen by Saturday, but he was not able come up with new solutions.

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Name the predicate.

• 6. I I love books that have a lot of pictures.

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Name the predicate.

• 7. Inhabitants of Denmark allowed to come to celebrate the anniversary of the great storyteller, even to representatives of those countries that did not have diplomatic relations with the kingdom.

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Name the predicate.

• 8. "You let me show You an expensive gift edition of fairy tales, which is a must must like Your children? - came to the rescue salesman.

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Name the predicate.

• 9. Humanity for a long time will puzzle over why writing fairy tales for Andersen meant to create philosophical works, not stories for children.

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Name the predicate.

• 10. Andersen wanted fame and recognition in the world, but not as a children's writer.

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• Technology has made every state as a whole and humanity as a whole powerful.(Technology has made powerful.)

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You write grammatical basis first part complex sentence.

• And they also say that he took not only living money for a stay, but did not disdain either oats or a pectoral cross.(They say.)

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Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.

• And there were not even individual signs of the coming scientific and technological revolution, or at least an information boom, on the horizon.(Did not have.)

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Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.

• This "device" can be called the voice of God within us.(You can name.)

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Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.

• His selflessness was unparalleled.(The selflessness was unparalleled.)

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Write down the grammatical basis of the sentence.

• No one else has such big black eyes.(Not.)

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TASK A 9

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Question options:

1. What words are the grammatical basis in a sentence or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?
2. Which combination is not the grammatical basis of the given sentence?
3. Which of the words is the subject (predicate) of one of the sentences?

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Which word(s) is/are not a predicate in one of the sentences of the text?

(2) The body temperature of these "ships of the desert" can rise up to forty degrees quite painlessly. (3) Only then does the camel begin to sweat. (4) But his water is not excreted from the blood, as in other animals, but from the cells and intercellular space. (6) The camel has another protective device - thick and dense fur, which protects it from overheating and prevents moisture from evaporating from the surface of the skin.

1. maybe (sentence 2)
2. starts to sweat (sentence 3)
3. stands out (sentence 4)
4. yes (sentence 6)

Answer: (1).

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What words are the grammatical basis in one of the parts of the fifth sentence?

(5) It turned out that if you stretch the skin over a hollow wooden or clay object, the sound will become more booming and stronger.

1. the sound becomes loud
2. the sound will become
3. the sound will become louder and stronger
4. the sound will be loud and strong

Answer: (3).

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Algorithm:

1. Eliminate answer options with sentence members that have the meaning of time, place, conditions.
2. Was and seemed most often they are part of a compound nominal predicate (look next to Tv. p.).
3. simple form comparative degree of the adjective, short adjectives and participles - always predicated!
4. Remember about one-part sentences and homogeneous members!

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What words are the grammatical basis in one of the parts of the second sentence of the text?

(2) According to researchers, modern Ararat is not the place that is mentioned in the Bible.

1. modern Ararat
2. which is mentioned
3. mentioned in the bible
4. Ararat is mentioned

Answer: (2).

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What words are the grammatical basis in the eighth sentence of the text?

(8) But no one called the great Armenian mountain Masis with this word.

1. Masis did not name
2. did not name the mountain
3. nobody called
4. no one called it

Answer: (3).

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What is the subject word in the ninth sentence?

(9) It received the name "Ararat" no earlier than the XII-XIII centuries, at the same time it began to be associated with the biblical Flood and Noah's Ark.

1. "Ararat"

Answer: (3).

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Which sentence has a compound verb predicate?

(1) Each artistic text represents this or that information, which always pursues certain practical goals. (3) The strength of this influence depends on the degree of artistry of the work, its figurative and expressive texture. (4) It can excite us, take, as they say, by the soul and leave us indifferent, do not touch, like or dislike, be in spirit our own and close or alien and distant. (5) And all this is only on condition that we understand it.

1. offer 1
2. sentence 3
3. sentence 4
4. sentence 5

Answer: (3).

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What words are the grammatical basis in sentence 5?

(5) ...the final answer to these questions has not yet been received.

1. no response received
2. questions not answered
3. not received
4. never received

Answer: (3).

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What words are the grammatical basis in sentence 6?

(6) These slow changes change the parameters of the Earth's orbit itself and affect the planet's climate.

1. changes change and render
2. changes change
3. changes change and affect
4. these changes change and have

Answer: (1).

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What combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of the complex sentence of the text?

(2) In 1894, he assembled a radio receiver that responded to electromagnetic waves obtained during lightning discharges (the so-called lightning detector). (4) In January 1900, Popov's radio station was used to rescue the battleship General-Admiral Apraksin, which had landed on rocks. (5) The icebreaker "Ermak", which participated in the removal of the battleship from the stones, was sent a radio message stating that on January 24 an ice floe with fishermen was torn off the coast, and the icebreaker removed the fishermen from the ice floe.

1. radiogram sent (sentence 5)
2. assembled a radio receiver (sentence 2)
3. tore off an ice floe (sentence 5)
4. the radio station was used (sentence 4)

Answer: (4).

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What words are the grammatical basis in the second (2) sentence of the text?

(2) All other information (sounds, images) for processing on a computer must be converted into numerical form.

1. processing information
2. information should
3. information needs to be converted
4. information converted

Answer: (3).

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CHECK YOURSELF

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1. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences of the text?

(2) However, not all of these passages should be included in the abstract. (3) They should be selected according to the topic of the abstract and grouped around several large subtopics that develop it. (5) Semantic folding, or compression, is understood as an operation that leads to a reduction in the text without losing important, relevant information. (6) ... compression, which provides for the exclusion of redundant, secondary information from the text, is one of the leading methods when writing an abstract.

1. understood (sentence 5)
2. fragments must go in (sentence 2)
3. they should be selected (and) grouped (sentence 3)
4. the exception is (sentence 6)

Answer: (2).

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2. Which words ARE NOT a grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) In 332 - 331 years. BC e. Alexander the Great founded Alexandria, the capital of Hellenistic Egypt. (2) Here is the famous Musseion of Alexandria, one of the main scientific and cultural centers of the ancient world, and with it the no less famous Library of Alexandria, in which there were almost 700 thousand volumes of Greek and Oriental books. (4) Many remarkable buildings were erected in Alexandria. (5) The lighthouse of Alexandria on the rocky island of Foros, near the Nile Delta, also belongs to them.

1. Alexander the Great founded (proposition 1)
2. Alexandria Musseion one of the main centers (proposal 2)
3. was erected (sentence 4)
4. belongs to the lighthouse of Alexandria (proposal 5)

Answer: (3).

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3. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) The legend of Atlantis, a mysterious state that was swallowed up by the sea, may turn out to be more than just a myth. (3) The ancient Minoans were skilled architects, shipbuilders, their achievements left their mark on the culture and life of many ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean, including the Egyptian one. (4) Experienced shipbuilders, they traded with many Mediterranean cities, and it is no coincidence that they are called "people from the sea" in Egyptian papyri. (6) Now scientists have found new evidence that the cause of the death of the Minoan culture was the raging water element.

1. which absorbed (sentence 1)
2. called (sentence 4)
3. the element has become (sentence 6)
4. the Minoans were skilled architects, shipbuilders (sentence 3)

Answer: (2).

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4. Which words ARE NOT a grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(2) The death of the highly organized Cretan civilization almost 3.5 thousand years ago remained a mystery for a long time. (4) Experienced shipbuilders, they traded with many Mediterranean cities, and it is no coincidence that they are called "people from the sea" in Egyptian papyri. (7) Minoan building material and earthenware mixed with rounded pebbles, as well as shells and other representatives of microscopic marine fauna, were found on the coast of Crete. (8) Scientists are sure that only a tsunami could create such a mixture.

1. found material and utensils (sentence 7)
2. could have created a tsunami (sentence 8)
3. death remained a mystery (sentence 2)
4. they traded (sentence 4)

Answer: (1).

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5. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(2) His flight was accompanied by sound and light effects and ended with a powerful explosion equal in strength to two thousand explosions atomic bomb in Hiroshima. (4) Pundits around the world have long puzzled over the phenomenon Tunguska meteorite. (5) But it is still impossible to unequivocally say what happened in the Siberian taiga almost a hundred years ago. (6) Krasnoyarsk researchers published another version of the clue.

1. the flight was accompanied (sentence 2)
2. men break (sentence 4)
3. can't say (sentence 5)
4. version made public (sentence 6)

Answer: (3).

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6. What words are the grammatical basis in the second (2) sentence of the text?

(2) His flight was accompanied by sound and light effects and ended with a powerful explosion equal in strength to two thousand explosions of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima.

1. the flight was accompanied
2. flight ended
3. the flight was escorted and ended
4. the flight was accompanied by effects and ended with an explosion

Answer: (3).

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7. What words ARE NOT a grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) On June 30, 1908, at about 7 o'clock in the morning, a giant bolide flew over the territory of Central Siberia between the Lower Tunguska and Lena rivers. (3) The blast knocked down trees within a radius of 80 km from the Evenk village of Vanavara. (4) Pundits all over the world have been puzzling over the phenomenon of the Tunguska meteorite for a long time. (9) The earth for the comet, which shattered into many pieces of ice, became a kind of hot frying pan.

1. pundits break their heads (sentence 4)
2. the earth for the comet has become a kind of hot frying pan (sentence 9)
3. flying ball-bolide (sentence 1)
4. trees were felled (sentence 3)

Answer: (2).

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8. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) The snow leopard has another common name - the irbis. (3) Back in the 17th century, Russian merchants, fur traders, adopted this name from local Asian hunters, many of whom spoke the Turkic dialect. (4) This word was pronounced by them as "irbiz", which meant "snow cat". (6) The pattern on the head, the manner of holding the tail when the animal is calm, and a number of other anatomical features are related to the big cats of the leopard.

1. leopard has (sentence 1)
2. adopted the name (sentence 3)
3. what did it mean (sentence 4)
4. manner of holding (sentence 6)

Answer: (3).

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9. Which words ARE NOT a grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(4) This word was pronounced by them as "irbiz", which meant "snow cat". (7) But the leopard, like other small cats, can purr; the posture that an animal adopts when eating. (8) Given this similarity to both cats, leopards are sometimes referred to as "medium cats." (9) But in terms of their dimensions, they are in no way inferior to a leopard, a typical representative of the “big ones”.

1. called (sentence 8)
2. animal accepts (sentence 7)
3. it was pronounced (sentence 4)
4. they do not yield (sentence 9)

Answer: (3).

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10. What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence?

(1) Madagascar separated from Africa 120,000,000 years ago and has followed its own evolutionary path ever since. (2) As a result, animals and plants that you will not find anywhere else in the world successfully survive and thrive on this island - the fourth largest in the world. (3) For example, lemurs, which have long since disappeared from Europe and North America.

1. Madagascar seceded (proposition 1)
2. animals survived (sentence 2)
3. lemurs are gone (sentence 3)
4. who disappeared (sentence 3)

Answer: (4).

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Check answers: 1 - 2; 2 - 3; 3 - 2; 4 - 1; 5 - 3; 6 - 3; 7 - 2; 8 - 3; 9 - 3; 10 - 4.

In the morphological, punctuation analysis of a sentence, it is important to correctly determine its grammatical basis. The ability to quickly highlight the subject, predicate will help you correctly punctuate, as well as understand the meaning of the sentence. It is the grammatical basis that is the semantic center of the sentence - its predicative core. It’s great if a person has already learned to quickly highlight the grammatical basis. However, it may often seem that defining a predicative kernel is very simple. In fact, a slight complication of the task immediately baffles.

The whole point here is that in the modern Russian language there are very rich resources, various syntactic connections. The subject and predicate are not necessarily expressed by the noun and the verb. Of course, in the sentence "The tree stands under the window" many will easily find a grammatical basis. We see here a noun: it clearly represents the main member of the sentence. It's about the tree. You can easily ask from this subject the question “what is he doing?”, thus finding the predicate. “The tree is standing” - this is our grammatical basis. But not all proposals are built so simply. It is important for you to remember what parts of speech the subject, predicate can be expressed, by what algorithm you need to look for the grammatical basis. You need to know how to find the grammatical basis of a sentence, remember all the nuances, so that later you can accurately analyze texts, correctly place punctuation marks.

The grammatical basis of the sentence: important points
Remember a few important points to learn how to determine the grammatical basis of a sentence. Be sure to write down all essential information. The best option is to present the information in tables. Let you always have tables on thick sheets of paper or cardboard at hand. So you will remember everything faster, and then you will no longer look at your cards.

Here simple rules that will help you.

• Full analysis of the proposal in parts. Determine the grammatical basis carefully, try to find the most suitable option first, and then exclude all other probable ones. The easiest way to quickly analyze a sentence is to underline all members and ask appropriate questions, defining syntactic links. In difficult cases, only this way is the most reliable. This will not take much time, but you will be sure that you have definitely found the predicative kernel.
  
• Pencil, pen, draft. Actively use drafts, pencils and pens. Make all the necessary notes, inscribe parts of speech directly above the words, underline all members of the sentence with familiar lines, dotted lines. It is on the draft that you can calmly parse the sentence, delve into its lexical and grammatical meaning.
  
• Without haste. In no case do not try to do everything as quickly as possible! You're bound to make mistakes, because parsing needs to treat each case with redoubled attention. You can successfully find grammatical foundations in a few sentences and then start making mistakes. You can not try to determine the subject and predicate at random.
  
• Members of a sentence and parts of speech. Forget about the direct relationship of the relation of a word to parts of speech and its role in a sentence! If you have a noun in front of you, you should not immediately assume that it is the subject. Predicates are also far from always expressed by verbs.
  
• Such a complex predicate. Often more problems arise in determining the predicate. You will need to memorize all types of predicates in order to find grammatical bases accurately. When you do not just define the predicate, but precisely name its type, you will be able to say with confidence: this member of the sentence was found correctly.
  
• Unexpected subjects. Pay close attention to the definition of the subject. It can even be expressed as a union! Check out the examples to get rid of stereotypes, to have a broader understanding of the grammatical foundations in Russian.
  

The best way to learn how to determine the grammatical foundations of sentences correctly is to familiarize yourself with examples and remember the types of predicates. The algorithm for determining the grammatical basis will also come in handy for you, it is quite simple.

We determine the grammatical basis according to the algorithm
Remember the simple rules. Follow the sequence of actions to correctly find the subject and predicate in the sentence.

1. Work in draft first. You are looking for grammar. It includes the subject and the predicate. Better start with the subject.
   
2. Read the offer carefully. Think about its meaning. Immediately think: what word can be the subject? What does the offer say? Which member of the construction can answer the questions “who?”, “What?”, be the bearer of the action or the person being defined? For example: "Dad was going home." You immediately see the subject "dad", which is the carrier of the action. Dad is coming - that's what the sentence says.
   
3. When you have already determined the subject, you should move on to the predicate. From the subject to the predicate, you can ask a conditional question, although it is traditionally believed that the parts are equal in the grammatical basis. However, you will quickly be able to determine the connection: dad (what did he do?) Walked. The grammatical basis is defined.
   
4. Remember that sentences can be one-part. Not all grammatical foundations consist of a subject and a predicate. Consider examples.
   • Nominative sentence with subject. Cold winter.
     
   • Definitely a personal suggestion. There is only the predicate. Come tomorrow.
     
   • Impersonal, there is a predicate. evening.
     
   • Generalized personal. The grammatical basis consists of the predicate. us so taught.
     
   • Indefinitely personal, there is no subject in the grammatical basis. you there meet.
     
5. If you come across a sentence that is difficult to understand, it is too long, it has many members, it is most convenient to parse it entirely. Even if it seemed to you that you had already found the grammatical basis, try to determine the role of other members of the sentence. It is likely that you missed something, did not pay attention to some words, their meanings in the sentence.
   
6. Be sure to check yourself again when you have completed the work. Analyze the meaning of the sentence, the syntactic roles of all its members. Make sure that your grammatical basis is really a predicative core, carries the main lexical and grammatical meaning.
   
7. You can transfer everything to a cleaner.
   

Work as carefully as possible. Determine the grammatical basis precisely by its syntactic role in a sentence, don't get distracted by what parts of speech the words are.

Various grammatical bases, subject and predicate. A few nuances
To better navigate the features of grammatical foundations, check out some examples. So, it is interesting to consider what parts of speech subjects can be expressed in.

• Noun. Summer came unexpectedly.
  
• Personal pronoun. She is returned home.
  
• Interrogative pronoun. What happened?
  
• Numerals. Eight less than ten.
  
• Adjective. Violet- my favorite color.
  
• Union. And- connecting union.
  
• A noun in the nominative case and a noun in the instrumental case. Mother with daughter went to the theatre.
  

Be sure to remember the types of predicates in order to correctly determine the grammatical foundations, not to leave its parts unmarked. For example, some words can simply be skipped. With a complete analysis of the sentence, you will immediately see that they are left without their syntactic role.

Predicates can be simple verbs (PGS), compound verbs (CGS) and compound nominals (CIS).

• PGS. In this case, the predicate is expressed in the personal form of the verb. She is meditates. Nicholas walks. Winter starts. Remember: PGS is sometimes expressed by a phraseological unit with a conjugated verb form. It can be replaced by a verb with a direct meaning. Kostya beats the buckets (is idle).
  
• GHS. The predicate consists of at least two words, it has the infinitive of the verb and the link. Words usually act as links: knows how, loves, wants, maybe, continued, finished, started. I I want to sing. Misha stopped practicing. Tanya likes to listen music.
  
• SIS. Such a predicate consists of a verb copula and a nominal part. In the role of the nominal part are adverbs, participles, nominal parts of speech. A copula is a verb to be in a personal form. Note! The verb can be omitted, but the predicate is in front of you. Try setting it up yourself. Summer will be hot. Day overcast. Task fast solved.
  

Analyze the proposal carefully, be careful and remember all the important points. Then you will find the grammatical basis correctly.

is a syntactic unit containing a thought and consisting of one or more words. With the help of a sentence, you can express thoughts and feelings, an order, a request, etc. For example: Morning. The sun rises from the horizon. Open the window! What a wonderful morning!

The offer is minimum unit of utterance . In sentences, words are linked together by syntactic links. Therefore, sentences can be defined as strings of syntactically related words . Thanks to this, even in a text without punctuation marks (for example, in the monuments of ancient Russian writing), one can guess where one sentence ends and another begins.

Features of the offer:

1. A sentence is a statement about something in the form of a message, question or motivation.
2. The sentence is the basic unit of communication.
3. The sentence has intonational and semantic completeness.
4. The proposal has a certain structure (structure). Its core is the grammatical basis.
5. The sentence has lexical and grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning sentences are its specific content. Winter was snowy and frosty.

grammatical meaning sentences are the general meaning of sentences of the same structure, abstracted from their specific content. She went on a tour (person and action). Travelers are cold and tired (person and his condition).

Meaning and intonation offers are narrative (contain a message) interrogative(contain a question) exclamatory (pronounced with a strong feeling, with an exclamation), incentive(induce to action), for example: Golden Moscow is the best. Are you funny? And what stars! Raise your sword higher! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the presence of secondary members both one-part and two-part sentences can be uncommon (no minor members) and widespread (minor members is), for example: I doze (simple two-part uncommon preposition). Ice has grown on the windows (a simple two-part common sentence).

By the presence or partial absence of members of the proposal proposals can be complete and incomplete , for example: In a cold room, a Christmas tree mysteriously slumbers a (full sentence). Glass - penny (incomplete sentence, predicate released costs ). (According to I. Shmelev)

Grammatical (predicative) basis of the sentence

Offers have grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate or one of them. For example: Freezing. White beauty birch. I'm afraid. There is a rainbow over Moscow. (According to I. Shmelev)

The grammatical basis may include both both main members suggestions, and one of them- subject or predicate. Stars fade and fade. Night. Freezes. (I. Nikitin)

According to the structure of the grammatical basis simple sentences are divided into two-part (with two main members) and one-component (with one main member): Trumpets rumble in the passage. It smells of rubbed floors, mastic, Christmas tree. Here is frost! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the number of grammatical bases proposals are divided into simple(one grammatical basis) and complex(two or more bases related to each other in meaning, intonationally and with the help of lexical means). For example: Our Christmas is coming from afar (simple suggestion). The priests sing under the icon, and the huge deacon cries out so terribly that my chest shudders. (complex preposition). (According to I. Shmelev)

Subject and predicate

Subject- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

Ways of expressing the subject:

1. A noun in the nominative case or another part of speech used in the meaning of a noun. Meanwhile sky(n.) continued to clear. Our fallen(and) - like sentries.
2. Pronoun in the nominative case. You you bloom alone, and I can’t return these golden dreams, this deep faith (A. Blok).
3. Infinitive. Work it was not difficult, and most importantly - fun (P. Pavlenko).
4. Phraseologisms. Skillful fingers were with this master (P. Bazhov).
5. Indivisible phrase. We are with a friend we left before sunrise (M. Sholokhov).

Predicate- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the subject do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he?Dissuaded golden grove (S. Yesenin).

The grammatical meaning of the predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods:

• indicative: The horse chews, listens and breathes into the hands of its owner (A. Chekhov). The crowd resembled a dark wave of the ocean (M. Gorky).
• conditional: I would exchange such two lives for one, but only full of worries, if I could (M. Lermontov).
• imperative: Do not beat what was dreamed of,

Do not worry about what did not come true ... (S. Yesenin)

The predicate can be simple and compound.

The difference between a sentence and a phrase

is always a complete thought, difference from phrases, which is just one fragment suggestions and is not a relatively complete message. Sentence:

• has a grammatical basis consisting of one or two main members;
• characterized by intonational and semantic completeness;
• serves as a message, prompt, question, and can also be exclamatory.

Summary of the lesson “Proposal. grammatical basis.

In order not to make mistakes in punctuation marks, it is necessary to understand the structure of the sentence, that is, to be able to quickly find the grammatical basis. This is what our article is about.

What is a grammatical basis

The grammatical basis of a sentence is the subject and the predicate; is the semantic center of the phrase. It is in it that the main meaning is contained, which must be conveyed. In most cases, the grammatical basis is independent: if you exclude all minor members, the essence of the sentence will still be clear.

It is also a grammatical center, because it is the predicate that connects the sentence with time and reality.

What is the grammatical basis

In a two-part sentence, the grammatical basis consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate. The subject refers to what the sentence says, and the predicate refers to what the subject tells us.

In grade 3, in the lessons of the Russian language, studying this topic, they pass the simplest and most common type of grammatical basis, when the subject is expressed by a noun or pronoun, and the predicate is a verb in a personal form.

How can the subject be expressed?

The subject can be expressed by a noun or a pronoun, an infinitive, a combination of a noun with a cardinal number (two brothers), a syntactically indivisible combination ( Kindergarten) etc.

How can the predicate be expressed

There are three types of predicates:

• in a simple verb predicate- a verb in any form, except for the infinitive;
• in the compound verbal infinitive of the semantic verb and auxiliary (modal or phase) or short adjective with modal meaning - to express grammatical meaning;
• in the compound nominal verb-link “to be”(or “semi-link” to seem, become, etc.) and a nominal part, which can be expressed by anything except a verb in a personal form or a gerund.

If the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns, numerals or infinitives (in any set), then a dash is often placed between them; there are exceptions to the rule. Here is an example of a sentence grammatical outline with a dash: ̲ is ̳.

A comma cannot be between the subject and the predicate; unless there are two highlighting marks, but then there are always two of them!

The basis of a one-part sentence

In a one-part sentence, the grammatical stem consists of only the predicate or (rarely) only the subject.

Sometimes you can find the opinion that this is not a subject and not a predicate, but a special member of the sentence.

There are several types one-part sentences depending on how the main term is expressed.

Common and non-common sentences

In common sentences, in addition to the grammatical basis, there are also secondary members: additions, definitions, circumstances. In non-common, there is only a grammatical basis.

What have we learned?

The grammatical basis is the core of the sentence, its grammatical structure and meaning. The type of proposal depends on the number of main members in the basis: if the basis of two members, the proposal is two-part, from one - one-part. In a common sentence, there are also secondary members, in a non-spread sentence, there is only one grammatical basis. The main terms can be expressed by many parts of speech or combinations. Depending on this, the type of the predicate is determined. There can be a dash between the subject and the predicate, but not a comma.

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