The answers to tasks 1–20 are a number, or a sequence of numbers, or a word (phrase). Write your answers in the fields to the right of the task number without spaces, commas or other additional characters.
1
Write down the missing word in the table.
2
In the row below, find the concept that is generalizing for all the other concepts presented. Write down this word (phrase).
1) Law 2) decree 3) resolution 4) normative legal act 5) Constitution
3
Below are some terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the characteristics of the concept of "science".
1) creativity; 2) subjectivity; 3) consistency; 4) validity; 5) emotionality; 6) evidence.
Find two terms that "fall out" of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
4
Select correct judgments about needs.
1. A need is a need experienced by a person for what is necessary for life.
2. The need for self-realization, self-affirmation refers to ideal needs.
3. An example of a biological need is the need for knowledge of the surrounding world.
4. Need serves as an incentive for activity.
5. The need, as a rule, is directed to some object with the help of which it can be satisfied.
5
Establish a correspondence between the spheres of social life and the given characteristics: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
6
Artyom and Igor Chaika wrote a book about corruption in the state. On what grounds can the content of the book be classified as scientific knowledge? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. All conclusions are theoretically substantiated.
2. The book is hard to read self-study non-professional
4. Evidence is given to confirm the truth of the hypotheses.
5. The book was printed by a major publishing house.
6. The entire circulation of the book was sold out within one month.
7
Select the correct judgments about the role of the state in market conditions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. One of the functions of the state in a market environment is to fight the monopolization of the economy.
2. The state in a market economy is called upon to support the vulnerable segments of the population.
3. The most important function of the state is the creation of public goods.
4. The state in market conditions regulates the prices of essential goods.
5. The process of privatization means the transfer of private property into the hands of the state.
8
Establish a correspondence between the features of wages and its types
9
An investor operating in the securities market, in order to reduce risks and increase income, decided to invest money in both equity and non-equity securities. Select examples of non-equity securities from the list below.
2. bond
4. bank certificate
6. bill
10
11
Choose the correct judgments about deviant behavior and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Negative deviant behavior is always a manifestation of the shortcomings of the individual's socialization.
2. Deviant behavior may be caused by the social conditions of the individual's residence.
3. Deviant behavior can be both negative and positive.
4. Deviant behavior can only be individual.
5. Deviant behavior involves a violation of generally accepted norms.
12
Scientists interviewed citizens of country Z. They were asked the question: “What, in your opinion, is the reason for the deviant behavior of people?” The results of the survey (in % of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.
Find in the list of conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The smallest share of the young men surveyed sees the cause of deviant behavior in the influence of the social environment.
2. The proportion of those who believe that a person's deviant behavior is related to his lifestyle is higher among girls than among boys.
3. The same proportions of respondents in both groups believe that deviant behavior is a consequence of psychological traits character.
4. Three-quarters of respondents in each group believe that deviant behavior is associated with a person's lifestyle.
5. The proportion of those who see the biological causes of deviant behavior among girls is higher than among boys.
13
Select the correct judgments about the political elite and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The political elite is a group of persons professionally engaged in activities in the sphere of power and government.
2. The political elite primarily includes the most prominent and authoritative representatives of economic circles, the humanitarian and technical intelligentsia.
3. The importance and prestige of managerial work contributes to the formation and renewal of political elites.
4. The possibility of obtaining various privileges contributes to the formation and renewal of political elites.
5. Replenishment or change in the composition of the political elite depends only on the position of the elite groups themselves in society.
14
Establish a correspondence between the issues and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to which they relate: for each position given in the first column, select the appropriate position from the second column.
15
In state Z, the legislature is exercised by the parliament, which elects the head of state at its meeting. Citizens have full rights and freedoms, civil society institutions are developed. State Z includes the territories of subjects that have the right to adopt their own constitution. Parliament has a bicameral structure.
Find the characteristics of the form of state Z in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. parliamentary monarchy
2. parliamentary republic
4. democratic state
5. totalitarian state
6. unitary state
16
What provisions reflect the foundations of the constitutional order of the Russian Federation? Write down the numbers under which these provisions are indicated.
1. The state is a democratic federal legal with a republican form of government.
2. Economic life is determined and directed by the state national economic plan.
3. All power belongs to the working people of town and country.
4. The highest direct expression of the power of the people are the referendum and free elections.
5. Land, its bowels, waters, forests, mines, mines are state property.
6. Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value.
17
Establish a correspondence between the sign (indicated by letters) and the level of scientific knowledge (indicated by numbers).
18
Establish a correspondence between organizational and legal forms and types of legal entities
19
Choose the correct judgments about the right to citizenship and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. An able-bodied person who has reached the age of 18 can apply for Russian citizenship if he has lived in the territory of the Russian Federation for 3 years continuously.
2. Citizenship - a stable legal relationship of a person with the state, expressed in the totality of their mutual rights, duties and responsibilities.
3. Citizenship - a legal relationship between a person and the state under a monarchy.
4. A citizen of the Russian Federation may be deprived of citizenship by a unilateral decision of the state.
5. Citizens of the Russian Federation permanently residing on the territory of a republic within the Russian Federation are simultaneously citizens of these republics.
Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
20
“Legal responsibility is a measure of state coercion for the committed _____ (A), associated with the perpetrator suffering certain _____ (B) of a personal (organizational) or property nature. Legal liability is one of the means to ensure _____ (B). It is associated with ____ (D), which is understood as the ability of the state to oblige the subject against his will and desire to perform certain actions. In the presence of the fact of an offense, ____ (D) (or an authority) obliges a person (or organization) to undergo certain adverse consequences. Along with legal responsibility, there are such types of state coercion as preventive measures _____ (E), measures of protection.
Words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once.
Choose sequentially one word (phrase) after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words (phrases) in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1. deprivation
2. government enforcement
3. illegal behavior
4. public opinion
5. offense
6. guilt
7. lawful conduct
8. public danger
9. authorized person
Part 2.
First write down the task number (28, 29, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Article 27
1. Marriage is recognized as invalid in case of violation of the conditions established (by law), as well as in the event of a fictitious marriage, that is, if the spouses or one of them registered the marriage without the intention of creating a family.
2. Recognition of marriage as invalid is made by the court.
3. The court is obliged, within three days from the date of entry into force of the court decision on recognizing the marriage as invalid, to send an extract from this court decision to the civil registry office at the place of state registration of the marriage.
4. Marriage is declared invalid from the date of its conclusion
Article 29.
1. The court may recognize the marriage as valid if, by the time of consideration of the case on recognizing the marriage as invalid, those circumstances that, by virtue of law, prevented its conclusion, have disappeared.
2. The court may dismiss a claim for invalidation of a marriage entered into with a person under the age of marriage, if this is required by the interests of the minor spouse, as well as in the absence of his consent to the recognition of the marriage as invalid.
3. The court cannot recognize the marriage as fictitious, if the persons who registered such a marriage actually created a family before the consideration of the case by the court.
4. A marriage may not be declared invalid after its dissolution, except in cases where there is between the spouses a degree of kinship prohibited by law or the state of one of the spouses at the time of marriage registration in another undissolved marriage
Article 30
1. A marriage declared invalid by a court does not give rise to the rights and obligations of the spouses provided for by this Code, except for the cases established by paragraphs 4 and 5 of this article.
2. The provisions of the Civil Code apply to property acquired jointly by persons whose marriage has been declared invalid. Russian Federation about shared ownership. The marriage contract concluded by the spouses ... is recognized as invalid.
3. The recognition of a marriage as invalid does not affect the rights of children born in such a marriage or within three hundred days from the date of recognition of the marriage as invalid.
4. When making a decision on recognizing a marriage as invalid, the court has the right to recognize for the spouse whose rights are violated by the conclusion of such a marriage (a bona fide spouse) the right to receive maintenance from the other spouse, and also to recognize the marriage contract in full or in part as valid.
A conscientious spouse has the right to demand compensation for the material and moral damage caused to him in accordance with the rules provided for by civil law.
5. A conscientious spouse shall have the right, upon recognizing a marriage as invalid, to retain the surname chosen by him during the state registration of marriage.
(Extract from the Family Code of the Russian Federation)
Which body is authorized by law to decide on the invalidity of a marriage? When is a marriage declared invalid? What kind of marriage is called fictitious?
Show answer
Three questions must be answered:
1) answer to the first question; court:
2) answer to the second question: since conclusion:
3) answer to the third question: if the spouses or one of them registered a marriage without the intention of starting a family
Answers to questions can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning.
Title article 29. Illustrate with an example paragraph 3 of Art. 29 RF IC.
Show answer
The correct answer must respect the following elements:
1) article title, for example: circumstances eliminating the invalidity of marriage;
(The title may be given in a different wording that correctly reflects the essence of the content of the article.)
2) example, illustrating p.Z. let's say: a girl got married in order to get registration in the district center and get a job, but after some time, normal marital relations were established between her and her husband.
Another example could be given
What institution of socialization is mentioned in the text? Based on social science knowledge, give another one and indicate any other (besides socialization) function of it.
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1) the institution of socialization mentioned in the text is named: means mass media;
2) another institution is given, for example, the family;
3) one more function is indicated, let's say household.
Other institutions and other functions may be listed.
Show answer
The response may contain the following arguments:
1) without the assimilation of social norms, values, the experience accumulated by mankind, an individual cannot become a person;
2) social experience is not simply perceived by a person, but is "melted" in accordance with the individual characteristics of the individual into one's own beliefs, orientations;
3) the adoption of social values is combined in the individual with a focus on transforming society, creative potential personality is inextricably linked with its individual characteristics.
Other arguments may be given.
What meaning do lawyers invest in the concept of "legal custom"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the place of legal custom in the system of legal regulation, and one sentence containing information about the features of legal custom.
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1) the meaning of the concept, for example: a legal custom is a rule of generally binding behavior that has developed as a result of long-term application; (Another definition that is close in meaning may be given)
2) one sentence with information about the place of legal custom in the system of legal regulation, for example: "Legal custom in many states is recognized as a source of law."
(Any other proposals containing information about the subjects of law-making activity can be made)
3) one sentence with information about the peculiarities of a legal custom, for example: "Legal custom, as a rule, is not fixed in any legal act."
(Any other proposals containing correct information about the principles of lawmaking can be made)
Name any three manifestations of market imperfections and indicate how, in a mixed economy, the state can overcome each of them.
Show answer
The answer must contain manifestations of market imperfections in a mixed economy and indications of how the state overcomes them (solutions), for example:
1) in market conditions, the production of a number of goods and services is unprofitable for firms (the state takes over the production of public goods, which is unattractive for private firms, but necessary for society);
2) unemployment is a natural state of the labor market (the state pursues employment policy, helping to solve the problem of unemployment);
3) market relations contribute to social inequality (the state provides social guarantees (pensions, benefits, subsidies) to needy citizens).
Other manifestations and other solutions may be named
Commercial enterprise "Sigma" is engaged in the development and distribution of software for computers. The profit received from the sale of products is distributed in accordance with the size of the share contributed by each member of the collective and the share of his labor participation. What is the legal form of this enterprise? Give two indications on which you established this. Name one more additional feature of this organizational and legal form, not specified in the condition of the problem.
Show answer
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) legal form: production cooperative;
2) signs:
Employees of the enterprise personally participate in its work;
a) the rule of law;
b) institute of law;
c) branch of law.
3) The main branches of Russian law:
b) civil law;
c) labor law;
d) criminal law;
e) criminal procedure law, etc.
4) Substantive and procedural law (subparagraphs may be given).
5) Public law:
a) constitutional (state) law;
b) criminal law;
c) administrative law, etc.
6) Private law:
a) civil law;
b) business law, etc.
7) The Constitution of the Russian Federation in the system of Russian law.
8) Reflection features community development in the legal system.
A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in nominal, interrogative or mixed forms.
By completing task 29, you can show your knowledge and skills on the content that is more attractive to you. For this purpose, choose only ONE of the statements below (29.1-29.5).
Choose one of the statements below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic touched upon).
When presenting your thoughts on the problem raised (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained during the study of the social science course, the relevant concepts, as well as facts public life and own life experience. (Give at least two examples from various sources as evidence.)
29.1. Philosophy“If we want to go forward, then one foot must remain in place while the other takes the next step. This is the first law of all progress...” (I. Eötvös)
29.2. Economy“The individual, driven only by the desire for money, is clearly ill. The same, I suppose, can be said about a company whose sole purpose is profit.” (R. Heian)
29.3. Sociology, social Psychology “In groups, a process of socialization takes place, as a result of which a person becomes a member of society.” (V.V. Kasyanov)
29.4. Political science“Of the ten political decisions that a person must make, no matter where he is, nine will always be prescribed to him by circumstances. And the higher his post, the more limited his freedom of choice. (L. Feuchtwanger)
29.5. Jurisprudence"It is easier to make laws than to follow them." (Napoleon Bonaparte)
Good afternoon, dear friends and readers of the site!
We continue the cycle of posts, in preparation for the exam in such a discipline as "Social Studies". In this post, we will touch on an extremely important topic for successfully solving exam tests - "Human Needs and Activities".
Let's start today's post with a question, what is need? The need for social science is understood as the need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain the human body and develop its spiritual qualities.
Human needs can be conditionally divided into three groups: biological, social and ideal.
Biological needs - needs related to human life (food, water, heat, movement, etc.)
Social needs - the needs associated with a person's life in society - relationships with other people, self-realization, self-affirmation, social recognition.
Well, ideal needs are the needs of knowledge of the environment. world and awareness of one's place in it.
Let's get acquainted with the 1st concept - the concept of activity. Activity is a way of human existence. This is an adaptation to her environment and its transformation.
Only a person is inherent in such a form of activity as activity. In the process of human activity, self-realization of the individual takes place.
The activity consists of the following elements:
1. Subject- one who carries out activities (for example, I am a person who writes posts on history and social studies)
2. object- what is directly directed activity. I think this is pretty clear :)
3. Target- a mental model of the outcome of the activity. This distinguishes a person from any animal (for example, your goal is to pass the Unified State Exam in social studies with maximum scores)
4. Means to achieve the goal(that is, with what help you prepare for the exam)
5. Result of activity — passing the exam in society for huge points =)
Also allocate 2 types of activity - practical (material) and spiritual. Let's take a look at each activity.
Practical- subdivided into material - production and social - transformative.
Spiritual— for cognitive, value-oriented and prognostic activity.
Separately, social scientists distinguish creative and labor activity Let's give them our own definitions:
Creation- an activity that generates something qualitative that has never existed before.
And work- also a type of activity aimed at achieving practical useful result(I’ll repeat Engels’ phrase once again that it was “Labor that created man”, you can read more about this at the link here.) It should also be noted that labor is the main form of activity of any person.
It is also necessary to consider the concept as "forms of social dynamics". Dynamics is movement. The development of society implies a qualitative change.
Progress is perfection, progressive movement from the lowest to the highest, from the simple to the complex, and regression represents the opposite type of change.
Revolution - a sharp leap in development, while evolution- it is a gradual qualitative development. Evolution must be distinguished from reforms - innovations that do not destroy the foundations of the dominant structure.
If you have difficulty in the first task about the spheres of society, repeat this post, and if you have difficulty in the second - this one.
That's all for today, dear friends! Wait for the next posts!
© Ivan Nekrasov 2014
The best thanks for this post are your recommendations in in social networks! You may not care, but I'm pleased :) Also, if you think about the post - write in the comments.
Unified State Examination SECTION: "PERSON"
1. Write down the word missing in the table.
Activity structure
Answer:__________.
2. Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts of the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
1) the subject of activity; 2) the purpose of the activity; 3) structure of activities; 4) means of activity; 5) object of activity.
3. The following are human needs. All of them, with the exception of two, are social needs.
1) in labor activity; 2) in creation; 3) in creativity; 4) in mutual understanding; 5) in rest; 6) in food.
4. Choose the correct judgments about human activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The components of the structure of any activity are means, motives, emotions.
2. Cognitive activity, in contrast to communicative activity, involves the use of concepts and terms.
3. Culture is the result of human transformative activity.
4. Human activity, in contrast to the behavior of animals, is consciously purposeful.
5. Labor activity is leading throughout a person's life.
Answer:__________.
5. Choose the correct judgments about the self-esteem of the individual and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Self-esteem is the starting point of self-knowledge.
2. A person forms self-esteem by comparing himself with others.
3. Inflated self-esteem of a person is always the result of her real achievements.
4. People with low self-esteem make comparisons with others only when they are confident of success.
5. Low self-esteem promotes development leadership qualities.
Answer:__________.
6. Choose the correct judgments about human activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Human activity is creative and transformative.
2. Human activity is entirely determined by conditioned reflexes.
3. In contrast to the behavior of animals, human activity is focused on meeting the needs that are in force at a given time.
4. Human activity is caused by social needs.
5. Human activity is of a volitional and conscious nature.
Answer:__________.
7. Choose the right judgments about needs.
1. A need is a need experienced by a person for what is necessary for life.
2. The need for self-realization, self-affirmation refers to ideal needs.
3. An example of a biological need is the need for knowledge of the surrounding world.
4. Need serves as an incentive for activity.
5. The need, as a rule, is directed to some object with the help of which it can be satisfied.
Answer:__________.
8. Since ancient times, the creations of folk craftsmen make everyday life beautiful, decorate household items - clothes, tools, kitchen utensils, fishing and hunting tools, furniture. Products made of birch bark, fur, wood, ceramics and other items of arts and crafts are the results of activities
1. spiritual and practical
2. socially transformative
3. creative
4. cognitive
5. predictive
6. customized
Answer:__________.
9. Select the correct judgments about the qualities of a person as a person and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The qualities of a person as a person are manifested primarily in the features of thinking and memory.
2. A person as a person is primarily characterized by the acquisition of social qualities.
3. A person as a person is primarily characterized by the course of mental processes.
4. The qualities of a person as a person are manifested primarily in his participation in the life of society.
5. A person as a personality is primarily characterized by inherited qualities.
Answer:__________.
10. Establish a correspondence between examples and types of human needs
| EXAMPLES | HUMAN NEEDS |
| 1) spiritual (ideal) |
|
| B) in communication |
|
| C) in acquiring new knowledge | 2) social |
| D) in public recognition | 3) biological (natural) |
| D) in the air for breathing |
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
| |
11. Choose the correct judgments about the activity and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Activities are related to meeting the needs of a person, a social group, society as a whole.
2. Creative activity is inherent in both man and animal.
3. As a result of labor activity, material and spiritual values are created.
4. The same type of activity can be called with different motives of people.
5. The structure of activity implies the existence of a goal and means to achieve it.
Answer:__________.
12. Choose the correct judgments about the person and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The spiritual (ideal) needs of a person traditionally include the need for air, nutrition, and maintaining normal heat exchange.
2. The natural (biological) needs of a person include the need for knowledge of the world, the achievement of harmony and beauty; religious faith, artistic creativity etc.
3. Activity is a specific way of human existence.
4. Needs - this is a person's experience of the need for what is necessary to maintain life and develop the personality.
5. Only a person is able to consciously transform the surrounding reality, create the benefits and values he needs.
Answer:__________.
13. Kirill is 17 years old. Find in the list of traits that characterize him as a person. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Cyril has blond hair and blue eyes.
2. Cyril's height is 180 cm.
3. Kirill helps his parents take care of his sick grandmother.
4. Cyril is involved in athletics.
5. Cyril is a kind and sympathetic person.
6. Kirill is a good student at school.
Answer:__________.
14. Galina is 16 years old. Find in the list below her traits (qualities) that have social character. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. Galina has blond hair and brown eyes.
2. Galina is kind and helpful.
3. Galina is an outwardly attractive girl.
4. Galina's height is below average.
5. Galina is an honest person.
6. Galina is friends with many of her classmates.
Answer:__________.
15. Claudia is preparing for a trip to Spain. She studies Spanish, reads books about the history and culture of Spain, communicates with connoisseurs of Spanish art on Internet forums. She has already planned her travel itinerary and purchased a ticket. Find in the list below examples of the means used by Claudius to achieve the goal, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. study Spanish
2. buying a tourist voucher
3.Internet communication
4. reading books about Spain
5. connoisseurs of Spanish art
6. trip to Spain
Answer:__________.
16. Choose the correct judgments about the ratio of freedom, necessity and responsibility in human activities and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1. The variety of choices limits the freedom in human activities.
2. One of the manifestations of the need for human activity is the objective laws of the development of nature.
3. The responsibility of a person increases in conditions of a limited choice of behavior strategies in certain situations.
4. Unlimited freedom is an unconditional blessing for a person and society.
5. The readiness of a person to evaluate his actions in terms of their consequences for others is one of the manifestations of a sense of responsibility.
Answer:__________.
17. Vasily goes to school and, in addition to studying, is fond of drawing, chess, and sports games. In other words, the field of his activity is wide. What are the components of the business structure? Select the required positions from the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
4. ability
5. results
Answer:__________.
18. Find the properties of a person that have a social nature:
ability to joint transformational activity;
desire for self-realization;
the ability to adapt to natural conditions;
stable views on the world and one's place in it;
need for water, food, rest;
self-preservation ability
Answer:__________.
19. Ivan completed a task on the topic: “Man as a result of biological and social evolution". He wrote out from the textbook the traits characteristic of a person. Which of them reflect the specifics of the social nature of man, in contrast to the animal? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
use of objects given by nature
goal-setting ability
care of offspring
adaptation to environmental conditions
desire to understand the world
communication through articulate speech
Answer:__________.
20. Read the text below with a number of words missing. Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of gaps.
“Characteristics, special abilities and the level of general giftedness affect one or another direction in the development of life _____ (A) and its viability, performance, ability to work. The rate of growth and maturation is influenced by lifestyle, ways of _____ (B) (playing, sports, educational), work and social behavior, the presence or absence of stress, the most important of which are _____ (C), etc. All these factors matter as the moments of formation of ______ (G) of the subject. The concept of "responsibility" is the most important internal _____ (D) of its activities. A sense of responsibility, duty is manifested in the conscious readiness of a person to follow the established ______ (E), to evaluate their actions in terms of their consequences for others.
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1. society
2. person
4. interpersonal relationships
5. activity
6. personality
7. regulator
9. sanctions
| |
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
Socialization is a fairly broad process that includes both the acquisition of skills, abilities, knowledge, and the formation of values, ideals, norms and principles. social behavior.
The newborn has all the biological prerequisites to become a capable participant in social connections and interactions. But not a single social property is innate - social experience, values, a sense of conscience and honor, etc. are not genetically coded or transmitted. The realization of these prerequisites, their embodiment in certain social qualities, properties depend on the environment with which a person will interact.
The other side of the relationship between the biological organism and the social environment, which is important for the process of socialization, concerns the stages of formation and development of the spiritual world of the individual, the forms and timing of the development of social requirements and expectations. We are talking, in particular, about the chronological coincidence of the optimal period for the assimilation of social values, norms of behavior with the biological development of the individual.
It should not be thought that the process of socialization is carried out only in childhood or youth. Undoubtedly, in adolescence, the foundation of the spiritual development of the individual is created. However, for all its significance, this basis contains mainly an emotional and value component. Just entered into adulthood independent life, participating in a variety of social connections, a person actively forms his commitments, realizes concretely, in the name of what to live. The process of acquisition, development
as a person does not know the social properties age limits. are changing social roles that a person performs: the birth of a grandson, retirement, etc. require new features; each significant status-role shift in the life of a person brings something new to his spiritual appearance.
Socialization of adults is to some extent even more dramatic than socialization in adolescence, although it is most often not outwardly noticeable. In the spiritual development of older people, the role of independent analysis and evaluation of external social conditions and events is significantly increased.
In this case, the mass media most often cannot have a direct impact on the consciousness of the individual, this is hindered by fairly strong convictions, assessments of an already established personality.
The real spiritual life of the individual is the relationship between the external social world and the internal properties of the individual. The external world interacts with the unique life experience of the individual, giving rise to the unity of the typical and unique in it.
(A.G. Efendiev)
21. Expand two aspects of the relationship between biological and social in the process of socialization of the individual.
22. What characterizes socialization in adulthood? State two features of this process.
23. What institution of socialization is mentioned in the text? Based on social science knowledge, give another one and indicate any other (besides socialization) function of it.
25. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "activity"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of activities, and one sentence revealing the essence of one of the activities.
26. The concept of "personality" implies, first of all, those qualities that a person has formed in the process of life under the influence of communication with others. Concretize this "bookish" statement with the help of three examples of the influence of the social environment on a person. In each of the three cases, name the quality and indicate under the influence of what it was formed.
27. A well-known psychologist, giving a lecture to students about a person's abilities, said that abilities cannot arise in isolation from a specific activity. Explain this thesis of a psychologist. Suggest whether this thesis denies the role of natural inclinations in the development of human abilities. How modern scientists solve the question of the role of natural and social factors in the development of human abilities.
28. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Activity and thinking." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
ANSWERS
| 1. goal | 13. 3456 | |||
| 10. 32123 | ||||
| 11. 1345 | 15. 1234 | |||
| 20. 253678 |
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| 21. 1) the biological prerequisites for the formation of the social qualities of the individual are realized only in interaction with the social environment; 2) the optimal terms for the assimilation of social values correlate with certain biological stages of personality development. |
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| 22. 1) socialization during this period of life proceeds more dramatically; 2) in adulthood, the role of independent analysis of events increases. |
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| 23. 1) the institute of socialization mentioned in the text is named: mass media; 2) another institution is given, for example, the family; 3) one more function is indicated, let's say household. |
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| 24. 1) without the assimilation of social norms, values, the experience accumulated by mankind, an individual cannot become a person; 2) social experience is not simply perceived by a person, but is "melted" in accordance with the individual characteristics of the individual into one's own beliefs, orientations; 3) the adoption of social values is combined in the individual with a focus on transforming society, the creative potential of the individual is inextricably linked with its individual characteristics. |
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| 25. 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “human activity aimed at satisfying needs and regulated by a conscious goal”; 2) one sentence with information about the types of activities based on the knowledge of the course, for example: “There are many classifications of human activity, including the allocation of three of its leading types: work, study, play”; 3) one sentence, revealing the essence of one of the activities, for example: "Teaching is aimed at mastering knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities." |
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| 26. 1. neatness - teacher primary school teaches the child to write neatly and beautifully; 2. responsibility - parents, leaving the older brother to look after the younger one, form his responsibility for decisions made and perfect deeds 3. purposefulness - an example of a businessman who has achieved success due to his personal qualities and education, inspired a high school student to successfully pass final exams and get into a prestigious university. |
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| 27. 1. Already from the definition of the concept of "abilities" it is clear that they cannot arise in isolation from a specific activity, because abilities are the individual characteristics of a person that help her to successfully engage in certain activities. 2. No, he doesn't. 3. Both natural and social factors are equally important for the development of human abilities, since having any abilities from birth, a person can develop them only under certain social conditions. |
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| 28. 1. Activity as a way of life of a person and society. 2. Structure of activity: a) the subject; b) object; d) motives; e) actions; f) result. 3. Activities: a) play, communication, teaching, work; b) material (material and production, social and transformational); c) spiritual (cognitive, value-oriented, prognostic). 4. Thinking as a process cognitive activity. 5. Thinking is the basis of rational knowledge. 6. Types of thinking: a) verbal-logical; b) visual-figurative; c) visual and effective |
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NEEDS AND INTERESTS
Psychologists study the experiences of a person that prompt him to act. Such experiences of a person are called motive. The word "motive" is of French origin and literally means "an incentive, a reason for any action." In psychology, a motive is understood as that which induces a person's activity, for the sake of which it is performed. Needs, social attitudes, beliefs, interests, inclinations and emotions, ideals of people can act as motives.
Human needs are manifested in the motives of activity. A need is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality.
The need is usually directed to some object. For example, hunger is the need for food, the object of need is food. The inability to cope with any task gives rise to the need for knowledge that is necessary to solve it. The subject of the need for this case are knowledge.
Human needs can be divided into three groups:
1. biological needs(experiencing the need for breathing, nutrition, water, normal heat exchange, movement, self-preservation, the preservation of the family and other needs associated with the biological organization of man, his belonging to nature).
2. Social needs, generated by society. They embody the need of the individual, for example, in diverse relationships with other people, in self-realization, self-affirmation, public recognition of its merits.
3. Ideal Needs: to know the surrounding world as a whole and in its particulars, to realize one's place in it, the meaning and purpose of one's existence. The need for knowledge was noted in antiquity. The philosopher Aristotle wrote: "All people by nature strive for knowledge." Many people devote their leisure time to reading, visiting museums, concert halls and theaters. For some people, the ideal needs come down to entertainment. But even in this case, they are diverse: someone is fond of cinema, someone is dancing, and someone is football.
Biological, social and ideal needs are interconnected. Basically biological needs in humans, unlike animals, become social. Indeed, on hot days, many people are thirsty, but no one (unless he is in extreme situation) will not drink from a puddle on the road. A person chooses a drink that quenches his thirst and takes care that the vessel from which he drinks is clean. And eating for a person becomes a need, the satisfaction of which has many social facets: the culinary subtleties, the decor, the table setting, the quality of the dishes, the design of the dish, and the pleasant company that shares his meal are important.
For most people, social needs dominate the ideal. The need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to occupy a worthy position in society.
In some cases it is generally difficult to separate the biological, the social, the ideal. An example is the need for communication.
The above classification of needs is not the only one in scientific literature. There are many others. One of them was developed by the American psychologist A. Maslow. He identified the following basic needs:
physiological: in the reproduction of the family, food, breath, clothing, housing, physical movements, rest, etc.;
existential(from the Latin word meaning literally “existence”): in the security of one’s existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions, in job security, accident insurance, confidence in tomorrow etc.;
social: in social ties, communication, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself, participating in joint activities with others;
prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, career growth;
spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression.
According to Maslow's theory, the first two types of needs are primary (innate), and the next three are secondary (acquired). The needs of each subsequent level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.
Along with needs, the most important motive for activity is social settings. By them is meant the general orientation of a person to a certain social facility expressing a predisposition to act in a certain way with respect to a given object. Such an object can be, for example, a family.
Depending on the evaluation of the value family life, its usefulness for himself, the individual may be predisposed to creating a family, maintaining it, or, on the contrary, not disposed to create and protect family ties. His actions, his behavior depend on it.
An important role in the motives of activity is played by beliefs - stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds.
In the formation of motives for activity, a special role is played by interests. This word is also of Latin origin, meaning literally "to matter, important." The interests of people are based on their needs, but are directed not so much to the objects of needs, but to those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible, primarily material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs. The interests of people consist in the preservation or transformation of those conditions (institutions, orders, norms of relationships, etc.) on which the distribution of benefits depends. These interests depend on the position in society of certain groups of the population. Each person belongs to several social groups. For example, a young person belongs to a group of young people who have their own interests that are different from other groups (to get an education, a profession, to have material conditions for starting a family, etc.). He also belongs to some ethnic group and has common interests with other members of this group (the possibility of developing a national culture, language). Being a member of other groups, a person has corresponding social interests. This means that interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less recognized by people and are the most important incentives for various types activities. A variety of interests interact in society: individual, group, interests of society as a whole. By orientation, interests are divided into economic, social, political, spiritual. They find a generalized expression of the actual needs of people.
Their ideals are connected with the interests of people. social ideal - this is an image of a perfect society, which reflects the interests and aspirations of a certain social group, its idea of higher justice and the best social order. BUT moral ideal - this is an idea of an exemplary person worthy of imitation, the features of his personality, behavior and relationships with people. The moral ideal, as a rule, is closely connected with the social ideal.
Need- this is a conscious experience by a person of the need for what is necessary to maintain the life of his body and the development of his personality.
The need (the motivator of action) can be conscious and unconscious. When it is conscious, a person has an impulse to activity.
Classification of needs:
a) by subjects (carriers of needs):
Individual
Group
Collective
b) by object (i.e. the subject to which they are directed):
- physiological (basic) - necessary to maintain the vital activity of the organism;
- material - to create the necessary conditions for existence;
- social - for successful interaction with members of society;
- spiritual - for self-development and self-affirmation. Physiological: food, water, air, climatic conditions etc. Material: housing, clothing, vehicles, tools of production, etc. social: communication, social activity, public recognition, etc. Spiritual: knowledge, creative activity, creation of beauty, scientific discoveries etc.
in) by field of activity:
Communication
Recreation (recovery of working capacity: rest, treatment, etc.).
One of the most successful concepts of the hierarchy of needs in human life is Maslow's Pyramid (by the name of an American psychologist, that is, a person who specializes in the study of a person's personality). We draw a pyramid on the paper issued at the exam.
Level 1 - the simplest needs - hunger, thirst, sleep, warmth, rest.
Level 2 - the need for security (clothes, shoes, housing). Together these two levels form the biologist needs. Why biological? Because they come from our instincts, from our biological nature.
Level 3 - the need for communication and work.
Level 4 - the need for love, respect, respect, approval and recognition. Together these 2 levels are called social needs. Why social? Because only starting to communicate and work together with other people, a person acquires those characteristics that make him a social being.
Level 5 - cognitive needs - to know, to be able, to study.
Level 6 - aesthetic needs - the need for harmony and beauty. Together these 2 levels are called spiritual needs. Spiritual, because they no longer concern society specifically, but relate to the individual development of each person individually.
The main idea of the concept is that without satisfaction of biological needs, a person is not able to satisfy social ones. And without the satisfaction of social ones, one cannot develop as a person, satisfy spiritual needs, engage in creativity, bring new knowledge, thoughts, and ideas into the world.
Ability to meet human needs:
Limited by available natural resources
Should not be contrary to the moral standards of society
Must be reasonable and real
