Polonsky message. Yakov Polonsky biography interesting facts. Brief biography of Polonsky. Childhood and youthful years. Full biography

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (December 6 (18), 1819, Ryazan - October 18 (30), 1898, St. Petersburg) - Russian poet and prose writer.

Born into the family of a poor official. After graduating from the gymnasium in Ryazan (1838), he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He became close to A. A. Grigoriev and A. A. Fet, also met P. Ya. Chaadaev, A. S. Khomyakov, T. N. Granovsky.

Writer, if only
There is a nerve of a great people,
Can't be amazed
When freedom is struck.
"To the album of K. Sh ..." (1864)

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

In the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1840 he published his first poem. Participated in the student almanac "Underground Keys".

After graduating from the university (1844) he lived in Odessa, then was assigned to Tiflis (1846), where he served until 1851. From 1851 he lived in St. Petersburg, edited the magazine " Russian word» (1859–1860). He served in the Committee of Foreign Censorship, in the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs (1860-1896).

Died in St. Petersburg, buried in Ryazan.

As long as we have enough bread
And there's also a jug of wine
Do not irritate with the tears of Heaven
And know that your longing is sinful.
"Old Sazandar"

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

The literary heritage of Polonsky is very large and unequal, it includes several collections of poems, numerous poems, novels, stories.

The first collection of poetry - "Gammas" (1844). The second collection "Poems of 1845" published in Odessa caused a negative assessment of V. G. Belinsky. In the collection "Sazandar" (1849) he recreated the spirit and life of the peoples of the Caucasus.

A small part of Polonsky's poems belongs to the so-called civil lyrics ("To tell you the truth, I forgot, gentlemen", "Miasm" and others). He dedicated the poem "Prisoner" (1878) to Vera Zasulich. On the slope of his life, he turned to the themes of old age, death (collection "Evening Ringing", 1890).

Among Polonsky's poems, the most significant is the fairy tale poem "The Grasshopper the Musician" (1859).

He also wrote in prose. The first collection of prose "Stories" was published as a separate edition in 1859. In the novels "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin" (1867) and "The Marriage of Atuev" (1869) he followed I. S. Turgenev. The basis of the novel "Cheap City" (1879) was based on the impressions of Odessa life.

Many of Polonsky's poems were set to music by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rakhmaninov, S. I. Taneyev, A. G. Rubinstein, M. M. Ivanov and became popular romances and songs. "Song of a Gypsy" ("My fire in the fog shines"), written in 1853, has become a folk song.

Polonsky was one of Alexander Blok's favorite poets.

From 1860 until the end of his life, scientists, cultural and art workers gathered at the poet’s apartment on Fridays at meetings called “Fridays” by Ya. P. Polonsky.

A conservative and Orthodox, at the end of his life, Ya. P. Polonsky opposed the criticism of the church and state by Leo Tolstoy. In 1895, in connection with Tolstoy’s work “The Kingdom of God is Within You” published abroad, Polonsky published in Russkoye Obozreniye (No. 4-6) a polemical article “Notes on a Foreign Edition and New Ideas of Count L. N. Tolstoy.”

Believe me, you don't have to be in Paris
To be closer to the truth,
And in order to create
No need to wander in Rome.
Traces of a beautiful artist
Everywhere sees and - creates,
And his incense burns
Wherever he puts the tripod,
And where the Creator speaks to him.
"BUT. N. Maykov"

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

After the appearance of Tolstoy's article "What is art?" Polonsky also wrote a scathing article. This caused a letter from Leo Tolstoy with a proposal for reconciliation: Tolstoy became aware of Polonsky's benevolent attitude towards the persecuted Doukhobors.

Polonsky wrote letters in defense of the Dukhobors to Pobedonostsev, and was also going to write memoirs about them.

Addresses in St. Petersburg
* 1888–1892 - tenement house N. I. Yafa - embankment of the Fontanka River, 24.

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky - photo

From 1831 he studied at the Ryazan gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1838. He began writing poetry while still in high school.

From 1838 to 1844 he studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. The first published poem by Polonsky - "The sacred Annunciation sounds solemnly ..."

The first collection of poems of the poet was published in 1844 and was called "Gammas".

In 1844 Polonsky moved to Odessa, and then in 1846 to Tiflis. In Tiflis, he enters the service in the office and becomes the editor of the newspaper "Transcaucasian Bulletin". At the same time, he actively writes poetry, his favorite genre is ballads and poems.

In the 1950s, collections of Polonsky's poems were published in the Sovremennik magazine. Even then, the poet formed a rejection of political themes in poetry, his lyrics are personal and subjective.

Since 1855, Polonsky was a home teacher.

In 1857, Yakov Petrovich went abroad with his family, where he taught. He visits Italy, and since 1858 lives in Paris. In France, Polonsky marries E. V. Ustyugskaya.

In 1860 Polonsky returned to Russia and lived in St. Petersburg. Here he experiences a personal tragedy: the death of a child and the death of his wife. From 1858, Polonsky worked as the editor of the Russian Word magazine, and in 1860 he entered the service of the Foreign Censorship Committee, where he worked until 1896.

Criticism was ambiguous about Polonsky's work. In Russia, there were strong tendencies to involve writers in public life, and Polonsky believed that the poet should not and does not have the right to engage in politics. This served as a pretext for Pisarev's and Saltykov-Shchedrin's sharp condemnation of Olon's creativity, but the poet remained true to his principles.

The second wife of Polonsky was Josephine Rulman, who became a faithful companion and friend of the poet.

Yakov Polonsky (1819-1897)

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky was born on December 6, 1819 in Ryazan, into a patriarchal family of a petty official. The poet's mother came from ancient noble family Kaftyrevs. After graduating from the Ryazan gymnasium, the nineteen-year-old Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University. By that time, the Polonsky family was completely impoverished, and the future poet could only rely on his own strength. The school of life that Polonsky went through in his university years was exceptionally harsh: he had to live in dubious slums, earn a living by private lessons, - “it happened that he didn’t dine at all, being content with tea and a five-kopeck roll. ..” Fate introduced the young Polonsky into the circle of poets kindred to him in spirit. From his student years, he was friendly with A. Grigoriev, A. Fet, which largely determined him creative way. In the house of Nikolai Orlov, the son of M. F. Orlov, a prominent figure in the Decembrist movement, Polonsky met Professor Granovsky, Chaadaev, and the young I. Turgenev.

By the last university course, many of Polonsky's poems were a success with his comrades, some of them were published in Moscow magazines. In 1844, Polonsky's first poetic book, Scales, was published, printed with funds raised by subscription, and Chaadaev took an active part in organizing it. Gogol drew attention to the poems of the young poet, rewriting the poem “The shadows of the night came and became ...” in his notebook. Contemporaries admired, first of all, a special gift for noticing the elusive in nature: “He seems to really have the gift to hear how the grass grows ...”.

In the autumn of 1844, the thirst for new, unexplored impressions, the desire for an independent, independent life, Polonsky was carried away on a trip to the south of Russia. Two years spent in Odessa and five years in the Caucasus made up a whole epoch in the life of the poet. In Georgia, Polonsky becomes close to the enlightened Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani intelligentsia. Serving in the Office of the Viceroy and serving as Assistant Editor official newspaper"Transcaucasian Bulletin", he studies the customs and history of the Caucasus. In the house of the poet A. Chavchavadze, Polonsky meets the widow of Griboyedov, the poems dedicated to her are imbued with high and strict sadness:

In Tiflis I met her,

I delved into her features:

That was the shadow of spring, in the shade

Autumn beauty.

In 1849, a collection of poems by Polonsky "Sazandar" was published, which reflected his impressions received during his stay in the Caucasus. In the south it was written poem "Night", which can be called one of the pinnacles of Russian lyric poetry:

I love you so much that I admire you while suffering!

I don't know why I love you, night, -

Because, perhaps, my peace is far away! -

The special lyrical talent of the poet evoked enthusiastic responses from his contemporaries: “You are predominantly a lyricist, with a genuine, more fabulous than fantastic vein” (Turgenev); “How ... dare you ... express with such certainty the feelings that arise at the turn of life and death ... you ... are a real, born, blood-beating poet” (Fet).

In 1851, Polonsky, having learned about the serious illness of his father, leaves the Caucasus. His farewell poem "On the way from the Caucasus" marked June 10, 1851.

Polonsky's life, despite the general recognition, nevertheless continues to be unsettled. In 1857, the poet became a tutor in the family of A. O. Smirnova-Rosset and traveled to Switzerland with them. "The word" tutor "is the stigma of lack of money," he notes in his diary. The poet, independent by character, was not able to stay in this place for long, and in August 1857 he, in his own words, “flies” to Geneva, where he takes painting lessons. In the winter of 1857, Polonsky left for Rome, then for Paris. In Paris, the poet falls in love with a half-Russian, half-French woman - the daughter of a dog-breaker Orthodox Church in Paris, Elena Vasilievna Ustyugskaya. Having married in August 1858, the Polonskys returned to St. Petersburg. A few hours before the birth of their first child, son Andrei, Polonsky fell off the droshky and injured his leg, which left him crippled for the rest of his life. Suffering haunted Polonsky: in 1860, his son died, and in the summer of that year, his devoted, loving wife also died. Tormented by the “great sorrow” of memories, Polonsky dedicates verses to the memory of his wife: “The madness of grief”, “If your love were my companion ...”.

In 1860, Polonsky received the post of secretary of the foreign censorship committee, where he served until the end of his days. 1860s - the beginning of a time of civil anxiety and spiritual throwing of the poet: more and more lyrical-philosophical and journalistic poems appear in the press; speaking as a humanist and democrat, Polonsky sensitively responds to what is happening in the world, in Russia. Remaining equally far from semi-official poetry and from those who openly and sharply express their protest, Polonsky strives for the utmost objectivity:

Did it piss you off...

All this modernity is evil,

All this living stupidity, All this host of tyrants and flatterers,

Or this bunch of little fighters,

Selfish and in fits of anger

Ready to strike right and left...

In the poem “The Literary Enemy”, the chivalrous features of the moral character of Polonsky, a man who is not able to trample on the defeated, are especially clearly manifested:

What to do? and who is to blame now?

Lord! in the name of truth and goodness,

Not for happiness I will drink - I will drink

For the freedom of my hostile pen!

Six years after the death of his wife, Polonsky met Josephine Rulman, a woman of rare beauty and a talented sculptor. She becomes his wife. Polonsky did everything possible to develop her natural talent. The Polonsky House is very popular in St. Petersburg, attracting the artistic intelligentsia of the capital. In 1890, Polonsky published the last collection of poems - "Evening Ringing", imbued with a sense of the near end. Eight years later, the poet died, remaining until the last day an undefeated knight of poetry.

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich (1819-1898) Russian poet

Born in Ryazan, in the family of an official. He graduated from the local gymnasium and entered the Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. Here he became friends with Fet and Solovyov. He lived on the money that he was paid for lessons.

Polonsky's first poetry collection "Gamma" was published in 1844 and was favorably received by critics and readers. However, due to the constant lack of money, he had to look for work. From Moscow, Polonsky went to Odessa, and then to Tiflis, where he got a place in the office of the governor of Georgia, Count Vorontsov. The motley exotic of the Caucasus, local color, picturesque nature - all this was reflected in the new collection of poems of the poet "Sazandar".

Polonsky was forced to act as a home teacher in the family of A.O. Smirnova-Rosset. This situation weighed heavily on Polonsky, and, having gone abroad with the Smirnovs, he parted with them, intending to take up painting, for which he had great abilities.

At the end of 1858, Polonsky returned to St. Petersburg, where he managed to take the post of secretary of the foreign censorship committee, which guaranteed him relative material well-being.

In 1857 he married, but was soon widowed. For the second time, he married the then-famous sculptor Josephine Antonovna Rulman.

From 1896 he was a member of the council of the main administration for the press. Not adhering to the radical social movements of his time, Polonsky treated them with cordial humanity.

Well, yes, the biography is good, but why is the date of his death not written here and how he died because of what……..because it’s interesting. For example, how Gogol died, falling just out of bed and hitting his head, is incomprehensible.

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (1819-1898) - Russian poet, prose writer.
Born in Ryazan in a poor noble family. In 1838 he graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium. the beginning of his literary activity Yakov Polonsky considered the year 1837 when he presented one of his poems to the Tsarevich, the future Tsar Alexander II, who traveled around Russia, accompanied by his tutor V. A. Zhukovsky.
In 1838, Yakov Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University (graduating in 1844). In his student years, he became close to A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who highly appreciated the talent of the young poet. He also met with P. Chaadaev, A. Khomyakov, T. Granovsky. In the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski in 1840, Polonsky's poem "The sacred Annunciation solemnly sounds ..." was first published. It was published in the journal Moskvityanin and in the student almanac Underground Keys.
In 1844, Polonsky's first poetry collection, Gamma, was published, in which the influence of M. Lermontov is noticeable. The collection already contained poems written in the genre of everyday romance (“Meeting”, “Winter Way”, etc.). In this genre, the masterpiece of lyrics by Yakov Polonsky “Song of a Gypsy” (“My fire in the fog shines ...”, 1853) was subsequently written. Literary critic B. Eichenbaum subsequently called main feature Polonsky's romances "a combination of lyrics with narration". They are characterized by a large number of portrait, everyday and other details that reflect psychological condition lyrical hero(“The shadows of the night came and became ...”, etc.).
After graduating from the university, Yakov Polonsky moved to Odessa, where he published his second collection of poetry, Poems of 1845 (1845). The book caused a negative assessment of V. G. Belinsky, who saw in the author "an unrelated, purely external talent." In Odessa, Polonsky became a prominent figure in the circle of writers who continued the Pushkin poetic tradition. The impressions of Odessa life subsequently formed the basis of the novel "Cheap City" (1879).
In 1846, Yakov Polonsky was appointed to Tiflis, to the office of the governor M. Vorontsov. At the same time he became an assistant editor of the newspaper "Transcaucasian Bulletin", in which he published essays. In Tiflis in 1849 Polonsky's poetry collection Sazandar (The Singer) was published. It included ballads and poems, as well as poems in the spirit of the "natural school" - i.e. replete with everyday scenes (“Walk in Tiflis”) or written in the spirit of national folklore (“Georgian Song”).
In 1851 Polonsky moved to Petersburg. He wrote in his diary in 1856: “I don’t know why I involuntarily feel disgusted by any political poem; It seems to me that in the most sincere political poem there are as many lies and untruths as there are in politics itself. Soon, Yakov Polonsky definitely declared his creative credo: “God did not give me the scourge of satire ... / And for the few I am a poet” (“For the Few”, 1860). Contemporaries saw in him "a modest but honest figure of the Pushkin direction" (A. Druzhinin) and noted that "he never draws and does not play any role, but always is what he is" (E. Stackenschneider).
In St. Petersburg, Yakov Polonsky published two poetry collections (1856 and 1859), as well as the first collection of prose "Stories" (1859), in which N. Dobrolyubov noted "the poet's sensitive susceptibility to the life of nature and the internal fusion of the phenomena of reality with the images of his imagination and with impulses of his heart. D. Pisarev, on the contrary, considered such features to be manifestations of a "narrow mental world" and classified Yakov Polonsky among the "microscopic poetics."
In 1857 Yakov Polonsky left for Italy, where he studied painting. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1860. He survived a personal tragedy - the death of his son and wife, reflected in the poems "The Seagull" (1860), "Madness of Grief" (1860), etc. In the 1860s he wrote the novels "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin" (1867 ) and "The Marriage of Atuev" (1869), in which the influence of I. Turgenev is noticeable. Polonsky was published in magazines different directions, explaining this in one of his letters to A. Chekhov: "All my life I was a nobody."
In 1858-1860. Yakov Polonsky edited the journal "Russian Word", in 1860-1896. served on the Foreign Censorship Committee. In general, the 1860s-1870s were marked for the poet by inattention of the reader and worldly disorder. Interest in Polonsky's poetry arose again in the 1880s, when, together with A. Fet and A. Maikov, he was part of the "poetic triumvirate", which was respected by the reading public. Yakov Polonsky once again became an iconic figure in literary life Petersburg, outstanding contemporaries gathered at Polonsky Fridays. The poet was friends with Chekhov, closely followed the work of K. Fofanov and S. Nadson. In the poems "Crazy" (1859), "Double" (1862), etc., he predicted some of the motives of the poetry of the 20th century.
In 1890, Polonsky wrote to A. Fet: "You can trace my whole life through my poems." In accordance with this principle of reflecting the inner biography, he built his final " complete collection works" in 5 vols., published in 1896.
Yakov Polonsky died in St. Petersburg on October 18 (30), 1898.

Not often remembered poet Ya.P. Polonsky (1819-1898) created many works not only in verse, but also in prose. However, romance became the main thing in his romantic work. The poet is alien to everything loud, but not indifferent to the fate of the motherland. He himself valued the "Bell" most of all.

Small homeland

In the quietest Ryazan, in a small provincial town, on the night of December 6-7, 1819, a baby was born, who two weeks later was named Yakov at baptism. His aunts were at the ball with the governor-general, but, having learned that their sister was safely resolved in childbirth, they left the ball to offer their congratulations. The Polonsky family was ancient, having left Poland to enter the service of Ivan the Terrible. The Polonskys had a coat of arms, against an azure background of which a star with six horns, a helmet with peacock feathers and a young month were depicted. Father of the future poet good education I could not get it, but I learned to read and write, and my handwriting was beautiful. He was a petty official, and a large family demanded exorbitant expenses for him. Jacob was the eldest child, and besides him there were six more children. In the last birth, his mother, Natalya Yakovlevna, died. The child grieved over her death, and it seemed to him that his mother had been buried alive. As a child, Yakov Polonsky often had terrible dreams. He was afraid. Imagination began to work, poetic images appeared. The older brother told the tales he invented to the younger ones and began to secretly write poetry from everyone.

After high school

Yakov Polonsky graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium in 1838. By this time, the father was completely broken by the death of his beloved wife and, having served three years in the Caucasus, returned to native city. He did not interfere in the affairs of children. But Jacob had an event that he himself considered an important milestone in his life. In 1837, Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich visited Ryazan, accompanied by V.A. Zhukovsky. Young Yakov Polonsky presented one of his creations to the court of the future emperor. This meeting connected all thoughts young man with literary activity. From 1838 to 1844, Yakov Polonsky studied at Moscow University. He is terribly poor, because the family is completely ruined, and you can only rely on own forces. They had to rent housing in the slums, earn a living by tutoring and private lessons. There were days when there was nothing to eat. I had to make do with tea and loaves.

During this period, he became closely acquainted with A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who appreciated the talent of the young poet. Inspired, in 1840 he published the poem “The Holy Blagovesh solemnly sounds” in “Notes of the Fatherland” in 1840. His circle of Moscow acquaintances is expanding. In the house of a descendant of the Decembrist, Yakov Polonsky meets Professor T. Granovsky, philosopher P. Chaadaev. There, in 1942, he would make friends with Ivan Turgenev for life, with whom he would maintain correspondence.

Collection "Gamma"

In 1844, Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev actively collected money by subscription for the publication of the first book of the young poet. The lyrics of M. Lermontov left an imprint on her. But overall it gives a favorable review. The critic noticed in the verses "a pure element of poetry." N. Gogol rewrites one of the poems for himself. V.A. Zhukovsky gave the aspiring poet a watch, showing that he appreciated his talent. handed him a truly priceless gift - a briefcase that belonged to his brilliant brother.

Odessa

After graduating from the university and moving to the south, the life and biography of Yakov Polonsky are filled with acquaintances with people of Pushkin's circle. Harmony and clarity characterize the poet's second collection, Poems of 1845. However, V. Belinsky did not find a single successful work in it.

Caucasus

The desire to get new impressions brought Yakov Petrovich to Tiflis in 1846. He serves in the office of the viceroy M.S. Vorontsova and at the same time works in the newspaper "Transcaucasian Vestnik" as an assistant editor. It is also printed in it. On exotic Caucasian material, he tries to work in the traditional genre of ballads and poems. At the same time, he uses less common sizes of different sizes. In 1849, the poet published the collection "Sandazar". But in 1851 he comes to Russia, because he learns about his father's serious illness.

Petersburg

So, the biography of Yakov Polonsky tells about his return to Russia, where he is warmly received by readers and writers. But he has no material well-being. In 1857 he was forced to become a repeater. In this capacity, he accompanies a family of extremely unstable and difficult character to Switzerland. But 38 years old is no longer the age when you can endure the whims of employers. A few months later he leaves this position and visits Geneva, Rome, Paris.

Poet in love

In the capital of France there was a "fatal meeting", as the poet called it, with his future wife. This girl, Elena Ustyugskaya, was young, and the lovers had to wait about a year for the wedding. In 1858 they got married and went to St. Petersburg. His chosen one considered inner nobility in her future husband. Alas, the marriage was short-lived.

Their happiness lasted only two years. At first, he was overshadowed by the fall of Yakov Petrovich from the droshky. He badly injured his leg, which did not give him rest for the rest of his life, and he was forced to use crutches. Then the six-month-old son dies, and a few months later, his wife. Here short biography Yakov Polonsky, associated with his first marriage. The yearning poet will splash out from the depths of his soul the poems "The Seagull", "Madness of grief", "If only your love ...".

Second marriage

It is impossible to exist on literary fees, and Yakov Petrovich starts working in the committee of foreign censorship. 6 years after the collapse of his first marriage, he falls in love with the beautiful Josephine Rulman.

This romance ends with a marriage that produces two sons and a daughter. A literary and musical salon is being created at his home, in which on Fridays the color of the intelligentsia of St. Petersburg gathers: poets, prose writers, composers, painters, critics. The cultural life of the capital is seething here. On this, a brief biography of Yakov Polonsky in our presentation is already coming to an end. In honor of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of his literary activity, Polonsky was solemnly presented with a silver wreath, and Romanov dedicated a poem to him.

Romances based on Polonsky's words

A romantic who tried to respond to socio-political topics, nevertheless, in our minds, is associated with romance. Yakov Polonsky, whose poems were loved by many Russian composers, is familiar to many, first of all, according to the words "My fire shines in the fog." Here is a list of romances in his words, far, far from complete:

Composer E.F. Guide:

Birdie: “The air smells like a field”;

Waltz "Ray of Hope";

Prayer: Our Father! Heed the son's prayer ... ".

S.V. Rachmaninov:

Meeting: “Yesterday we met…”;

Music: “And these wonderful sounds float and grow…”;

Dissonance: "Let by the will of fate ...".

A.G. Rubinstein:

Thought: "The sacred Annunciation solemnly resounds...";

Loss: "When a premonition of separation ...".

P.I. Chaikovsky:

"Flashing in the shadows outside the window."

By the way, for P. Tchaikovsky, Polonsky wrote the libretto of the opera Cherevichki. In addition to such a small number of romances indicated in this article, one can turn to creativity, which put a line from a poem by Y. Polonsky as the title of one of his stories, namely “In a familiar street”.

Polonsky died at the age of 78, was buried near Ryazan. And now he is reburied in the Ryazan Kremlin. All the poems of Polonsky Yakov Petrovich found a lively response from his contemporaries and the next generation of symbolists, especially from A. Blok.

AT Soviet time not a single (!) work devoted to his life and work was published. Now in Ryazan, local historians are correcting this situation by releasing monographs, articles and books that return to us the undeservedly forgotten poet who left a great creative legacy.

The message about Yakov Polonsky will briefly tell you a lot useful information about the life and work of the Russian poet.

Yakov Polonsky short biography

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich was born on December 6 (18), 1819 in the city of Ryazan into a large family of impoverished nobles. His father was in the service of the city governor-general. The boy received his primary education at home. At the age of 13, he lost his mother, and his father was transferred to another city for a government position. Relatives of the mother, left to look after the children, sent Yakov to the First Ryazan Men's Gymnasium. AT adolescence the young man read the poems of Pushkin and Benediktov. Under the influence of what he read, he tries to write on his own. Fateful was Polonsky's meeting with Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, the founder of romanticism in Russian poetry, who had a decisive influence on his further literary path.

In 1837, Alexander II visited Ryazan and Yakov was instructed to compose verses of greetings for the future emperor. The reception was successful. The director of the gymnasium presented Polonsky from the guests present (including Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky) with a gold watch as a gift for a poetic creation. So Polonsky decided to associate himself with literature.

In 1838, the poet entered the Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. At the same time, the burden did not stop writing poetry and was published in the almanac "Underground Keys". During his studies, he became friends with actor Mikhail Shchepkin, philosopher Pyotr Chaadaev, poets Afanasy Fet and Apollon Grigoriev, writers Alexei Pisemsky and Mikhail Pogodin, historians Sergei Solovyov and Konstantin Kavelin. With the help of his friends, he managed to get his poems published in the 1840 edition of Domestic Notes.

After graduating from the university, the financial situation "forced" Yakov Polonsky to leave Moscow in 1844. He got a job in the Odessa customs department. However, the salary he received was not enough to live on, and in the spring of 1846, Jacob left for Tiflis. He was offered the position of clerk at the vicegerent Count Vorontsov. He served until 1851. Local customs and traditions formed the basis of the written poems, which brought him all-Russian recognition.

During his stay in Tiflis, he actively collaborated with the newspaper "Transcaucasian Bulletin". He also published 2 collections of poetry: "Several Poems" and "Sazandar", published essays, short stories, journalistic and scientific articles. In parallel, Polonsky became interested in painting, sketching local landscapes and surroundings.

In 1851, the literary figure moved to the capital - St. Petersburg, continuing to work on his works. After 4 years, the next collection was published, which was published on the pages of Sovremennik and Otechestvennye Zapiski, popular in Russia. The fees received were barely enough for a modest life, and the poet got a job as a teacher at home to the children of the St. Petersburg governor Smirnov.

In 1858 he met a literary patron, Count Kushelev-Bezborodko. He invited Yakov Polonsky to take the position of editor of his new journal, Russian Word. After 2 years, he was taken as a secretary to the Foreign Censorship Committee. In 1863, he took the position of censor there, having worked in one place until 1896. In 1897, the poet was appointed a member of the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs. In his work, he began to turn more and more to the theme of religious mysticism. The last collection of Yakov Petrovich was published in 1890. The poet died on October 18 (30), 1898.

Yakov Polonsky instead of 4 years of study at the university studied for 5 years, as he could not pass the exam in Roman law to Nikita Ivanovich Krylov, dean of the Faculty of Law.
In 1857 he traveled around Europe with the family of the governor of St. Petersburg, where he worked as a home teacher. At this time, he met the famous writer Alexandre Dumas.
Was married twice. The first wife of the poet was Elena Ustyugskaya, the daughter of the headman of the Russian church in Paris and a Frenchwoman. Elena did not know the Russian language, like Jacob did French. In 1858 he brought his young wife to Petersburg. Born in marriage, who died in 6 months of retribution from typhus. Two months earlier, Elena also died of this disease. The second time he married in 1866 Rulman Josephine Antonovna. In marriage, 3 children were born - Boris, Alexander and Natalya.
After an injury resulting from a fall, the poet moved on crutches until the end of his days.

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From 1831 he studied at the Ryazan gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1838. He began writing poetry while still in high school.

From 1838 to 1844 he studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. The first published poem by Polonsky - "The sacred Annunciation sounds solemnly ..."

The first collection of poems of the poet was published in 1844 and was called "Gammas".

In the 1950s, collections of Polonsky's poems were published in the Sovremennik magazine. Even then, the poet formed a rejection of political themes in poetry, his lyrics are personal and subjective.

Since 1855, Polonsky was a home teacher.

In 1857, Yakov Petrovich went abroad with his family, where he taught. He visits Italy, and since 1858 lives in Paris. In France, Polonsky marries E. V. Ustyugskaya.

The second wife of Polonsky was Josephine Rulman, who became a faithful companion and friend of the poet.

Born December 6, 1819 in Ryazan. Yakov was the firstborn in the family of Peter Grigorievich (1790-1852) and Natalya Yakovlevna (1796-1832).
Jacob's education was taken up early. Already from the age of six, his mother taught him to read and invited various teachers. The first teacher was Ivan Vasilyevich Volkov. By the age of seven, Yakov Petrovich was already reading well. When the boy was 12 years old, his mother dies. In 1838, his father helped with admission to the gymnasium. Thus ended childhood, and the gymnasium weekdays began.
In 1838 he began to study at the First Ryazan Men's Gymnasium. The first glory came in the gymnasium. During the arrival of Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich (future Emperor Alexander II) in Ryazan, Polonsky wrote greeting verses that pleased the Tsarevich and his tutor Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. For this, the Tsarevich presented Yakov with a gold watch. This glorified the young poet throughout Ryazan. But Yakov could not boast of academic success. In all subjects, except for literature, which he knew perfectly well, he had average results. In 1838 he graduated from the gymnasium and went to Moscow to enter the university.
From 1838 to 1844 he studied at Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. During this period, he met Fet, Grigoriev, Chaadaev, Turgenev and others. He was friends with Fet and Turgenev for many years. In 1840, the first edition of poems in "Notes of the Fatherland" thanks to Belinsky. In 1844, with the help of friends, he raises money for the publication of his first book of poems, Gamma, which was published when Polonsky passed final exams. During his studies, Yakov Petrovich constantly faced financial difficulties, and this forced him to earn extra money as a tutor.
After graduating from the university, the issue of earning becomes acute, which pushes Polonsky to move to Odessa. Here, in 1845, he published the second book, Poems of 1845, which was modestly praised on the pages of Sovremennik, but the poems were strongly criticized by Belinsky. Further searches for work push the poet to move to Tiflis in 1846, where he works in the Transcaucasian Bulletin.
In 1851 he left Tiflis. First to Ryazan, to his sick father, and then to St. Petersburg, with creative hopes. Until 1857, he was trying to somehow earn a living and combine his work. In 1857 he went abroad. He returned from a foreign trip in 1858 with his young wife Elena Vasilievna Ustyugskaya (1840-1860). In 1859, he began working in the Russian Word magazine. In the spring of 1860, with the help of friends, he got a job in the Foreign Censorship Committee. The head there at that time was Fedor Tyutchev. In 1863 he received a promotion. He worked for the Committee of Foreign Censorship for 36 years, until 1896. In 1866, the second marriage with Josephine Antonovna Rulman (1844-1920). In the period of the 60s-70s, Polonsky continued his work. But during this period it was very often criticized and was not particularly loved by readers. This changed in the 80s. Reader recognition. Polonsky Fridays became very popular in the 80s. Evenings attended by many celebrities. In 1896, Polonsky began to work in the Press Council.
Yakov Petrovich Polonsky died on October 30, 1898 in St. Petersburg. He was buried on the territory of the Olgov Monastery in Ryazan. In 1959, the grave was transferred to the Ryazan Kremlin.

Small homeland

After high school

Collection "Gamma"

Odessa

Caucasus

Petersburg

Poet in love

Second marriage

Romances based on Polonsky's words

Yakov Polonsky short biography

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