Private environmental protection. Summary: Environmental pollution. her protection. Conservation of natural resources

Download:

Preview:

O. V. Denisova

(educator of the highest qualification category)

MBDOU Kindergarten"Mitten"

city of Bor

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IS A CURRENT PROBLEM OF MODERN SOCIETY

2017

CONTENT

Introduction 3

1 Stages of development of nature and society 4

2 Problems of social ecology 6

3 Solving the problem of environmental protection in modern society 12

Conclusion 13

List of used literature 14

INTRODUCTION

A few decades ago, the real relationship between nature and society was most often very one-sided. Mankind only took from nature, actively exploited its reserves, carelessly believing that natural wealth is limitless and eternal. At best, this relationship was poetic: a person enjoyed the beauty of nature, called for respect and love for her. In general, mankind did not go further than emotional appeals. The understanding of what nature means for the existence and development of society has not been formed. Today, the problem of the relationship between society and nature has grown from a purely theoretical into an acute topical issue, on the solution of which the future of mankind depends.

Before considering the complex problem of the relationship between society and nature, trends in their relationship, it is necessary to define the basic concepts. Among the mass different approaches and definitions of nature, one of the most well-established is the understanding of nature (in the broad sense of the word) as the whole world around us in all the infinite variety of its manifestations. Nature is an objective reality that exists outside and independently of human consciousness. In the narrow sense of the word, namely in relation to the concept of "society", by "nature" they understand the entire material world, with the exception of society, as a set of natural conditions for its existence. Society as a form of joint life activity of people is a separate part of nature and at the same time is inextricably linked with it.

The problem of environmental protection at the end of the 20th century became one of the most acute in all states and reached its maximum peak in the most developed countries, where direct and indirect impact on nature has become quite widespread. The consequences of human interference in all spheres of nature cannot be ignored. “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it ...” - these words of the hero of I. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” are familiar to us from school. Yes, nature is a workshop where all the benefits necessary for human existence are created. It requires a careful attitude to its wealth, which, as you know, is far from unlimited.

Environmental protection is one of the most urgent problems of our time. The very phenomenon of environmental pollution is not new for Russia. Scientific and technological progress and increased anthropogenic pressure on the environment inevitably led to an aggravation of the ecological situation. In Russia, despite the so-called ecological boom, the environment continues to deteriorate every year, as can be seen from the annually published state reports on the state of the environment in Russian Federation.

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF NATURE AND SOCIETY

The concept of "nature" is ambiguous. "Nature" in a broad sense is identified with the concept of the Universe, the world in general. In a narrower sense nature - This is the realm of life on earth. Understanding nature in this way, in 1875 it received the name of the biosphere. This term was introduced by the Austrian geologist E. Suess. Biosphere - is the totality of living organisms and their habitat (water, lower atmosphere, upper part earth's crust). A special place in the biosphere is occupied by man, who, being a part of living nature, stood out from it and eventually isolated himself into some kind of active and opposing principle, constantly adapting nature to his needs.

The relationship of man to nature throughout the history of mankind has changed.

STAGE 1. Primitive communal.Primitive man was engaged in hunting, fishing, gathering, satisfying his needs by appropriating finished products. He is completely dependent on nature, does not single out or oppose himself to it. Its activity is dissolved in nature and does not threaten it in any way. His life is an endless struggle for survival. Omnipotent nature causes fear and uncertainty in a person, a feeling of absolute dependence. Natural phenomena are deified.

STAGE 2. Antiquity. The starting point of the new stage is the emergence and development of agriculture and animal husbandry. There is a transition from an appropriating to a producing economy. Man begins to actively intervene in nature. Forests are being cut down, irrigation systems are being built. Human activity is beginning to have a devastating effect on nature. Soil salinization in the Tigris and Euphrates valley was the result of irrigation works. However, the destruction is local in nature and often leads to the disappearance of civilizations themselves - dependence on natural conditions people's lives is very big.

STAGE 3. Middle Ages (IV-XIV centuries) and the Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries). The dependence of people on natural forces does not decrease, the development of nature by man does not change radically, but the ideological foundations of man's relationship to nature change. This is the period of domination of Christianity in Europe, in which the spirit and the body, the creative God and the created nature, the spiritualized man and the non-spiritual nature, are opposed. The meaning of human life is in union with God, nature fades into the background. The attitude towards nature is rather neglectful. However, within the framework of the same Christian tradition, a completely different view of nature and attitude towards it is gradually developing. Man can know (unite) with God not only through

prayers and appeal "above", but also through the knowledge and transformation of nature. God is reflected in nature. Knowing the laws of nature, man comes to know God and approaches him. But that's not all: the task of man in approaching God is also co-creation with him. It is designed not only to cognize, but also to actively change, transform existing world. It was Christianity that laid the foundation for the rapid rise of science in subsequent centuries, the modern technocratic era. In the East, the attitude towards nature has not changed since ancient times - the idea of man as a part of nature and the prohibition to interfere in the natural processes of the universe (violation of law and harmony) remain.

STAGE 4. new time (XVII-XIX centuries). The main task facing man is the development and adaptation of nature for ever-increasing needs. human society. The means of its development and conquest is the knowledge of the laws of nature - science. "Knowledge is power!" (F. Bacon) - the motto of the entire era of the New Age. Man is no longer a part of nature, he is its peak due to his supernatural origin and possession of reason (the god-like principle in man). Man and nature are opposed. Nature loses its independent meaning and is considered only as a means of human existence. The attitude towards it is aggressively consumerist. In the 20th century, active transformational activity on Earth acquires a destructive character and eventually confronts humanity with the problem of not only self-destruction, but also the destruction of nature (as an area of life) in general. The 20th century is the century of ecological crisis.

PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL ECOLOGY

Environmental issue is change natural environment, as a result (anthropogenic impacts or natural disasters), leading to disruption of the structure and functioning of nature.

Global problems are generated by contradictions community development, the sharply increased scale of the impact of human activities on the world and are also associated with the uneven socio-economic and scientific and technological development of countries and regions. Solution global problems requires the development of international cooperation.

Modern scientists believe that humanity is already living in a collapsing world in the face of an ever-increasing severe environmental crisis, which is turning into a crisis of the entire civilization. We can define the ecological crisis as an imbalance in ecological systems and in the relationship of human society with nature. It is characterized, in particular, by the fact that a person, society and the state are not able to reverse the trend of environmental degradation.

The most important global environmental problems facing modern man are the following:

Environmental pollution,

Greenhouse effect,

Depletion of the "ozone layer"

photochemical smog,

acid rain,

soil degradation,

deforestation,

desertification,

waste problems,

Reduction of the gene pool of the biosphere.

Environmental pollution is the most urgent problem modernity, since anthropogenic activity affects all terrestrial spheres: the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. At the same time, a person, being the main culprit of the current environmental situation, becomes its main victim: according to some sources, from pollution water resources, atmospheric air and soil cover in the world, about 40% of people die.

The environmental problems of Russia are not much different from the problems of other countries and states. They arise everywhere and, as a rule, in connection with the intensive and growing influence of man on nature. This influence is becoming more and more aggressive. And with the development of scientific technical progress, the introduction of new technologies, the consequences of this influence are less predictable and more catastrophic.

The Russian Federation or Russia is located in the northern part of Asia and in Eastern Europe. Its area is 17125407 km 2 and a population of 146,267,288 people. Exactly this big state in the world in terms of territory and is in the top ten in terms of population. The city of Moscow is the capital of the Russian Federation. Russia borders on 18 countries and the waters of the seas of three oceans and inland sea- Caspian. It is one of the most water-rich countries in the world with the largest reserves fresh water. The territory of the country and its continental shelf are rich in various types of minerals. The main ones are: oil, gas, coal and timber. The main types of soils and climate create conditions for classifying the country's agricultural production as risky farming, although it has almost 50% of all the world's black soil. The flora and fauna of Russia is extremely diverse. There are about 25 thousand species of plants here alone.In Russia, the main environmental problems have remained unchanged. It's pollution, exhaustion natural resources and reduction in the species and quantitative composition of the animal and flora. Their sources are enterprises of industry and agriculture, as well as human activities in the provision of their housing and household needs.

But problems - they can never be foreseen or prevented, and when they cannot be eliminated. Or they don't want to. What is the reason for their growth in Russia?

Russian environmental problems can be divided into two categories. Those that were inherited and which are already more than a dozen, or even a hundred years old. And others that arose at the present historical stage of the state.For Russia, modern environmental problems are associated primarily with the use of nuclear energy for both peaceful and military purposes. This includes not only mining

relevant minerals and the process of production of raw materials for energy and weapons, but also the problems that arise during the operation of technological equipment, accidents occurring at the enterprises of the country's nuclear complex, as well as the disposal, processing and disposal of radioactive waste.

Environmental problems modern Russia is the excessive depletion of natural resources. Whereas previously it was mainly related to forest reserves. Now it has also affected fossil resources, primarily oil and gas.

Forest.

So far, forests occupy 45% of the territory of the Russian Federation, or almost 800 million hectares. The variety of tree species is huge - from dwarf birch to cedars and broad-leaved oaks.

Deforestation is one of the oldest crafts in the territory of the present state. AT recent times it has increased significantly, especially illegal. In just 15 years of this century, more than 40 million hectares were cut down, which reduced the area occupied by forests by 20 million hectares.

Illegal logging is carried out throughout the country, but its greatest mass, and, therefore, harm, is noted in the territories from where it is most convenient and profitable to export timber abroad. These are: the Arkhangelsk region and Karelia - for export to the countries of Scandinavia and the Trans-Baikal, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, as well as the Amur Region - for China.

Probably the last time a request to export timber abroad was refused by Catherine II, who approved the earlier resolution of Peter I.

In addition to harvesting "commercial" timber, deforestation occurs due to the destruction of forests as a result of fires, felling for the needs of the extractive industry, the construction of settlements and roads, as well as the expansion of areas for agricultural land.

Loss of wood in any form of felling reaches 40%, that is, almost every second tree is cut down in vain. The forest fund is being replenished even more slowly, which has both objective reasons - the tree must grow and this takes quite a lot of time, and subjective ones - starting from legislative regulation of the processes of deforestation and restoration of forests and ending with local executive discipline.

Water.

When there is a lot of something or in excess, then the value of such wealth is significantly underestimated, and, therefore, the attention to its preservation. This can be fully attributed to the water reserves of Russia. The exploitation of water resources is carried out without looking back to tomorrow. Water for industrial and domestic needs is taken without control and restrictions. Effluent is discharged, in 90% of cases, without proper treatment, and, sometimes, without it at all. This attitude towards water has led to the fact that 50% of all water bodies in the country are considered polluted, and surface water - 75%.

The main sources of pollution are industrial enterprises, the treatment facilities of which are up to 70% outdated and do not cope with their functions. The same can be said about public utilities for water supply and sewerage. A significant number of settlements located along the banks of the rivers do not have treatment facilities at all, and household waste flows directly into the rivers. The development of industrial production, especially the chemical industry, filled these effluents with new chemical elements and substances. Nature has no means and ways to neutralize them, which has a particularly negative effect on the flora and fauna of rivers.Energy contributes to water pollution. This is not only the discharge of wastewater and warm water used to cool process equipment. These are the hydraulic structures themselves, their cascades and artificial reservoirs built to generate energy. Hydraulic structures and numerous canals built over the past century and regulating the flow of water in the interests and needs of man often contradict the laws of nature and, therefore, lead to numerous negative consequences for her. Examples include cascades of power plants on the Volga, dams on the Caspian and many small rivers that have disappeared after such “regulating” human activity.

In an effort to maximize the satisfaction of food needs and to obtain the greatest profit, agricultural producers use various methods to influence the yield of crops grown. This drainage and irrigation, the use of pesticides and various pesticides. All this ultimately changes not only the water balance of the region where such methods are applied, but also the composition and structure of the water itself. Excessive passion for mineral fertilizers, their improper storage or storage of prohibited poisonous and poisonous

substances, leading to their entry into surface and underground waters. Recently, the quality indicators of the latter have deteriorated sharply. This is especially negative where they are the main sources of water for the population. And there are many such cities in Russia, and these are not always small towns and settlements.

Air and radiation.

Atmospheric air pollution indicators in the present period are of a twofold nature. On the one hand, the industrial recession, which led to the reduction and halt of a large number of industries. On the other hand, it does not allow operating enterprises to allocate sufficient funds for the modernization and re-equipment of equipment for cleaning emissions of gases and dust. Although the second is more of a good excuse than a sincere desire.

In Central Russia, environmental problems with air pollution are such that the largest number of technically obsolete industries is concentrated in this region and these are the most populated regions of Russia. Gases join industrial emissions road transport, the number of which is steadily increasing. Even in regions where the bulk of production has stopped, the amount of transport per capita is becoming more and more. And this transport is not the most modern. It is not equipped with exhaust gas treatment systems that meet modern international standards. In big cities, transport is no longer traveling and transporting as much as it costs and smokes in traffic jams.

A positive trend in the reduction of toxic emissions into the atmosphere has been outlined in connection with the transition of thermal power plants from the consumption of solid fuels to natural gas. When gas is burned by such stations, the amount of air pollutants is significantly less.

New environmental problems in Russia have arisen since the middle of the last century with the achievements of science in the field of nuclear physics. Nuclear or nuclear energy and weapons carry new threats to the environment, have become previously unknown sources of its pollution, the consequences of which have not been finally established to this day.

Sources of radioactive contamination may not be located on the territory of the state, but located hundreds or thousands of kilometers away, this is their essential feature. Thus, some regions of Central Russia suffered in connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Disaster in Chelyabinsk region on the

plant "Mayak" led to the creation of a whole zone, covering several regions of neighboring regions. The number of settlements on which the radioactive “trace” turned out to have reached the figure of 2014 with a population of almost 1 million inhabitants.

The level of radioactive contamination of nuclear power plants is low. What cannot be said about the disposal and disposal of waste from this production, as well as about radioactive emissions associated with accidents or the operation of military equipment and weapons. The northern regions of Russia are especially affected by this, where, in addition to bases navy, which includes nuclear-powered ships, burial grounds for the disposal of spent radioactive material have been created. Waste disposal and disposal processes are difficult to control due to military secrecy regimes.

I would like to specially note ecological situation, which develops in connection with the disposal and storage of industrial and municipal solid waste. The landfills allocated for these purposes have long been overloaded, and the allocation of new territories for storage, not to mention the introduction of new processing technologies, is not carried out. Or does the principle “Russia is big - there is a lot of land” again apply and there will be enough landfills for our lifetime?

SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN MODERN SOCIETY

Humanity has come to realize that further development technological progress is impossible without assessing the impact of new technologies on the environmental situation. The new connections created by man must be closed in order to ensure the invariability of those basic parameters of the planet Earth that affect its ecological stability.

Solving the environmental problems of today is a difficult task. Indeed, in order to solve environmental protection, it is not enough to write and speak, it is necessary to act not only at the national level, but also at the global level. Only when all of humanity understands that there is an ecological catastrophe on planet Earth, then the actions of all people will be aimed at preserving their planet. It is up to us to decide how we want to see our Earth in many years.

To protect nature, the following solutions can be proposed:

increase attention to the issues of nature protection and ensuring rational use natural resources;
establish systematic control over the use by enterprises and organizations of lands, waters, forests, subsoil and other natural resources;
increase attention to the issues of preventing pollution and salinization of soils, surface and groundwater;
pay great attention to the preservation of the water-protective and protective functions of forests, the conservation and reproduction of flora and fauna, and the prevention of air pollution;
create public organizations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, or join them;
take part in meetings, rallies, demonstrations, collection of signatures for petitions on environmental issues;
assist the authorities in solving issues of nature protection;
to apply to authorities and other organizations with applications related to environmental protection;
participate in environmental protection activities;
and most importantly, to fulfill the most important duty of a citizen: to preserve nature and the environment, to treat natural resources with care.

CONCLUSION

Civilization has a detrimental effect on nature and the state of the environment. But everyone can reduce this negative impact. Even if one person thinks about it and changes his habits a little, he will already help the ecological state of his city, and therefore the whole planet.

Conservation of nature is the most important task facing not only Russian state but also to each of its citizens.
Land and other resources are used and protected as the basis of life and activity of the peoples of Russia.
The state is engaged in the protection of nature, which issues laws that establish rules for the use and conservation of nature, and names those who, by their actions, cause damage to it.
Voluntary public organizations and citizens who care about their country and their future participate in nature protection. Protecting nature, they protect the Motherland.
Every citizen is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to treat natural resources with care.
The protection of nature and the environment requires the combined efforts of all countries. Russia participates in international cooperation on nature protection.

What will save the environment?

Adoption of laws tightening control over the state of the environment.
Increase in funds allocated for environmental protection.
Refusal of the industry from the use of "dirty" technologies.
Tougher penalties for violating environmental laws.
Ecological education and education of the population.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Weiner D. R. Ecology in Soviet Russia. M., 1992.
Nesbitt J., Eburdin P. What awaits us in the 90s. Megatrends: year 2000. M., 1992.
Hesle V. Philosophy and ecology. M., 1993.
http://www.saveplanet.su/

The Baltic Sea can no longer be used as a dumping ground. Water is essential to life. Only where it is in sufficient quantity and in good quality, there can be people, animals and plants. This also applies to the salt water of the seas and fresh water in rivers, lakes, polar ice and in glaciers. In general, water covers more than 70 percent of our land. Already a few years ago, experts in the field of environmental protection warned that the Baltic Sea would soon be a water desert without fish and plants. Almost 20,000 kilometers along the coast of the Baltic Sea are paper and pulp mills, shipyards and refineries, nuclear power plants, chemical and steel plants. Quantity Wastewater in cities on the coast is constantly growing. The rivers are supplying more and more mud to the Baltic Sea. The movement of tankers and passenger ships, water carriers and paper transport ships is growing further.

The consequences are more than sad: hundreds of thousands of tons of solid and liquid waste are annually discharged into the Baltic Sea - often only crushed, and most of them not cleaned. These wastes from households, industrial and economic enterprises, wastewater from cities and ships contain highly toxic harmful substances. Life in the Baltic Sea was under threat: hundreds of thousands of dead flounder and cod in the Nile fjord, places forbidden for swimming near Flensburg and near Lübeck, many places where fishing is prohibited. In this regard, the Baltic coastal states concluded an agreement in 1974. It was determined which harmful and toxic substances should not be discharged with sewage into the sea. The first successes in the struggle for a clean Baltic Sea have already been achieved. A particularly dangerous insecticide, DDT, was banned in all the Baltic countries. Factories had to stop their production if they could not comply with the order for improved wastewater treatment. Many large cities have built new purification plants. Particularly endangered places on the Baltic Sea are already under control. But even more effort must be added to finally secure it.

Pesticides threaten primarily to public health in Third World countries. The Washington-based World Resources Institute, which does environmental research, said chemicals used in agriculture, have the power to weaken the human immune system and promote the spread of infectious diseases and cancer. A particular danger comes from pesticides. The use of some of them in Europe and the USA has long been banned, in countries that are developing, on the contrary, they are used due to their low price. Nearly half of the world's pesticide production is consumed in Third World countries, and these countries also have particularly high rates of infectious disease. The results of the institute's study: "Death due to common infectious diseases in developing countries is partly due to the effects of pesticides."

Part of the area occupied by accommodation and transport roads in the west of the Federal Republic has been constantly increasing since the end of the 50s and until the end of the 80s. These territories make up from 8 to 12 percent of the total area. Part of the natural landscapes at the same time significantly decreased. Conservation of native species, as well as the retention of natural living space is an urgent task of nature conservation and landscape care. The Federation aims to declare 10-15 percent of the country's area as protected areas. 12 large areas with special protection have been declared at present national parks. There are almost 5,200 nature reserves and 12 UNESCO-recognized biosphere reserves.

Germany actively participates in the implementation of the international treaty on nature protection. Of particular note:

the Bonn Agreement on the Conservation of Nomadic Wild Animals; The Berne Agreement for the Conservation of European Wild Animals and Plants, which has taken on special significance in connection with the cooperation between Eastern and Western states European Union; the Washington Agreement on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Animals and Plants; Agreement on Biodiversity, signed in 1992 at the Conference on Development and Environmental Protection in Rio de Janeiro.

After a few years of absence, I am back in my homeland. I want to find places where I watched animals as a boy. A lot has changed: some of the forests have been cut down and converted into fields or built up with houses. Gone are the lawns that used to be overflowing with flowers. The streets are moving. Everything seems the same to me. The old quarry is breathing, it seems that it has remained the same as it was. Invariably, decrepit, moss-covered stone blocks lie in a pit that has not been used for a long time. But where are the lizards that used to bask on the rocks? There are no moths that rocked the flower heads. Even here, chemical pest control and artificial fertilizers have worked.

Report: Environmental Protection

See what "Environmental Protection" is in other dictionaries:

- (a. environment protection; n. Umweltschutz; f. protection de l environnement; and. proteccion de ambiente) a set of measures to optimize or preserve the natural environment. Purpose O.o. c. countering negative changes in... Geological Encyclopedia

A complex of international, state, regional and local administrative, economic, technological, political and social measures to ensure socio-economic, cultural-historical, physical, chemical and … Financial vocabulary

environmental protection- Protection of the environment from the adverse effects of products, processes and services. [GOST 1.1 2002] environmental protection environmental activities Activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state bodies ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

environmental protection- - activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies local government, public and other non-profit associations, legal and physical ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

1) prevention, limitation and reduction of the negative impact of the consequences of natural and environmental disasters, accidents, catastrophes, economic and industrial activities on humans and the environment through a complex ... ... Emergencies Dictionary

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION- a set of scientific, legal and technical measures aimed at the rational use, reproduction and conservation of natural resources and outer space in the interests of people, at ensuring biological balance in ... ... Ecological dictionary

environmental protection- activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals, ... ... Official terminology

A set of measures to preserve, restore and improve the natural environment. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms

environmental protection- A set of measures for the conservation, rational use and restoration of natural resources, including the species diversity of flora and fauna, the richness of the subsoil, the purity of the waters and the atmosphere. Syn.: Conservation… Geography Dictionary

MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

KEMEROVSK STATE UNIVERSITY

REPORT

"The essence and directions of environmental protection ..."

Completed:

St-t gr. SP-981

Checked:

Kemerovo - 99

1. Essence and directions of environmental protection

§ 2. Objects and principles of environmental protection

2. Engineering protection of the environment

§ 2. Types and principles of operation of treatment equipment and facilities

3. Regulatory framework for environmental protection

§ 1. System of standards and regulations

§ 2. Law on guard of nature

ENVIRONMENT

§ 1. TYPES OF POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND DIRECTIONS OF ITS PROTECTION

A variety of human intervention in natural processes in the biosphere can be grouped into the following types of pollution, understanding them as any anthropogenic changes undesirable for ecosystems:

Ingredient (ingredient - an integral part of a complex compound or mixture) pollution as a set of substances quantitatively or qualitatively alien to natural biogeocenoses;

Parametric pollution (an environmental parameter is one of its properties, for example, the level of noise, illumination, radiation, etc.) associated with a change in the qualitative parameters of the environment;

Biocenotic pollution, which consists in the impact on the composition and structure of the population of living organisms;

Stationary-destructive pollution (station - the habitat of the population, destruction - destruction), which is a change in landscapes and ecological systems in the process of nature management.

territories, the adoption of legal acts restricting the hunting of individual animals, etc. Scientists and the public were primarily concerned about the biocenotic and partially stationary-destructive effects on the biosphere. Ingredient and parametric pollution, of course, also existed, especially since there was no talk of installing treatment facilities at enterprises. But it was not as diverse and massive as it is now, it practically did not contain artificially created compounds that were not amenable to natural decomposition, and nature coped with it on its own. So, in rivers with undisturbed biocenosis and normal flow rate, not slowed down by hydraulic structures, under the influence of mixing, oxidation, sedimentation, absorption and decomposition by decomposers, disinfection by solar radiation, etc., polluted water completely restored its properties over a distance of 30 km from pollution sources .

Of course, separate centers of nature degradation were observed earlier in the vicinity of the most polluting industries. However, by the middle of the XX century. the rates of ingredient and parametric pollution have increased and their qualitative composition has changed so dramatically that in large areas the ability of nature to self-purify, i.e., the natural destruction of the pollutant as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes, has been lost.

At present, even such full-flowing and long rivers as the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur are not self-purifying. What can we say about the long-suffering Volga, natural speed the flow of which is several times reduced by hydraulic structures, or the Tom River (Western Siberia), all the water of which industrial enterprises manage to take away for their needs and drain it back polluted at least 3-4 times before it gets from source to mouth.

complete harvesting from the fields of all parts of grown plants, etc.

§ 2. OBJECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in meeting these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Only if all these components correspond to each other in terms of content and pace of development, i.e., they form a single system of environmental protection, can one count on success.

Since the problem of protecting nature from the negative impact of man was not solved in time, now the task of protecting man from the influence of the changed natural environment is increasingly becoming. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term "protection of the (human) natural environment".

Legal protection, formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legal laws that are binding;

Engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection", the following objects are subject to protection:

Natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

The earth, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State natural reserves, natural reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are specially protected.

The main principles of environmental protection should be:

Priority to ensure favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;

Scientifically substantiated combination of environmental and economic interests of society;

Taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-healing and self-purification of its resources;

The right of the population and public organizations to timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on people's health of various production facilities;

The inevitability of liability for violation of the requirements of environmental legislation.

2. ENGINEERING PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

§ 1. ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES

at the national level, activities to preserve reference samples of untouched nature and preserve the diversity of species on Earth, organizations scientific research, the training of environmental specialists and the education of the population, as well as the activities of individual enterprises for the purification of wastewater and exhaust gases from harmful substances, the reduction of the norms for the use of natural resources, etc. Such activities are carried out mainly by engineering methods.

completely stop the flow of harmful substances into the biosphere. In addition, reducing the level of pollution of one component of the environment leads to increased pollution of another.

And For example, the installation of wet filters in gas cleaning reduces air pollution, but leads to even more water pollution. Substances captured from waste gases and drain waters often poison large areas of land.

The use of treatment facilities, even the most efficient ones, drastically reduces the level of environmental pollution, but does not completely solve this problem, since the operation of these plants also produces waste, although in a smaller volume, but, as a rule, with an increased concentration of harmful substances. Finally, the operation of most of the treatment facilities requires significant energy costs, which, in turn, is also unsafe for the environment.

In addition, pollutants, for the neutralization of which huge funds are spent, are substances for which labor has already been spent and which, with rare exceptions, could be used in the national economy.

To achieve high environmental and economic results, it is necessary to combine the process of cleaning harmful emissions with the process of recycling trapped substances, which will make it possible to combine the first direction with the second.

The second direction is the elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste, and in the future, non-waste production technologies that would make it possible to comprehensively use the raw materials and utilize the maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere.

However, not all industries have found acceptable technical and economic solutions for a sharp reduction in the amount of waste generated and their disposal, so at present we have to work in both of these areas.

Taking care of improving the engineering protection of the natural environment, it must be remembered that no treatment facilities and waste-free technologies will be able to restore the stability of the biosphere if the permissible (threshold) values of the reduction of natural, untransformed by man natural systems are exceeded, which manifests the effect of the law of biosphere indispensability.

Such a threshold may be the use of more than 1% of the energy of the biosphere and the deep transformation of more than 10% of natural areas (rules of one and ten percent). Therefore, technical achievements do not remove the need to solve the problems of changing the priorities of social development, stabilizing the population, creating a sufficient number of protected areas and others discussed earlier.

§ 2. TYPES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES

Many modern technological processes are associated with crushing and grinding of substances, transportation of bulk materials. At the same time, part of the material turns into dust, which is harmful to health and causes significant material damage to the national economy due to the loss of valuable products.

For cleaning, various designs of apparatuses are used. According to the method of dust capture, they are divided into mechanical (dry and wet) and electrical gas cleaning devices. Dry apparatuses (cyclones, filters) use gravitational settling under the action of gravity, settling under the action of centrifugal force, inertial settling, and filtration. In wet apparatuses (scrubbers), this is achieved by washing the dusty gas with a liquid. In electrostatic precipitators, deposition on the electrodes occurs as a result of the communication of dust particles electric charge. The choice of apparatus depends on the size of dust particles, humidity, speed and volume of gas supplied for purification, necessary degree cleaning.

To purify gases from harmful gaseous impurities, two groups of methods are used - non-catalytic and catalytic. Methods of the first group are based on the removal of impurities from a gaseous mixture using liquid (absorbers) and solid (adsorbers) absorbers. Methods of the second group consist in the fact that harmful impurities enter into a chemical reaction and turn into harmless substances on the surface of the catalysts. An even more complex and multi-stage process is wastewater treatment (Fig. 18).

Waste water is water used by industrial and municipal enterprises and the population and subject to purification from various impurities. Depending on the conditions of formation, wastewater is divided into domestic, atmospheric (stormwater, flowing down after rains from the territories of enterprises) and industrial. All of them contain mineral and organic substances in varying proportions.

Wastewater is purified from impurities by mechanical, chemical, physicochemical, biological and thermal methods, which, in turn, are divided into recuperative and destructive. Recovery methods provide for the extraction from wastewater and further processing of valuable substances. In destructive methods, water pollutants are destroyed by oxidation or reduction. Destruction products are removed from the water in the form of gases or precipitation.

mechanical cleaning used in the removal of solid insoluble impurities, using the methods of settling and filtering with the help of gratings, sand traps, settling tanks. Chemical cleaning methods are used to remove soluble impurities using various reagents that enter into chemical reactions with harmful impurities, resulting in the formation of low-toxic substances. To physical and chemical methods include flotation, ion exchange, adsorption, crystallization, deodorization, etc. Biological methods are considered the main methods for neutralizing wastewater from organic impurities that are oxidized by microorganisms, which implies a sufficient amount of oxygen in the water. These aerobic processes can occur both in natural conditions - in irrigation fields during filtration, and in artificial structures - aerotanks and biofilters.

groundwater pollution). These methods are carried out in local (workshop), plant-wide, district or city cleaning systems.

After the grates and other devices have freed the water from mineral impurities, the microorganisms contained in the so-called activated sludge “eat up” organic contaminants, that is, the purification process usually goes through several stages. However, even after this, the degree of purification does not exceed 95%, i.e., it is not possible to completely eliminate the pollution of water basins. If, in addition, any plant discharges its wastewater into the city sewerage, which has not undergone preliminary physical or chemical treatment of any toxic substances at workshop or factory facilities, then the microorganisms in the activated sludge will generally die and it may take several years to revive the activated sludge. months. Therefore, the sinks of this locality during this time they will pollute the reservoir with organic compounds, which can lead to its eutrophication.

kg per year per capita. It is solved by organizing landfills, processing garbage into composts with subsequent use as organic fertilizers or into biological fuel (biogas), as well as burning in special plants. Specially equipped landfills, total number of which there are several million in the world are called landfills and are rather complex engineering structures, especially when it comes to storing toxic or radioactive waste.

3. REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROTECTION

ENVIRONMENT

One of the most important constituent parts environmental legislation is a system of environmental standards. Its timely scientifically substantiated development is a necessary condition for the practical implementation of the adopted laws, since it is these standards that polluting enterprises should be guided by in their environmental activities. Failure to comply with the standards entails legal liability.

Standardization is understood as the establishment of a single and mandatory for all objects of a given level of a management system of norms and requirements. Standards can be state (GOST), industry (OST) and factory. The system of standards for nature protection has been assigned the general number 17, which includes several groups in accordance with protected objects. For example, 17.1 means “Nature Conservation. Hydrosphere", and group 17. 2 - "Nature protection. Atmosphere”, etc. This standard regulates various aspects of the activities of enterprises for the protection of water and air resources, up to the requirements for equipment for monitoring air and water quality.

MPC is approved for each of the most hazardous substances separately and is valid throughout the country.

In recent years, scientists have argued that compliance with MPC does not guarantee the preservation of environmental quality at a sufficiently high level, if only because the influence of many substances in the long term and when interacting with each other is still poorly understood.

Based on MPC, scientific and technical standards for maximum permissible emissions (MPE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere and discharges (MPD) into the water basin are being developed. These standards are set individually for each source of pollution in such a way that the cumulative environmental impact of all sources in a given area does not lead to an excess of the MPC.

Due to the fact that the number and power of pollution sources change with the development of the productive forces of the region, it is necessary to periodically review the MPE and MPD standards. The choice of the most effective options for environmental protection activities at enterprises should be carried out taking into account the need to comply with these standards.

Unfortunately, at present, many enterprises, due to technical and economic reasons, are not able to immediately meet these standards. The closure of such an enterprise or a sharp weakening of its economic situation as a result of penalties is also not always possible for economic and social reasons.

In addition to a clean environment, a person for a normal life needs to eat, dress, listen to a tape recorder and watch movies and TV shows, the production of films and electricity for which is very "dirty". Finally, you need to have a job in your specialty near your home. It is best to reconstruct ecologically backward enterprises so that they no longer harm the environment, but not every enterprise can immediately allocate funds for this in full, since environmental protection equipment, and the reconstruction process itself are very expensive.

Therefore, temporary standards can be set for such enterprises, the so-called TSA (temporarily agreed emissions), which allow for increased environmental pollution in excess of the norm for a strictly defined period, sufficient to carry out the environmental measures necessary to reduce emissions.

The size and sources of payment for environmental pollution depend on whether or not an enterprise complies with the standards established for it and in which ones - MPE, MPD or only in the ESS.

It has already been noted earlier that the state ensures the rationalization of nature management, including the protection of the natural environment, by creating environmental legislation and monitoring its observance.

Environmental legislation is a system of laws and other legal acts (decrees, decrees, instructions) that regulates environmental relations in order to preserve and reproduce natural resources, rationalize nature management, and preserve public health.

To ensure the possibility of practical implementation of the adopted laws, it is very important that they be backed up in time by by-laws adopted on their basis, which precisely define and clarify, in accordance with the specific conditions of the industry or region, to whom, what and how to do, to whom and in what form to report, what environmental regulations, standards and rules to follow, etc.

Yes, the law "On the Protection of the Environment" establishes general scheme achieving the coincidence of the interests of society and individual users of natural resources through limits, payments, tax benefits, and specific parameters in the form of exact values of standards, rates, payments are specified in the resolutions of the Ministry of Natural Resources, industry instructions, etc.

The objects of environmental legislation are both the natural environment as a whole and its separate natural systems (for example, Lake Baikal) and elements (water, air, etc.), as well as international law.

In our country, for the first time in world practice, the requirement for the protection and rational use of natural resources is included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents related to nature management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law “On the Protection of the Environment”, adopted in 1991.

It states that every citizen has the right to protect health from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements and to receive timely information about the state of the natural environment and measures to protect it.

At the same time, every citizen is obliged to take part in the protection of the natural environment, to raise the level of his knowledge of nature, ecological culture, to comply with the requirements of environmental legislation and established standards for the quality of the natural environment. If they are violated, then the perpetrator bears responsibility, which is divided into criminal, administrative, disciplinary and material.

In cases of the most severe violations For example, when a forest is set on fire, the perpetrator may be subjected to criminal punishment in the form of imprisonment, the imposition of large monetary fines, and confiscation of property.

However, more often administrative responsibility is applied in the form of fines both on individuals and on enterprises as a whole. It occurs in cases of damage or destruction of natural objects, pollution of the natural environment, failure to take measures to restore the disturbed environment, poaching, etc.

and non-compliance with environmental regulations.

In addition, the payment of a fine does not exempt from material civil liability, i.e., the need to compensate for the damage caused by pollution or irrational use of natural resources to the environment, health and property of citizens, and the national economy.

various objects, shows economic mechanism environmental protection, proclaims the principles of international cooperation in this field, etc.

It should be noted that the Environmental Legislation, although quite extensive and versatile, is still not effective enough in practice. There are many reasons for this, but one of the most important is the discrepancy between the severity of the punishment and the severity of the crime, in particular, the low rates of fines levied. For example, for an official, it is equal to three to twenty times the minimum monthly wage (do not confuse with the actual salary received by the employee, which is always much higher). However, twenty minimum wages often do not exceed one or two real monthly salaries of these officials, since we are usually talking about heads of enterprises and departments. For ordinary citizens, the fine does not exceed ten times the minimum wage.

Criminal liability and compensation for damages are applied much less frequently than they should. And it is impossible to fully compensate for it, since it often reaches many millions of rubles or cannot be measured in money at all.

poaching, do not exceed one and a half thousand per year, which is incomparably less than the actual number of offenses. However, in recent years there has been an upward trend in these figures.

Other reasons for the weak regulatory effect of environmental legislation are the insufficient provision of enterprises with technical means for the effective treatment of wastewater and polluted gases, and inspection organizations with devices for monitoring environmental pollution.

Finally, great importance has a low ecological culture of the population, ignorance of the basic environmental requirements, a condescending attitude towards the destroyers of nature, as well as a lack of knowledge and skills necessary to effectively defend their right to a healthy environment, proclaimed in the law. Now it is necessary to develop a legal mechanism for the protection of environmental human rights, i.e., by-laws specifying this part of the law, and turn the flow of complaints to the press and higher administrative authorities into a flow of lawsuits to the judiciary. When every resident whose health has been affected by harmful emissions from an enterprise files a claim demanding financial compensation for the damage caused, valuing their health at a fairly large amount, the enterprise will simply be economically forced to urgently take measures to reduce pollution.

Literature:

environmental protection- a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life. The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, air of dwellings, water, soil. O. o. With. provides for the conservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent direct and indirect negative impacts of human activities on nature and human health.

Under the conditions of scientific and technological progress and the intensification of industrial production, the problem of O. o. With. have become one of the most important national tasks, the solution of which is inextricably linked with the protection of human health. For many years, the processes of environmental degradation were reversible. affected only limited areas, individual areas and were not of a global nature, therefore, effective measures to protect the human environment were practically not taken. In the last 20-30 years, irreversible changes in the natural environment or dangerous phenomena have begun to appear in various regions of the Earth. In connection with the massive pollution of the environment, the issues of its protection from regional, intrastate have grown into an international, global problem. All developed states defined O. o. With. one of the most important aspects of humanity's struggle for survival.

The advanced industrial countries developed a number of key organizational and scientific and technical actions for O. about. With. They are as follows: identification and assessment of the main chemical, physical and biological factors that adversely affect the health and performance of the population, in order to develop the necessary strategy to reduce the negative role of these factors; assessment of the potential impact of toxic substances polluting the environment in order to establish the necessary risk criteria for public health; development of effective programs to prevent possible industrial accidents and measures to reduce the harmful effects of accidental emissions on the environment. Besides, special value in O. about. With. acquires the establishment of the degree of danger of environmental pollution for the gene pool, in terms of the carcinogenicity of some toxic substances contained in industrial emissions and waste. To assess the degree of risk of mass diseases caused by pathogens contained in the environment, systematic epidemiological studies are needed.

When solving issues related to O. o. with., it should be borne in mind that a person from birth and throughout his life is exposed to various factors (contact with chemicals in everyday life,

at work, the use of drugs, the ingestion of chemical additives contained in food products, etc.). Additional exposure to harmful substances entering the environment, in particular with industrial waste, can have a negative impact on human health.

The most effective measure O. o. With. from these compounds are the development and implementation of waste-free or low-waste technological processes, as well as the neutralization of waste or their processing for recycling. Another important direction of O. o. With. is a change in the approach to the principles of location of various industries,

replacement of the most harmful and stable substances by less harmful and less stable ones. Mutual influence of different industrial and page - x. objects is becoming more and more significant, and the social and economic damage from accidents caused by the proximity of various enterprises may exceed the benefits associated with the proximity of the resource base or transport facilities. In order for the tasks of placing objects to be optimally solved, it is necessary to cooperate with specialists of different profiles who are able to predict the adverse effects of diverse factors, use mathematical modeling methods. Quite often, due to meteorological conditions, territories remote from the direct source of harmful emissions are polluted.

In many countries since the late 70s. there were centers on O. about. pp., integrating world experience, exploring the role of previously unknown factors that harm the environment and public health.

The most important role in the implementation of the planned state policy in the field of O. o. With. belongs to hygienic science (see. Hygiene ). In our country, research in this area is conducted by more than 70 institutions (hygienic institutes, departments of communal hygiene of medical institutes, institutes for the improvement of doctors).

The head of the problem "Scientific foundations of environmental hygiene" is the Research Institute of General and Communal Hygiene. A.N. Sysina.

The scientific basis for regulating adverse environmental factors has been developed and implemented, standards have been established for many hundreds of chemicals in the air of the working area, water in reservoirs, atmospheric air in populated areas, soil, food products; Permissible levels of exposure to a number of physical factors have been established - noise, vibration, electromagnetic radiation (see.

Download:

Preview:

Other essays on the topic:

See what "Environmental Protection" is in other dictionaries:

Read also