1. Personal pronouns indicate a participant in a conversation or an object: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they. They change in cases and numbers, the pronoun he changes by gender.
The proposal may include:
Subject: I I freeze in delight.
Predicate: A who this gentleman?
Addendum: The old man spoke with him irritated, bilious tone.
Circumstance: Under him a stream of lighter azure, under him golden sunbeam.
2. reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about. It has no form Im.p., gender and number. In the sentence is an addition: Roshchin looked to myself into the mirror.
Attention!Get past yourself- here the word "to itself" is a particle with the verb.
3. Interrogative pronouns replace adjectives: who?, what?, who?, whose?, what?, what?, how much? and others. Pronoun what? only varies by gender and number. Pronouns who?, what?, how much? change only in cases. Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. The proposal may include:
Subject: Who did not conclude such conditions with his conscience?
Addition: About what would you like to know?
Definition: Which a flower fell at my feet?
4. Relative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, what, what, how much? and others. They are used in complex sentences, where are allied words. The proposal may include:
Subject: Then the bit any, who could hold a rod in his hand.
Predicate: What is Apple tree, these are and apples.
Addendum: They learned of the existence poet, whose poems were popular.
Definition: I saw a cat in which had yellow eyes.
5. Indefinite pronouns point to unknown objects. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, something- and suffixes -something, -either, -nibud: someone, something, some, some, several, some, something, some someone, something. Some, some vary by gender and number.
The proposal may include:
Subject: someone from the summer residents went out the gate.
Definition: Masha wondered some rustling at the door.
Addendum: Leaves whispered about something his.
Circumstance: Several days it rained.
6. Possessive pronouns indicates that an object belongs to something or someone: mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours, yours, yours. They change by gender, number and case, except for pronouns him, her, them. The proposal may include:
Definition: Lisa picked up on him their clear eyes.
Nominal part of the predicate: Cherry Orchard became mine.
7. Demonstrative pronouns indicate an object among other objects: that, this, such, such, this, so much. They change by case, except such is. They vary by gender and number, except this, as much as. The proposal may include:
Subject: Yes, pathetic that in whom the conscience is not clear.
Predicate: What is the question - such is answer.
Definition: This the conversation brought no relief.
Addition: In the village only about it and spoke.
Attention! When declining pronouns so many and How many the stress always falls on the first syllable: so many, about how many.
8. Definitive pronouns indicate a generalized attribute of the subject: all, everyone, everyone, himself, the most, any, different, other. They vary by gender, number of cases, except everyone.
The proposal may include:
Subject: Not any able to jump from a height.
Predicate: Lara was different, any.
Definition: The sun has cleared all shadows.
Addition: About everything what happened, I don't regret it.
9. Negative pronouns indicate the absence of an object: no one, none, no one, no one, nothing. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, nor-. They vary by gender, number and case, except nobody, nothing.
The proposal may include:
Subject: The night was dark, but nothing did not please.
Addition: Houses nobody did not have.
Definition: None persuasion did not help.
Pronoun spelling
1. To express courtesy in letters, documents
Instead of the pronoun YOU, you are written YOU.
2. Prefix SOE- and suffixes -THAT, -OR, -EVER
Written with a dash: someone, someone, someone, anyone, anybody.
3. Spelling NOT and NOR
4. Formation of forms of pronouns
Personal pronouns
Possessive pronouns
3rd person plural: them(not theirs) his(not evony), etc.
Remember!
5. Use of 3rd person pronouns
1) They replace the nearest noun to them. Violation of this rule leads to a change in meaning:
2) Collective nouns. cannot be replaced by plural pronouns.
Students are already well aware that the distribution of words into parts of speech is based on three groups of signs:
- General lexical meaning.
- Morphological features.
- Syntactic role the words.
Considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a part of speech that is syncretic in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of a noun, an adjective, a numeral, an adverb or impersonal predicates (words of the state category), i.e. the student must learn to correlate pronouns with nouns, adjectives and numerals.
This part of speech is conducted in two directions:
- Awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in phrases and sentences.
- Assimilation of the norms of the use of pronouns in speech.
syntax function personal pronouns are familiar to students.
In this case, it is necessary to bring the children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only appeals).
Considering returnable pronoun myself, students will learn that the reflexive pronoun myself For myself live - smolder.
Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is desirable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically get acquainted with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of the sentence. Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided when compared with relative pronouns.
relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as connecting means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the method of distinguishing between relative and interrogative pronouns similar in sound and spelling (definition of their syntactic function). Students should be aware that relative pronouns
Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - indefiniteness. Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on a horse).
When studying negative not neither nothing did not know. It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither are usually used in sentences in which there is already a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.
Possessive pronouns in syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives. They are just like possessive adjectives, indicate belonging and act as definitions in the sentence.
syntax function index demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; in those Enchanted in this forest...(S.A. Yesenin)
studying defining pronouns, it should be noted that these pronouns have the same morphological features as adjectives, i.e. change by gender, number and case, in the sentence they act, as a rule, in the role of a definition.
In the sixth grade, work continues on syntax in connection with the study of morphology. Children for the first time, in fact, meet with the pronoun as a part of speech. They are only familiar with personal pronouns. They unmistakably determine the subject expressed by a personal pronoun, the addition is somewhat worse. Sixth graders are still unfamiliar with the rest of the categories of pronouns. That is why work on syntax is of great importance for understanding the functions of the studied part of speech and its morphological categories.
The first two groups of signs, as a rule, do not cause difficulties in the study. The syntactic functions of pronouns are quite specific and difficult to master.
In this work, I will try to consider only one aspect of the study of the pronoun as a part of speech, in my opinion, the most difficult, namely: its syntactic role in the sentence and phrase.
At the first stage of mastering this material, it is desirable to start working with a table of lexical and grammatical categories of pronouns, indicating their possible syntactic role in the sentence.
This work is carried out in notebooks for schemes that students have been keeping since the 5th grade.
The table will be filled in as you get acquainted with new lexical and grammatical categories.
Considering the syntactic function of pronouns, one should proceed from the fact that this is a part of speech that is syncretic in nature, combining the features of the pronoun itself, as well as the features of the noun, adjective, numeral, adverb or impersonal predicates (state category words), i.e. student must learn to correlate pronouns with nouns, adjectives and numerals. For example, pronouns he, who, someone, nobody etc., like nouns, denote an object, in a sentence they are subjects or objects:
She is was at school? (Who is she? Katya) Was Katya at school?
Her did you buy a briefcase? (To whom? Katya) Did they buy a briefcase for Katya?
Pronouns my, some, each etc., like adjectives, denote a sign, agree in gender, number and case with the noun being defined; in a sentence there are usually definitions (Sister took my pen).
Pronouns how much, so much in terms of meaning, declension and syntactic relations with a noun, they correspond with a quantitative numeral (cf. four books / how many books - management; four books / how many books - agreement).
To teach schoolchildren to correlate a pronoun with a noun, adjective and numeral, it is necessary to constantly use method of analysis and method of comparison.
In practice, it looks like this: in this text, next to the pronoun in brackets, indicate the part of speech (noun, adjective, numeral) instead of which it is used:
Spring is on the doorstep. Soon she (spring) will come into her own. And now it's still cold. Such The (frosty) weather will not last long. Through several(seven to ten) days the spring sun will shine and the real spring will open.
Such a record contributes to the awareness of the generalization and relativity of the meaning of the pronoun (pronouns do not have their own lexical meaning and acquire it in a sentence in conjunction with other words).
Exploring Syntactic Function This part of speech is conducted in two directions:
- awareness of the syntactic role of pronouns in the phrase and sentence;
- mastering the norms of the use of pronouns in speech.
Some students make a variety of syntactic errors in the use of pronouns. Here it is advisable to give tasks like:
- find errors in the use of pronouns;
- write the sentences in correct form.
Work can be done collectively in a weak class. In a strong case, children manage on their own. An erroneous option is given on the board or through a graph projector, for example:
- I took the fish from the basket and gave it to my father.
- When Dubrovsky killed the bear, Troekurov did not take offense at him, but ordered to tear off his skin.
- Troekurov had a son, Sasha, and he took on a teacher(from student essays).
Children need to be taught self-control, they must monitor their speech, be aware of what pronouns indicate, what they mean.
syntax function personal pronouns are familiar to students. In this case, it is necessary to bring the children to the generalization that personal pronouns in a sentence play the same role as nouns (they are not only appeals).
The new syntactic material is the acquaintance with the phrase according to the model verb + personal pronoun in the indirect case (worry about me - about whom?).
It is necessary to include phrases in the lesson I miss you, I miss you, I miss you.
In order to avoid errors in the formation of grammatical forms of these pronouns, it is advisable to enter these phrases in the “Speak Correctly” dictionary. Any other way to focus on them: make a sentence, write a letter to someone in the lesson using these phrases.
In strong classes, it is possible to stipulate cases when pronouns I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they lose the pronominal meaning of objectivity, enrich it with specific content and turn into nouns.
At the same time, their morphological properties also change: these words become immutable, acquire neuter gender, the invariable form of the singular, change by case, like the words metro, cafe, etc. For example:
- The noosphere in the era of nuclear energy requires a restructuring of human consciousness. Decreases "I", increases "we" (D. Granin);
- Fyodor Ivanovich somewhere in the depths of his "I" felt pain(V. Dudintsev).
Considering returnable pronoun myself , students will learn that the reflexive pronoun myself inflected, but not in the nominative case; therefore, in a sentence, it can never be the subject. Its most common syntactic function is the addition: For myself live - smolder.
It is important to acquaint students with phraseological units, which include a pronoun myself (to come in yourself, yourself mind, etc.).
It is advisable to recall that the phraseological unit as a whole is one member of the sentence:
Everything is settled by itself(circumstance); After the holidays the children do not look like themselves(predicate).
Starting to study interrogative pronouns, it is desirable to repeat interrogative sentences and practically get acquainted with interrogative pronouns in the role of various members of the sentence. The work must be done collectively, as students do not yet have the skill to qualify an interrogative pronoun as a member of a sentence. It is useful to write on the board and make a complete analysis of 2-3 sentences with interrogative pronouns:
Who knits colorful mittens, sings old songs?
Whose the hair of the snow is whiter, and the hands are yellow and dry?
Consolidation of the syntactic function of interrogative pronouns is provided by comparing them with relative pronouns.
New for students is not only acquaintance with relative pronouns as members of a sentence, but also the use of these pronouns as connecting means in complex sentences. Children's attention should be drawn to the method of distinguishing between relative and interrogative pronouns similar in sound and spelling (definition of their syntactic function).
Students should be aware that relative pronouns who, what, which, whose, what, which, how much serve to connect parts of a complex (complex-subordinate sentence). Interrogatives do not act in this function.
It is useful to offer students the following exercise: read, indicate interrogative pronouns, then make complex sentences so that these sentences become their second part (with relative pronouns who, to whom, about what, what).
- Who won the Russian language olympiad?
- To whom awarded an award?
- About what does the TV presenter say?
- What interested in football fans?
Sample: Whom coaches will send to the competition? Everyone wanted to know whom coaches will send to the competition.
In a strong class, one should consider not only the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from interrogative pronouns, but also the problem of delimiting relative pronouns from subordinating conjunctions, propaedeutically acquaint children with a new syntactic phenomenon, which they will study in more detail in high school. Do not delve into the intricacies of the problem. It is enough to conduct a comparative analysis of the two proposals:
In the first sentence what is only a means of connecting parts of a complex sentence, i.e. union, since it is not a member of the sentence and, most importantly, it cannot be correlated with the word of another part of speech.
In the second - a member of the sentence (it can be correlated with a noun), and therefore - a relative pronoun.
Work on uncertain pronouns begins with clarifying the semantics of indefinite pronouns - indefiniteness.
As a rule, students find it difficult to independently determine which member of the sentence is this or that indefinite pronoun. Therefore, it is useful to suggest mentally replacing these pronouns with nouns or adjectives. Uncertainty will disappear, and students will accurately determine which members of the sentence are pronouns:
someone walked along some road and found something.
some he gave part of what he found to a friend, and something threw.
Indefinite pronouns can act as the main word of a phrase ( anyone from students; someone from the class; someone on a horse).
They can be joined by nouns in the genitive and prepositional cases. This phrase model is also formed by negative, attributive and demonstrative pronouns:
- I nobody did not invite from friends.
- Those from the students which wrote an essay for five, were happy.
When studying negative pronouns, new syntactic information is the indication that if the predicate has a particle not , then a negative pronoun with neither reinforces the negative meaning of the sentence: Father nothing did not know.
It is useful to add that negative pronouns with neither are usually used in sentences in which there is already a negation (no, not, impossible), and serve to strengthen the negation.
When analyzing pronouns and delimiting them from homonymous words of other parts of speech, it should be remembered that the meaning of a pronoun and its function depend on the context and situation.
As an illustration of what was said in a strong class, we can consider the feminine pronoun draw and noun draw , as well as the pronoun nothing and adverb nothing :
- The dog was draw (draw - pronoun).
- Breed - draw!- shouted several voices at once... (M. Gorky) (draw - noun).
- to me nothing did not pass(nothing is a pronoun).
- – Well, how do you live, can you? – Nothing. (F. Reshetnikov) - ( Nothing - adverb - “good”, “tolerable”) (SRYA, 1986)
Possessive pronouns in syntactic role correlate with possessive adjectives.
They, like possessive adjectives, indicate ownership and act as definitions in a sentence. At the same time, in their meaning, possessive pronouns also correlate with personal pronouns, since they indicate that the object belongs to the 1st person (mine, ours) or the 2nd person (your, yours). There is no special possessive pronoun of the 3rd person in Russian: to indicate belonging to the 3rd person, Genitive 3rd person personal pronoun: him, her, them . Pronoun mine indicates belonging to any of the three persons ( I took my notebook; He took my notebook).
It is also necessary to keep in mind such a linguistic phenomenon: possessive and demonstrative pronouns are usually not distributed by other parts of speech, therefore they do not act as the main word of the phrase.
It should be noted that pronouns can be substantiated own, own, own ; at the same time, their lexical meaning changes, and consequently, their syntactic role: noun mine meaning "relative"
- Your own involuntarily friend (proverb); people close in beliefs, friends.
- The workers knew Klychkov closely, loved, considered their (D.Furmanov).
syntax function index pronouns in phrases - to be a dependent word (model demonstrative pronoun + noun ): about this event; from such books; in those time); in a sentence, demonstrative pronouns are usually attributives: AT this enchanted forest...(S.A. Yesenin)
studying defining pronouns, it should be noted that these pronouns have the same morphological features as adjectives, i.e. change by gender, number and case, in the sentence they act, as a rule, in the role of a definition. Students should learn to recognize these pronouns “by sight”.
When working on the text, at first the definitive pronouns are indicated along with the words on which they depend, then it is recommended to write out these phrases, designating the main word in them, and from it to the dependent word put a question.
- Each the student values the honor of the class ( each student);
- On the shelf were all sorts tools ( all sorts tools).
We should also consider such a syntactic construction, where the definitive pronoun acts as a subject:
- Each comes to class without delay. Any knows the basic rules of hygiene.
At the end of the study of the entire topic, it is useful to suggest the following work:
Determine which pronouns act as subjects.
- Yesterday I came to Pyatigorsk, rented an apartment on the edge of the city(M. Lermontov) .
- Somebody shouted that Petya had broken his leg.
- FROM those since nobody did not speak to Tatyana(I. Turgenev).
- All that daydreaming others, y us came true in the country(S.Mikhalkov).
- it cabinet? it bedroom? And here what? (A.Chekhov)
- All fortunately sought, all in the world has changed several times(N. Nekrasov).
- Started our going to.
- All and all me pleased.
Establish which members of the sentence are the pronouns in these sentences:
- She is said: "It's him!" (A. Pushkin)
- Holy Russia, Fatherland! I am yours! (A. Pushkin)
I wish success in mastering this topic to your students. I would be glad if I could be of any help.
Literature
- M. Baranov. Teaching Russian in the 6th grade. M., Enlightenment 1984
- E.I. Dibrova. Modern Russian language. 3rd part. Syntax.
- V.V. Babaitseva. Guidelines to the educational complex in the Russian language. 6th-7th grades. M., Education. 1994
- Deikin, Trostentsova, Nevskaya. Workbook on the Russian language. 6th-7th grades.
Syntactic role (what it is in a sentence)
NOUN this is independent part speech that designates a subject and answers questions who? what?
(In grammar, the subject is everything to which our consciousness is able to attribute various attributes: qualities, properties, states, actions. From the point of view of logic, meaning softness wool, white snow, variegation tissues are the qualities of an object, but in language it is an object, that is, something capable of producing actions or being a carrier of signs. Lexical meaning for most nouns, it coincides with their general grammatical meaning of objectivity: bulldozer, horse, briefcase, wall. Nouns are also words that name various qualities, properties, relationships, actions, processes - objects in the grammatical meaning of the word: yellowness, hiking, selfishness, fighting, riding, shaking hands)
Initial form:(N. f.): Nominative case (I.p.), singular (singular) school, house, book, notebook.
2.Permanent signs:
1) own(names, nicknames, geographical names, titles of books, magazines, movies) or
common noun(other)
2) animated(answer the question who? ) or
inanimate(answer the question what? )
3) declination(determined by singular) nouns are divided into three declensions (remember indeclinable nouns and about dissimilar entities.
4) nouns have three kinds:
male female middle
he (mine) she (mine) it (mine)
Fickle(changeable) signs: nouns change:
1) by numbers (single, school number or sets, school number)
2) by cases:
3.Syntactic role: In a sentence, a noun can be a subject, an object, a predicate, as part of a definition and a circumstance => any member of the sentence.
1. ADJECTIVE is an independent part of speech that answers questions which? which? which? which? whose? and denotes an attribute of an object.
Initial form (N. f.): I. p., units. hours, m.
2.Permanent signs:
1) category (all adjectives are divided into three categories):
Irregular symptoms:
1. gender (male, female, neuter),
2. number (singular, plural)
3. case => case of adjectives is determined by the noun to which the adjective refers
3.Syntactic role: in a sentence, full adjectives are usually an attribute (sometimes a predicate), while short ones are always a predicate.
1) adjectives can be used in short form, brief adj. Answer the question what?
2) adjectives can be used in a comparative or superlative degree
COMPARATIVE adjectives
1. VERB - is an independent part of speech that denotes the action of an object and answers questions what to do? what to do?
The initial form (in other words, the infinitive) is when the verb answers the questions: what to do? what to do?
2. Permanent signs : 1 ) view
perfect imperfect
(if it answers the question what to do?) (if it answers the question what to do?)
2) transitivity of verbs:
3) reflexive (these are verbs with the postfix -sya)
laugh, smile.
irrevocable (these are verbs without a postfix - xia)
4) conjugation (1 or 2): (in Russian there are different conjugated verbs: eat, give, run, want)
-eat, -et, -eat, -eat, -ut, -ut, refer to 1 conjugation.
verbs that have endings -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at, -yat, belong to the second conjugation.
The 2nd conjugation includes all verbs on - it, (except for shaving, laying) + 11 exception verbs: drive, breathe, hold, offend, hear, see, hate and depend, and endure, and also look, turn.
remember : shave, lay→ to І ref.
Irregular symptoms: 1) inclination:
2) time: future (what will I do? what will I do?)
the present (what do I do? what do they do?)
past (what did you do? what did you do?)
3) person: (but remember that verbs are personal and impersonal, see below)
4 ) gender (for verbs in the past tense): f. r., m. r., sr.r.
walked walked walked
5) number (singular or plural)
Syntactic role: verbs in the form of some mood are always
predicate.
Verbs in the infinitive form can be any member
suggestions.
Sample morphological analysis verb:
I haven't laughed so hard in a long time.
1. (Not) laughed- a verb, because it denotes the action of an object and answers the question what have you been doing?
N. f.: laugh.
2. Post. signs: imperfect species, intransitive, reflexive, 1 sp.
Non-post. signs: in ex. incl., in past time, m.r., units h.
3. Synth. role: didn't laugh (is a predicate in a sentence)
Impersonal verbs are not combined with the subject, they are predicates in one-part impersonal sentences.
Personal:impersonal
He does not read to him is not read (not read)
He wants to leave he wants (wanted) to leave
The river roars in the ears
Pie smells delicious in the kitchen smells like pies
will start to get colder
7
1. PRONOUN - it is an independent part of speech that indicates an object, sign, quantity and answers questions WHO? WHICH? HOW MANY?
N.f.: in I.p., singular, (m.r.) for pronouns indicating signs
2. Permanent signs : 1) category (there are 9 of them)
2) face NOT FOR
3) kind of ALL
Irregular symptoms:
1) case (except: what, such)
2) gender of pronouns indicating
3) face for a sign.
3. Syntactic role: can be any member in the sentence.
Pronouns replace nouns(who, what, he, n, you, we, nobody, something etc.) and point to objects, change in cases: who, whom, to whom, by whom, about whom etc.
Pronouns replace adjectives(which, this, that, mine, yours, yours etc.) and indicate the sign of objects, change in numbers, genders, cases: what, what, what, what, what, about what etc.
Pronouns replace numerals(how many, many, several) and indicate the number of items. Like cardinal numbers, these pronouns usually change by case: how many boxes (six boxes), how many boxes (six boxes), how many boxes (six boxes).
The syntactic features of pronouns also depend on what part of speech they replace.
Pronouns that replace nouns most often, the sentence also plays the role of a subject, an object.
Pronouns that replace adjectives are definitions in the sentence.
Thus, pronouns have morphological and syntactic features of the part of speech they replace.
1. NUMERAL - part of speech expressing the meaning of a number. Numerals answer the question how many? ( two, one hundred, many, one hundred and fifty, three)
2.Post eg: discharge (ordinal or quantitative, for quantities - whole, fractional or collective); simple, complex or compound - according to composition.
Non-post. eg: case
3.Synth. role: any member of the proposal
Spelling of numerals
1. Compound numbers are written together ( seventy, seven hundred)
2. Compound numbers are written separately ( thirty two).
(write as many words as there are icons - numbers, not counting zeros, but adding words: a thousand, a million, a billion).
401 four hundred one(2 digits 2 words).
from 500 to 900
4. Numerals floor- write together if the second part starts with a consonant
(except l).
NB! Semi... always together WRITE WITH A HYPHEN if the second
(Semi-final, low shoes) part starts:
with a vowel ( half a watermelon)
capitalized ( half of Europe)
L ( half a lemon).
1. ADVERB - an independent part of speech that indicates signs of action or signs of signs and answers the questions: where? where? when? where? as? why? and why? for what purpose?
The most common adverb in a sentence is:
1. circumstance
2. but maybe inconsistent definition (hair upright stuck out)
3. in an impersonal sentence it can be a predicate, then we call this adverb the word of the state category (SCS). I'm sad.
Most adverbs are written together, since it is an invariable part of speech.
The hyphen is written:
1. in adverbs with a prefix on- and suffixes -omu,-to him. By -new omu,
on-autumn to him
2. in adverbs with a prefix by and suffixes and, -ski: in Russian
3. in adverbs with the prefix -in (-in), ending in -s, -ih. First, third.
4. in adverbs formed by the repetition of words or cognate words: barely, barely, slightly, firmly, firmly, little by little, a long time ago, apparently-invisibly.
5. in adverbs with a prefix something and suffixes -something, -anything
REMEMBER THE WRITING:
side by side, side by side.
But there is a group of adverbs and adverbial expressions that are written separately. In them console! written separately. She was so frozen. See below for a list of these expressions.
1. PARTICIPLE -(a special form of the verb) a part of speech that answers the question which one and denotes a sign of an object by action.
N.f.: I.p., m.r., sing. (as with adjectives).
2. Permanent signs: 1) real or passive.
denotes a feature that denotes a feature that
created by the action itself created by one item
subject ( flying plane, action of another object.
dropped ball).
2) view (perfect, imperfect).
3) time (present, past).
4) returnable or irrevocable.
Irregular symptoms: gender, number, case, passive participles short or long form).
3. Syntactic role: definition (in short form - predicate).
1. Personal pronouns indicate a participant in a conversation or an object: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they. They change in cases and numbers, the pronoun he changes by gender.
The proposal may include:
Subject: I I freeze in delight.
Predicate: A who this gentleman?
Addendum: The old man spoke with him irritated, bilious tone.
Circumstance: Under him a stream of lighter azure, under him golden sunbeam.
2. reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about. It has no form Im.p., gender and number. In the sentence is an addition: Roshchin looked to myself into the mirror.
Attention!Get past yourself- here the word "to itself" is a particle with the verb.
3. Interrogative pronouns replace adjectives: who?, what?, who?, whose?, what?, what?, how much? and others. Pronoun what? only varies by gender and number. Pronouns who?, what?, how much? change only in cases. Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. The proposal may include:
Subject: Who did not conclude such conditions with his conscience?
Addition: About what would you like to know?
Definition: Which a flower fell at my feet?
4. Relative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, what, what, how much? and others. They are used in complex sentences, where they are allied words. The proposal may include:
Subject: Then the bit any, who could hold a rod in his hand.
Predicate: What is Apple tree, these are and apples.
Addendum: They learned of the existence poet, whose poems were popular.
Definition: I saw a cat in which had yellow eyes.
5. Indefinite pronouns point to unknown objects. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, something- and suffixes -something, -either, -nibud: someone, something, some, some, several, some, something, some someone, something. Some, some vary by gender and number.
The proposal may include:
Subject: someone from the summer residents went out the gate.
Definition: Masha wondered some rustling at the door.
Addendum: Leaves whispered about something his.
Circumstance: Several days it rained.
6. Possessive pronouns indicates that an object belongs to something or someone: mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours, yours, yours. They change by gender, number and case, except for pronouns him, her, them. The proposal may include:
Definition: Lisa picked up on him their clear eyes.
Nominal part of the predicate: Cherry Orchard became mine.
7. Demonstrative pronouns indicate an object among other objects: that, this, such, such, this, so much. They change by case, except such is. They vary by gender and number, except this, as much as. The proposal may include:
Subject: Yes, pathetic that in whom the conscience is not clear.
Predicate: What is the question - such is answer.
Definition: This the conversation brought no relief.
Addition: In the village only about it and spoke.
Attention! When declining pronouns so many and How many the stress always falls on the first syllable: so many, about how many.
8. Definitive pronouns indicate a generalized attribute of the subject: all, everyone, everyone, himself, the most, any, different, other. They vary by gender, number of cases, except everyone.
The proposal may include:
Subject: Not any able to jump from a height.
Predicate: Lara was different, any.
Definition: The sun has cleared all shadows.
Addition: About everything what happened, I don't regret it.
9. Negative pronouns indicate the absence of an object: no one, none, no one, no one, nothing. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, nor-. They vary by gender, number and case, except nobody, nothing.
The proposal may include:
Subject: The night was dark, but nothing did not please.
Addition: Houses nobody did not have.
Definition: None persuasion did not help.
Pronoun is an independent part of speech indicates on objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them: me, myself, your, so much and etc.
Pronouns answer the questions of nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose?), numerals (how many?): he laughs my brother, several pencils.
Morphological and syntactic signs of pronouns also depend on what part of speech they replace in the text.
The syntactic role of pronouns
The pronoun can be any part of the sentence:
I I want to sleep(subject) .
it she is (predicate) .
Misha - my brother(definition) .
The teacher called his (addition) .
How long it will go on(what included in the circumstance) ?
Ranks of pronouns
A. Classes of pronounsPabout grammatical features (depending on whetherwhat part of speech they are used in.
1. Noun pronouns (me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.). Their features:
- point to things;
- answer the questions of nouns (who? what?);
- change in cases ( someone, something are used only in the form of I.p.; nobody, nothing, yourself do not have the form of I.p.);
- associated with other words in a sentence, like nouns.
2. Pronouns-adjectives ( mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.). Their features:
- indicate signs of objects;
- answer the questions of adjectives (what? whose?);
- associated with nouns, like adjectives;
- change, like adjectives, by number, gender (in the singular) and cases ( what does not change in cases; possessive him, her, them do not change at all, unlike homonymous forms of personal pronouns him, her, them);
pronoun which the adjoins pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, numbers and cases), but sometimes, as an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting ( - What time is it now? - Fifth).
3. Pronouns-numerals ( how many, how many, several). Their features:
- indicate the number of items;
- answer the question How many?;
- associated with nouns as cardinal numbers;
- usually change case by case.
B. Discharges of pronounsby lexical meaning.
1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue ( I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).
2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject, the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).
3. Possessive: mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my portfolio. Its size is very convenient).
4. Index: this, that, such, such, so much, this(outdated), this(outdated). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.
5. Determinants: himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone(outdated), all kinds(outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.
6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special interrogative words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantities. (Who's here? Whose ticket? What time is it?).
7. Relative: the same as interrogative, but serve to connect parts of a complex sentence, these are the so-called (I found out who came. This is the house that my grandfather built).
8. Negative: nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute, a pronoun; formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes neither-, no- (No one answered. No one to blame).
9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefix something- or postfixes - then, -or, -someday: someone, somebody, something and etc. ( Someone called. Someone gets fired).
Notes:
1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this one, all in the singular, neuter gender ( it's all) and some others in certain contexts can act as noun pronouns, like substantiated adjectives ( He is no longer dangerous to us; Himself will come; This is a book; Everything ended well).
Plan for the morphological analysis of the pronoun
1. Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and a question.
2. Initial form.
3. Permanent morphological features:
- category in relation to another part of speech (pronoun-noun, pronoun-adjective, pronoun-numeral);
- category by value (personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, indicative, attributive);
- person (for personal pronouns);
- number (for personal pronouns of the 1st person and 2nd person).
4. Variable morphological features:
- case;
- number (if any);
- gender (if any).
5. Role in the sentence (which member of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence).
pronoun parsing patterns
Imagine yourself joy some botany, which the unexpectedly lands on desert island, where to these since no human foot has set foot, and where he can enrich my collection all sorts outlandish representatives of the flora(N.S. Valgina).
- (Imagine)yourself
to whom?
2. N. f. — myself.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-noun, reflexive.
4. Variable morphological features: used in the form of the dative case.
5. In the offer, an addition.
- some (botany)
what?
2. N. f. — some.
3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, indefinite.
4. Inconstant morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, genitive.
- which the
1. Pronoun, indicates the subject; answers the question who?
2. N. f. — which the.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, relative.
5. Subject in the sentence.
- (before) these (since)
1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question what?
2. N. f. — this.
3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, demonstrative.
4. Variable morphological features: used in the form plural, genitive case.
5. In the sentence, part of the circumstance of time.
- draw(leg)
1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. — nobody's.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, negative.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, nominative case.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
1. Pronoun, indicates the subject; answers the question who?
2. N. f. — he.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-noun, personal, 3rd person.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, masculine, nominative case.
5. Subject in the sentence.
- my(collection)
1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question whose?
2. N. f. — mine.
3. Constant morphological features: pronoun-adjective, possessive.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the singular, feminine, accusative.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
- all sorts (representatives)
1. Pronoun, indicates a sign; answers the question what?
2. N. f. — any.
3. Permanent morphological features: pronoun-adjective, attributive.
4. Non-permanent morphological features: used in the plural form, instrumental case.
5. The proposal has an agreed definition.
Sources:
- The section "Pronoun as a part of speech" in the manual E.I. Litnevskaya "Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren"
- Section "Pronoun" in L.V. Balashova, V.V. Dementieva "Russian language course"
Additionally on Guenon:
