Such a case was once described in the press. Trans-Atlantic flight. Temperamental Hispanics roar all night in a crowded fourth grade. Their neighbor - an Englishman - is forced to go on deck to take a break from the hubbub and stuffiness. Walking in the dark, he took one extra step and was overboard. The loss of the passenger was noticed only when he did not appear for breakfast. Reported to the captain. He decided to turn the ship back and start searching for the "man overboard". The search continued for about twelve hours. And, lo and behold, they succeeded. The Englishman did not give up, did not sink, and all this time, economically spending his strength, kept on the water. He understood that the chances of salvation were almost zero, but still stubbornly continued to swim. The most curious thing happened when he was brought up on deck. With a straight face, he said: "Gentlemen! The weather is great today!" After that, he collapsed unconscious.

Perhaps this is a common newspaper duck, but it may be true. After all, there are documented examples of such courage. Alain Bombard (French doctor, biologist, traveler) claimed that, even while in lifeboats, most of her passengers die of panic and depression. It is not hunger and thirst that kills them, but fear. To prove how important it is to maintain composure and survive in the ocean after a shipwreck, he did a deadly experiment. Alone, on an inflatable boat, without food or water, crossed Atlantic Ocean. He rowed and sailed 4,400 kilometers in 65 days. I caught fish with a homemade hook, drank a little sea water, collected rainwater. The bomber lost his health, "planted" his kidneys, lost half his weight, but survived. And he wrote a very instructive book about this: "Overboard of his own free will."

As a rule, a person does not know the limit of his abilities. They appear only in extreme conditions. Often, inveterate optimists and merry fellows "break" faster than ordinary, modest people. I have observed this phenomenon of fear through many trials on expeditions. Here is a simple example. There was one big guy and a merry fellow in my team. His character fully corresponded to the first phrase of Yuri Olesha's novel "Envy". The novel begins with the phrase: "He sings in the morning in the closet." This guy also sang, although Olesha's novel was hardly read.

Once, in the late autumn in the Sea of Okhotsk, our little boat got into a serious storm. A double collapse of waves formed near the shallow coast near Poronaysk. On the first collapse, a diving breaker demolished a flimsy wooden cabin near the boat, half-flooding the boat itself. Fortunately, the stationary engine did not stall. I stood on the steering wheel and could not leave it, as the boat would inevitably turn lag to the wave and turn over. Two of my colleagues scooped water at a frantic pace. But the third (merry fellow) huddled in a corner. He wept and prayed. Neither shouts nor selective mate had any effect on him. Here is the panic reaction.

We didn't take him to sea again. As sailors say, such people are ballast. Moreover, the ballast is dangerous.

Mental states of people in extreme situations are diverse. At the initial moment, the reaction of people is predominantly of a vital orientation, due to the instinct of self-preservation. The level of expediency of such reactions is different in different individuals - from panic and senseless to consciously purposeful.

Sometimes people experience a state of psychogenic anesthesia (no feeling of pain) in the first five to ten minutes after injuries, burns, while maintaining a clear consciousness and the ability to rational activity, which allows some of the victims to escape. In individuals with an increased sense of responsibility, the duration of psychogenic anesthesia in some cases reaches 15 minutes, even with burn lesions up to 40% of the body surface. At the same time, hypermobilization of psychophysiological reserves and physical forces can be noted. Some victims, as evidenced by disaster medicine, are able to get out of an overturned car with a jammed compartment entrance, literally tearing apart the roof partitions with their bare hands.

Hypermobilization in the initial period is inherent in almost all people, but if it is combined with a state of panic, it may not lead to the salvation of people.

Extreme situations are characterized by a number of significant psychogenic8 features that have a destructive, devastating effect on the human somatics and psyche. These include the following psychogenic8 factors:

Panic is one of mental states characteristic of extreme situations. It is characterized by defects in thinking, the loss of conscious control and understanding of ongoing events, the transition to instinctive defensive movements, actions that may partially or completely not correspond to the situation. A person rushes about, not realizing what he is doing, or becomes numb, numb, there is a loss of orientation, a violation of the relationship between the main and secondary actions, the collapse of the structure of actions and operations, an aggravation of the defensive reaction, refusal to act, etc. This causes and exacerbates the severity of the consequences of the situation .

Altered afferentation is a specific response of the body in dramatically changed, unusual conditions of existence. It is clearly manifested when exposed to weightlessness, high or low temperatures, high or low pressure. It can be accompanied (except for vegetative reactions) by severe disorders of self-awareness, orientation in space.

Affectation is a strong and relatively short-term neuropsychic excitation. It is characterized by an altered emotional state associated with a change in important life circumstances for the subject. Outwardly, it manifests itself in pronounced movements, violent emotions, accompanied by changes in the functions of internal organs, loss of volitional control. Occurs in response to an event that has already occurred and is shifted to its end. At the heart of affectation lies the experienced state of internal conflict, generated by the contradictions between the demands made on a person and the possibilities to fulfill them.

Agiotation is an affective reaction that occurs in response to a threat to life, an emergency, and other psychogenic factors. It manifests itself in the form of severe anxiety, anxiety, loss of focus on actions. A person fusses and is able to perform only simple automated actions. There is a feeling of emptiness and lack of thoughts, the ability to reason, to establish complex connections between phenomena is disturbed. This is accompanied by vegetative disturbances: pallor, rapid breathing, palpitations, hand trembling, etc. Agiotation is regarded as a pre-pathological condition within the boundaries of the psychological norm. In emergency situations among rescuers, firefighters, and representatives of other professions associated with risk, it is often perceived as confusion.

Monotony is a functional state that occurs during prolonged monotonous work. It is characterized by a decrease in the overall level of activity, loss of conscious control over the performance of actions, deterioration in attention and short term memory, decreased sensitivity to external stimuli, the predominance of stereotypical movements and actions, a feeling of boredom, drowsiness, lethargy, apathy, loss of interest in the environment.

Desynchronosis is a mismatch between the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness, which leads to asthenia of the nervous system and the development of neuroses.

A change in the perception of the spatial structure is a state that occurs in situations where there are no objects at all in a person's field of vision.

Restriction of information, especially personally significant, is a condition that contributes to the development of emotional instability.

Solitary social isolation (for a long time) is a manifestation of loneliness, one of the forms of which is the “creation of an interlocutor”: a person “communicates” with photographs of loved ones, with inanimate objects. The allocation of a "partner" for communication in conditions of loneliness is a defensive reaction within the framework of a psychological norm, but this phenomenon is a kind of model of a split personality in the conditions of a prolonged extreme situation.

Group social isolation (for a long time) is a state of high emotional tension, the cause of which may also be the fact that people are forced to constantly be in front of each other. Women are especially sensitive to this factor. Under normal conditions, a person is used to hiding from other people his thoughts and feelings that overwhelm him at one time or another. In conditions of group isolation, this is either difficult or impossible. The lack of the opportunity to be alone with oneself requires a person to have increased composure and control over his actions, and when such control weakens, many people can experience a kind of complex of physical and mental openness, nakedness, which causes emotional tension. Another specific psychogenic8 factor that operates under conditions of group isolation is the information exhaustion of communication partners. To avoid conflicts, people limit communication with each other and go into their inner world.

Sensory isolation - the absence of human exposure to visual, sound, tactile, taste and other signals. Under normal conditions, a person extremely rarely encounters such a phenomenon and therefore does not realize the significance of the effects of stimuli on receptors, does not realize how important its workload is for the normal functioning of the brain. If the brain is not loaded enough, then the so-called sensory hunger, sensory deprivation,10 occurs, when a person experiences an acute need for a variety of perceptions of the world around him. In conditions of sensory insufficiency, the imagination begins to work hard, extracting bright, colorful images from the arsenals of memory. These vivid representations to some extent compensate for the sensory sensations characteristic of ordinary conditions, and allow a person to maintain mental balance for a long time. With an increase in the duration of sensory hunger, the influence of intellectual processes also weakens. Extreme situations are characterized by unstable activity of people, which affects their mental status. There are, in particular, a decrease in mood (lethargy, apathy, lethargy), sometimes replaced by euphoria, irritability, sleep disturbance, inability to concentrate, i.e. weakening of attention, deterioration of memory and mental performance in general. All this leads to the exhaustion of the nervous system.

Sensory hyperactivation is the impact on a person of visual, sound, tactile, olfactory, gustatory and other signals, in their strength or intensity significantly exceeding the sensitivity thresholds for this person.

A threat to human health and life itself through deprivation of food, water, sleep, infliction of grievous bodily harm, etc. Great importance has a study of the mental state of people who have a life-threatening factor. It can cause various mental reactions - from acute anxiety to neurosis and psychosis. One of the conditions for a person's adaptation to a situation associated with a threat to life is readiness for instant action, which helps to avoid accidents and disasters. The state of mental instability under these conditions arises as a result of asthenization2 of the nervous system by various shocks. This condition is often manifested in people whose previous activities did not differ in mental tension. In life-threatening conditions, two forms of reaction are clearly distinguished: a state of agitation and a short-term stupor (a short-term stupor is characterized by a sudden stupor, freezing in place, while intellectual activity is preserved). In some cases, these factors act in combination, which greatly enhances their destructive impact. Usually, extreme situations are characterized by mass manifestations of psycho-emotional stress.

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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

"SOUTH URAL STATE UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of "Physical Culture and Sports"

Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture and Sports

Specialty "Pedagogical education"

EXPLANATORY NOTE TO COURSE WORK

in the discipline "Psychology"

SUSU-050100.2012.100 PZ KR

Human behavior in an emergency situation

annotation

Zemlyantseva V.V., Human Behavior in Extreme Situations - Chelyabinsk: SUSU

FKiS-186, 2013

Course work is devoted to the study of human behavior in extreme conditions, it shows the features of human behavior. The physiology of human behavior in extreme situations at different stages of human development has been studied. Various methods of studying behavior are given and conclusions are drawn over the predominance in the studied group of people. The development of human behavior, the conditions for development are presented. Recommended for teaching professions.

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The psychology of extreme situations is one of the areas of applied psychology. It explores the problems associated with the assessment, prediction and optimization of mental states and human behavior in stressful situations.

AT complex types activities, tense situations can arise - circumstances that give rise to significant difficulties and at the same time require quick, accurate and unmistakable actions from a person. The effectiveness of the actions of an individual, a team, a leader in a tense situation is largely determined by high level their readiness for them.

Relevance of the chosen topic. The problem of the state, behavior and activities of people in extreme situations in last years causes serious concern of scientists and practitioners around the world. Probably, it should be recognized that, despite the significant amount of sufficiently substantiated data on the impact of various extreme factors and the specifics of the organization of rescue and anti-terrorist operations, a number of aspects of the problem, in particular, the dynamics of the state and behavior of victims and hostages, are still among the least studied. At the same time, it is the specifics of the reactions of the victims, as well as their dynamics over time, that largely determine the strategy and tactics of anti-terrorist operations, rescue, medical, and medical-psychological measures, both immediately during an emergency and in the future.

1. The concept of an extreme situation

One of the successful attempts to construct a complete classification of situations was made by A.M. Stolyarenko. He divides situations into normal, paraextreme, extreme and hyperextreme (depending on the required activity and on the positiveness of the result achieved).

According to A.M. Stolyarenko, normal (ordinary) situations include those situations that do not create difficulties and any dangers for a person, but require normal activity from him. They usually end positively. Paraextreme situations cause strong internal stress, they can lead a person to failure. Extreme situations are characterized by the occurrence of extreme stress and overvoltage in a person. They place great objective and psychological tasks. In the event of their occurrence, the probability of success is sharply reduced and the risk of negative consequences increases.

Hyperextreme situations make demands on a person that exceed his abilities. They lead to a significant increase in internal tension, violations of normal behavior and activities.

An extreme situation is such a complication of the conditions of activity, which has acquired special significance for the individual, the team. In other words, complex objective conditions of activity become a tense situation when they are perceived, understood, evaluated by people as difficult, dangerous, etc.

Researchers unanimously point out that regardless of the duration of an extreme event, its consequences are devastating for a person. Wherein clinical picture is not strictly individual in nature, but is reduced to a small number of fairly typical manifestations, very reminiscent of the initial symptoms of somatic, and sometimes mental illness.

2. The impact of an extreme situation on the mental and psychophysiological state of a person

The following factors also influence a person’s perception of a situation and assessment of the degree of its difficulty, extremeness: the degree of positivity of self-esteem, self-confidence, the level of subjective control, the presence of positive thinking, the severity of motivation to achieve success, and others. The behavior of a person in a situation is determined by the characteristics of a person's temperament (anxiety, response rate, etc.) and his character (the severity of certain accentuations).

We single out in the dynamics of the state of the victims (without severe grasses) 6 successive stages:

1. "Vital reactions" - lasting from a few seconds to 5 - 15 minutes, when behavior is almost completely subordinated to the imperative of preserving one's own life, with a characteristic narrowing of consciousness, a reduction in moral norms and restrictions, disturbances in the perception of time intervals and the strength of external and internal stimuli . During this period, the implementation of predominantly instinctive forms of behavior is characteristic, subsequently turning into a short-term (nevertheless - with a very wide variability) state of stupor.

2. "The stage of acute psycho-emotional shock with the phenomena of overmobilization." This stage, as a rule, developed after a short-term state of stupor, lasted from 3 to 5 hours and was characterized by general mental stress, extreme mobilization of psychophysiological reserves, aggravation of perception and an increase in the speed of thought processes, manifestations of reckless courage (especially when saving loved ones) with a simultaneous decrease in critical assessment of the situation, but maintaining the ability to expedient activities. The emotional state during this period was dominated by a feeling of despair, accompanied by sensations of dizziness and headache, as well as palpitations, dry mouth, thirst and shortness of breath. Behavior during this period is subordinated almost exclusively to the imperative of saving loved ones with the subsequent implementation of ideas about morality, professional and official duty. Despite the presence of rational components, it is during this period that panic reactions and the infection of others are most likely, which can significantly complicate rescue operations.

3. "Stage of psychophysiological demobilization" - its duration is up to three days. In the absolute majority of cases, the onset of this stage was associated with an understanding of the scale of the tragedy (“stress of awareness”) and contacts with the seriously injured and the bodies of the dead, as well as the arrival of rescue and medical teams. The most characteristic for this period were a sharp deterioration in well-being and psycho-emotional state with a predominance of a feeling of confusion (up to a state of a kind of prostration), individual panic reactions (often irrational, but realized without any energy potential), a decrease in the moral normative behavior, refusal of any activity and motivation for it. At the same time, pronounced depressive tendencies, disturbances in the function of attention and memory were observed.

4. Following the “psychophysiological demobilization” (with a relatively high individual variability of terms), the development of the 4th stage, the “resolution stage” (from 3 to 12 days), was observed with sufficient constancy. During this period, according to the subjective assessment, the mood and well-being gradually stabilized. However, according to the results of objective data and included observation, the vast majority of the examined patients retained a reduced emotional background, limited contacts with others, hypomimia (masque of the face), a decrease in the intonational coloring of speech, slowness of movements, sleep and appetite disturbances, as well as various psychosomatic reactions (mainly from the side of cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and hormonal sphere). By the end of this period, most of the victims had a desire to “speak out”, which was implemented selectively, directed mainly at persons who were not eyewitnesses of the tragic events, and was accompanied by some agitation. Against the background of subjective signs of some improvement in the condition, a further decrease in psychophysiological reserves (by the type of hyperactivation) was objectively noted, the phenomena of overwork progressively increased, and indicators of physical and mental performance significantly decreased.

5. The “recovery stage” of the psychophysiological state (5th) began mainly at the end of the second week after exposure to the extreme factor and initially manifested itself most clearly in behavioral reactions: interpersonal communication became more active, the emotional coloring of speech and facial reactions began to normalize, for the first time jokes appeared that caused emotional response from others, dreams were restored in the majority of those examined.

6. At a later date (in a month) in 12% - 22% of the victims, persistent sleep disturbances, unmotivated fears, recurring nightmares, obsessions, delusional-hallucinatory states and some others were detected, and signs of astheno-neurotic reactions in combination with psychosomatic violations of the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and endocrine systems were determined in 75% of the victims ("stage of delayed reactions"). At the same time, internal and external conflictogenicity was growing, requiring special approaches.

3. Features of behavior in extreme situations

It has been established that the behavioral reactions of a person in extreme conditions, their temporal characteristics, and the psychophysiological capabilities of people in general are extremely variable values, depending on the characteristics of the nervous system, life experience, professional knowledge, skills, motivation, and style of activity.

At present, it is almost impossible to derive an integral form of human behavior in a tense situation. Nevertheless, there is more and more evidence that psychological factors - individual qualities, abilities of a person, his skills, readiness, attitudes, general and special training, his character and temperament - in a difficult environment are not summed arithmetically, but form a certain complex that ultimately realized either in right or wrong action.

In general, an extreme situation is a set of obligations and conditions that have a strong psychological impact on a person.

Style of behavior in an extreme situation

Behavior in a state of affect.

Affect is characterized by a high degree of emotional experiences, which leads to the mobilization of a person's physical and psychological resources. In practice, quite often there are cases when physically weak people in a state of strong emotional excitement perform actions that they could not perform in a calm environment. For example, they inflict a large amount of lethal damage or plant an oak door with one blow. Another manifestation of affect is a partial loss of memory, which characterizes not every affective reaction. In some cases, the subject does not remember the events preceding the affect, and the events that occurred during the latter.

The affect is accompanied by the excitation of all mental activity. As a result, the person has a decrease in control over their behavior. This circumstance leads to the fact that the commission of a crime in a state of passion entails specific legal consequences.

The Criminal Code does not say anything about the fact that a person in a state of passion has a limited ability to realize the nature of his actions or control them. This is not necessary, since strong emotional excitement is characterized by a limitation of consciousness and will. It is the “narrowing” of the latter that allows us to say that the state of passion has a certain legal significance. “From the standpoint of criminal law, such emotional states of the accused can be recognized as legally significant, which significantly limited his volitional purposeful behavior.”

Affect has a significant impact on a person's mental activity, disorganizing it and affecting higher mental functions. Thinking loses its flexibility, the quality of thought processes decreases, which causes a person to realize only the immediate goals of his actions, and not the final ones. Attention is entirely concentrated on the source of irritation. That is, a person's ability to choose a behavior model is limited due to strong emotional stress. Because of this, there is a sharp decrease in control over actions, which leads to a violation of the expediency, purposefulness and sequence of actions.

A sudden strong emotional disturbance is preceded by one of the following situations described in the law.

Violence, bullying, grave insult, other illegal or immoral actions (inaction) of the victim. Here, the state of passion is formed under the influence of a one-time and very significant event for the culprit. For example: a spouse who suddenly returned from a business trip discovers with his own eyes the fact of adultery.

A long-term psychotraumatic situation arising in connection with the systematic illegal or immoral behavior of the victim. An affective reaction is formed as a result of a long-term "accumulation" of negative emotions, which leads to emotional stress. In this case, another fact of unlawful or immoral behavior is enough for an affect to arise.

According to the meaning of the law, affect arises in connection with certain actions or inaction of the victim. But in practice there are cases when a sudden strong emotional excitement causes illegal or immoral behavior of several people. At the same time, for the development of an affective reaction, a combination of actions (inaction) of two or more persons is necessary, that is, the behavior of one of them, in isolation from the behavior of the other, might not be the reason for the onset of affect.

Behavior under stress

Stress is an emotional state that suddenly arises in a person under the influence of an extreme situation associated with a danger to life or an activity that requires great stress. Stress, like affect, is the same strong and short-term emotional experience. Therefore, some psychologists consider stress as one of the types of affect. But this is far from the case, since they have their own distinctive features. Stress, first of all, occurs only in the presence of an extreme situation, while affect can arise for any reason. The second difference is that affect disorganizes the psyche and behavior, while stress not only disorganizes, but also mobilizes the organization's defenses to get out of an extreme situation.

Stress can have both positive and negative effects on personality. Stress has a positive role, performing a mobilization function, a negative role - having a harmful effect on the nervous system, causing mental disorders and various diseases of the body.

Stress affects people's behavior in different ways. Some, under the influence of stress, show complete helplessness and are unable to withstand stressful influences, while others, on the contrary, are stress-resistant individuals and show themselves best in moments of danger and in activities that require the exertion of all forces.

Frustrated Behavior

A special place in the consideration of stress is occupied by a psychological state that arises as a result of a real or imagined obstacle that prevents the achievement of a goal, called frustration.

Defensive reactions during frustration are associated with the appearance of aggressiveness or avoiding a difficult situation (transferring actions to an imaginary plan), and it is also possible to reduce the complexity of behavior. Frustration can lead to a number of characterological changes associated with self-doubt or fixation of rigid forms of behavior.

The mechanism of frustration is quite simple: first, a stressful situation arises, leading to an overstrain of the nervous system, and then this tension is “discharged” into one or another of the most vulnerable systems.

Distinguish positive and negative reactions to frustration.

Level of anxiety in extreme situations

Anxiety is an emotional experience in which a person experiences discomfort from the uncertainty of perspective.

The evolutionary significance of anxiety lies in the mobilization of the body in extreme situations. A certain level of anxiety is necessary for the normal life and productivity of a person.

Normal anxiety helps to adapt to different situations. It increases in conditions of high subjective significance of the choice, an external threat with a lack of information and time.

Pathological anxiety, although it can be provoked by external circumstances, is due to internal psychological and physiological causes. It is disproportionate to the real threat or not related to it, and most importantly, it is not adequate to the significance of the situation and drastically reduces productivity and adaptive capacity. The clinical manifestations of pathological anxiety are diverse and can be paroxysmal or permanent in nature, manifesting both mental and - even predominantly - somatic symptoms.

Anxiety is often viewed as negative state associated with experiencing stress. The state of anxiety can vary in intensity and change over time as a function of the level of stress to which the individual is exposed, but the experience of anxiety is inherent in any person in adequate situations.

The causes that cause anxiety and affect the change in its level are diverse and can lie in all spheres of human life. Conventionally, they are divided into subjective and objective reasons. Subjective reasons include informational reasons associated with an incorrect idea of the outcome of the upcoming nature, leading to an overestimation of the subjective significance of the outcome of the upcoming event. Among the objective causes of anxiety, there are extreme conditions that place high demands on the human psyche and are associated with the uncertainty of the outcome of the situation.

Post-stress anxiety develops after extreme, usually unexpected situations - fires, floods, participation in hostilities, rape, kidnapping of a child. There is also usually anxiety, irritability, headache, enhanced quadrigeminal reflex (reaction to a sudden stimulus), sleep disorders and nightmares, including pictures of the experienced situation, feelings of loneliness and distrust, feelings of inferiority, avoidance of communication and any activities that may remind the events. If this whole complex develops after a certain latent period after an extreme situation and leads to significant impairment of life, then a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder is made. Post-stress anxiety is less likely to develop if a person is active during an extreme situation.

emergency behavior

4. Readiness of a person to work in extreme situations

A special place should be given to the psychological stability of police officers - as a kind of foundation for professional readiness to perform actions in extreme conditions of operational activities.

Psychological stability is understood as a holistic characteristic of a person, which ensures its resistance to the frustrating and stressful effects of difficult situations.

A law enforcement officer (police patrol service, detention groups of private security, operational workers, etc.) more often than anyone else finds himself in difficult and sometimes dangerous situations. psychological situations in daily work activities that have a stressful effect on the psyche of the employee.

Therefore, the psychological training of employees in the educational institution of the Ministry of Internal Affairs should be aimed at developing resistance to:

Negative factors of operational activities: tension, responsibility, risk, danger, lack of time, uncertainty, surprise, etc.;

Factors that strongly affect the psyche: the type of blood, corpse, bodily injury, etc .;

Situations of confrontation: the ability to conduct a psychological struggle with persons who oppose the prevention, detection and investigation of crimes, to resist psychological pressure, manipulation from both law-abiding citizens and offenders; do not succumb to provocations, etc.;

Conflict situations in official activities: the ability to analyze the internal causes of the conflict, understand the patterns of their occurrence, course and ways to resolve conflict situations: insult and violence against a person, hooliganism, robbery, murder, resistance to a representative of authority, verbal and physical aggression, etc. ; the ability to control oneself in psychologically tense, conflict, provoking situations.

Frequent exposure to dangerous and sometimes life-threatening situations requires these individuals to be able to control themselves, quickly assess difficult situations and make the most appropriate decisions, which will contribute to more efficient performance of tasks and reduce emergencies and disruptions in professional activities among the personnel of internal affairs bodies. affairs.

5. Questionnaire "Inventory of symptoms of stress"

Answer options

Never, Rarely, Often, Always

1. Are you easily annoyed by little things? (1,2,3,4)

2. Do you get nervous if you have to wait for something? (1,2,3,4,)

3. Do you blush when you are embarrassed? (1,2,3,4)

4. Can you offend someone in annoyance? (1,2,3,4)

5. Does criticism drive you crazy? (1,2,3,4)

6. If you are pushed into public transport whether you will try to answer the offender in the same way or say something offensive; do you often press the horn when driving a car? (1,2,3,4)

7. Are you constantly doing something, is all your time filled with activities? (1,2,3,4)

8. Have you been late lately or come early? (1,2,3,4)

9. Do you often interrupt others, supplement statements? (1,2,3,4)

10. Do you suffer from lack of appetite? (1,2,3,4)

11. Do you often experience causeless anxiety? (1,2,3,4)

12. Do you feel dizzy in the morning? (1,2,3,4)

13. Are you constantly tired? (1,2,3,4)

14. Even after a long sleep, do you feel overwhelmed? (1,2,3,4)

15. Do you have heart problems?(1,2,3,4)

16. Do you suffer from back and neck pain? (1,2,3,4)

17. Do you often drum your fingers on the table, and when sitting, shake your leg? (1,2,3,4)

18. Do you dream of recognition, do you want to be praised for what you do? (1,2,3,4)

19. Do you consider yourself better than others, but, as a rule, no one notices this? (1,2,3,4)

20. Can't concentrate on what you need to do? (1,2,3,4)

Inventory of stress symptoms

Introductory remarks

The technique allows to develop observation of stress signs, to carry out self-assessment of the frequency of their manifestation and the degree of susceptibility to the negative consequences of stress.

Processing and interpretation of results. Counted up total points scored.

Up to 30 points. You live calmly and intelligently, coping with the problems that life presents. You do not suffer from false modesty or excessive ambition. However, we advise you to check your answers with someone who knows you well: people with such a score often see themselves in pink.

31-45 points. Your life is characterized by activity and tension. You are stressed both in the positive sense of the word (strive to achieve something) and in the negative sense (enough problems and worries). Most likely, you will continue to live the same way, just try to make a little time for yourself.

45-60 points. Your life is an ongoing struggle. You are ambitious and dream of a career. You are quite dependent on other people's assessments, which constantly keeps you in a state of stress. This lifestyle may lead you to success on a personal or professional front, but it is unlikely to bring you joy. Everything will flow like water through your fingers. Avoid unnecessary arguments, suppress anger caused by small things, do not always try to achieve the maximum, abandon this or that plan from time to time.

Over 60 points. You live like a driver who presses on the gas and on the brake at the same time. Change your lifestyle. The stress you are experiencing threatens your health and your future. If a change in lifestyle seems impossible to you, try to at least respond to the recommendation.

Conclusion

Modern conditions in which representatives of many professions work, in particular the military personnel of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Ministry of Defense, law enforcement officers, drivers of vehicles, train drivers, operators of nuclear power plants and some others, can be fully called special, and sometimes extreme.

It can be said that psychological preparation for special and extreme activities is a purposeful impact on a person with the help of psychological and psychophysiological methods aimed at forming her psychological readiness for adequate actions in such situations.

Under psychological readiness is meant a system of psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of the subject, ensuring the success and effectiveness of certain actions and activities.

Bibliography

1. Adaev A.I. Evaluation and forecast of the psychological readiness of police officers to work in extreme situations. - St. Petersburg, 2004.

2. Vasiliev V.A. Legal psychology. - M., 2002.

3. Smirnov B.A., Dolgopolova E.V. Psychology of activity in extreme situations. -- Kharkov: Humanitarian Center, 2007.

4. Dyachenko M.I. Willingness to work in stressful situations. - Minsk: Aspect, 1985.

5. Zinchenko I.V. Psychology of personality in crisis situations. - Rostov-on-Don: RSU, 2006.

6. Sandomiersky M.E. How to cope with stress: simple recipes or the road to childhood. - Voronezh: MODEK, 2000.

7. Sorokun P.A. Fundamentals of psychology. - Pskov: PGPU, 2005.

6. Stolyarenko A.M. General and professional psychology. - M.: Nauka, 2003.

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The concept of an extreme situation

In our today's not at all calm life, anyone can find themselves in an extreme situation at any time. Natural disasters, catastrophes, explosions, fires, sudden threats and many other phenomena have imperceptibly become part of our lives, and have begun to have a noticeable impact on the psyche and human behavior.
In a short time, there is a collision with a real threat, sometimes with the threat of death (in ordinary life, the psyche creates protection, allowing one to perceive death as something distant or even unreal). The image of the world is changing, reality seems to be filled with fatal accidents. A person begins to divide his life into two parts - before the event and after it. There is a feeling that others cannot understand his feelings and experiences.
E An extreme situation is a situation that affects a person in its most extreme, unfavorable manifestations. Any situation associated with a threat to life and damage to human health, which has developed as a result of a natural disaster, an accident, a catastrophe, a dangerous natural phenomenon, becomes extreme. Each such situation has only its characteristic causes, features and character of development.

Classification of extreme situations (ES)

ES can be classified according to the following criteria:

by the degree of suddenness: sudden (unpredictable) and expected (predictable). It is easier to predict social, political, economic situations, more difficult - natural disasters. Timely forecasting of ES and correct actions allow avoiding significant losses and, in some cases, preventing ES;

according to the speed of propagation: ES can be explosive, rapid, rapidly spreading or moderate, smooth. The majority of military conflicts, man-made accidents, and natural disasters often belong to the rapid ones. Ecological situations develop relatively smoothly;

by the scale of distribution: local, local, territorial, regional, federal. Local, local and territorial include ES that do not go beyond one functional unit, production, locality. Regional and federal ECs cover entire regions, states or several states;

by duration of action: may be short-term or have a protracted course;

by nature: intentional (intentional) and unintentional (unintentional). The former include most national, social and military conflicts, terrorist acts and others. Natural disasters by the nature of their origin are unintentional, this group also includes the majority of man-made accidents and disasters.

According to the source of origin, extreme situations are divided into:

ES of technogenic character;

ES of natural origin;

ES of a biological and social nature.

Types of technogenic ES: transport accidents and disasters, fires and explosions, accidents with the release of various and toxic, sudden collapse of structures, accidents in electrical and energy systems or utility life support systems.
Types of ES of natural origin: geophysical, geological, meteorological, dangerous marine hydrological phenomena, natural fires.
Types of ES of a biological and social nature: terrorism, civil unrest and various acts of violence.

The influence of an extreme situation on the mental and psychophysiological state of a person

An extreme situation leaves a mark on the soul of absolutely any person who was involved in it, and affects his beliefs, lifestyle, states and feelings. ES can cause stress for everyone, regardless of their life and professional experience, social status. A person becomes a victim of circumstances.
Victims of natural disasters and catastrophes suffer from the following factors caused by an extreme situation:
1. Surprise. Few disasters wait for potential victims to be warned - for example, gradually reaching a critical phase of flooding or an impending hurricane, storm. The more sudden the event, the more devastating it is for the victims.
2. Lack of such experience. Because disasters and catastrophes are fortunately rare, people often learn to deal with them when they are stressed.
3. Duration. This factor varies from case to case. For example, a gradually developing flood can subside just as slowly, while an earthquake lasts a few seconds and brings much more destruction. However, in the victims of some long-term extreme situations (for example, in cases of hijacking), traumatic effects can multiply with each subsequent day.
4. Lack of control. No one is able to control events during disasters; it may take a long time before a person can control the most ordinary events of everyday life. If this loss of control persists for a long time, even competent and independent people may show signs of "learned helplessness."
5. Grief and loss. Disaster victims may be separated from loved ones or lose someone close to them; the worst thing is to wait for news of all possible losses. In addition, the victim may lose his social role and position due to the disaster. In the case of prolonged traumatic events, a person may lose all hope of restoring what has been lost.
6. Constant change. The destruction caused by a disaster may be irreversible: the victim may find himself in completely new and hostile conditions.
7. Exposition of death. Even short life-threatening situations can change a person's personality structure. Repeated encounters with death can lead to profound changes at the regulatory level. In a close encounter with death, a severe existential crisis is very likely.
8. Moral uncertainty. The victim of a disaster may be faced with having to make life-changing value-based decisions, such as who to save, how much to risk, who to blame.
9. Behavior during the event. Everyone would like to look their best in a difficult situation, but few succeed. What a person did or didn't do during a disaster can haunt him long after other wounds have healed.
10. Scale of destruction. After the disaster, the survivor will most likely be amazed at what she has done to his environment and social structure. Changes in cultural norms force a person to adapt to them or remain an outsider; in the latter case, emotional damage is combined with social maladaptation.
The sudden occurrence of an event that has a strong impact on the emotional, cognitive, personal spheres of a person.
Most people in an emergency situation may experience the following symptoms:

motor excitation;

Delusions and hallucinations . A critical situation causes powerful stress in a person, leads to strong nervous tension, disrupts the balance in the body, and negatively affects health in general - not only physical, but mental too. This can exacerbate an already existing mental illness.
The main signs of delirium include false ideas or conclusions, in the fallacy of which the victim cannot be dissuaded.
Hallucinations are characterized by the fact that the victim experiences a sensation of the presence of imaginary objects that do not currently affect the corresponding sense organs (hears voices, sees people, smells, etc.).
Apathy may occur after a long hard, but unsuccessful work; or in a situation where a person suffers a serious setback, ceases to see the meaning of his activity; or when it was not possible to save someone, and a loved one who got into trouble died.
There is a feeling of fatigue - such that you do not want to move or speak, movements and words are given with great difficulty.
In the soul - emptiness, indifference, no strength even to express feelings. If a person is left without support and help in this state, then apathy can turn into depression (heavy and painful emotions, passivity of behavior, guilt, a sense of helplessness in the face of life's difficulties, hopelessness, etc.).
A person can be in a state of apathy from several hours to several weeks.
The main signs of apathy are:

indifferent attitude to the environment;

lethargy, lethargy;

slow, with long pauses, speech.

Stupor . Stupor is one of the most powerful defensive reactions of the body. It comes after the strongest nervous shocks (explosion, attack, brutal violence), when a person has spent so much energy on survival that he no longer has the strength to contact the outside world.
Stupor can last from several minutes to several hours. Therefore, if help is not provided and the victim stays in this state for a long time, this will lead to his physical exhaustion. Since there is no contact with the outside world, the victim will not notice the danger and will not take action to avoid it.
The main signs of stupor are:

a sharp decrease or absence of voluntary movements and speech;

lack of reactions to external stimuli (noise, light, touch, tweaks);

“freezing” in a certain position, numbing, a state of complete immobility;

possible tension of individual muscle groups.

motor excitation . Sometimes the shock from a critical situation (explosions, natural disasters) is so strong that a person simply ceases to understand what is happening around him. He is not able to determine where are the enemies and where are the helpers, where is the danger and where is the salvation. A person loses the ability to think logically and make decisions, becomes like an animal rushing about in a cage.
Aggression . Aggressive behavior is one of the involuntary ways in which the human body "tries" to reduce high internal stress. The manifestation of anger or aggression can persist for quite a long time and interfere with the victim himself and those around him.
The main signs of aggression are:

irritation, discontent, anger (for any, even a minor reason);

inflicting blows to others with hands or any objects;

verbal abuse, abuse;

muscle tension;

increase in blood pressure.

Cry . When a person cries, substances that have a calming effect are secreted inside him. It is good if there is someone nearby with whom you can share grief.
The main signs of this condition:

the person is already crying or ready to burst into tears;

lips tremble;

there is a feeling of depression;

unlike hysterics, there are no signs of arousal.

If a person holds back tears, then there is no emotional discharge, relief. When the situation drags on, internal tension can harm a person's physical and mental health.
Hysterics . A hysterical fit lasts a few minutes or a few hours.
Main features:

consciousness is preserved;

excessive excitement, many movements, theatrical poses;

speech emotionally rich, fast;

Traumatic stress and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Any extreme situation (accident, accident, war, catastrophe, terrorist act, loss, death of loved ones) leaves its mark on the souls of people. Disorders that develop after an experienced psychological trauma affect all levels of human functioning: physiological (the appearance of fatigue, impaired appetite, sleep, exacerbation of chronic diseases, etc.), psychological and the level of interpersonal interaction (the appearance of aggressiveness, resentment in behavior). Immediately after an emergency, it leaves behind a disorganization of human activity, functional disorders of all cognitive processes (thinking, perception, memory, speech).
In most cases, an extreme situation can cause traumatic stress.
Traumatic stress is an experience of a special kind, the result of a special interaction between a person and the world around him. This is a normal reaction to abnormal circumstances, a condition that occurs in a person who has experienced something that goes beyond the normal human experience, such as a threat to the life, death or injury of another person, participation in hostilities, violence, natural disasters and catastrophes, etc. .
The range of phenomena that cause traumatic stress disorders is quite wide and covers many situations when there is a threat to one's own life or the life of a loved one, a threat to physical health or the image of the "I".
The following types of traumatic situations are distinguished:
1. Short-term, unexpected traumatic event (for example, a natural disaster or a man-made accident).
2. Constant and repeated exposure to a traumatic stressor - serial traumatization or a prolonged traumatic event. For example, Chernobyl accident is an example of a prolonged traumatic impact.
The consequence of mental trauma may be a change in attitude towards oneself, towards the world in which a person lives, towards the place that a person occupies in this world. These changes are so dramatic that they are called "the collapse of basic illusions" (the main basic illusions: one's own immortality, justice and simplicity of the world).
Illusion of own immortality . The tragic events of our lives undermine the illusion of our own immortality, leading our lives to chaos, to meaninglessness: why make plans, make any efforts to implement them, if there is only one thing ahead - death.
Illusion of justice in the arrangement of the world . In a situation of a traumatic event, a person is outraged by the very fact of the appearance of evil in his normal life, he wants to get an answer to the question: “What did I do or did not do that, for which these troubles fell upon me?”
Violation of the principle of justice leads to the feeling that we live in a madhouse. How can you adapt to this? The easiest way is to become crazy yourself. You can take the path of regression, use the means that lead to trance states, become a robot, a machine that does not know how to love and pity, finally.
The collapse of basic illusions is a painful tragic process that makes our life meaningless.
What happens to a person in a situation where he himself was subjected to an unexpected attack or saw that his loved ones were in mortal danger, or at night the walls collapsed near his house? Usually, the following processes take place with it:
1. Decreased mood, sometimes to complete indifference and suicidal thoughts, pronounced tearfulness at the mention of loss, or other neurotic symptoms.
2. Stressful influences can cause all levels of mental maladjustment. Starting from a person’s hyperactivity, reminiscent of ineffectual fussiness and exhausting physical capabilities to the limit, after which various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, sexual sphere, etc. can occur, and ending with complete apathy for everything and deep depression.
The dynamics of experiencing a traumatic situation includes four stages.
1. At the first stage, which occurs immediately after the action of the traumatic factor, the person refuses to perceive what happened. it phase of denial or shock - disbelief that the picture of the world has changed, that it will never be the same. Denial up to the formation of psychotic states. The person seems to be saying to the world: “I don’t believe”, trying to build life according to the old principles. This means that a person does not have enough resources to survive parting with the deceased and organize life anew at the mental level. He is afraid to take the risk of admitting that his life is destroyed, and that he must take the risk and accept the new reality. He hopes for a "miraculous restoration" of his former life, and sees little prospect of building a new life in the future, abandoning the old one.
2. The second stage is called " phases of aggression and guilt ". Gradually starting to worry about what happened, the person begins to blame those who directly or indirectly were involved in the traumatic event. Often after this, the person turns aggression on himself and experiences an intense feeling of guilt ("if I had acted differently, this would not happened"). A person is trying in this way to find justice in an "unfair world." "I don't want it to be like this" - these words can express a protest against reality. Resentment, guilt - where it will be projected - on the departed, on oneself or on the world , on doctors, on friends - this cannot be said in advance.
3. The third stage - depression phase . After a person realizes that circumstances are stronger than him, depression sets in. It is accompanied by feelings of helplessness, abandonment, loneliness, own uselessness. A person does not see a way out of this situation, it seems to him that the pain will intensify day by day. At this point, the sense of purpose is lost and life becomes meaningless. "No matter what I do, nothing will change." It often happens that in an attempt to find meaning, a person begins to engage in charity (“my life is over, I will live for others”), becomes a religious person to the point of fanaticism. These solutions help relieve pain, but do not cure depression, which becomes chronic.
At this stage, the unobtrusive support of loved ones is very important. However, a person experiencing trauma rarely gets it, because others are unconsciously afraid of "infecting" his condition. In addition, a person in a depressed mood quickly loses interest in communication (“no one understands me”), the interlocutor begins to tire him, and communication is interrupted. People do not know how to behave, and avoid communication, which increases the feeling of loneliness.
Explosions of grief, which are replaced by sadness, peace. A person goes through contact with emptiness, recognizing his helplessness, impotence to change something.
4. The fourth stage is healing phase . It is characterized by a complete (conscious and emotional) acceptance of its past and the acquisition of a new meaning in life. “What happened really happened, I can’t change it; I can change myself and continue life despite the injury.” A person is able to extract useful life experience from what happened. A plan for the future and a new picture of the world are being built. Building a time perspective: what, in what sequence, for what exactly he will do. On the ruins of the old world, a new one is being built.
Another classification of successive phases or stages in the dynamics of the state of people after traumatic situations is proposed in the work of Reshetnikov et al. (1989):
one. " Acute emotional shock ". It develops after the state of torpor and lasts from 3 to 5 hours; characterized by general mental stress, extreme mobilization of psychophysiological reserves, sharpening of perception and an increase in the speed of thought processes, manifestations of reckless courage (especially when saving loved ones) while reducing the critical assessment of the situation, but maintaining the ability to expedient activity. The emotional state during this period is dominated by a feeling of despair, accompanied by sensations of dizziness and headache, palpitations, dry mouth, thirst and shortness of breath. Up to 30% of those surveyed, with a subjective assessment of the deterioration of their condition, simultaneously note an increase in working capacity by 1.5–2 times or more.
2. " Psychophysiological demobilization ". Duration up to three days. For the vast majority of those surveyed, the onset of this stage is associated with the first contacts with those who were injured and with the bodies of the dead, with an understanding of the scale of the tragedy (“stress of awareness”). It is characterized by a sharp deterioration in well-being and psycho-emotional state with a predominance of a feeling of confusion, panic reactions (often irrational), a decrease in the moral normative behavior, a decrease in the level of efficiency of activity and motivation for it, depressive tendencies, some changes in the functions of attention and memory (as a rule, those examined are not can clearly remember what they did during those days). Most of the respondents complain in this phase of nausea, "heaviness" in the head, discomfort from the gastrointestinal tract, a decrease (even lack) of appetite. The same period includes the first refusals to perform rescue and "clearing" works (especially those related to the removal of the bodies of the dead), a significant increase in the number of erroneous actions when driving vehicles and special equipment, up to the creation of emergency situations.
3. " Resolution stage » - 3-12 days after the natural disaster. According to the subjective assessment, the mood and well-being are gradually stabilizing. However, according to the results of observations, the vast majority of the surveyed retain a reduced emotional background, limited contacts with others, hypomia (masque face), a decrease in the intonation coloring of speech, and slowness of movements. By the end of this period, there is a desire to “speak out”, implemented selectively, directed mainly at persons who were not eyewitnesses of the natural disaster, and accompanied by some agitation. At the same time, dreams appear that were absent in the two previous phases, including disturbing and nightmare dreams, in various ways reflecting the impressions of tragic events.
Against the background of subjective signs of some improvement in the condition, a further decrease in physiological reserves (by the type of hyperactivation) is objectively noted. Overwork phenomena are progressively increasing. The average indicators of physical strength and performance (in comparison with the normative data for the studied age group) are reduced by 30%, and in terms of carpal dynamometry - by 50% (in some cases - up to 10–20 kg). On average, mental performance decreases by 30%, signs of pyramidal interhemispheric asymmetry syndrome appear.
four. " recovery stage ". It begins approximately from the 12th day after the catastrophe and is most clearly manifested in behavioral reactions: interpersonal communication is activated, the emotional coloring of speech and facial reactions begins to normalize, for the first time after the catastrophe, jokes that evoke an emotional response from others can be noted, normal dreams are restored. Taking into account foreign experience, one can also assume that people who were in the focus of a natural disaster develop various forms of psychosomatic disorders associated with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, immune and endocrine systems. Another classification (Aleksandrovsky et al., 1991) distinguishes three phases:

1. Pre-impact, which includes a sense of threat and anxiety. This phase usually exists in seismically hazardous areas and areas where hurricanes and floods are frequent; often the threat is ignored or not recognized.

2. The impact phase lasts from the onset of a natural disaster until the moment when rescue operations are organized. During this period, fear is the dominant emotion. The increase in activity, the manifestation of self-help and mutual help immediately after the end of the impact is often referred to as the "heroic phase". Panic behavior is almost non-existent - it is possible if escape routes are blocked.

3. The post-impact phase, starting a few days after the disaster, is characterized by the continuation of rescue operations and the assessment of the problems that have arisen. New problems arising in connection with social disorganization, evacuation, separation of families, etc., allow a number of authors to consider this period as the "second natural disaster."

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Stressors that go beyond ordinary human experience include those events that can injure the psyche of almost any healthy person: natural disasters, man-made disasters, as well as events that are the result of targeted, often criminal activities: sabotage, terrorist acts, mass violence, military actions, getting into a "hostage situation", the destruction of one's own house.
PTSD is a complex of human reactions to trauma, where trauma is defined as an experience, a shock that causes fear, horror, helplessness in most people. These are, first of all, situations when a person himself experienced a threat to his own life, death or injury to another person. It is also assumed that symptoms can appear both immediately after being in a traumatic situation, and appear many years later - this is a special tricky post-traumatic stress disorder. Cases are described when PTSD symptoms appeared in veterans of the Second World War forty years after the end of hostilities.
PTSD occurs when:

a person has experienced or witnessed an event associated with death or serious injury - a threat to the physical integrity of oneself or other people;

Imagine a group of athletes preparing for a major running event. In training, they show approximately the same results, their functionality is equal - one wonders why some are doomed to win, while others always lose, even

having higher results shown on the control estimates?
When all the runners line up at the preliminary start line, it is clear that almost everyone is worried and nervous. But at the same time, some blush, while others turn pale. We know from history that when Julius Caesar selected soldiers from recruits for his invincible legions, he tried at first to confuse the person properly. Fear appears in different people but in different ways - in some, the skin of the face turns pale, while in others, on the contrary, due to a rush of blood to the skin, it turns red. Think and tell me - did Caesar try to get those who were turning pale or blushing into his army?
This means that there is a huge, fundamental difference between activity under normal conditions (say, in training, in a regular lesson) and the same activity, but at major competitions or at entrance exam, on the results of which, perhaps, all life depends.
such signs as “complex”, “difficult”, “special”, “critical”, “emergency”, “emergency”, “extreme”, “supereketremal”, “hyperstress”, etc. are called. It turns out that in one case, the emphasis is on the characteristics of the objective conditions of activity (difficult" conditions), in the other, on the person's attitude to the situation that has arisen ("difficult" conditions), in the third, the emphasis is on the state that has arisen in a person ("hyperstress" conditions).
The very concept of extreme conditions is defined by some experts as "unfavorable for life", others as "conditions requiring the mobilization of the body's emergency capabilities." It is known that everyone can run fast if a growling shepherd dog rushes behind. Recall the story that happened in KiiTae on the eve of the Tokyo Olympics. The police pursued one robber and drove him into a dead end from which there was no way out. Tall fences lined the street on three sides.
The police triumphed - the fate of the thief was a foregone conclusion. Ho the thief continued to rush forward, increasing his speed
height; they turned on the siren and the searchlight - this finally frightened the unfortunate. Having uttered a heartbreaking cry, he took off from a straight run, with a push of his right foot, over a fence 2 m 51 cm high and disappeared. China then needed at least one gold medal for Olympic Games. It was announced in the newspapers that if this criminal voluntarily appeared at the stadium in the high jump sector, then everything would be forgiven him, and in addition he would be included in the Olympic team and paid a solid monetary reward. Seven people showed up at the stadium. The best one jumped 2 m 03 cm. This was below the Olympic standard^ and, just in case, the winner of these "criminal police" competitions was sent to prison.
Or another example closer to us. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, at the age of 52, was vacationing in Switzerland. He lay on the green grass, on the bank of the stream with his feet to the water and admired the clouds floating across the sky. And suddenly a snake's head swayed before his eyes. And Bunin was terrified of snakes from childhood. Terrified, he jumped up and jumped over the stream. And the width of the stream was 2 m 94 cm. It is known that Bunin was an intelligent man, of short stature, who had never played sports in his life. I am sure that among the readers of this book there are a lot of “cool” guys lm 90 cm. Let them try to jump at least 2 m 50 cm from a place. This means that people under normal conditions use only a small fraction of their potential. Extreme conditions are needed so that a person can show his true capabilities. But it turns out that not all people are able to improve their results in a critical situation for their lives. Some, on the contrary, are lost in a difficult situation and are not able to show even their usual result.
Psychologists know that under the influence of various psychological conditions of activity, there is a weakening of the influence of some and an increase in other properties of temperament. So, performance indicators in training sessions do not show practically any connections with any property of temperament. In familiar conditions and a calm environment, each person can show everything that he is capable of. But the effectiveness of performances at competitions is negatively affected by such personality traits as anxiety and emotional excitability. These properties of temperament in competitions, differently than in training, affect other aspects of activity: the duration of concentration of attention before performing exercises, the level of claims, etc. change. In particular, under conditions of cipecca, the motives of the same activity cause an unequal degree of neuropsychic stress in athletes with strong and weak nervous system. In people with a strong nervous system, with a high activity of the motive, as a rule, the level of psychological stress is optimal, and this contributes to the improvement of their activity. A classic example of American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Having received a gold medal in the long jump, he began to prepare for the final race of 200 meters. The interval between these views is 30 minutes. All athletes are in monstrous nervous tension. And Owens calmly wraps himself in a blanket and calmly goes to sleep on the green grass of the stadium. Exactly 20 minutes later, he wakes up and begins to warm up confidently. The sight of Owens sleeping on the eve of the most important start of his life had a devastating effect on his main competitors. For Ifflx it was a demonstration of absolute confidence in their victory.
As for athletes with a weak or unstable nervous system, with active motivation, they usually experience excessive mental stress, leading to a deterioration in performance. I remember how, on the eve of the national athletics championship, I, a young 20 km walker, had an ideological and educational conversation with me: “Tomorrow morning you have a final. The fate of the entire team struggle depends on your successful performance. You have to go all out and show your best." As a responsible person, I took this instruction very seriously. So start at 8 am. You need to get up at 5 o'clock and eat properly. So, you need to go to bed early to get a good night's sleep. And so I went to bed at 21.00 and until 5 o'clock in the morning I could not close my eyes. No matter how much I inspired myself that I needed to sleep, it was all useless. The big responsibility literally crushed me. During the night, at least 20 times, I started and fought with imaginary opponents to the end. In the morning, completely exhausted, I was able to crawl out of bed with great difficulty. It is known that under the influence of stressful pages, the call zzzzzz==rzzz
factors, excitation is stimulated and a dominant is formed with varying degrees of mobility of nervous processes. In a person with a strong nervous system, the dominant is stable and stable, while in athletes with a weak nervous system, it is unstable and easily turns into inhibition, accompanied by a deterioration in motor capabilities. A very important role in human behavior in an extreme situation is played by such qualities as temperament, sensitivity (emotional sensitivity and excitability), anxiety and activity in overcoming obstacles. Sensitivity in broad sense words is an indicator of effectiveness, adaptation of the individual to stressful or extreme conditions. High sensitivity is a quality opposite to the stability and stability of the mental state. Practice shows that with an increase in networking, the effectiveness of human activity worsens, especially in a critical situation (say, responsible competitions, exams, an unexpected attack by hooligans on the street).
It is known that almost all Olympic champions have reduced sensitivity. Why is that? Imagine that a log 30-50 cm thick lies on the ground. Will you worry, worry, worry, doubt your abilities, turn pale with fear if you are asked to walk on this log? Well, of course not. After all, the log is very wide and this walk does not pose any danger to you. And if the same log is thrown across a deep gorge, along the bottom of which a river roars in a fierce battle with huge boulders? And you will no longer be asked, but forced to cross the gorge along this log. Some people can die of fear at the mere thought of it. Before such an ordeal, a person turns pale, sweats, his arms and legs tremble. And all why? He doesn't just want to cross this log. And he really wants to! And the more he inspires himself that “it is necessary”, “you need to force yourself”, “by all means”, “I must”, “otherwise shame or death on sharp stones”, the less chances he has for successful completing this task. But one has only to convince oneself that there is no danger, that I ran over this log hundreds of times, that because it was raised to a great height, it did not become thinner, - you will easily complete the task. The main thing is not to look down at the boiling water and sharp rocks at the bottom

gorges. So, in order not to be afraid, you need to really look at things, soberly assess the situation (this is not the last exam in life, it won’t work out - I’ll come again, I won’t win in these competitions - I’ll win in others, in the end both the assessment and the sports result - it's not the most important thing in life. Sometimes it’s even useful to downplay the degree of possible danger (well, what’s wrong with throwing a familiar log across an abyss from childhood, because I ran along it a hundred times while it was lying on the ground). He is by chance the greatest speaker ancient rome Cicero uttered a paradoxical thought: "A good speech can only be delivered in front of a herd of rams." Therefore, anyone preparing for public speaking, must treat his audience without excessive Tpeneia and excessive respect, otherwise he will only be able to tremble with fear and babble nonsense. You have to look at the audience from top to bottom. Veda you prepared, you all know what to be afraid of. It's time to enlighten these "rams" as well. The same applies to people with speech impediments. The more a person thinks about his stuttering, the more he tries to get rid of it, the worse his speech will be. First you need to be able to relax and convince yourself that my speech defects have no meaning for life. After all, a smart person is not visible to the eyes. If I could then, many years ago, be able to relax on the night before the start, I would have shown a good result.
According to psychological research , persons who, due to a violation of the regulatory functions of the personality, are not able to cope with a difficult situation, show a tendency to avoid it. In particular, it was found that among people with high self-esteem there are more unstable to stress than among people with adequate self-esteem. An athlete is always afraid of getting physically injured. What a shame to stretch the tendon on the eve of the competition! But it is equally important to learn how to avoid mental trauma. Indeed, in difficult conditions, not individual organs or systems of the body, but the whole organism as a whole, participate in the implementation of activities, although any of the systems may be subjected to a predominant load. At the same time, it must be taken into account that the biological structures of the individual, as the personality develops, are increasingly transformed and, at the level of a developed personality, become subject to it. In a mature and developed personality, the biological functions of the body largely depend on psychological determinants. Psychologists emphasize “fine adaptability of the body to various emotional situations; Thus, vegetative, somatic and behavioral reactions in fear are completely different depending on whether the possibility of avoiding danger is real or not. In sports psychology, there are data according to which “biological functions during competitions proceed under the strong influence of mental factors.” But mental factors act, firstly, individually, and secondly, selectively. The autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the internal functions of the body, is practically uncontrolled by consciousness. Therefore, people with a strong balanced and mobile - sanguine temperament, in an extreme situation, there is a "lion stress". It turns out that the more difficult the situation, the more optimally, rationally and reliably such an individual acts. Here he is at the start, reddened, with eyes shining with excitement. A large amount of adrenaline, a hormone that stimulates motor activity, enters his blood at this time. the hormone will help him to give all his best and show a higher result than in quiet training work, without a large number of spectators and strict judges. And the louder the roar of the stands, the more confident such an athlete feels. Danger, as it were, spurs such a person, makes him act boldly, confidently, decisively. Napoleon wrote of one of his marshals: “Ney had mental insights only among the nuclei, in the thunder of battle; there his eye, his composure and energy were incomparable, but he did not know how to prepare his operations as well in silence of the study, studying the map. But next to our hero is his friend, who in training surprised everyone with his high results. Ho is very pale, agitated and shudders at the shouts from the stands. He also wants to be the first and set a record, but he has a weak nervous system and acetylcholine is released in his blood - a hormone with an action opposite to that of adrenaline. Therefore, in the conditions of the same extreme situation, a person with a weak nervous system has a completely opposite reaction - “rabbit stress” - disorganization of activity, a sharp drop in its efficiency, passivity and general inhibition. Moreover, for a particular athlete, the “stress rabbit” can every time

manifest differently. For two false starts, he can simply be removed from the competition, he stumbles and falls, poorly tied spiked shoes fly off him, etc. After an unsuccessful finish, such an unlucky athlete, explaining his defeat, will each time find different reasons: sudden indigestion (called “bear disease” - a direct consequence of stress), an old injury suddenly ached, he started the distance too quickly and there was no strength left to finish, etc. .d. Other losers in such cases always blame the rivals - they are the ones who are overwritten at the start, beaten with an elbow in the liver, pushed over the edge, etc. It is interesting that if such incidents happen to a person who is confident in his abilities, then, say, a blow to the liver can only anger him and become a new incentive for a brilliant victory. Therefore, the same property of temperament - for example, anxiety (which is understood as a person's tendency to exaggerate the physical or social danger of a situation and experience negative emotional states - fear, anxiety, anxiety, etc.) does not manifest itself in different people in the same way. This personality trait largely determines the intensity of the anxiety reaction among athletes on the eve of important competitions. But the whole point is that without this very anxiety there is no way to show a better result in competitions than in training. The anxiety reaction should therefore be regarded as a natural process of adaptation of the organism to a tense situation. To a certain extent, the intensity of this reaction is positive, and only excessive anxiety is undesirable and leads to a deterioration in performance. Anxiety serves as a trigger for the manifestation of activity in overcoming external and internal obstacles on the way to achieving the goal. Anxiety and excitability in various limits contribute to the emergence of a state of mobilization, mental readiness for activity in stressful conditions, and improvement of its effectiveness.
What is important for us is not that people with a strong nervous system (and this is an innate property given to a person by God) are capable of high results. These people by nature are intended to be winners. It is much more interesting that among athletes of a very high class there are people with weakness, imbalance, inert
Tew nervous processes, overly excitable and mentally unstable. But even such properties of the nervous system and temperament do not prevent them from achieving outstanding success in sports. This is largely facilitated by the formation of an individual style of activity, which is understood as a set of techniques and methods of activity and forms of response determined by the typological properties of the nervous system, which make it possible to achieve success in its implementation. An individual style of activity is one of the significant aspects of self-actualization, something that every person should strive for. The formation of an individual style of activity mainly occurs not by overcoming or correcting the negative aspects of temperament and properties of the nervous system, but by effectively using their positive aspects for this activity. So, the reliability of an athlete in extreme conditions of major competitions depends not only on whether he has a strong or weak type of nervous activity, but also on how much he dominates his psyche. After all, almost any person, with proper preparation and training, has the ability to self-regulate at an involuntary and arbitrary level immediately before a performance. Involuntary regulation of the prelaunch state is carried out by implementing certain programs automated during the preparation process.
Conscious regulation of the pre-launch state is based on the developed ability of an athlete to control its manifestations and causes, purposefully create images-representations, concentrate and switch attention to any objects, distract from the impact of negative psychogenic factors and stimuli, use verbal formulations and special techniques for. effects on the state of muscles, autonomic functions and emotional arousal. Conscious regulation of the mental state can contribute to an increase in the reliability of an athlete only with the daily use of a system of psycho-regulatory influences (autogenic, psycho-regulatory training).
So, practice shows that in the same conditions, different individuals react differently, and these differences relate both to the degree of exposure to influences and the type of observed effects. So, some have you

high resistance to stress, to activities in extreme conditions, while others are low. At the same time, in some, under extreme conditions, activity improves (sometimes quite significantly, while in others it worsens up to a breakdown).
So, we can talk about two types of states associated with activity in an extreme situation: tension, which has a positive mobilizing effect on activity, and tension, which is characterized by a decrease in the stability of mental and motor functions up to the disintegration of activity.
On what does the occurrence of this or that state depend? In many ways, from a subjective assessment of the degree of importance, significance of this or that event for a certain individual. This can be called a potential threat assessment. According to the data obtained by psychologists, a threat is a person's anticipation of the possible consequences of a situation affecting him. This assumption was tested in experiments in which subjects were shown the same movie showing accidents at a sawmill. In the first version of the experiments, the subjects were simply told that the film would show accidents at the sawmill; in the second, that the events are not real, but only imitated by the actors; Finally, in the third case, the experimenters tried to divert the attention of the subjects from the difficult episodes in the film: the audience was asked to observe impartially, for example, how clearly and convincingly the master sets out the safety rules for the workers. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that in the first case, the majority of viewers had clearly expressed stress reactions, in the second case, stress did not arise, since the events in the film were considered not dangerous. As for the third version of the film, if the subjects interpreted these events as dangerous and thus did not occupy an impartial position of an observer, then a stressful state arose.
The psychological specificity of states of tension, therefore, does not depend on external influences, although they must be strong enough for a person, but also on the personal meaning of the purpose of the activity, assessment of the situation in which he is, etc. In order to solve the problems that arise here, the developed psy

chologists questions about the strength of motives, about their hierarchy, types of such hierarchies, the effectiveness of potential and actual motives, their awareness and unconsciousness, the dependence of the realization of motives on time, on the distance to the goal, on the intensity of needs, on the adequacy of ways to achieve the goal, age features and etc.
However, it remains unclear to what extent the regularities established for ordinary conditions are preserved in difficult situations. Indeed, in situations that create a threat, all motivational processes come into play and the implementation of one of them will depend not only on its strength, place in the hierarchy, etc., but also on various situational factors, the degree of danger, etc. Thus, a person who knows that running away in conditions of physical danger is unworthy of a “real man” may, after being attacked by hooligans, flee, because at this moment maintaining health is more important than maintaining a good opinion of oneself.
Everyone knows that in difficult conditions in a critical situation, the dynamic side (tempo, energy, intensity) of activity and behavior becomes extremely important, since it directly determines the effectiveness and reliability of a person. This means that the innate dynamic characteristics of the course of mental reactions in extreme conditions have a decisive impact on the final effectiveness of human actions. Undoubtedly, the strength of the nervous system plays an important role in the dynamics of mental states. The strength of the nervous system is a physiological prerequisite for the reliability of a person. This factor has always been taken into account in professional selection and career guidance. Therefore, for the work of an air traffic controller, a pilot (and other professions that require instant making the right decision in an extreme situation), people with a strong, balanced and mobile nervous system have always been selected. This means that the natural features of a person limit the possibilities of a person. It is in a critical situation that their functioning can become decisive and affect the process of activity as a whole. The fact is that there are general and individual limits of permissible intensities of biological processes, within which various kinds of biological rearrangements occur, accompanied by the mobilization of the body's reserves, its adaptation to the influencing stimuli. At-
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approaching these limits or exceeding them leads to various pathological changes, which are sometimes even irreversible.
The question is, can a person go beyond the limits of his biological capabilities not in extreme, but in the most ordinary conditions? Many amazing facts that science is not yet able to explain prove that the possibilities of man are truly unlimited. This can only be understood through unity and interconnection. natural properties person with his personality traits. And a person, as already mentioned, can be described not only as a biological individual, but also as a limitless field of consciousness, which has unlimited experiential access to various aspects of reality without the mediation of the senses. Thus, the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" (1996, No. 44) wrote about a 56-year-old strong man from the city of Serpukhov - Anatoly Ivanovich Amodumov. Anatoly Ivanovich is short, strong, but not Stallone. If you meet me on the street, you won't turn back. It lifts 6.5 tons off the ground. In principle, it is impossible to explain how he does this, based on the data of physiology, anatomy, physics, chemistry and other sciences. The limit of human biological capabilities (meaning a super strongman weighing 150 kg) cannot exceed 1.5 tons.
Once Samodumov fell into the hands of Vladimir Shaposhnikov's book "Iron Samson" - about Russian strongmen. After reading it, he was surprised that all the "heroes" in their achievements stopped at 60 pounds (about one thousand three hundred kilograms). "Why not more?" - Anatoly thought and began to solve the riddle, based on his own experience. And also stalled at this mark. When I lifted a ton of three hundred, it seemed that I could add a couple of hundred more kilograms. Ho added fifty, and the bar seemed to grow into the ground. However, training continued, and in the end the bar gave way. After that, Samodumov spent a month and a half in euphoria. “It was an idiotic state,” he recalls. - I was absolutely happy, satisfied with everything, although I understood that from the outside I look abnormal. When this state passed, I began to realize that in this way you can achieve a lot and get into an area hitherto unknown.
How does Samodumov himself explain his phenomenal

results? According to him, it’s not about pumped up muscles and monstrous physical strength.
“In addition to gravity, there are a lot of other phenomena in the world that we didn’t know anything about before and are just beginning to comprehend,” he says. - For example, there is an internal energy state of every living being or object. It is important to learn how to manage this state of vie. Doctors have established that if a person is engaged in lifting weights, this has a beneficial effect on him: the body recovers very quickly. When we lift the barbell, all our capabilities are included in the work. The energy capacity of each cell is rebuilt. Our classes are the same natural need as eating, drinking and sleeping.
The trouble with yogis, all martial arts is that he is. develop some centers in a person, but suppress others. Development is one-sided. We achieve harmony - in this;, the uniqueness of the methodology. And all our records are just an effey from self-improvement classes.
Anatoly Ivanovich does not declare his method as a panacea for all diseases. He only cites the facts - a fifty-four-year-old patient had a purely female pathology. Doctors forbade her to carry more than five kilograms, otherwise; - intensive care unit. A complicated operation threatened. After six months of classes in the section, this woman lifted eight centners, the need for surgery disappeared. Almost all the diseases that I tried to treat using my technique have disappeared, says Samodumov. - "Side effect" - weight loss, rejuvenation, overall strengthening of the body. People who work with me stop getting sick. Even a cold, from which it is very difficult to protect themselves, flows very easily and quickly with them ... But do not immediately try to grab heavy weights to get rid of sores. Nothing will work. It might get worse. Here, as in studies, training is based on the principle of "teacher-student". This is very important, because, according to the shackles of Anatoly Ivanovich, for the first time it is he who "charges a person with energy drawn from the Cosmos." Without her, all classes are in vain. ”
It is curious that Anatoly Ivanovich deals only with girls. He believes that girls are more open, more trusting, more disciplined. Men question everything, they need to analyze everything and sort it out, and there can be no talk of trust. In addition, the stronger sex very easily squanders the potential accumulated with difficulty.
This means that a person, not only in extreme conditions, but in ordinary ones, when it is necessary to do something beyond the limits of human capabilities, can draw additional energy from an unknown source. Not only this, but also many other unusual results can be explained by obtaining additional energy. How, for example, can a karateka break 10 concrete blocks laid one on top of the other with his bare hand? Even if we assume that his bones and muscles are stronger than steel, it is still impossible in principle, since the power of a heavy artillery shell is needed to perform such work. Or how a karateka extinguishes a candle behind a thick glass with a wave of his hand? Moreover, sometimes such phenomenal opportunities appear in the most ordinary people who find themselves in a critical situation. After all, facts are very stubborn things.
One day, in front of a woman, a wall collapsed on her 15-year-old son. The guy was crushed by a very heavy stove. There was no need to wait for salvation, there was no one in the room, and he was doomed. But the fragile woman did not think that only a crane could lift a slab weighing about three tons. She thought only about saving her only son and knew that no one else would do it except her. Therefore, she was able to jerk this slab up and pull her son out. More well-known examples can be cited. So, the famous yogi Shri Chen Moy lifted a load of 2 tons in weight from mief and above his head in front of numerous spectators. From history, one can recall how 14-year-old American Lulu Hurst in 1885, standing on the scales in the circus arena, lifted a chair over her head with a man weighing 80 kg sitting on it. The most surprising thing is that the scales at the same time showed only her weight. The weight lifted by an unknown force has decreased to 0. Obviously, only in some exceptional conditions does a person acquire such incredible strength and gain new unprecedented opportunities. Conventionally, psychologists call these phenomena special states of the psyche. These special states arise, as a rule, in extreme or, more precisely, borderline situations. These are situations of individual existence in which the self-consciousness of the individual becomes aggravated and the person involuntarily cognizes himself. More precisely, he learns something new about his essential powers and capabilities.

According to K. Jaspers, borderline situations arise only in the face of death, unrequited love or trials with an unpredictable outcome. Borderline situations encourage a person to rely on their essential forces and serve as an important source of self-development of the individual. Borderline states do not have a continuous existence, they seem to be interspersed in our everyday experience. Being in this state, a person acts contrary to everything, despite common sense and in spite of everything. Many real facts prove the legitimacy of this purely philosophical abstraction: for example, a person rushes to help another, not only risking his life, but often not realizing whether it is possible to save him at all. A man defends his dignity and man's honor, knowing that no one will ever know about it.
Imagine that you are walking along the Voroshilovsky Bridge and in front of your eyes a five-year-old child is hanging over the railing and rapidly falling down. How to act in such a situation? All men are divided into two categories: some, without thinking about anything, jump from the bridge into the water, while others, convulsively clinging to the railing, think hard about something. But there is something to think about. Does it even make sense to take risks and jump down if the child has already crashed into the water and drowned? What if iron piles or concrete blocks stick out of the water in this place? What if a barge is already coming in from the other side, and I will jump right onto the iron deck? Finally, it would not hurt to take off an expensive leather jacket, etc. etc. It is clear that after such a comprehensive analysis of the current situation, there will be no one to save. But on the other hand, how can a reasonable person commit reckless acts?
Some guy can boast a lot about his "coolness" and courage, but he will never go unarmed against a crowd of twenty people. After all, this is recklessness - the forces are too unequal. But why does another (who falls into the category of "real man") these reasonable arguments never come to mind, and he crashes into a crowd of twenty people with burning eyes? Paradoxically, such recklessness often leads to a convincing victory. There is something in the madness of the brave that puts to flight a stronger and more numerous opponent.
Masculinity is always irrational and paradoxical. Sometimes a person realizes that the act he is doing

not only a steelyard, but also meaningless, but to do otherwise, to restrain himself, he, in principle, cannot. Sometimes the concept of "masculinity" is incorrectly replaced by the concepts of "ideological conviction", "moral maturity", "moral choice in an extreme situation", etc. But this is not entirely true, because moral choice still under the control of consciousness, as well as devotion to any ideas or ideals. And masculinity is not controlled by consciousness, logic and common sense.
In an old film about the joint military operations of Soviet and French pilots Normandy-Niemen, one real episode is shown. One French pilot had to take the plane to another airfield. He put a Russian mechanic without a parachute in the bomb bay. But having risen into the air, the pilot lost control as a result of some kind of accident. A critical situation has arisen when he cannot land the plane, help the mechanic too. He reports this to the ground, and he is ordered to eject. But to do so means to violate the code of a real man (“die yourself, but rescue a comrade"). But in this situation he is not only a man with thoughts and feelings, but also a combat unit that needs to be preserved in order to be used for its intended purpose in the next battle. He is strictly ordered to eject, but he cannot do anything with himself The internal code of male honor is above orders and even the desire to live Finally, the mechanic on the internal intercom implores him jump, but it explodes along with the plane.
What is the reason for such actions, if we discard all considerations of prudence and common sense? But they are not unreasonable (moreover, a person in such situations assures that he could not do otherwise). To say that the cause of these actions is irrational and existential is to raise the question of the nature of these causes. Therefore, for psychologists, borderline states are a kind of "windows" into a special dimension of human life - into that "existential space", the laws of which act on a person as inexorably (it is impossible to do otherwise), like physical laws. The external reasons for the reckless behavior of a person in a borderline state can be very different - religious fanaticism, political beliefs, patriotism,

just generally recognized "coolness", but inside the same reason operates - masculinity. It is the formed masculinity, like a tightly compressed spring (like a constantly cocked trigger), in a critical situation, instantly straightens, pushing (or rather shooting) a person, throwing him into battle against the whole world. The moment of the "shot" in principle cannot be realized and critically comprehended. A person will be burned at the stake, and he, not feeling pain, will enthusiastically shout: “Glorified is the Lord!”. Such masculinity has always been "like a bone in the throat" among the powerful of this world, accustomed to doing business with obedient loyal subjects. For centuries, many have tried to break the courageous man, to force him to change his former position. Ho, even if a mountain runs into a real knight, then he, putting his spear forward, will continue to shout loudly that there is no lady more beautiful and worthy than his beloved.
For 300 years the Holy Inquisition operated in Europe. What has the inquisitive thought of “creatively minded” inquisitors been wrestling with for centuries? How to come up with such torment, torture, such a sophisticated method of execution for a person in order to force him to abandon his former (heretical) views, change his beliefs and principles. Find a way to confuse a man in such a way as to break his masculinity. Not just to make it very painful, but to split the consciousness of a person, like a “rotten nut”. But it turned out that there is no such MjrKH, such torture that a courageous person who is convinced of his rightness could not endure. We respect Archpriest Avvakum not for his views (looks can be both stupid and insane; just as the Dulcinea of the ideal knight Don Quixote can turn out to be a fat, pockmarked and stupid girl in a pose), but for his courage in defending his position.
At the end of the 20th century, it would seem that they found a way to break any person, no matter how courageous he may be. We are talking about a psychotropic weapon, with the help of which specially encoded information, freely passing through the filters of consciousness, invades the subconscious and subordinates a person to someone else's will. I do not want to believe it, because the spread of these weapons can kill the main thing in humanity, its masculinity. It seems that this weapon can not subdue, but simply kill a courageous person. Killing is always much easier.
The author believes that true masculinity, as the core of the personality, permeates not only the consciousness, but also the subconscious of a person, determining his behavior in almost any situation. I would like to tell a story that many years ago I heard from my late grandfather. Now it is not possible to verify the authenticity of individual details of this story, but the principle itself is more important. The bottom line is this - in 1942 in Ukraine, the head of one of the district offices of the Gestapo was a psychologist by training. Even before the war, he wrote in his writings about man as "an animal covered with a thin film of civilization." And since a person is essentially an animal, then such phenomena as honor, conscience, nobility, courage are all husks, empty words of morality that very quickly fly off from any person, as soon as he drives a few needles under his nails. The main thing is to be able to drive them deeper. In peacetime, he did not have the opportunity to test his views in practice, but during the war such an opportunity presented itself. For the experiment, only those prisoners were selected who had already established themselves as a "tough nut". As a rule, they turned out to be red commanders, political officers, former athletes and just ordinary communists and patriots. A man was put into a deaf leather bag with a load at his feet and thrown to the bottom of a deep and cold river. The bag was on a long rope, by which it could always be lifted to the surface. And a thin rope was wound around the man’s fist, passing through the neck of the bag to the surface. Imagine yourself sitting in this leather bag for 30 seconds, feel the hopelessness of the situation, feel the cold water pressing on your ears. These seconds pass very quickly, and there is only one crazy hope to breathe one more time, to live a little more. Here a weak person can pull the string. The bell will ring, and the bag will be quickly pulled to the surface. But our "psychologist's" attitude was not designed for this primitive animal fear. He had a thinner one; vile, as it seemed to him, scientifically substantiated and insidious calculation. After all, when the last breath of air is used up, the consciousness turns off. And when consciousness is turned off, then all attitudes developed by consciousness disappear - communist ideas, patriotism, sacred hatred of enemies, religious principles and everything else. And what remains? Only some animal instincts, and among them the most important - self-preservation. The bet was made on this short period of time, when consciousness turned off, and the body itself is still alive and can act. The dying brain sends the last signal, and the hand itself pulls the string against all the previous convictions of the person. A bag with a person in a semi-conscious state is immediately pulled to the surface.
He immediately receives a glass of schnapps for warmth and courage, he is dressed in a warm police uniform, given a carbine (to begin with without cartridges) in his hands and forced to participate in a mass execution in this uniform in front of everyone. You can also take a picture of him against the background of the gallows with the hanged and give him this photo with a dedicatory inscription from the boss himself as a keepsake. The enlightened Gestapo wanted to put this case on the conveyor - you put a political officer in a bag, and you pull out a policeman. But the experiment failed. Of the hundreds of people executed, only 2 or 3 were weak and pulled the rope. Ho and they after a while laid hands on themselves, since they could not walk on native land as a traitor. In fact, the experiment did not fail, but confirmed once again that genuine masculinity not only permeates the entire conscious structure of the personality, but also captures the area of the subconscious (and maybe the area of the unconscious, where masculinity is fixed at the level of archetypes). Grandfather also said that a report was compiled on the materials of the experiment and sent to headquarters. Based on this report, relevant decisions were taken. In particular, from the end of 1944, communists were no longer tortured, since a corresponding badge was put in the personal files of prisoners, indicating that this person- a convinced communist (in the context of the problem under consideration, this meant a real man) and the use of torture against him is a waste of time. Therefore, such a person is only subject to immediate destruction.
From everything, one conclusion can be drawn that true masculinity is not subject to all considerations of prudence and common sense. In the situation of “being a man in the face of death”, a person must cast aside all the arguments generated by modern life and act in accordance with some ancient motivational programs. It was these ancient programs that constantly pushed

men (even against their will) at the forefront of the evolutionary process.
Imagine that people who suffocated in a bag somehow survived. How would the experienced existential state affect their personality? Would they come out of the bag the same or would there be some kind of transformation?
Practice shows that the experience of borderline states leads to the "conversion" of the personality. The person himself begins to feel different, changed. Something opens up to him that does not allow him to lead his former way of life, he really already thinks, feels and understands in a different way. The basic reasons for the main actions of a person are the state discovered and experienced by him in existential experience, and not the usual motives determined by the environment. This means that the existential state experienced by a person (the reasons for which are usually hidden from us) itself becomes the cause of subsequent events.
It is important to emphasize that the influence of the social on biological processes in states of tension is carried out primarily through mental, in particular motivational and emotional components of activity, their specific content. Along with the examples just given, this can also be confirmed by works from the field of prevention and overcoming the negative effects of mental tension, which show the possibility of conscious regulation of certain vegetative processes, which leads to an increase in the functionality of the physiological systems of a disabled person, their compensation and, on this basis, an increase in resistance to influencing stimulation. Moreover, it can be said that under certain conditions a person can restrain the manifestations of his bodily being at their greatest tension, as if to suppress them and to a certain extent go beyond biological patterns.
This means that the effect of a stressor is not limited to its specific action, but is also due to the psychological characteristics of a person. Thus, immediate danger to life, severe pain, which are recognized as effective stressors, may not be such in connection with the performance of a certain role or, for example, in connection with religious or ideological motives. Psychology of races
11. The school of burning out believes a large number research showing that. that motivational, intellectual and other psychological characteristics person, his life experience, amount of knowledge, etc. significantly correct the influence of the objective properties of the stimulus. For example, in works on the study of the mental states of skydivers, it has been repeatedly shown that the degree of fear before a jump positively correlates with a lack of faith in one's strength and lack of experience, in particular, the ability to fight against the wind during the jump.
Even more striking confirmation are the data obtained by American psychologists. The study was conducted on recruit soldiers. The situations of "crash" and forced landing of the aircraft were simulated. The subjects were in a DS-3 twin-engine military aircraft. Each of the passengers had a headphone connection with the cockpit.
Before boarding, each participant in the experiment was given a brochure with instructions for a 10-minute study - a list of necessary actions in case of a possible disaster. In addition, as required by the charter of the Air Force, each participant in the flight, under the control of the aircraft commander, put on a life belt and a parachute. At about 5,000 feet, the plane began to roll as it climbed. All the subjects saw that one of the propellers stopped rotating, and through the headphones they learned about other problems. Then they were told directly that a critical situation had developed. The subjects, as if by chance, hear through the headphones an alarming conversation between the pilot and the ground observation post, which finally leaves no doubt about the reality of the situation. Since the plane was flying near the airfield, the subjects could see trucks and ambulances arriving on the runway, i.e. that on earth they clearly expect a crash and are preparing to provide assistance. A few minutes later, the order came to prepare for splashdown in the open ocean due to the failure of the landing gear. Some time later, the plane landed safely at the airport. In general, the experimental situation was perceived as real, strong emotional experiences were observed associated with the fear of death or injury (“numb with horror”), etc. However, some of the test subjects did not notice these phenomena: some of them had extensive flying experience and were able to determine the staged nature of the danger, while others were confident in their ability to survive the "impending catastrophe", to overcome it.
This gives grounds to believe that the main role in the emergence of a threat belongs not so much to objective danger and objective opportunities to counter this danger, but to how a person perceives the situation, evaluates his capabilities, i.e. subjective factor. If a person believes in himself, in his abilities, he can handle the most difficult and extreme situations.

Threatening your health and life can be various extreme situations in which you may find yourself. At the same time, it is very important to remain calm and competently build your actions. Our tips will help you protect yourself from danger.
Explosion in the street. Unfortunately, this phenomenon is becoming part of our everyday life. But, if you remain vigilant, you can avoid the tragedy. An explosion hazard can be judged by the following signs:
· Unknown package or part inside or outside the car.
Remains of various materials atypical for the site.
· Stretched wire, cord.
· Loose wires or electrical tape.
· In the country - prominent areas of freshly dug or dried land.
· At the apartment - traces of repair work, areas with broken color, the surface of which differs from the general background.
· Ownerless bag, briefcase, box, etc.
If you notice a thing without an owner, contact a police officer or other official, contact the subway driver. Do not touch the find, move away from it as far as possible. If you are in a confined space (such as a subway car), stay within the group.
During a thunderstorm. If a thunderstorm caught you in an open area - sit down or take cover in a hollow, a hole. Never lie down on the ground. Do not open the umbrella, its metal spokes can act as an antenna.
If bad weather caught you in the mountains, hide in the gorge if possible. Under no circumstances should you hide under a rock or a tree. Remember, everything that rises attracts lightning, so the distance from towering trees, poles, buildings to you should be at least 30-50 meters.
If a thunderstorm broke out on the coast of the sea or river, it means that you need to get out of the water as soon as possible and leave the beach. You can not stay under a canopy, fungus or umbrella from the sun. Take cover, if possible, in the nearest building or car and close all windows so you are out of danger. Also, you can not continue to move on a motorcycle or bicycle.
But even if you are at home during a thunderstorm, first of all, turn off all electrical appliances by unplugging the cords from the sockets, then close windows and doors more tightly so that there is no draft.
Those who are allergic to pollen from flowering plants should not go outside before a thunderstorm and for 3 hours after it. The increased humidity at this time contributes to the increased release of pollen.
Fire in the house. According to the instructions of the firefighters, first you need to call 01, then take the children and the elderly out, and only then put out the fire on your own. But if in the first minute a fire can be extinguished with a glass of water, in the second - with a bucket, then in the third - with a fire reservoir. Therefore, you can choose the option of behavior only on the spot.
If an electrical appliance catches fire, it must be immediately disconnected from the mains, and then put out - with water or throwing a thick blanket. Improvised means when extinguishing a fire in an apartment can be a dense (preferably wet) cloth and water. Burnt curtains, blankets, pillows can be torn off and trampled or thrown into the bath, pouring water. If you extinguish an electrical wiring, be sure to turn off the electricity. Do not open windows or doors, as the fire will flare up with more oxygen. For this reason, you must very carefully open the room where it burns - the flame can blaze towards you.
In a fire, people die mainly not from the flame, but from poisoning by combustion products. Therefore, when extinguishing a fire, protect yourself from smoke, and if this is not possible, leave the apartment (if no one is left there), closing the door to both the burning room and the apartment (without oxygen, the flame will not only decrease, but may also go out). Breathe through the wet cloth. Make your way along the smoky corridors on all fours or crawling - there is less smoke below.
If there is a fire in a multi-storey building, and you do not live on the lower floors, do not try to run out of the house, and even more so go down the elevator - you can get poisoned by combustion products on the flights of stairs, and the elevator can get stuck. Close the door, plug the cracks with wet rags, plug the vents and wait for the firemen. Call the fire department (even if help has already been called), and tell which apartment you are in. If the fire has entered the apartment, go out onto the balcony (closing the door behind you) and give signs to the firemen.
Crowd. Main psychological picture crowd looks like this:
1. Decrease in the intellectual beginning and increase in the emotional.
2. A sharp increase in suggestibility and a decrease in the ability to think independently.
3. The crowd needs a leader or an object of hatred, it will gladly obey or smash.
4. The crowd quickly fizzles out, having achieved something.
During panic, the crowd becomes more dangerous than the natural disaster or accident that caused it.
To survive in the crowd:
It's best to bypass it. If this is not possible, by no means go against the crowd. If the crowd has fascinated you, try to avoid both its center and its edge - a dangerous neighborhood of storefronts, bars, embankment, etc. Dodge everything that is stationary on the way - pillars, pedestals, walls, trees, otherwise you can simply be crushed or smeared. Do not cling to anything with your hands: they can be broken. If possible, zip up. High-heeled boots or an untied shoelace can cost you your life.
· Throw away your bag, umbrella, etc. If you have something dropped, in no case do not try to pick it up. In a dense crowd correct behavior the probability of falling is not as great as the probability of being crushed. Therefore, protect the diaphragm with your clasped hands, folding them over your chest. Another trick is to bend your elbows elastically and press them to the body. Shocks from behind should be taken on the elbows, the diaphragm should be protected by arm tension.
· The main task in the crowd is not to fall. But if you still fell, you should protect your head with your hands and immediately get up, which can be very difficult to do. It is unlikely that you will be able to get up from your knees in a dense crowd - you will be knocked down. Therefore, one foot (full sole) must rest on the ground and stand up sharply, using the movement of the crowd.
· At a concert, a stadium, think in advance how you will exit (not necessarily the same way that you entered). Try not to be in the "center of events" - at the stage, locker rooms, etc. Avoid walls (especially glass), partitions, mesh. If panic has begun, try not to succumb to it, try to assess the situation and make the right decision.
Angry dog. A dog's anger is often a natural reaction that should not be provoked. You can’t look into her eyes, smile (in a dog way it means showing teeth and demonstrating strength; running away (the dog develops a hunting instinct), approaching a place guarded by the dog (including puppies, a bowl of food); stroking the dog when she eats ; clapping or grabbing the owner in a friendly manner (the dog may think this is an attack on him).If the dog is ready to attack you:
Stop and firmly give the command "stand", "sit", lie down, "fu";
Turn your face towards the attacking dog, take a stance or rush towards it if you are sure of yourself: the dog is trained on a fleeing person and, most likely, will bounce to the side;
Using improvised means (umbrella, stick, stones), retreat to the shelter (fence, house) with your back, calling for help from others;
· If the dog is crouched and preparing to jump, to protect the throat, press the chin to the chest and stick out the hand.
If possible, wrap your forearm and arm with a jacket, raincoat, and then, putting it out, provoke the dog to bite and hit the dog's upper jaw with force - it can break from a strong blow.
Pain points in a dog - nose, groin, tongue.
· If the dog is knocked down, fall on the stomach, cover the neck with your hands.
Pickpocketing. Pickpocketing is carefully organized, practiced and takes seconds. To prevent it, you need to take precautions:
· Do not keep all the money in your wallet, but put aside a few bills to pay for a newspaper, ice cream, travel ticket.
· When paying, do not put your wallet on display, do not show the entire amount and the place where it lies, do not feel your pocket with money from time to time.
· Do not try to help the deaf and dumb who want to learn something from you (there is such a school of pickpockets).
· Be on the lookout if there is a traffic jam or crush on the transport (it is possible that it was created specially by pickpockets), try not to put the bag on the floor (one of the group of pickpockets can block your view, while the other can operate in the bag).
· Be careful in stores, especially when trying on clothes or shoes.
· Put your wallet deeper in your bag, and always keep your bag in front, in plain sight (but not in the back).
· Do not carry money in plastic bags and bags, they can be easily cut.
· If you feel something is wrong, move away, make it clear that you are on your guard, the thief will immediately disappear.

Unfortunately, our modern life is so full of events that extreme situations often come across among them. It is quite possible to get into an accident on the road, get into a thunderstorm while somewhere outside the city, a fire may break out. You need to know how to get out of a situation where your life and the lives of other people are endangered.

What to do if you find a suspicious item

In addition to the fact that you need to know what to do in such a situation, you need to be able to maintain (if possible) composure, not to panic, otherwise you will not be able to do anything to save your life. Only a sensible person will be able to start acting correctly, get out of the state of emergency himself, and also help others. It is known that attentive people are much less likely to get into dangerous situations. The fact is that attentive person in time, he will pay attention to a suspicious object, a bundle, a bag, which either lies in the wrong place, not in the right way, wires, wires, cords stick out of it.

If you find an ownerless box, bag, diplomat:

do not touch it, ask for help from the security service, order, policeman,
call the police
fire department or the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Until the arrival of the official, do not allow others to touch the object, even if he claims that it is his thing. Let the police deal with this, than an irreparable misfortune will happen.

Sometimes an extreme situation happens to people through the fault of nature. You need to know how to act if you get into a thunderstorm, fall into a fast mountain river, fall under a landslide in the mountains.

What to do if caught in a thunderstorm

In a thunderstorm, you can’t stay in open space, for example, in a field, you need to find shelter in a depression, a ravine.
Do not hide under trees and rocks, especially isolated ones.
Do not open the umbrella, it is in it that lightning can strike, because it is metal.
Move away from high-voltage and telegraph poles, at least fifty meters.
In the event of a lightning strike on a pole and a broken wire, do not put both feet on the ground at once. A step voltage is created on the ground, and with one foot you will step on the phase place, the other will touch the grounded place. As a result, a current will pass through you. You can only move by jumping so that your legs alternately touch the ground.

What to do if the river carries away

When falling into a river with a fast current, you must:

Roll over on your stomach and swim head first to see where the water is taking you and avoid hitting rocks, wood, and other objects.
At the same time, trying to catch your hands on any ledge, root.
If you are in a mountain river, then there is a possibility of rapid hypothermia and you should try to get out as quickly as possible.
Do not try to cross the current, move along a gentle curve to the bank, which is lower than the other, slowly and steadily, without wasting strength to overcome the current.

What to do if there is a fire

You should consciously think about the current situation and begin to act. No wonder they say that in the first minute a fire can be put out with a glass of water or a thick, wet rag, the next minute you need one or two buckets of water, and in the next minutes, you need a fire engine and a decent reservoir. Therefore, determine the degree of danger and try to start extinguishing a small fire yourself, or immediately call the fire department and help evacuate people from the building and only then start extinguishing (if this does not put your life at risk).

If the wires caught fire, then you need to disconnect them from the power supply and only then extinguish them. If it is impossible to turn off, then use carbon dioxide fire extinguishers designed to extinguish under voltage. Do not extinguish the wiring with water if it is energized.

You can list the ways and methods of countering natural disasters and emergencies for a long time, you need to study them on your own and be prepared for any disaster. Nobody knows what might happen tomorrow.

Anyone can be within a hair's breadth of death. Save the one who was on the verge of death, can only be a hero. The paradox is that anyone can be a hero.

Remember these. They will save you and your friends life in an extreme dangerous situation, which potentially can happen to anyone human.

On fire

The main thing rule: Never attempt to extinguish a fire yourself. Call the fire department.

If you wake up and see a fire, get out of the room immediately. If it is difficult to leave the room, get as close to the window as possible. With a high concentration of smoke, lie down on the floor (hot air with smoke rises to the ceiling) and crawl. Close the door to the burning room, and plug the cracks with a towel.

If suddenly your clothes caught fire, there is no need to panic and jump. So behavior you will only spread the fire even more throughout the body. Lie down on the floor and roll until you put out the flames. You can also use some kind of heavy fabric, such as a blanket or coat, to fight the fire.

It will help to significantly increase the chances of survival in extreme situation preliminary preparation. Set a fire alarm, plan an emergency route, and keep your keys and phone with you at all times.

In water

The main thing rule: do not panic! Better save your strength.

If you feel like you're sinking, raise one hand and scream out loud. Do you feel like you can reach the shore? Remember that the distance is always more than it seems. Yes, and fatigue can only complicate your situation.

Always warn someone that you are going to the river or sea so that loved ones know where to look for you first if you go missing.

If you see someone floundering in the water, be aware that human is in a state of panic. He can easily drag you down with him. Urgently call a lifeguard or call an ambulance. If you have a surfboard with you, use it to support the victim. Help him stay afloat and gradually drag him to safe place.

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On the ground

The first thing you should do at the scene of the accident is to make sure everything is in order. security. Consider your behavior: how you can help an injured pedestrian or motorcyclist. For example, block the road with a car or turn on the emergency gang, call an ambulance.

In nine out of ten cases, open bleeding can be stopped with a simple dressing. Use clothes, no matter whose. Bandage the wound tightly to stop blood loss. If a human lost a limb, clothes will be replaced by a belt. This simple procedure can save human life.

If you find yourself near a broken wire, leave this place in small steps. And be sure to report the coordinates of this place to the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Step voltage occurs when the bare end of a wire drops to ground. The danger zone is located within a radius of 8-10 m from the end of the wire. Wet ground provides an additional conductive effect and increases the dangerous area.

Even the most extreme dangerous situation potentially leaves man a chance for salvation. The main thing rule of conduct It's about taking courage and not panicking. We hope that whatever emergency happens in your life, you can handle it!

But always remember safety!

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Life is amazing, and sometimes, unfortunately, unforeseen situations happen. Some things we can change and some things we can't. However, there is always a way out.

We are in website want to tell amazing stories where a miracle is intertwined with courage, endurance of people and hope.

10-year-old schoolgirl wrestled a crocodile with her bare hands

Unprecedented courage was shown by 10-year-old schoolgirl Juliana Oss (Juliana Oss), fighting off a crocodile during a tour of the reserve in Orlando. Leaving the main path to rinse her feet in the stream, the girl came face to face with the amphibian. The crocodile grabbed the girl's leg with a death grip, but she did not lose her head.
“I started hitting him on the head, but it didn’t help. But then the words of the instructor surfaced in my head, and I pinched the crocodile's nostrils with my fingers, he had to breathe through his mouth. As a result, I was able to free my leg,” says Giuliana.

The girl had to put 14 stitches, but the crocodile did not hurt the vital organs or bones.

Your own surgeon

Amos Wayne Richards (Amos Wayne Richards) while walking fell into one of the canyons of Utah. The fall injured his ankle, but he still managed to get out of the canyon. For several days he crawled through the desert in search of help. Amos says that the story of Aron Ralston, which formed the basis of the film 127 Hours, helped him not to panic.

Noticing a rescue helicopter looking for him for the 4th day, Richards attracted attention with the flash of a camera, which, fortunately, he had with him. The elderly man was rescued and taken to the hospital. The story ended happily.

8 days in the desert without food or water

Italian Mauro Prosperi (Mauro Prosperi), participating in the race across the Sahara, took the lead. Wanting to maintain his position, he made the decision to continue the marathon even as a sandstorm swept through the area. But the runner got lost in the middle of one of the largest and most dangerous deserts in the world.

“I walked through the desert day after day, catching snakes and lizards and eating them raw. I drank the same way. I think there are some instincts that are included in an extreme situation.

Mauro escaped on the 8th day by finding an oasis of nomads. But he still had to fight for his life: the health of the marathon runner was undermined by dehydration and other consequences of a long stay in the desert. However, he recovered and after 4 years finished his marathon.

The Boy Who Didn't Lose Hope

Steven Callahan, a yachtsman and journalist from America, did not even suspect, going out to sea to participate in the race, that he will spend the next 76 days on the water.

He survived a shipwreck and crossed the Atlantic in an inflatable life raft trying to survive. A shark attacked Stephen, 9 ships sailed past him, simply not noticing his raft, he was poisoned by the paint that got into the watermaker, but still continued to fight. On the 75th day, the man washed up on the island, and the next day his raft was found by fishermen.

After the ordeal, the journalist wrote a memoir that was included in the guide to survival at sea, and for the film Life of Pi, Callahan made the tackle that the protagonist used with his own hands.

"He did everything flawlessly, says David. - I traveled with him in the mountains for many years, and the guy turned out to be on top. My son and I had a strong friendship before, but now, I don’t even know, it is as strong as granite or concrete, if this is not too weak a comparison.

Characteristic forms of behavior in extreme situations. Human behavior in extreme situations. Features of behavior in extreme situations How people behave in extreme situations

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