Almaty or Alma-Ata?
AT last years the controversy around the two names of the southern capital of Kazakhstan flared up with even greater force. October 18, 2004 Medeusky district court The city of Almaty satisfied an unprecedented lawsuit against the newspaper "Arguments and Facts Kazakhstan", which until recently used the name Alma-Ata, and ordered the editorial office of the newspaper "AiF Kazakhstan" from now on to observe the spelling of the city as Almaty. In this connection, there is some resonance in society today about these two names.
This article, written in the question-answer style, is written in an attempt to systematize the disparate arguments "for" and "against" the names of Almaty and Alma-Ata and help the layman decide on this rather complex and confusing issue.
The questions present the main arguments against the name of Almaty, in the answers, respectively, counter-arguments.
Everything is very simple. "Alma-Ata" is in Russian, and "Almaty" is in Kazakh. Each language has its own way. Just like "Moscow" - in Russian, "Maskeu" - in Kazakh.
Guardians of the Soviet name Alma-Ata often draw parallels with Moscow-Maskeu, which is fundamentally wrong.
Maskeu is really a Kazakh version, a Kazakh transliteration of Russian Moscow. Those. the same name (Moscow), but in a different language (Maskeu).
Moscow and Maskeu - it is essentially same name, but different languages.
Just like Pari - Paris, Roma - Rome, Tashkent - Tashkent, Kiev - Kyiv, Ashgabat - Ashgabat, Baki - Baku, Shupashkar - Cheboksary, etc.
BUT in the case of Almaty/Alma-Ata, such analogies are not appropriate.
Alma-Ata is not a Russian transliteration, not a "Russian" name for Almaty, but a completely different, separate, independent word from Almaty.
Almaty is translated from Kazakh as " apple tree "while Alma-Ata is again a set of Kazakh words" Apple-Grandfather ".
Alma-Ata - like Almaty, is also a Kazakh name, only incorrect, given by mistake.
Alma-Ata with Almaty except common word"alma" does not connect anything, these are different names (like, for example, KARAtau and KARAsu, AkTOBE and KokTOBE - despite some common words, the names are completely different).
Therefore, one cannot be a "Russian variant" of the other.
If a Moscow and Maskeu - this is same name, but different languages, then Almaty and Alma-Ata - this is various names, but one language.
Then where did the name Alma-Ata come from?
Alma-Ata is artificial a name coined literally in half an hour by Russian-speaking party workers from Tashkent at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan ASSR in what was then Verny (now Almaty) on February 5, 1921.
According to the resolution adopted at this meeting of the Presidium of the TurkCEC, the city of Verny from now on had a new name - Alma-Ata. Member of the Regional Revolutionary Committee A. Lepa summed up the meeting of the TurkCEC: "In commemoration of the historic beginnings for Semirechie, the liberation of the Muslim poor, rename the city of Verny to the city of Alma-Ata by the name of the area in which it is located ".
The undertaking of the Bolsheviks certainly deserved respect - they decided to return to the city with the colonial name Verny its historical name. But why was Verny renamed "according to the name of the area in which it is located" in Alma-Ata , if this very "locality" for centuries was called nothing more than Almaty ?
At the historic meeting of 1921, the Kazakh Bolsheviks who participated in the Presidium: Dzhandosov, Atabaev, Baribaev, Asfendiyarov, Sydykov and others proposed to return to the city its historical name - Almaty . But the higher-ranking Russian-speaking Bolsheviks from Tashkent - Burnashev, Lepa, Pozdnyshev, Subbotin and others - did not accept him. These Bolsheviks, whose anthem is known to be "we old world we will destroy to the ground, and then we are ours, we are new we will build the world", the root was separated from the name of Almaty" Alma "(apple) and added to it" - Ata "(grandfather), "borrowed" from the neighboring city of Aulie-Ata (now Taraz), apparently considering that it would look better this way.
The new name of Alma-Ata from the very beginning was presented exclusively as Kazakh and historical - "the name of the area in which it is located."
Such linguistic experiments that changed Almaty to Alma-Ata are not surprising, it was fashionable at that time. revolutionary era change. Let us recall at least the popular names Dazdraperma and Lagshmivar.
Alma-Ata is not Russian name city, and Kazakh, only given to the city out of ignorance, by mistake.
But "Alma-Ata" has such a beautiful translation - "Father of Apples".
If so...
"Alma-Ata "- the name is ridiculous both morphologically and semantically - just a collection of words" Apple-Grandfather ", an incomprehensible hybrid of two Kazakh words that defies semantic translation.
Allegations that Alma-Ata supposedly means " grandfather of apples "(not the Father) or" apple grandfather "Absolutely untrue.
In this case, the phrases would be correct: "Grandfather of apples" - "Almanyn" Atasy" or "Alma Atasy", and "Apple grandfather" - "Almaly Ata" - this is how adjective-noun combinations are made in the Kazakh language.
There is another "substantiation" of Alma-Ata, they say, this name is in honor of the name of the grandfather-ancestor (ata).
But the Tashkent Bolsheviks were unaware that Alma could only be a grandmother. But nearby was the city of Aulie-Ata, so they decided to call it according to consonance.
There are the following places named after the names of "grandfathers"-ancestors: Askhat-Ata, Kadyrbai-Ata, Cholpon-Ata, Aulie-Ata, Bapen-Ata, Koshkar-Ata, etc.
Then if "Alma" is a female name, then Alma-Ata is " Grandfather Alma "- according to this logic it will be, sorry, transvestite (!)
"Alma-Ata" is more beautiful and sounds better. "Almaty" cuts the ear and does not bow.
Yes, it doesn't lean. Just like many other equally beautiful cities and names, such as Tbilisi, Sochi, Delhi, etc. Not to mention the Kazakh names used in Russian: Burkitty, Kamysty, Atyrau, Aktau, Kok-tobe, Medeu, etc.
It is foolish to argue that "Apple-Grandfather" is more beautiful than "Apple" or vice versa. These are all very subjective judgments. While the former is artificial set of words, and the second is the historical name of the area.
In addition to euphony and inclination, it is especially important meaning and correctness titles. In this case, the true meaning of Alma-Ata - "Apple-Grandfather" - is ridiculous and absurd, and "grandfather is a transvestite named Alma" - even offensive. There can be no question of correctness.
Moreover, even in Soviet times, the inhabitants of the city very rarely pronounced the name of the city as Almaata, Almaatinka, Almaatinets, and more often they simply said Almata, Almatinka, Almatinets, i.e. without rolling the double "a" separated by a hyphen. Which, again, proves the obvious artificiality of the name Alma-Ata.
The point here is not abstract "beautifulness" and far-fetched "euphony", and not even Alma-Ata's inclination, but a banal habit, unwillingness to change and, of course, a certain amount of nostalgia for the past . For people born in the city of Alma-Ata, this name seems to be the most beautiful. Your obedient servant is himself a second-generation Almaty citizen, therefore I personally understand that many Almaty residents are nostalgic for the Soviet name, with which they have many fond memories. But turning the wheel of history back is pointless. Almaty today is the largest city of the country, the southern capital, the metropolis of independent Kazakhstan, the economic and cultural center, the fashionable capital of youth. Over these 11 years, since the name was changed to the new old Almaty, the city has changed beyond recognition. It has both new pluses and minuses, but it develops every new day, and it has its own unique culture and its own rhythm. There are Almaty residents who are already accustomed to the name Almaty, and those who have completely new memories associated with this Almaty, and those who fell in love with this name. The old Soviet city of Alma-Ata will not return from the return to the city of its former name . This is self-deception. Just as the Soviet Alma-Ata would never again become the Vernaya fortress of the century before last, so the modern Almaty of the third millennium will never again be the Alma-Ata of the 1986 model.
But "Alma-Ata" is a well-established name adopted in Russian.
Some Russian-speaking journalists in Kazakhstan, using the name "Alma-Ata", refer to the resolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and to the Order of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation dated August 17, 1995 No. 1495, that it is recommended to use the name "Alma-Ata" in Russian. Ata". This sometimes becomes the last straw of journalists for the right to use the incorrect name "Alma-Ata". The terrible and obsessive activity developed recently in the pages of some newspapers by these journalists makes the situation around the hyphen a matter of principle..
As can be seen from the above, not all Kazakhstanis fully understand the difference between Almaty and Alma-Ata, that these are completely different names, without any "national" features. Then what can we say about the awareness of the foreign RAS in these subtleties of the language?
Let's remember in Russian Empire lived such peoples as the Velikorossy, Little Russians, Kirghis-Kaisaks, wild-stone Kirghiz, Taranchi, Chukhons, Sarts. The empire was gone - the Little Russians with the Sarts and the Kaisaks with the Chukhons disappeared. Many toponyms also disappeared, including the notorious Verny. The Russian language survived this wonderfully. This is the word about the "established" names.
The Russian language would not be what it is now, "great and mighty", if it were not a flexible language. It just so happened that over the past 500 years, the Russian language has changed dramatically several times. Over the past 10 years, much more dramatic changes have taken place under the influence of globalization and internal changes.
The same RAS a few years ago officially confirmed that in Russian the names Tataria, Bashkiria, Yakutia and the Mari ASSR should now officially be written as Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sakha and Mari El, and all these changes, according to the RAS, do not contradict the grammar and phonetics of Russian language (!).
The rules and principles of the Russian language change depending on political changes , and the example of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Mari El and Sakha is a confirmation of this.
Moreover, on August 17, 1995, the Presidential Administration Russian Federation issued the aforementioned Decree No. 1495 "On the spelling of the names of the states - the former republics of the USSR and their capitals", in which the corresponding spellings of Tallinn / Tallinn, Ashgabat / Ashgabat and Alma-Ata / Almaty were streamlined. But also note that the government has allowed the relevant departments " take into account, if necessary, the wishes of counterparties on the spelling of the mentioned names ", later the same wording was repeated in " quick reference on the execution of acts of the Federal bodies of state power" (M., 1997, p. 84). © http://www.slovari.ru/lang/ru/rls/ussrnames.html
Name " Almaty " Mentioned in the list allowed to counterparties .
Those. according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, the use of the name "Almaty" in Russian is allowed if the counterparty, in this case the state of Kazakhstan, as you wish.
Therefore, all talk about the incorrectness of Almaty in Russian is completely groundless.
In the case of notorious journalists, we are dealing with a deliberate, and even aggressive unwillingness to "take into account the wishes of counterparties in writing the mentioned titles."
So, the requirements of the state to comply with the onomastics adopted in Kazakhstan are absolutely normal and legitimate.
If "Alma-Ata" is an incorrect Kazakh name used in Russian, then what is the real Russian name for Almaty?
The city with the name Alma-Ata has not existed on the territory of Kazakhstan for 11 years. It was renamed Almaty - the name is new and has nothing to do with the previous one.
So the question of the real "Russian" name of Almaty is as complicated as, for example, the question of the real "Russian" name of the capital of Kazakhstan - Astana. Is this the current name of Astana? Soviet Tselinograd? Or royal Akmolinsk? Or what is the real "Kazakh" name, for example, of the northern capital of Russia - St. Petersburg? Leningrad? Or maybe Petrograd?
All these new names appeared due to political changes, regardless of linguistics, therefore they cannot be either "Russian" or "Kazakh" variants of each other.
Same with renames. Verny > Alma-Ata > Almaty.
If Alma-Ata was originally a Kazakh name, then the alternative Russian name (not a transliteration) of the Kazakh Almaty, most likely, is Verny, used in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Under this name, the fortification, and then the city lived for more than sixty years, when Kazakhstan was a colony of tsarist Russia. But the return of this colonial, and partly negative (Faithful to the Tsar, Russia) name in modern Kazakhstan is a more than complicated issue. This is equivalent to the fact that, for example, the British, Portuguese and Belgians demanded to write and speak the old colonial African names: Salisbury instead of Harare, Lourenço-Marquis instead of Maputo, Leopoldville instead of Kinshasa.
In principle, the Russian language does not have its own phonetic version of the Kazakh Almaty like, for example, Moscow and Maskeu - English and Kazakh versions of Russian Moscow, or, for example, Chimkent, Issyk and Baikonur - Russian versions of Kazakh Shymkent, Esik and Baikonyr.
Both names - both Verny and Alma-Ata - are essentially different, individual names that have nothing to do with Almaty.
By the way, in 1867, when the Vernoye fortification received the status of a city, the city was initially renamed Almatinsk, but the name did not stick, and according to the report of the Steppe Commission, the city soon received the name Verny.
Where did the name Almaty come from? And what does it mean?
Alma + you : alma - this Apple", -you is a typical adjective suffix in Kazakh toponyms.
For example, in Kazakhstan there are (the names are taken from the Atlas of the Kazakh SSR of 1990 in Russian): the Kayrakty (Tochilnoye), Ashchytasty (Gorkokamennoye), Bulanty (Losinnoye), Moiynty (Sheynoye), Buldyrty (Mutnoye) rivers; mountains Burkitty (Berkutnoe), Bakty (Garden); Lake Balykty (Rybie) and the settlements of Aktasty (Belokamennoye), Bakbakty (Oduvanchikovoe), Kamysty (Kamyshovoe), Arshaty (Archovoe) ... and of course Almaty (Yablonevoe).
Almaty is the historical name of the area in which the modern city is located. Almaty - "Apple" - was named after the apples that have been growing in these places since ancient times.
Moreover, this was the name of a medieval city and a later settled settlement, which were the forerunners of modern Almaty.
Almaty was first mentioned on the silver dirhams of the Chagataid state at the end of the 13th century. On the coins, in Arabic script, it is written: "This dirham was minted in the city of Almatu" and the date of minting is 684 according to the Muslim Hijri calendar (i.e. 1285-86). More details about medieval Almaty coins can be found in the article by the Russian orientalist and numismatist V.N. Nasticha: Almaty - 13th century mint.
The statesman, writer and poet of the first half of the 16th century, Zahir ad-din Muhammad Babur, at the very beginning of his work "Babur-name" mentions Almaty, together with Almalyk and Yangi (Taraz), among the major cities north of the Ferghana region.
The medieval historian Mirza Muhammad Haydar Dulati in his work "Ta" rih-i Rashidi "reports a major battle for the Mogul throne, which took place in 1508 (914 AH) "in Almatu - a famous place of Mogolistan".
Availability ancient settlement and the medieval city on the site of modern Almaty is confirmed not only by written sources, but also archaeological excavations late XIX and the 20th century.
Why, then, is Alma-Ata considered the Russian version of Almaty, and how is it in reality?
In Soviet times, in the period from 1941-1993, the name Almaty (in Kazakh) was used in parallel with Alma-Ata (in Russian). This fact just does give a false impression that Almaty is supposedly a "Kazakh" and Alma-Ata is a "Russian" name of the same city.
Photo: Transport interchange at the intersection of Tashkent-I, Saina and Sev-Zap Koltso streets from the times of the USSR.
You probably noticed that the names of city rivers since Soviet times were written precisely as Big and Small Almatinka (and not Alma-Atinika), and not otherwise. The same is with the Almaty (and not Alma-Ata) lake, the Almaty (not Alma-Ata) gorge, etc. The root of all these names is the same - the historical name of Almaty, and not the artificial Alma-Ata.
The tradition of using the name Almaty in Russian begins long before the founding of the Vernaya fortress in 1854.
Major M.D. Przemyslsky, the founder of Verny, is one of the first to use "Almaty" in Russian. In his reports during the promotion of his detachment beyond the river. Or the foundations of the Zailiyskoye (later Vernoye) fortification, he writes from a place called Almaty:
G. Corps Commander
By my report of July 18, No. 140, I had the honor to inform about the crossing over the river. Or...
... The wooded area of the gorges, from which the Issyk flows, made me immediately begin to survey them. After inspection, I moved to Talgar and, having examined its peaks, I am currently surveying Almaty.
G. Corps Commander
I had the honor to report to Your Excellency about my intentions to survey the peaks Almaty. Having examined the first and second Almaty and the valley between them, we found by the convenience of obtaining forests, a large amount of beautiful arable land, cut by ditches, pastures and hayfields, far superior to the tracts in Issyk and Talgar, which is why we proposed Almaty place of the future settlement.
In all tsarist and Soviet sources, the place where Verny was founded is called Almaty (the Kazakh settlement of Almaty, the wintering quarter of Almaty, the parking lot of Almaty, the Almaty River, etc.). P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky wrote about Verny, in the place of Almaty. Ch.Ch. Valikhanov calls the Vernoye fortification "Almaty village" and "Almaty picket".
So the Kazakh name Almaty migrated to Russian in the form of names of rivers, lakes, gorges, Cossack villages and other names that have survived to this day.
In 1921, after the fall of the Russian Empire, the historical name of Almaty could regain its official status, but "thanks" to the illiterate Tashkent Bolsheviks, the city of Verny was renamed into something awkward - Alma-Ata.
In 1941, Almaty became the official name in only one Kazakh language. All others continued to use the incorrect 1921 name.
And only after gaining sovereignty, the whole world learned the real and historical name of the capital of Kazakhstan - Almaty.
In the text of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, adopted on December 28, 1993 at the ninth session of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the twelfth convocation, in the section Fundamentals of the constitutional system in paragraph ninth about the Coat of Arms, Flag, Anthem and the Capital, it was indicated: " The capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the city of Almaty", which meant the abolition of the name Alma-Ata and renaming it to the new Almaty .
Legislative acts of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted on January 28, 1993 and the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan" dated September 15, 1995 determined the new name of the city as Almaty.
The city with the Soviet name Alma-Ata was officially renamed the new old Almaty. Just like Frunze, they renamed Bishkek, Tselinograd to Akmola, and Leningrad to St. Petersburg. Those. the Soviet name was changed to a completely different, historical name. There can be no talk of "Russian variants".
The return to the city of the real name of Almaty in 1993 is not a mistake and an insult, as some people want to expose today " former people", but a manifestation of the gratitude of descendants and the triumph of historical justice.
For a more understandable chronology of the names of Almaty and Alma-Ata, the following table was compiled:
|
years |
Kazakh toponym |
Russian toponym |
International toponym |
Renaming document |
|
|
basic |
additional |
||||
|
1285/86 – 1854 |
Almaty (Almaty) |
||||
|
Almaty (unofficial) |
Trans-Ili, |
Almaty village, |
Article 29 772 of the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, vol. XXX, 1854 |
||
|
R. Almatinka, |
Resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan ASSR dated February 5, 1921, confirmed on March 14, 1921 |
||||
|
Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 28.01.1993, Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the Capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan” dated 15.09.1995. |
|||||
CONCLUSIONS:
- Almaty and Alma-Ata are two different, independent names. Both were used both in Russian and in Kazakh languages. Therefore, it is absurd to call them "Kazakh" or "Russian" versions of each other.
- It is the fact that the artificial name of Alma-Ata is simultaneously not Russian and incorrect Kazakh, i.e. in general it is not clear what kind, encourages to accept something that would lend itself to logic. Almaty is quite a logical name.
- Almaty is a historical name with 719 years of history (since the first mention on a Chagatayid coin of 1285-86).
- The meaning of the artificially invented and illiterate Alma-Ata is a set of words "Apple-Grandfather" or "Grandfather Alma". Almaty according to all the rules is translated as "Apple".
- The Russian language does not have its own phonetic variant, the transliteration of Almaty. In Russian, it will be "Almaty", as Przemyslsky wrote back in 1853. The alternative Russian name is rather Verny, and not the original Kazakh Alma-Ata. The name Almaty in Russian was used the longest (since mid-nineteenth century) and in parallel with Verny and Alma-Ata with all the "derivative" names of city rivers, lakes, villages, etc.
- Alma-Ata is not a "Russian" name, but a Soviet one. It is wrong to call the city by the old Soviet name Alma-Ata, which, apart from the common word "alma", has nothing to do with Almaty. To continue calling Almaty by the Soviet (and not "Russian") name Alma-Ata is equivalent to calling, for example, St. Petersburg by the Soviet name Leningrad, Volgograd - Stalingrad, Bishkek - Frunze, Taraz - Dzhambul, and Astana - Tselinograd, i.e . absolutely incorrect in official usage. These names appeared in Soviet times because of ideology (Leningrad, Stalingrad, Tselinograd, Frunze, etc.), or because of the absurdity of the Bolsheviks (as in this case with Almaty - Alma-Ata). None of the above names is a "Russian version" of the other. And all these names, as well as Almaty and Alma-Ata, are different and have nothing to do with each other.
The city of Alma-Ata was officially renamed Almaty in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 01/28/1993. and Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan" dated 15.09.1995.
The current official name of the city is Almaty.
Alma-Ata, as well as Verny - the old name of the city of Almaty, which has nothing to do with the current name, to call it "Russian" or some other version of Almaty.
In June 2007, the city was added to the list of the most expensive cities in the world, being in the top 30. And in January 2010, it took 25th place in the list of the dirtiest cities in the world (according to NYC Partnership Consulting).
From the late 90s to mid-2008, the city experienced a period of economic and investment boom, as well as intensive construction.
Name
In the late Middle Ages, there was a camp of Turkic and Mongolian nomads in this area - Almatu, 1854 - on the site of the Kazakh settlement of Almaty (translated as "Apple Tree"), the military fortification of Zailiyskoye was laid, then Vernoye, 1867 - Almaty, 1867-1921 - Verny, from 1921 - Alma-Ata, since 1993, the state authorities of Kazakhstan in Russian and Kazakh languages have called the city Almaty, in Russia the name Alma-Ata is common.
Contrary to popular misconception, "Alma-Ata" is not a derivative of the Kazakh "Almaty" [ɑlmɑˈtə], which sounds almost like "Almata" in Russian. This is a completely different name for the city. The myth about the origin of the name from the Kazakh words "alma" [ɑlˈmɑ] (apple) and "ata" [ɑˈtɑ] (grandfather) appeared in an attempt to explain the etymology of the name, coined on February 5, 1921 at a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan ASSR in what was then Verny. The name "Alma-Ata", which can be translated as "Apple-Grandfather" (in Soviet publications it was translated as "Father of Apples").
In the article "Faithful" of the encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, it is indicated that the name means "Apple", and the variant "Alma-Ata" is used:
Verny is a regional city of the Semirechensk region, located on the Almatinka River, […] in 1854 the fortification of V. was founded to protect the latter from the raids of the mountain Kara-Kirghiz, on the site of the former settlement of Alma-Ata (Yablonnoye) here. […] The natives, and partly the Russians, often call Verny in the old way - Alma-Ata. […] The city of Verny consists of the Alma-Ata village (the old part of the city), the Alma-Ata settlement, the Tatar settlement and the New City (own. V.), which arose in the early 1870s.
At the meeting of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Turkestan ASSR in 1921, the name "Alma-Ata" was fixed as the official name.
In 1941, Almaty became the official name in the Kazakh language.
Since 1993, in connection with the renaming in official use by the state bodies of Kazakhstan in Russian and Kazakh languages, the city is called "Almaty". The name "Almaty" is translated as "Apple". The city began to be called Almaty as a result of fraud. With the light hand of Serikbolsyn Abdildin, during his chairmanship of the Supreme Council. When the Constitution was adopted on January 28, 1993, they wrote in both Russian and Kazakh versions that the capital of our state is the city of Almaty. Later, the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 15, 1995 N 2457 was issued, having the force of the Law, in which it was written ... the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the city of Almaty; Even later, in accordance with Article 19 of the Law “On Languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan” dated 11.07.1997 N 151-I - “Traditional, historically established Kazakh names of settlements, streets, squares, as well as other physical and geographical objects in other languages must be reproduced in accordance with the rules of transliteration. Thus, the legal framework was prepared on the basis of which "Alma-Ata" became known as "Almaty" in all languages in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Due to the lack of a legal framework on the name of the city "Alma-Ata" in 1995, Russia published the Decree of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation No. with whom, in official correspondence and official negotiations, representatives of the Russian Federation called the capital of Kazakhstan “Alma-Ata”.
Despite the fact that in connection with the transfer of the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the city of Akmola (December 10, 1997) and the subsequent renaming of Akmola to Astana (May 6, 1998), the order of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation No. still called "Alma-Ata". So, for example, in 2001, a book by F. L. Ageenko “Proper names in the Russian language. Dictionary of stresses ”(Printed edition M .: ENAS, 2001) in which there are 2 words “Alma-Ata” and “Alma-Ata” at once, but the words “Almaty” do not.
On October 18, 2004, the Medeu District Court of Alma-Ata satisfied an unprecedented lawsuit against the newspaper Arguments and Facts Kazakhstan, which had until recently used the name Alma-Ata, and ordered the editorial office of the newspaper AiF Kazakhstan to henceforth respect the spelling of the city as Almaty.
Geography
The city of Alma-Ata is located in the center of the Eurasian continent, in the south-east of the Republic of Kazakhstan, at 77 ° east longitude and 43 ° north latitude, at the foot of the Zailiysky Alatau mountains - the northernmost ridge of the Tien Shan at an altitude of 600 to 1650 meters above sea level . On the same latitude with it are Gagra and Vladivostok.
The climate in the city is sharply continental, with large temperature fluctuations not only during the year, but also during the day. From a height of less than 600 m, city streets “run away” to the north, into the steppe, into the semi-desert, resting against the hot Kaskelen Muyunkums. In the southern residential areas at an altitude of 1500-1700 m above sea level in the Medeo tract and on the Kamensky Plateau, the breath of glaciers is felt.
rich and varied animal and vegetable world Zailiysky Alatau. The outskirts of Alma-Ata are part of the Ile-Alatau national park, on the territory of which nature reserves and a reserve are organized. Many rare birds and animals living here are listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. Among them is the snow leopard, or irbis, which now adorns the coat of arms of Alma-Ata.
At the foot of the mountains, grain, melon, tobacco plantations and vineyards are replaced by orchards and berries. Over 8,000 hectares of urban territory are occupied by gardens and parks, squares and boulevards. It was here that the famous Almaty aport found its homeland.
The city is located on the removal of ancient and young sediments of the Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka rivers and their tributaries. Mountain rivers and lakes are the main source of water supply for the city.
Climate
The climate is sharply continental, but much milder than in most cities of Kazakhstan, at the same time much more severe than in Sochi and the Crimea, at the latitude of which the city lies. The average temperature in January is −6 °C, in July 24 °C. The climate in the city is much milder than in Northern and Central Kazakhstan. The summer heat in the city is mitigated by its more elevated position (650-950 meters above sea level), the cool night breeze from the nearby mountains covered with glaciers even in summer, the abundance of greenery and many small streams, ditches and streams, the largest of which are Bolshaya Almatinka, Malaya Almatinka and Esentai (Vesnovka). In winter and autumn, the climate is somewhat softened by warm anticyclones from the subtropical deserts of Central Asia. Winter in the most mountainous areas of the city is much milder; 1700 meters above sea level. m. pace. January equals − 4−5 gr. Celsius. Whereas at high 600 meters above sea level, the average January temperature is − 9−10 gr. Celsius. At the same time, the higher location of the city at sea level contributes to some delay in the arrival of spring. Moreover, heavy snowfalls as a result of cooling of air masses in the mountains are possible and quite frequent in Alma-Ata even in early May, which often leads to the death of a significant part of the fruit crop that blooms just during this period.
The average annual wind speed is 1.2 m/s
The average annual air temperature is 9.0 °C
Average annual air humidity - 62%
Ecological situation
Alma-Ata is characterized by a rather difficult environmental situation due to its location in a foothill basin. Like Athens and Los Angeles, which have similar relief characteristics, Alma-Ata suffers from severe air pollution, a shortage of construction sites in the city, the desire of the population to live closer to the city center, and not on its outskirts, some overcrowding, mass migration of rural population to the city, etc. The city was originally calculated by the designers for 400 thousand inhabitants, but at the moment only the officially registered population of the city is 1,343,518 people (as of July 1, 2008), and including temporary and unregistered migrants from the region and other regions Kazakhstan, is 1.5 million.
The transfer of the capital to Astana made it possible to somewhat reduce the disproportionate migration pressure on Alma-Ata by sending almost 300,000 internal migrants to the new capital, but it did not completely solve the problem. There is a shortage of construction sites in the city. According to the President of Kazakhstan, Nazarbayev, he has already received many proposals from construction companies to demolish certain facilities and build new complexes, housing and offices on these sites, relocate universities, relocate Kazakhfilm, a military institute, a hospital, etc. But Nazarbayev came up with a proposal to ban all construction in Almaty and move all projects and major development to suburbs and satellite cities around the capital.
A characteristic feature of the satellite development of Alma-Ata is its fan-shaped orientation to the north, west and east and the almost complete absence of construction in the south, where the Zailiysky Alatau high mountain range is located. The main satellites of the city within a radius of 60 kilometers are cities and towns:
History of Alma-Ata
The era of the medieval settlement
According to archaeologists, the first settlements of early farmers and pastoralists on the territory of modern Alma-Ata appeared in the 10th-9th centuries BC. e.
In the VI-III centuries BC. e. Saka and later Usun tribes lived in these places. It is to this time that the burial mounds of the Sakas, discovered on the territory of Alma-Ata and adjacent areas, date back. The largest of them, up to 20 meters high and over 100 meters in diameter at the base, were located along the banks of the Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinok, Vesnovka, and Aksai rivers. Today, most of the mounds are buried under residential buildings.
Later evidence dates back to the 8th-10th centuries AD. e. According to Genoese merchants, there were several urban settlements in the vicinity of Alma-Ata. One of them was called Almatu (according to the legends of the coins minted in this city) and was located on the trade route from Europe to China - the Great Silk Road..
The beginning of the 13th century and the Mongol conquest brought severe trials to the cities of the Ili Valley, which included Almaty. The decline of the Great Silk Road also had a negative impact on the development of the city. By the end of the 16th century, only a small part of Almatu remained in the form of a large village.
Start modern city It was laid on February 4, 1854, when the Russian government decided to build a military fortification on the left bank of the Malaya Almatinka River. In the spring of 1854, near the ruins of ancient Almatu, the construction of the Trans-Ili fortification, later called Vernoye, began. The construction was led by Major Peremyshelsky and lieutenant engineer Alexandrovsky. By the autumn of the same year, construction work was completed. 470 soldiers and officers of the Trans-Ili detachment were housed in log wooden houses and barracks.
From the middle of 1855, Russian settlers began to arrive at the fort. With their arrival, Faithful began to develop rapidly. Near the fortification, Bolshaya and Malaya Almaty villages, Tatar settlement appeared. In 1856, the Treasury Garden (now the Central Park of Culture and Leisure) was founded, and in 1857, the first water mill was built in the Tatarskaya Slobidka area. Inaugurated in 1858, the first brewery marked the beginning of the local manufacturing industry. In 1859, Golubev, a geodesist sent from St. Petersburg, marked Vernoye with a dot, and this place first appeared on world maps. By May 1859, there were already 5 thousand inhabitants in the fortification, and in 1860 the first post office and hospital were opened.
On April 11, 1867, the city of Verny became the center of the Semirechensk region as part of the Turkestan Governor General. On July 13, 1867, the Semirechensk Cossack Army was established. At the same time, the emblem of the Semirechensk region was approved: a shield entwined with a garland of apple branches with fruits, divided into three fields. The upper one is an image of the fortress, the lower one: on the left is a cross, on the right is a crescent. Having become the center of the Semirechensk region, Verny began to develop industry and crafts. A distillery and a brewery appeared, as well as a factory for the manufacture of coarse woolen cloth. The largest enterprises in the city were the tobacco factories of Gavrilov (1875) and Kadkin (1900). Women's and men's schools, parochial and trade schools, and later both men's and women's gymnasiums were opened in the city. Mosques operated Muslim schools.
On May 28, 1887, a strong earthquake occurred, in which 322 people died, 1,798 brick houses were destroyed. The buildings of the Bolshaya and Malaya villages, built of wood, suffered less. Subsequently, a seismic and meteorological station was organized in the city under the guidance of the architect A.P. Zenkov, and a system for accounting for seismicity during the construction of buildings was developed. After the earthquake, the building of the city was mainly used wood. Large buildings of the city were built from it - the House of the Regiment of the Military Assembly, the Cathedral, the House of the Public Assembly, etc. Some buildings of that period have survived and are now monuments of history, architecture and are protected by the state. In memory of the tragedy, the townspeople erected a chapel, which was demolished in 1927.
On the eve of 1913, more than 41 thousand people lived in the city, there were 59 industrial enterprises.
Soviet period
In 1918, a Soviet authority. The city with the region became part of the Turkestan Autonomy (TASSR) as part of the RSFSR. On February 5, 1921, it was decided to rename Verny to Alma-Ata according to the old name of the area: Almaty - Yablonevoye. On April 3, 1927, the capital of the Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transferred from Kyzylorda to Alma-Ata as part of the RSFSR. This was an additional impetus for intensive development. Since 1936 (since the formation of the Kazakh SSR) Alma-Ata was the capital of the first Kazakh SSR, and then of independent Kazakhstan.
Industrialization during the USSR
After 1941, thanks to the mass evacuation of factories and workers from the European part of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, Alma-Ata has turned from an administrative and trading center with a border guard function and underdeveloped industry into one of the largest industrial centers Soviet Union. A special role in this process was played by the location of the city, which was located in the rear. During 1941-1945 the industrial potential of the city increased many times. The economically active population of the city grew from 104,000 in 1919 to 365,000 in 1968. In 1967, there were 145 enterprises in the city, and the bulk of them were enterprises of light and Food Industry, which somewhat distinguished the city from the typical Soviet bias towards heavy industry and the production of capital goods. The main industries were food industry (36% of the gross industrial output), based mainly on local plentiful fruit and vegetable raw materials, and light industry (31%). The main factories and enterprises of the food industry: meat canning, flour and cereals (with a pasta factory), dairy, champagne wines, fruit canning, tobacco plants, a confectionery factory, distillery, wine, brewing, yeast, tea-packing factories; light industry: textile and fur mills, cotton-spinning, knitting, carpet, shoe, clothing, printing and cotton mills. Heavy industry accounted for 33% of production and was represented by heavy engineering enterprises; there are plants for electrical engineering, foundry and mechanical, car repair, repair and bearing, building materials, woodworking, reinforced concrete structures and building parts, and a house-building plant. The fuel and energy base of Alma-Ata was also created during this period and was based mainly on the coal of the Kuzbass and the Karaganda basin, a number of thermal power plants (CHP) were built in the city on coal and fuel oil, the construction of a hydroelectric cascade on the Bolshaya Almatinka River was completed; to the north on the Ili River, the Kapchagai hydroelectric power station was built in 1969-1970. [source not specified 303 days]
Modern Almaty
In 1997, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, the capital was moved to Akmola, which was renamed six months later to Astana. At the moment, Alma-Ata is the scientific, cultural, historical, industrial and financial center of the country. The National Bank of Kazakhstan and some embassies still remain in Alma-Ata, the rest of the government agencies have been transferred to Astana. On July 1, 1998, the Law on special status cities. Alma-Ata is unofficially called the "Southern Capital". 
Chronicle
In the 10th-9th centuries BC, during the Bronze Age, the first settlements of early farmers and pastoralists appeared on the territory of the modern city. This is evidenced by traces of the ancient settlements of Terenkara and Butakty, located on the territory of the city. Pottery, stone tools, bone and metal items have been found.
7th century BC - frontier e. In the Saka era, the Alma-Ata region became the habitat of the Saka and later Usun tribes. Numerous burial mounds and settlements have remained from this time; among them are the huge burial mounds of the nobility of the "Saka kings". The most famous finds are the "Golden Man" from the Issyk burial mound, the Zhalauly treasure, the Kargaly diadem, the Semirechensk "artistic bronze" - lamps, altars, cauldrons. In the era of the Saks and Usuns, the territory of Alma-Ata becomes the center of early state education on the territory of Kazakhstan.
8th-10th centuries n. e. The next stage of life on the territory of Alma-Ata is associated with the Middle Ages, the time of the development of urban culture, the transition to settled life, the development of agriculture and crafts, the appearance of numerous urban settlements on the territory of Semirechye, the excavations of which revealed numerous finds of ceramics, metal products and bones.
In the X-XIV centuries. cities located on the territory of "Big Alma-Ata" are drawn into the orbit of trade relations that functioned along the route of the Great Silk Road. Alma-Ata becomes one of the trade, craft and agricultural centers on the Great Silk Road, which have a mint. This is evidenced by the discovery of two silver dirhams dating back to the 13th century on the territory of the present border guard school, where the name of the city of Almaty is mentioned for the first time.
XV-XVIII centuries In connection with the extinction of the Great Silk Road, urban life is degrading in this area. Nevertheless, this period was full of important political events that had a great influence on the history of the Alma-Ata region and Kazakhstan as a whole. Important ethno-political processes are taking place here, the formation of the original culture of Zhetysu.
February 4, 1854. New story The city is connected with the foundation in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau, in the interfluve of the two Alma-Atinka, the military fortification of the Russian Empire, the Vernoye fortress.
By the autumn of 1854, the Vernoye military fortification was basically ready. The Vernoye fortification was an irregular, fenced-in pentagon in plan, one side of which was located along Malaya Almatinka. Subsequently, the wooden palisade was replaced by a mudbrick wall with loopholes. The main buildings were erected around a large parade ground for military reviews and exercises.
In 1855, the first settlers from Central Russia arrived, laying the foundation for the Bolshaya and Malaya Almaty villages and the Tatar settlement. In the same year, the administrative center of the Alatau district was transferred to Vernoye.
In 1856 the State Garden was founded. The first 5 bee colonies (hives) were brought in, which laid the foundation for beekeeping in Semirechie.
In 1857, the first water mill was built in the area of Tatarskaya Slobidka. In 1858, a brewery appeared in the fortification.
October 20-21, 1860 Uzun-Agach battle, which ended with the victory of the combined forces of Russians, Kazakhs and Kirghiz over the Kokand troops.
In the same year, a post office and a hospital were opened in the fortification, and smallpox vaccination of the local population began.
In November 1862, the construction of the Verny-Pishpek telegraph line was completed.
On April 11, 1867, the Vernoye fortification was renamed into the city of Verny, the administrative center of the newly created Semirechensk region.
July 13 By decree of Alexander II from the 9th and 10th regimental districts of the Siberian Cossack army Semirechensk Cossack army was established.
In September, a two-class parish school for boys and a one-class school for girls were opened. The population of the city at this time is nine thousand people. On December 20, a "Committee for the Arrangement of the City of Verny" was formed in Verny.
In 1868, the first design plan for the construction of the city was drawn up. The Semirechensk Regional Committee of the "Society for the Guardianship of Trade" was organized.
In 1869, the first printing house of the Semirechensk regional government was opened in Verny.
In March 1870, a horticultural school was opened at the State Garden. The newspaper "Semirechenskiye Oblastnye Vedomosti" began to appear.
In 1872, the first pharmacy and an amateur theater were opened in Verny.
In 1874, the migrant peasant Yegor Redko brought apple trees from the center of Russia, which took root in the area. A hybrid with a wild local apple tree and became the progenitor of the famous Almaty aport.
In 1876, a male and female gymnasium was opened in the city.
On November 17, 1877, the City Duma and Council began to work in Verny. The first Mayor was P. M. Zenkov.
In 1878, the Meshchanskaya uprava was established. Meteorological observations were organized.
In 1879, in the city of Verny, 43 streets were given names. The Statistical Committee was organized, the first population census was carried out. In October, the first orphanage was opened, which is under the control of the Institutions of Empress Maria.
On May 27, 1887, an earthquake of great magnitude occurred in Verny. Material losses amounted to 2548208 rubles. 1799 stone and 839 wooden buildings were destroyed. At the same time, a seismological station was organized.
In 1883, the first street of the city, Torgovaya (now Zhibek-Zholy), was “paved with stone”.
In 1894, a city grove called Alferovskaya (now the Baum grove) was founded.
In 1897, a dental office was opened in Verny. In 1899, the construction of the main ditch was completed.
In 1900, the first regional agricultural and industrial exhibition of Semirechye was organized in Verny.
In 1902, the Semirechensk branch of the Russian Geographical Society was formed in the city. A. N. Vinokurov became the chairman of the board, V. E. Nedzvetsky became the deputy chairman.
In 1909, a workshop manufacturing winnowing machines was opened in Verny, the first enterprise in Semirechye for the production of agricultural machines.
In 1910, factories were put into operation in the city: the cloth factory "Shakhvorostov with sons and Pestov" and the cigarette factory "Pestov and Radionov". On December 22, an earthquake of great destructive power occurred.
In 1912, the sleeve factory "Union" was opened in the city. The first phone call came from one of the buildings on Kapalskaya Street (now D. Kunaeva).
In 1913, the Leo Tolstoy Library was opened in Verny. At this time, there are 10 doctors, 10 paramedics, 3 dental technicians, a city hospital with 25 beds in the city.
From January 2 to January 13, 1918, the Second Regional Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies took place in Verny, at which a decision was made to transfer power in the city to the Soviets. On March 22, the Council of People's Commissars of the Semirechensk region liquidated the resettlement management bodies and decided to publish official resolutions in Russian and Kazakh. In May, the enterprises of the trading house "Nikita Pugasov and sons" were nationalized.
In 1918, the People's Conservatory was formed in Verny.
In May 1919, a regional gathering of akyns was held in Verny, in which Zhambyl Zhabaev took an active part.
At the beginning of 1920, there were five concert halls and a circus tent on Gostinodvorskaya Square in the city. On May 24, 1920, on the initiative of D. Furmanov, Kazakh pedagogical courses were opened in Verny.
On February 5, 1921, at a meeting of regional city organizations, the city of Verny was renamed and named Alma-Ata.
On the night of July 8-9, a giant mud-stone stream hit the city along the channel of the Malaya Almatinka River. Almost three million cubic meters of mudflow mass destroyed 65 and damaged 82 residential buildings, 18 mills, 177 outbuildings, 2 tanneries, a tobacco factory.
On March 28, 1927, the VI All-Kazakhstan Congress of Soviets decided to transfer the capital from Kzyl-Orda to Alma-Ata.
In 1929, the capital of Kazakhstan was transferred to Alma-Ata from Kyzyl-Orda, and the Kazakh theater was transferred from there.
The Republican Public Library named after A. S. Pushkin was founded.
In 1931, the Kazakh State Medical Institute was founded in Alma-Ata.
In March 1932, garment factory No. 1 was put into operation in the city. School of Music named after P. Tchaikovsky.
In 1933, the Kazakh Musical Theater was organized in Alma-Ata, which laid the foundation for the opera house. The Russian Drama Theater was opened. The fermentation and "XX Years of October" plants were put into operation.
From June 12 to June 20, 1934, the first congress of writers of Kazakhstan was held in Alma-Ata. In the same year, the theater college was opened. The Alma-Ata Mechanical Plant was put into operation. Kazakh State University named after S. Kirov. Musical Uighur theater founded. The Mining and Metallurgical Institute was created (now - Technical Academy). The first housing complex was put into operation.
In 1935, the city launched the first stage of the CES with a capacity of 3,000 kilowatts. The park of culture and recreation named after M. Gorky was opened. The Kazakh State Philharmonic named after Dzhambul was founded. A Russian opera group has been created. There are 5 taxis in the city.
In 1936, zoning was carried out in Alma-Ata, 3 districts were formed: Leninsky, Sovetsky and Frunzensky. In the same year, a canning plant, a tobacco and shoe factory, a brick and a dairy plant were put into operation. The "Zelenstroy" trust was created, the Taras Shevchenko Art Gallery, the surgical building of the city hospital were opened, a zoological garden was organized.
In 1938, a theater and art school was founded in Alma-Ata, which was transformed into an art school in 1953.
In 1939, a ball-bearing plant was put into operation in the city.
In 1941, sewing No. 2 and a fur factory were put into operation. In July, the 316th rifle division, commanded by Major General I.V. Panfilov. For heroism and courage in the fight against the Nazis near Moscow, the division was renamed the 7th Guards Rifle Division. On November 23, 1941, the division was named after Major General I.V. Panfilov. In December, the 38th division was formed in Alma-Ata, which was renamed the 73rd Guards Stalingrad Rifle Division for courage and heroism.
On November 7, a new building of the Opera and Ballet Theater was opened in Alma-Ata. The Alma-Ata film studio for feature films was established. In the same year, a cotton-spinning factory was put into operation, based on equipment evacuated from the Reutov cotton-spinning factory, and a knitting factory based on the equipment of the Ivanovo knitting factory evacuated to Alma-Ata.
In 1942, in Alma-Ata, a meat processing plant, a mechanical and accessories plant, a bakery No. 1, and a confectionery factory were put into operation. The tram line connecting the Alma-Ata-2 station with the Alma-Ata-1 station was continued. Artel "Kozhkombinat" was created, which was transformed in 1953 into the Almaty leather footwear combine, and then into a tannery. The Alma-Ata Heavy Machine-Building Plant, based on the tool and press-forging shops of the Lugansk Locomotive Plant, and the S. M. Kirov Machine-Building Plant, based on the torpedo-building plant evacuated from Makhachkala, went into operation as existing enterprises. A leather goods factory was launched.
In 1943, tea-packing and cloth factories were put into operation in the city, the equipment of the latter was evacuated from the Moscow cloth factory. In Alma-Ata, a movement unfolded for the creation of a special fund for the high command of the Soviet Army. The fund was formed at the expense of above-planned production, 12 million rubles were allocated to it.
In 1944, a foundry and mechanical plant was put into operation in Alma-Ata. In the same year, the Alma-Ata State Conservatory was founded.
In 1945, a theater for young spectators was opened in the city.
On June 2, 1946, the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council was published. Council of Ministers of the Republic and the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Kazakhstan "On the establishment of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences in Alma-Ata". In the same year, the Mining and Physical Observatory was founded.
In 1950, a sparkling wine factory was put into operation in Alma-Ata. In the same year, a monument to Amangeldy Imanov was erected in the city.
In 1952, an enamelware factory and a furniture factory began to operate in Alma-Ata.
In 1953, HPP No. 1 was put into operation in the city. The Gorkhimkombinat was founded, which in 1955 was transformed into a leather footwear factory, and in 1959 - into a shoe factory No. 2.
In 1955, a knitwear factory was put into operation in Alma-Ata.
In 1957, the Alma-Ata fur factory, created on the basis of a rawhide harness factory, went into operation. A new building of the Government House, the House of Political Education, the building of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan were built. The first stage of the Central Republican Stadium was put into operation.
In 1959, the first stage of the Alma-Ata television center was put into operation in Alma-Ata. On the basis of the Alma-Ata tobacco factory and the farm plant, the Alma-Ata Tobacco Plant was created. In the same year, HPP No. 2 was put into operation.
In 1960, a monument to Abai was erected in Alma-Ata. In the same year, the Tselinny widescreen cinema was put into operation.
On June 18, 1961, an exhibition of achievements of the national economy of Kazakhstan opened in Alma-Ata. A house-building plant (ADK) was organized on the basis of a reinforced concrete products plant.
In 1962, the city of Alma-Ata entered settlements Malaya stanitsa and Port Arthur of the Ili region. The new buildings of the Kazakh State Academic Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the Auezov Theater, the Central state archive Republic of Kazakhstan, City Palace of Pioneers, department store "Children's World", "House of Unions", Institute of Geological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan.
In 1963, the Alma-Ata-Frunze-Tashkent radio relay line began to function, which in 1966 was connected to Moscow. A new building of the Republican dispensary was built.
In 1964, the building of the polyclinic of the Frunzensky district, the Tselinny panoramic cinema for 1600 seats, and the power engineering college were built in the city.
In 1965, a new building of the Institute of Physical Education, the building of the Kazakh Research Institute of Eye Diseases, the first stage of the cotton mill were put into operation.
Administrative division
The area of the city in 2003 is more than 320 km².
The territory of the city is divided into 7 districts:
Almaly - 19.0 km²
Auezov - 77.2 km²
Bostandyk - 27.3 km²
Zhetysusky - 51.0 km²
Medeusky - 83.8 km²
Turksibsky - 66.5 km²
Alatau (distinguished from 22 adjacent villages: "Uzhet", "Krasny Trudovik", "Dawn of the East", "1st and 2nd Ulzhan", "Darkhan", "Baybesik", "6th urban complex", from the first to the 6th "Shanyrak", "Kokkainar", "1st and 2nd Aigerim", "Kurulyshy", "Turkistan", "ADK", "Akbulak", "Algabas" and others - July 2008 ).
The districts of the city are formed taking into account the geographical, urban planning features of the respective territories, population, socio-economic characteristics, the location of transport communications, the availability of industrial and social infrastructure.
Government
The city akim (mayor) is now appointed directly by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan based on the approval of the maslikhat (city assembly).
Bayuzakov Kh. B. - (1940-1941)
Abdikalykov M. - (1941-1942)
Sharipov S. - (1942-1943)
Orekhov P. G. - (1943-1944)
Milovanov K. A. - (1944-1947)
Aibasov H. H. - (1947-1950)
Ilyashev R. - (1950-1952)
Sharipov I. Sh. - (1950-1954)
Mamonov F. A. - (1954-1956)
Adilov A. A. - (1956-1960)
Duisenov E. D. - (1960-1975)
Aukhadiev K. M. - (1975-1978)
Zhakipov A. Kh. - (1978-1980)
Koichumanov A. Zh. - (1981-1983)
Kulibaev A. A. - (1983-1985)
Nurkadilov Z.K. - (1985-1994)
Kulmakhanov Sh. K. - (1994-1997)
Khrapunov V.V. - (1997-2004)
Tasmagambetov I. N. - (2004-2008)
Esimov A.S. - (2008-present)
Population
The official population of the city as of July 1, 2008 was 1343.5 thousand people. However, according to some unofficial sources, the number, together with unregistered labor migrants from neighboring regions of the republic, reaches two million people, which is 13% of the population of the republic. The city is multinational: Kazakhs (50.5%), Russians (33.2%), Uighurs (5.8%), also live Tatars (2%), Koreans (2%); Germans, Ukrainians, Chinese and others (10%). Of the foreigners working in Alma-Ata, the largest number are Turks. Despite its relatively young age, the demographic processes in the city are complex and diverse, which is largely a reflection of its motley national composition. characteristic feature of the modern city is its cosmopolitanism and multilingualism. Russian and Kazakh languages are widely used in the city.
Economy
Major transport hub: railways and highways, airport. According to the Agency on Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2008, the GDP of the city of Alma-Ata reached 2.9 trillion. tenge (19.9 billion dollars), in terms of per capita - 2.2 million tenge (14.8 thousand dollars). Until the early 1990s, the city's economy was based on food, light and heavy industries. The bulk of the products were sold in the city itself (whose population exceeded one million inhabitants in 1981), in the market of the Kazakh SSR, as well as in other republics of the USSR. After the collapse of the USSR, the rupture of inter-republican economic ties and the decline of industry, the so-called flea markets with Chinese consumer goods, bazaars became widespread in the city (especially in 1991-1996), and the so-called shuttle trade developed. During this period, the city's economy begins to focus on the consumption of cheap imports from China. The standard of living of the bulk of the population is falling sharply. Only after 1997, a period of economic growth began in Alma-Ata, the city embraced a real investment boom, and a period of intensive mortgage construction began. Headquarters of Halyk Bank, Kazkommertsbank, BTA Bank and other major banks of Kazakhstan are located in Alma-Ata. Tax revenues to the budget for 2008 amounted to about 555 billion tenge, which is approximately 27% of the entire republican budget.
Transport
Almaty has an extensive network of bus routes, trolleybuses, fixed-route taxis, and taxis. By the beginning of the 21st century, only two tram routes remained, but in recent years the process of development of this type of transport has begun. It is also planned to build lines of light rail (LRT) and buses on a dedicated route (the so-called "tram on tires", BRT).
Metropolitan
The construction of the metro began in 1988, and the opening of the first phase, consisting of seven stations, is scheduled for December 2010,
Road network
In 2007, 10 new interchanges were built, and the construction of the VOD (Eastern Bypass Highway) began, with the final construction of which the city center will cover a small ring of roads - along Al-Farabi Avenue in the south, Sain Avenue in the west, Ryskulov Avenue on north and WOD in the east. In 2008, 3 more interchanges were built and the construction of two that began in 2007 was completed.
The BAKAD bypass road is designed as a 6-lane highway of the first category and a length of 64.85 km. It is planned to build 14 bridges, 8 two-level interchanges and 2 overpasses across railways. It is planned to transfer individual power lines, reorganize water pipes, sewage systems and silt pipelines, and remove telecommunications. The technical category of the ring road is 1 "a", paid.
In connection with the global financial crisis, in August 2009, by decision of the akimat (mayor's office) of Alma-Ata, the construction of the BAKAD was suspended for an indefinite period.
The airport
On the administrative territory of Alma-Ata there is a modern international airport "Almaty". The opening of a new airport terminal, built to replace the burned-out one, took place in 2004. In 1998, a serious reconstruction of the runway was made. In 2006, the construction of the second runway was started, and in September 2008 it was completely completed, with the ability to receive all types of aircraft without weight restrictions. The construction of the second (international) terminal with a capacity of 2,500 passengers per hour has begun. In 2006, Almaty airport served more than 2 million passengers. In addition to this airport, in the suburbs of Alma-Ata there is an airport of local airlines "Boraldai" (formerly called "Burundai"); however, it does not serve scheduled passenger flights.
Railway
There are two railway stations in the city: Almaty-1 and Almaty-2. Almaty-1 is a transit station on the way from the Siberian regions of Russia to Central Asia, located in the northern part of the city. The Almaty-2 station is a city station, located close to the city center and intended for passengers arriving in Alma-Ata.
Science and education
Alma-Ata is the center of science in Kazakhstan. The city hosts the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan, the Central Asian geographical society, as well as many of the country's leading universities and research institutions.
Universities of Alma-Ata
Civil Aviation Academy
Kazakh-British Technical University
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Kazakh Academy of Transport and Communications named after M. Tynyshpaev
Almaty Institute of Energy and Communications
Kazakh National Technical University named after K. I. Satpayev
Kazakh-American University
Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abay
Kazakh National Academy of Arts named after T.K. Zhurgenov
Kazakh the University of Economics named after T. Ryskulov
KIMEP
International Business Academy
Caspian Public University
Kazakh-German University
and many others
Research Institute of Alma-Ata
Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology
Institute of Mining named after Kunaev
Institute of Nuclear Physics NNC RK
Institute of Linguistics. A. Baitursynova
Kazakh Research Institute of Energy named after Academician Chokin
National Center for Scientific and Technical Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan
and many others
Culture and art
Alma-Ata is rightfully considered the cultural center of the republic. There are 270 cultural organizations in Alma-Ata. Including 14 theatres, 7 concert halls, 2 philharmonics, 11 orchestras, 13 ensembles. There are 32 museums in Almaty, 20 art galleries, 39 libraries, 2 houses of children's creativity. 115 monuments of history, architecture and monumental art. There are 18 cinemas, a circus, 920 sports facilities, many nightclubs, restaurants and other entertainment venues. Full-length films were filmed in the city itself (“Zharaly Sezim”, “Racketeer”, “Mustafa Chokay”, “Mahabbat Zhagalauy”, “Bauyrym”, “Lave”); more of them are filmed here than in any other region of the country. Films are shot both in the Kazakhfilm film studio and in new private ones that appeared after Kazakhstan gained independence.
Theaters
State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre. abaya
Kazakh State Academic Drama Theatre. M.O. Auezov
State Academic Russian Drama Theatre. M.Yu. Lermontov
G. Musrepov State Academic Theater for Children and Youth
State Academic Russian Theater for Children and Youth named after Natalia Sats
Korean theater
Uighur Theater of Musical Comedy named after K. Kuzhamyarova
German theater of Alma-Ata
Theater "ARTiSHOCK"
Republican puppet theater
Museums
Central State Museum Republic of Kazakhstan
Republican Book Museum
Republican Museum of Musical Instruments. Ikhlasa
Republican Museum visual arts them. A. Kasteeva
Alma-Ata Railway Museum
Cinemas
Here is an incomplete list of cinemas: Rodina, Sary-Arka, Tselinny, Silk Way City Multiplex, Alatau, Baikonyr, Arman, Cinema House, Nomad, Star Cinema, Star Cinema, Promenade, Iskra, Caesar, Illusion, Kazakhstan, KazGUGrad, On Raiymbek, Kurenbel, Sputnik.
galleries
Tengri Umai
Oyu
Ular
Umai
Soros Center for Contemporary Art
Libraries
National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan (former Pushkin Library)
Architecture and sights
Alma-Ata is a sunny, cozy, verdant city with wide streets, beautiful buildings, numerous parks, squares and fountains. It is no coincidence that the most beautiful city at the foot of the emerald ranges of the Tien Shan is called the "garden city". In spring, when the southern outskirts are buried in the blossoming of apple, apricot, cherry orchards, the city becomes like a fairy tale. Luxurious green attire and a majestic panorama of the mountains make Alma-Ata unlike other cities. Gardens, groves, parks, boulevards, flower gardens occupy over eight thousand hectares of urban territory.
However, the increasing number of car parks in the city creates an increasing problem for the citizens. In the summer of 2007, it was officially announced that 500,000 vehicles were registered in Alma-Ata. There are fewer and fewer days when you can observe snowy peaks from the city. More often, only a dirty yellow fog covering the horizon is visible. The management is concerned about this problem, the construction of transport interchanges and the Eastern bypass road has begun with a great delay, efforts are being made to complete the Soviet long-term construction - the metro.
Fountains of Alma-Ata
Today, there are more than 120 fountains in Alma-Ata, 61 of them are in communal ownership. Fountains, together with an extensive network of ditches, play a big role for Alma-Ata - together they create a single complex of reservoirs and watercourses of the city.
Ascension Cathedral
The Ascension Cathedral is a 56-meter-high earthquake-resistant structure, unique in its engineering design, built by architect K. A. Borisoglebsky and engineer A. P. Zenkov in 1907 from blue Tien Shan spruce according to the design of Pavel Gurde.
A.P. Zenkov created new construction methods in earthquake-prone areas, thanks to which the cathedral withstood an earthquake of 10 points in 1911.
The walls of the cathedral were painted by the local artist N. Khludov. AT Soviet period was in the building local history museum. In May 1995, the building was transferred to the Alma-Ata and Semipalatinsk diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. After two years of restoration work in 1997, worship was resumed in the church.
The widespread belief that the cathedral was built without a single nail is a myth.
TV tower
The TV tower, located on Mount Kok-Tobe at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, is the most tall building Alma-Ata. Its height is almost 372 m. Above sea level - 1130. The base of the tower is a reinforced concrete foundation in the form of a three-story sectional basement. The trunk of the tower is a metal stepped hexahedron with a diameter of 18 m at the base, 13 and 9 m at the locations of maintenance services at heights of 146 and 252 m. The building was built taking into account the mountainous terrain and can withstand an earthquake of up to 10 points. The television tower is a complex of a radio and television transmitting station, and it is not available for sightseeing tours of the city. Illuminated at night by powerful searchlights, the tower is visible from almost anywhere in the city.
Alpine skating rink "Medeo"
Sports complex "Medeo" was built in 1972 in the gorge of the same name, 15 km from the city. "Medeo" was called the "factory of records", as for 33 years 126 world records were set on the ice of a high-mountain skating rink. The unique feature of the ice rink, located at an altitude of 1700 m, in rarefied air and high quality ice, provided with clean mountain water without salt impurities. Above the sports complex there is a mudflow protection dam and the Chimbulak ski complex. In the 90s of the XX century, the Medeo sports complex was the venue for the international music festival Voice of Asia (Asia Dauysy). Currently, the reconstruction of the Medeo complex and the Chimbulak high-mountain ski base is underway.
Monuments of Alma-Ata
The city has many monuments in honor of various historical figures.
Tourism and recreation in Alma-Ata and its environs
Medeu
Shymbulak
Big Almaty Lake
Charyn Canyon
Kok-Tobe
Tabagan
Ak Bulak
Nightclubs: DaFreak, Paradise, Gas, Petroleum, Spartacus, N.Z., Most, Real.
Sport
Alma-Ata received the right to host the Asian Winter Games in 2011. A whole ensemble of modern arenas will be built for the Asian Winter Games in Alma-Ata: an ice stadium with a 400-meter track, ski and biathlon stadiums, a new ski base, 90- and 120-meter springboards with stands for 20,000 spectators, a luge and bobsleigh track .
The opening and closing ceremonies of the Asian Games will be held in Astana. Also in Astana will be held competitions on ice - figure skating, men's and women's hockey, speed skating and short track.
In Alma-Ata, the "snow" disciplines remain - cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, ski jumping, biathlon, ski orienteering. As well as bandy in the event that this sport remains in the program of the Asian Games.
The city put forward its candidacy for the Winter Olympic Games in 2014, but did not pass the first round of selection due to atmospheric pollution.
Football and futsal
In Soviet times, the leading football club of the Kazakh SSR was Alma-Ata "Kairat". The team played in the highest league of the USSR championship for many years. The most famous Kairat players are: Sergey Kvochkin, who scored the goal of the Brazilian national team at the Maracana (1961), and Evgeny Yarovenko, the Olympic champion of Seoul (1988).
In the 2000s, the football traditions of the city were developed by the futsal team of the IFC Kairat (founded in 1995). Over the years, the club was headed by such specialists as Anatoly Ionkin (Kazakhstan), Sergey Belokurov (Russia), Paulo Augusto (Brazil), Faisal Saab (Brazil). Players of the Kazakhstan national football team Rafael Urazbakhtin, Ruslan Baltiev, Sergey Kirov, Aidyn Rakhimbaev played for the team.
The club holds home games of the championship on the basis of the SC "Kairat", built with the money of patrons.
Over the past few years, Kairat has consistently won the national championship. With the help of IFC Brazilian legionnaires, Kairat also successfully competes in the UEFA Cup, in which he was twice in the top four teams in Europe (2006, 2008).
Funds mass media
In Alma-Ata, the media are very widely represented. These are 13 broadcast TV channels common use, 12 FM radio stations, up to fifty local Russian-language newspapers, two dozen Kazakh, as well as many colorful magazines. Several companies offer their services in the cable and satellite TV market, many Internet providers and private printing houses.
|
Flag of Almaty |
Coat of arms of Alma-Ata |
| Country | Kazakhstan |
| Status | city of republican significance |
| demonym | Almaty residents (pl.), Almaty residents (m.), Almaty residents (female) |
| Telephone code | +7 727 |
| Official site | http://www.almaty.kz (Kazakh) (Russian) (English) |
| Density | 4139 people/km² |
| Former names | Almaty, Zailiysky, Verny |
| Climate type | sharp continental |
| National composition | Kazakhs 51.06% Russians 33.02% Uighurs 5.73% Koreans 1.90% Tatars 1.82% Ukrainians 1.24% Azerbaijanis 0.70% Germans 0.57% Uzbeks 0.49% Dungans 0.47% other 3.01% |
| Founded | 1854 |
| Square | 339.36 km² |
| Population | 1,434,755 people (2011) |
| Postal codes | 050000-050063 |
| Height | 600 - 2200 (center - 785) m |
| Timezone | UTC+6 |
| car code | A |
| Coordinates | Coordinates: 43°15′00″ s. sh. 76°54′00″ E / 43.25° N sh. 76.9° E (G) (O) (I) 43°15′00″ s. sh. 76°54′00″ E / 43.25° N sh. 76.9° E d. (G) (O) (I) |
| Confessional composition | Muslims (Sunnis), Christians (Orthodox, Catholics, Protestants), Jews, others |
| Akim | Akhmetzhan Yesimov |
Alma-Ata, Almaty (kaz. Almaty; until 1921 - Verny; in the Middle Ages - Almaty) - the largest city of Kazakhstan. The population is 1.4 million people.
History of Alma-Ata
The era of the medieval settlement
According to the ancient monuments discovered by archaeologists on the territory of modern Alma-Ata, it can be judged that this area has long been inhabited by nomadic and semi-sedentary tribes. The most characteristic monuments of this region are the burial mounds of the Saks of the 6th-3rd centuries BC. e., the largest of which, up to 20 m high and with a base diameter of more than 100 m, were located on the banks of the Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinok, Esentai (Vesnovka), and Aksai rivers. Currently, most of the burial mounds are buried under the residential buildings of the city.
The Usun tribes that replaced the Sakas, judging by the finds of archaeologists (sickles, grain graters, simple irrigation systems, and others), were well acquainted with agriculture and were stranded with permanent settlements.
Subsequently, the territory of Semirechye was successively included in the Western Turkic, Turgesh and Karluk Khaganates, the state of the Karakhanids. Under the Karluks, settled agricultural settlements began to appear in the foothills of the Zailiysky Alatau in places of constant wintering (kystau) and cities as the headquarters of the nomadic nobility.
In the VIII-X centuries, there were several small settlements on the territory of modern Alma-Ata, one of which was supposedly called Almatu (Almaty) and was located on the Great Silk Road.
At the beginning of the 13th century, the Alma-Ata region, like the rest of Semirechye, was subjected to the Mongol conquest. The events of that time were described by the famous statesman Zahir ad-Din Muhammad Babur, in his memoirs Alma-Ata was named among the destroyed cities. In the sources describing the events of the XIV century, the city is called Almalyk. So, Sheref-adDin Yazdi, describing Timur's campaign to Moghulistan in 1390, writes that the Timurid army moved from Tashkent to Issyk-Kul, then to Kok-Tobe, passed Almalyk and further through Karatal to the Irtysh. By the end of the 16th century, only a small part in which the Kazakhs of the Dulat clan of the Senior Zhuz lived ..
In 1918, Soviet power was established in Verny. The city with the region became part of the Turkestan Autonomy (TASSR) as part of the RSFSR. On February 5, 1921, it was decided to rename Verny to Alma-Ata according to the old name of the area: Almaty - "Yablonevoe". On April 3, 1927, the capital of the Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transferred from Kyzylorda to Alma-Ata as part of the RSFSR. This was an additional impetus for intensive development. Since 1936 (since the formation of the Kazakh SSR) Alma-Ata was the capital of the first Kazakh SSR, and then of independent Kazakhstan.
Industrialization
After 1941, thanks to the mass evacuation of factories and workers from the European part of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, Alma-Ata turned from an administrative and trading center with a border guard function and an underdeveloped industry into one of the largest industrial centers of the Soviet Union. A special role in this process was played by the location of the city, which was located in the rear. During 1941-1945 the industrial potential of the city increased many times. The economically active population of the city grew from 104,000 in 1919 to 365,000 in 1968. In 1967, there were 145 enterprises in the city, and most of them were enterprises of the light and food industries, which somewhat distinguished the city from the typical Soviet bias towards heavy industry and the production of capital goods. The main industries were food industry (36% of the gross industrial output), based mainly on local plentiful fruit and vegetable raw materials, and light industry (31%). The main factories and enterprises of the food industry: meat canning, flour and cereals (with a pasta factory), dairy, champagne wines, fruit canning, tobacco plants, a confectionery factory, distillery, wine, brewing, yeast, tea-packing factories; light industry: textile and fur mills, cotton-spinning, knitting, carpet, shoe, clothing, printing and cotton mills. Heavy industry accounted for 33% of production and was represented by heavy engineering enterprises; there are plants for electrical engineering, foundry and mechanical, car repair, repair and bearing, building materials, woodworking, reinforced concrete structures and building parts, and a house-building plant.
Alma-Ata (Alma-Ata or Almaty, which literally means "father of apples") - this rapidly developing city was founded in 1854 on the site of the Kazakh settlement of Almaty, destroyed by fierce raids and wars, as the Russian border fort Verny, and was the capital of Kazakhstan until the end of 1997
Alma-Ata is located in the south-eastern part of the republic, in the north of the mountain spurs of the Tien Shan, at the foot of the northern slope of the Zailiysky Alatau at an altitude of 600-900 m above sea level, in the valleys of the Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka rivers. The city is quite clean (except for the air - because of the position in the intermountain basin, smog is frequent) and easy to perceive, with long straight streets and low architecture, bearing the unmistakable imprint of Russian influence. The mountains of the Trans-Ili Alatau rise like a wall along the southern edge of the capital and provide an excellent backdrop when the weather and smog allow it.
Everyone who comes to Almaty admires its unique appearance, green attire, majesty, mountain peaks, cascades of fountains, straight wide streets, unique buildings and structures. The city has a large number of parks, plenty of space and vegetation, and many of the Soviet-era buildings are strikingly harmonious. There are a large number of theatres, museums, amusement parks, restaurants, nightclubs and casinos.
Sights of Alma-Ata
The main attractions include Panfilov Park- correct rectangle of vegetation surrounding bright Zenkovsky Cathedral- one of the few buildings of the tsarist era that survived the earthquake of 1911 (especially if you pay attention to the fact that it was built entirely of wood and without the use of nails). In the western part of the park are excellent Arasan baths, where there are sections for Turkish, Russian and Finnish baths.
Central State Museum definitely deserves attention for its excellent expositions on the history of Kazakhstan and a miniature replica of the "Golden Man" - the main archaeological treasure of the country. This is a warrior costume made from 4,000 gold pieces decorated with animal motifs.
Alma-Ata has repeatedly suffered from earthquakes (the last in 1911 and 1921) and mudflows (powerful anti-mudflow structures have been created, which in themselves can serve as a landmark, since there are no such structures anywhere else in the world).
Almaty (Alma-Ata)
Almaty is a sunny, cozy, verdant city with wide streets, beautiful buildings, numerous parks, squares and fountains. It is no coincidence that the most beautiful city at the foot of the emerald ranges of the Tien Shan is called the "garden city". In spring, when the southern outskirts are buried in the blossoming of apple, apricot, cherry orchards, the city becomes like a fairy tale. Luxurious green attire and a majestic panorama of the mountains make Alma-Ata unlike other cities. Gardens, groves, parks, boulevards, flower gardens occupy over eight thousand hectares of urban territory.
Almaty is immersed in greenery.
Let's start, as always, with geography
The city of Almaty is located in intermountain basin., formed by the slopes of the Zailiysky Alatau ridge, which is part of the Tien Shan mountain system. Its geographic center is at the point with coordinates 43° 16′ 39″ northern latitude and 76° 53′ 45″ east longitude , and if Almaty residents knew that this very geographical center is located below Ryskulov Avenue, they would be very surprised, since the pedestrian section of Zhibek Zholy Street, nicknamed the Almaty Arbat, is considered the center.
Climate Almaty is sharply continental, although this continentality is not as sharp as in Astana. In many ways, the climate of Almaty is similar to Moscow. It's just that spring in Almaty comes a month earlier, and autumn - a month later. In winter, however, it is just as cold there, and just as hot in summer.
Summer rain in Almaty is relatively rare
The emergence of the city and its name
In former times, there were many cities on the territory of Almaty, the remains of which, before they disappeared under the foundations of city buildings, were explored by archaeologists. However, by the time the Russians arrived, these cities had already been buried according tod thick soil. One of these settlements was called Almaty, which later was assigned to that intermountain basin, where the Southern Capital is now located.
The name is literally translated as apple. Indeed, this area is considered the birthplace of the wild Sievers apple tree - Malus sieversii, and the mountains of the Zailiysky Alatau are still full of the so-called wild apple, from which all varieties of the modern Malus pumila, the domestic apple tree, originate.
The beginning of the modern city was laid on February 4, 1854, when the Russian government decided to build a military fortification Zailiyskoye on the left bank of the Malaya Almatinka River. The construction was led by Major Peremyshelsky and engineer-lieutenant Aleksandrovsky. By the autumn of the same year, construction work was completed. 470 soldiers and officers of the Trans-Ili detachment were housed in log wooden houses and barracks.
From the middle of 1855, Russian settlers from the Voronkzhskaya province began to arrive at the fortification, and the fortification became known as Vernoye. It so happened that the new settlers became the first builders. One of the developers of the city was Pavel Matveyevich Zenkov, merchant of the 2nd guild, holder of the orders of St. Stanislav 3-1 degrees, who later became the mayor, bibliographer, honorary citizen of the city of Verny. Soon, Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinskaya villages, Tatarskaya Slobidka appeared next to the fortification. In 1856, the Treasury Garden (now the Central Park of Culture and Leisure) was founded, and in 1857, the first water mill was built in the Tatarskaya Slobidka area. Inaugurated in 1858, the first brewery marked the beginning of the local manufacturing industry.
In 1859, Golubev, a geodesist sent from St. Petersburg, marked Vernoye with a dot, and this place first appeared on world maps.
Akzhar landslide, formed during the earthquake of 1887.
On April 11, 1867, the city of Verny became the center of the Semirechensk region as part of the Turkestan Governor General. On July 13, 1867, the Semirechensk Cossack Army was established. At the same time, the emblem of the Semirechensk region was approved: a shield entwined with a garland of apple branches with fruits, divided into three fields. The top - the image of the fortress, the bottom: on the left - a cross, on the right - a crescent. Having become the center of the Semirechensk region, Verny began to develop industry and crafts. A distillery and a brewery appeared, as well as a factory for the manufacture of coarse woolen cloth. The largest enterprises in the city were the tobacco factories of Gavrilov (1875) and Kadkin (1900). Women's and men's schools, parochial and trade schools, and later both men's and women's gymnasiums were opened in the city. Muslim madrassahs operated at mosques.
On May 28 (June 10, according to the new style), 1887, a strong earthquake occurred in Verny, in which 322 people died, 1798 brick houses were destroyed. The earthquake was so powerful that one of the slopes of Mount Akzhar collapsed, and now the Akzhar collapse has become one of the local attractions.
The buildings of the Bolshaya and Malaya villages, built of wood, suffered less. Subsequently, a seismic and meteorological station was organized in the city under the guidance of the architect A.P. Zenkov, and a system for accounting for seismicity during the construction of buildings was developed. After the earthquake, the building of the city was mainly used wood. Large buildings of the city were built from it - the House of the Regiment of the Military Assembly, the Cathedral, the House of the Public Assembly, etc. Some buildings of that period have survived and are now monuments of history, architecture and are protected by the state.
Another powerful earthquake occurred on December 22, 1910 (according to the new style - January 4, 1911). However, this time most of the buildings survived.
In 1918, Soviet power was established in Verny. The city with the region became part of the Turkestan autonomy as part of the RSFSR. On February 5, 1921, it was decided to rename Verny to Alma-Ata. On April 3, 1927, the capital of the Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transferred from Kyzylorda to Alma-Ata as part of the RSFSR. This was an additional impetus for intensive development. Since 1936 (since the formation of the Kazakh SSR), Alma-Ata has been the capital of the Kazakh SSR, and then of present-day Kazakhstan.
After 1941, thanks to the mass evacuation of factories and workers from the European part of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, Alma-Ata turned from an administrative and trading center with a border guard function and an underdeveloped industry into one of the largest industrial centers of the Soviet Union. A special role in this process was played by the location of the city, which was located in the rear.
During 1941-1945 the industrial potential of the city increased many times. The economically active population of the city grew from 104,000 in 1919 to 365,000 in 1968. In 1967, there were 145 enterprises in the city, and the bulk of them were enterprises of the light and food industries, which somewhat distinguished the city from the typical Soviet bias towards heavy industry and the production of capital goods.
Since 1993, in connection with the renaming in official use by the state bodies of Kazakhstan in Russian and Kazakh languages, the city is called "Almaty". The name "Almaty" is translated as "Apple".
Administrative division
AlmatyOn September 12, 1936, by the decision of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh ASSR, 4 districts were formed in Alma-Ata: Proletarsky (since 1957 - Oktyabrsky), Leninsky, Stalinsky (since March 10, 1957 - Soviet) and Frunzensky.
In 1966, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR, Kalininsky District was formed due to the disaggregation of the Soviet District, and in 1972, due to the disaggregation of the Leninsky and Kalininsky Districts, the Auezov District was formed.
On October 17, 1980, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR formed two new districts by decree: Alatau (due to the disaggregation of Kalininsky and Auezov) and Moscow (due to the disaggregation of Leninsky, Oktyabrsky and Frunzensky).
Sights of Almaty
shopping, social infrastructure and rest
Traditionally, Almaty residents make purchases in city markets. In addition, the city has an uninterrupted tradition of street trading that no amount of prohibition can eradicate.The famous Almaty flea market is famous throughout Central Asia. A lot of shuttles from all over Kazakhstan, from neighboring Kyrgyzstan and even Uzbekistan come here for goods.
There are 270 cultural organizations in Alma-Ata. Including 14 theatres, 7 concert halls, 2 philharmonics, 11 orchestras, 13 ensembles. In Alma-Ata there are 32 museums, 20 art galleries, 39 libraries, 2 Houses of children's creativity. 115 monuments of history, architecture and monumental art. There are 18 cinemas, a circus, 920 sports facilities, many nightclubs, restaurants and other entertainment venues.
How to get into
AlmatyThe best way to get to Almaty is by air. On the administrative territory of the city there is a modern international airport "Almaty". It has been in existence since 1935.
The runway, 4.5 kilometers long and 60 meters wide, is capable of receiving all types of aircraft without restrictions, both in terms of maximum take-off weight and flight intensity.The first airport, the building of which was built in 1936. Subsequently, a new building was built next to it, which burned down on the night of July 9-10, 1999. The opening of a new airport terminal, built to replace the burned-out one, took place in 2004.
In addition to this airport, in the suburbs of Alma-Ata there is an airport of local airlines "Boraldai" (formerly called "Burundai"), this is the first airport in the Almaty region (created in the early 1930s), but at present it does not serve regular passenger flights. The airport is based airline "Burundayavia", whose fleet consists of thirteen Mi-8MTV-1 helicopters. The airfield is suitable for receiving An-24, An-26, An-30, An-72 and lighter aircraft, as well as for helicopters of all types.
The dimensions of the asphalt runway are 1460 × 35 m. Helicopter tours around the picturesque environs of Almaty are carried out from the airport; Every year a small aviation show of Kazakhstan is held. The Federation of Aeronautics Altair organizes training of amateur cadets flying on the Yak-18T aircraft at the Boraldai airport.There are two railway stations in the city: Almaty-1 and Almaty-2. Almaty-1 is a transit station on the way from the Siberian regions of Russia to Central Asia, located in the northern part of the city. The Almaty-2 station is a city station, located close to the city center and intended for passengers arriving in Alma-Ata. Initially, the Alma-Ata station was outside the city limits, and so that the townspeople did not experience difficulties, a nine-kilometer branch was extended to the city from the main line of Turksib, at the end of which another station was built. This station became known as Almaty-2, in contrast to Almaty-1, which is now located on the northern tip of the city.
Almaty-2 railway station, built in 1939. In the foreground is a monument to Khan Abylai, whose name is given to the avenue that runs into the railway station. AT Soviet times there was a monument to M.I. Kalinin.
