The right to a favorable environment is enshrined in the Constitution Russian Federation. This regulation is enforced by a number of authorities:

• Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia;
• Rosprirodnadzor and its territorial departments;
• environmental prosecutor's office;
• executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of ecology;
• a number of other departments.

But it would be more logical to fix the duty of everyone to preserve natural resources, minimization of consumption waste, respect for nature. A person has many rights. What does nature have? Nothing. Only the obligation to satisfy ever-growing human needs. And this consumer attitude leads to environmental problems. Let's take a look at what it is and how to improve the status quo.

The concept and types of environmental problems

Ecological problems are interpreted in different ways. But the essence of the concept comes down to one thing: it is the result of thoughtless, soulless anthropogenic impact on the environment, which leads to a change in the properties of landscapes, depletion or loss of natural resources (minerals, animals and flora). And a boomerang is reflected in the life and health of a person.

Environmental issues affect all natural system. Based on this, several types of this problem are distinguished:

• Atmospheric. In the atmospheric air, most often in urban areas, there is an increased concentration of pollutants, including particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxide, carbon monoxide. Sources - automobile transport and stationary objects (industrial enterprises). Although, according to the State report “On the state and protection of environment Russian Federation in 2014”, the total emissions decreased from 35 million tons/year in 2007 to 31 million tons/year in 2014, the air is not getting cleaner. The dirtiest Russian cities according to this indicator - Birobidzhan, Blagoveshchensk, Bratsk, Dzerzhinsk, Yekaterinburg, and the cleanest - Salekhard, Volgograd, Orenburg, Krasnodar, Bryansk, Belgorod, Kyzyl, Murmansk, Yaroslavl, Kazan.
• Water. There is depletion and pollution of not only surface, but also groundwater. Take, for example, the "great Russian" river Volga. The waters in it are characterized as "dirty". Exceeded the norm of copper, iron, phenol, sulfates, organic matter. This is due to the operation of industrial facilities that throw untreated or insufficiently treated effluents into the river, the urbanization of the population - a large proportion of domestic effluents through biological treatment facilities. The decrease in fish resources was influenced not only by the pollution of rivers, but also by the construction of a cascade of hydroelectric power stations. Even 30 years ago, even near the city of Cheboksary, it was possible to catch the Caspian beluga, but now nothing larger than a catfish will come across. It is possible that the annual actions of hydropower engineers to launch fry of valuable fish species, such as sterlet, will someday bring tangible results.
• Biological. Resources such as forests and pastures are degrading. They mentioned fish resources. As for the forest, we have the right to call our country the largest forest power: a quarter of the area of ​​​​all forests in the world grows in our country, half of the country's territory is occupied by tree vegetation. We need to learn how to treat this wealth more carefully in order to save it from fires, to identify and punish “black” lumberjacks in a timely manner.

Fires are most often the work of human hands. It is possible that in this way someone is trying to hide traces of the illegal use of forest resources. Perhaps it is no coincidence that Rosleskhoz includes the Zabaikalsky, Khabarovsk, Primorsky, Krasnoyarsk Territories, the Republics of Tyva, Khakassia, Buryatia, Yakutia, the Irkutsk, Amur Regions, and the Jewish Autonomous Region as the most “burning” areas. At the same time, huge funds are spent on extinguishing fires: for example, over 1.5 billion rubles were spent in 2015. There are also good examples. Thus, the republics of Tatarstan and Chuvashia did not allow a single forest fire in 2015. There is someone to take an example from!

• Land . We are talking about the depletion of the subsoil, the development of minerals. To save at least part of these resources, it is enough to recycle waste as much as possible and send it for reuse. Thus, we will contribute to the reduction of landfill area, and enterprises can save on quarrying by using recycled materials in production.
• Soil - geomorphological. Active agriculture leads to gully formation, soil erosion, and salinization. According to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, as of January 1, 2014, almost 9 million hectares of agricultural land were subject to degradation, of which over 2 million hectares were degraded. If erosion occurs as a result of land use, then the soil can be helped: by terracing, creating forest belts to protect against wind, changing the type, density and age of vegetation.
• Landscape. Deterioration of the state of individual natural-territorial complexes.

Modern world environmental problems

Local and global environmental problems are closely interconnected. What happens in a particular region is ultimately reflected in the general situation around the world. Therefore, the solution of environmental issues must be approached comprehensively. First, let's highlight the main global environmental problems:

• . As a result, UV protection is reduced, resulting in various diseases population, including skin cancer.
• Global warming. Over the past 100 years, there has been an increase in the temperature of the surface layer of the atmosphere by 0.3-0.8°C. The area of ​​snow in the north has decreased by 8%. There was a rise in the level of the world ocean up to 20 cm. For 10 years, the growth rate of the average annual temperature in Russia amounted to 0.42°C. This is twice as much as the rate of increase in the global temperature of the Earth.
• . Every day we inhale about 20 thousand liters of air saturated not only with oxygen, but also containing harmful suspended particles and gases. So, if we take into account that there are 600 million cars in the world, each of which emits up to 4 kg into the atmosphere every day carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, soot and zinc, then by simple mathematical calculations we come to the conclusion that the fleet emits 2.4 billion kg of harmful substances into the air. We should not forget about emissions from stationary sources. Therefore, it is not surprising that every year over 12.5 million people (and this is the population of the whole of Moscow!) die from diseases associated with poor ecology.

• . This problem leads to pollution of water bodies and soils with nitric and sulfuric acids, cobalt and aluminum compounds. As a result, crop yields are falling and forests are dying. Toxic metals get into drinking water and poison us.
• . 85 billion tons of waste per year, humanity needs to be stored somewhere. As a result, the soil under authorized and unauthorized landfills is contaminated with solid and liquid industrial waste, pesticides, and household waste.
• . The main pollutants are oil and oil products, heavy metals and complex organic compounds. In Russia, the ecosystems of rivers, lakes, reservoirs are preserved at a stable level. The taxonomic composition and structure of communities do not undergo significant changes.

Ways to improve the environment

No matter how deep modern environmental problems penetrate, their solution depends on each of us. So what can we do to help nature?

• Use of an alternative fuel or alternative vehicle. To reduce harmful emissions into the atmospheric air, it is enough to switch the car to gas or transfer to an electric car. A very environmentally friendly way to travel by bike.
• Separate collection. It is enough to install two waste containers at home in order to effectively introduce separate collection. The first is for non-recyclable waste, and the second is for subsequent transfer to recycling. The cost of plastic bottles, waste paper, glass is becoming more expensive, so separate collection is not only environmentally friendly, but also economical. By the way, while in Russia the volume of waste generation is twice as high as the volume of waste use. As a result, the amount of waste in landfills triples in five years.
• Moderation. In everything and everywhere. An effective solution to environmental problems involves the rejection of the consumer society model. A person does not need 10 boots, 5 coats, 3 cars, etc. to live. It is easy to switch from plastic bags to eco-bags: they are stronger, the service life is much longer, and the cost is about 20 rubles. Many hypermarkets offer eco-bags under their own brand: Magnit, Auchan, Lenta, Karusel, etc. Everyone can independently evaluate what he can easily refuse.
• Ecological education of the population. Participate in environmental campaigns: plant a tree in the yard, go to the restoration of forests affected by fires. Take part in the Saturday. And nature will thank you with the rustle of leaves, a light breeze ... Raise in your children a love for all living things and teach competent behavior on a walk in the forest, on the street.
• Join the ranks of environmental organizations. Do not know how to help nature and preserve a favorable environment? Join the ranks of environmental organizations! These can be the global environmental movements Greenpeace, the Wildlife Fund, the Green Cross; Russian: All-Russian Society for the Conservation of Nature, Russian geographical society, ECA, Separate COLLECTION, Green Patrol, RosEco, Non-Governmental Environmental Fund named after V.I. Vernadsky, Movement of Nature Conservation Teams, etc. A creative approach to preserving a favorable environment and a new social circle are waiting for you!

Nature is one, there will never be another. Already today, having begun to jointly solve environmental problems, by combining the efforts of citizens, the state, public organizations and commercial enterprises, it is possible to improve the world around us. Many people are concerned about environmental issues, because how we treat them today depends on the conditions in which our children will live tomorrow.

We live in time technical progress, which makes life easier in many ways thanks to new and useful inventions. But these achievements of mankind have a reverse side of the coin - the consequences of this progress directly affect the ecological situation of the environment around the world.

Many plants, factories and other production facilities constantly emit harmful substances into the atmosphere, pollute water bodies with their waste, as well as the earth when they dispose of their waste into the ground. And this is reflected not only locally at the place of waste disposal, but throughout our planet.

What environmental problems exist in the modern world?

Air pollution

One of the main problems is air pollution and, accordingly, air pollution. It was atmospheric air that was the first to feel the consequences of technological progress. Just imagine that tens of thousands of tons of harmful and toxic substances are emitted into the atmosphere every hour every day. Many industries and industries cause an irreparable and simply stunning blow to the environment, for example, oil, metallurgy, food and other industries. As a result, a large amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, causing the planet to constantly heat up. Despite the fact that temperature differences are insignificant, on a more global scale, this can seriously affect hydrological regimes, or rather, their changes. In addition to all this, air pollution affects weather conditions which have already changed with the advent of technological progress.

Acid rain is now very widespread, which appears due to the ingress of sulfur oxides into the air. These rains adversely affect many things and damage trees, plants, the lithosphere and the top layer of the earth.

There are not enough resources, both financial and physical, to eliminate environmental problems, so at the moment they are only at the development stage.

Water pollution

This problem is particularly widespread in African countries and some Asian countries. There is a huge disadvantage drinking water, since all available reservoirs are terribly polluted. This water can not even be used for washing clothes, not to mention its use as drinking water. This is again due to the release of waste into the wastewater of many industrial enterprises.

earth pollution

For waste disposal, many enterprises use the method of their disposal in the ground. Undoubtedly, this negatively affects the soil, not only in the burial zone, but also in the surrounding areas. Subsequently, vegetables and fruits not grown in this soil are grown. High Quality which can cause many fatal diseases.

Ways to solve environmental problems

• Efficient recycling of garbage and other hazardous waste.
• Use of environmentally friendly fuel that does not pollute the atmosphere.
• Severe sanctions and fines at the state level for air, water and land pollution.
• Educational work and social advertising among the population.

All these steps seem very simple and easy to apply in practice, but often everything is not so simple. Many countries and non-profit organizations are fighting violators, but they are sorely lacking financial support and human resources to carry out their projects.

Environmental problems today occupy the same important place in the world as political, social and economic ones. Many people have already understood that active anthropogenic activity has caused irreparable damage to nature, and before it’s too late, you need to stop or at least change your actions, reduce the negative impact and decide environmental problems of the world.

Global environmental problems are not a myth, fiction or delusion. You can't close your eyes to them. Moreover, every person can start fighting against the destruction of nature, and the more people join this cause, the more benefit it will be for our planet.

The most pressing environmental problems of our time

There are so many environmental problems in the world that they cannot be included in one big list. Some of them are global and some are local. However, let's try to name the most acute environmental problems that we have today:

• the problem of pollution of the biosphere - air, water, land;
• destruction of many species of flora and fauna;
• depletion of non-renewable minerals;
• global warming;
• destruction of the ozone layer and the formation of holes in it;
• desertification;
• deforestation.

Many environmental problems boil down to the fact that by polluting a small area, a person invades the whole ecosystem, and absolutely destroys it. So cutting down trees, shrubs and grasses will not be able to grow in the forests, which means that birds and animals will not have anything to eat, half of them will die out, and the rest will migrate. Then soil erosion will occur, and water bodies will dry up, which will further lead to desertification of the territory. In the future, environmental refugees will appear - people who, having lost all the resources for existence, will be forced to leave their home and begin to look for new habitats.

Solving environmental problems

Conferences and various meetings, events and competitions dedicated to environmental issues are held annually. Global environmental issues are now of interest not only to scientists and caring people, but also to representatives top level authorities in many countries. They form various programs that are implemented. So many countries began to apply eco-technologies:

• fuel is produced from waste;
• many items are reused;
• secondary raw materials are made from used materials;
• the latest developments are introduced at enterprises;
• the biosphere is cleared of the products of industrial enterprises.

Not the last place is played by educational programs and competitions that attract the attention of the general public.

Today it is very important to convey to people that the health of our planet depends on each of us. Anyone can save water and electricity, sort garbage and hand over waste paper, use less chemicals and disposable products, and find new uses for old things. These simple steps will bring tangible benefits. Let it be a trifle from the height of one human life, but if you put together such actions of millions and even billions of people, then this will be the solution to the environmental problems of the world.

MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND WAYS TO SOLUTION THEM

Simontseva Kristina, 2nd year student of GBPOU VO "Liskinsky Agrarian and Technological College", Liski,

Voronezh region

Scientific adviser Sazanova A. A., lecturer

We live on the beautiful planet Earth. It is famous for its picturesque meadows, beautiful tropical forests, majestic mountains and a huge number of animals inhabiting different parts of the world. But all this may disappear in the near future, as the world becomes more and more aggravated every year. ecological situation. Until the 20th century, human impact on the environment was minimal, but humanity does not stand still. In the 20th century, the situation changed dramatically due to the scientific upsurge.

Today, the ecological situation in the world can be called critical. Among the global environmental problems are the following:

• Deforestation. Forests enrich the atmosphere with oxygen and at the same time serve as a home for many animals. In addition, they participate in the water cycle. Trees take water from the soil, purify it and release it into the atmosphere, which increases the humidity of the climate. By cutting down forests, man also kills animals. According to statistics, over the past 20 years the world has lost about 200 million hectares of forest. 13 million hectares of forest are cut down annually.
• Destruction of the ozone layer. Ozone layer- Earth's ultraviolet shield. The ozone layer protects the planet from the radiation that comes from the sun. If it weakens, skin cancers and eye diseases will rise sharply. Emissions into the atmosphere of fluorinated and chlorinated hydrocarbons and halogen compounds lead to the depletion of the ozone layer.
• Reduction in animal diversity. The disappearance from the face of our planet threatens 21% of mammals, 30% of amphibians and 35% of invertebrates. To a greater extent, the extinction of animals is due to the human factor. People hunt animals for trophies. A good example of this is the rhinoceros and the elephant. In addition to animals, plants also disappear. Plants also purify the air, and a sharp decrease in their number or complete destruction will lead to irreversible processes. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will begin, which will lead to the greenhouse effect and, in the end, to global warming.
• Water pollution. Water is the most important wealth of the earth. Water is used in agriculture, industry. After being used in factories, the water is returned back to the reservoir in the form of untreated effluents, which contain a lot of dangerous impurities or debris. Over the past few years, a huge number of rivers and reservoirs have been turned into sewers.
• Waste. big problem cost of waste disposal. Some types of waste are difficult to decompose or do not decompose at all. They also emit harmful substances into the atmosphere. This problem concerns not only land, but also water.
• Reduction of mineral reserves. Our planet is rich in minerals - oil, coal, gas. To extract minerals, people dig quarries, which leads to an increase in landslides and landslides. Scientists have suggested that in about 100 years the sources of these fossils will dry up. When oil is extracted, it can spill and, as a result, a huge number of animals can die.

These environmental problems are very acute in modern world. Therefore, it is very important to find the right ways out of the current environmental situation. For example, to solve problems with garbage, you can use its sorting. This method is already being used in some countries. It involves the separation of garbage into iron, plastic, paper and food waste. Such waste can be recycled and used for any other purpose.

To reduce the extinction of animals allows the creation of reserves that are as close as possible to natural conditions in which the animal lived.

The main measures to combat deforestation are the introduction of accounting and control systems for deforestation, an increase in the number of planted trees, and the use of measures to prevent forest fires.

Water pollution can be prevented by frequent cleaning of debris. Recycled water supply can be used in factories. It is also possible to install filters for water purification, both in factories and at water supply stations.

To save minerals that are used as energy, you can switch to another form of energy, such as solar panels or windmills. You can also refuse to use expensive minerals and find a replacement for them.

Based on the data studied, it can be said with confidence that the issue of solving these environmental problems is very acute in the modern world. In order to somehow get closer to solving these problems, the state must act with the support of the people. After all, it is man who causes great harm to the environment by his actions. And only a person, thinking about his actions, can change the situation and save our planet for future descendants.

Bibliographic list

1. Arzamastseva A.P. Fundamentals of ecology and nature conservation: textbook / Ed. A. P. Arzamastseva. - M .: OJSC "Publishing House" Medicine "", 2008. - 416 p.: ill.
2. Denisov VV Ecology of the city / VV Denisov. - M .: ICC "MarT", Rostov n / D: Publishing Center "Mart", 2008. - 832 p.
3. Engineering protection of the environment [Electronic resource]. -http://environmentalengineering.narod.ru
4. Improvement of ecology [Electronic resource]. – http://www.cindeb.ru

The scientific and technological revolution and the use of minerals of the earth has led to the fact that the ecological situation on our planet is deteriorating literally before our eyes. The level of pollution of the subsoil, hydrosphere and air layer of the earth is approaching a critical level. Humanity is on the verge of a global man-made disaster. Fortunately, more and more state and public organizations understand the depth and danger of the problem.

Work to improve the current situation is gaining momentum. Now modern technologies offer many ways to solve environmental problems, from the creation of ecological fuels, ecological transport to the search for new environmentally friendly energy sources and the reasonable use of the Earth's resources.

Ways to solve the problem

An integrated approach to environmental issues is needed. It should include long-term and planned activities aimed at all spheres of society.

To radically improve the environmental situation, both on earth as a whole and in a single country, it is necessary to implement measures of the following nature:

1. Legal. These include the creation of environmental laws. International agreements are also important.
2. Economic. Elimination of the consequences of technogenic impact on nature requires serious financial investments.
3. Technological. In this area, there is a place where inventors and innovators disagree. The use of new technologies in the mining, metallurgical and transport industries will minimize environmental pollution. The main task is to create environmentally friendly energy sources.
4. Organizational. They consist in the uniform distribution of transport along the streams to prevent its long accumulation in one place.
5. Architectural. It is advisable to plant large and small settlements, to divide their territory into zones with the help of plantations. Of no small importance is the planting of plantings around enterprises and along roads.

Special importance should be attached to the protection of flora and fauna. Their representatives simply do not have time to adapt to changes in the environment.

Current conservation measures

Awareness of the dramatic situation in ecology forced mankind to take urgent and effective measures to correct it.

The most popular activities are:

1. Reducing household and industrial waste. This is especially true for plastic utensils. It is gradually being replaced by paper. Research is underway to eliminate bacteria that feed on plastic.
2. cleaning Wastewater. Billions are spent annually to provide various branches of human activity. cubic meters water. Modern treatment facilities allow to clean it to a natural state.
3. Transition to clean energy sources. This means phasing out nuclear energy, engines and furnaces running on coal and oil products. The use of natural gas, wind, solar and hydroelectric power ensures a clean atmosphere. The use of biofuels can significantly reduce the concentration of harmful substances in exhaust gases.
4. Protection and restoration of lands and forests. New forests are being planted in the clearing areas. Measures are being taken to drain the land and protect it from erosion.

Constant agitation in favor of ecology changes people's views on this problem, inclining them to respect the environment.

Prospects for solving environmental problems in the future

In the future, the main efforts will be aimed at eliminating the consequences of man-made human activities and reducing harmful emissions.

For this, there are such prospects:

1. Construction of special plants for the complete disposal of all types of waste. This will allow not to occupy new territories for landfills. The energy obtained from combustion can be used for the needs of cities.
2. Construction of thermal power plants operating on the "solar wind" (Helium 3). This substance is on the moon. Despite the high cost of its production, the energy obtained from the "solar wind" is thousands of times greater than the heat transfer from nuclear fuel.
3. Transfer of all transport to power plants running on gas, electricity, batteries and hydrogen. This decision will contribute to the reduction of emissions into the atmosphere.
4. Cold nuclear fusion. This option for generating energy from water is already under development.

Despite the serious damage caused to nature, humanity has every chance to return it to its original form.