Summer 7523 SMZH

We have many calendar forms of reckoning. The beginning of 2015 corresponds to Summer 7523 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple (S.M.Z.Kh.). But this does not mean at all that our World was created 7523 years ago, as Christians believed and still believe, when this chronology was not yet canceled by Peter I and the chronology from the Nativity of Christ (R.Kh.) was introduced.

The creation of the World in ancient times was called the conclusion of a peace treaty between warring peoples. Thus, we have " new system This most peaceful treaty, between the Great Race (Slavic-Aryans) and the Great Dragon (ancient Chinese or Arims, as they were then called) was concluded on the day of the Autumnal Equinox or on the 1st day of the First month of Summer 5500 from the Great Cold (Great Cooling - Ice Age). The victory was won by the Great Race, which was displayed in the form of an image - the White Knight on horseback strikes the Dragon with a spear (see the figure, the coat of arms of Moscow). But since Christians attributed all the achievements of our Ancestors to themselves, now this image is interpreted as the Christian holy great martyr George the Victorious defeats the serpent that devastated the lands of the pagan king.As the legend says, when the lot fell to give the royal daughter to be torn to pieces by the monster, George appeared on horseback and pierced the snake with a spear, saving the princess from death. "contributed to the conversion of local residents to Christianity. This legend was often interpreted allegorically: the princess is the church, and the serpent is paganism. But you realized that this same Georgi It has nothing to do with ancient events. It's just the fact that Christians use ancient image for your purposes.

Hanuman (Asur, i.e. Prince of Rasseniya), who ruled in Belovodye and Ahriman (ruler of Arimia, i.e. ancient China) "Created the World", i.e. concluded a peace treaty between the Great Race and the Great Dragon, according to which the defeated Arims built a wall (loopholes in their direction!) To mark the border of Rasseniya. The wall was called Kiy-Tai, which in translation from Old Slovenian means: Kiy - fence, hedge; Tai - the completion of the peak, great - that is, "the final, limiting great fence (wall)". Those. in ancient times, "China" was called a high fence or fortress wall. For example: Kitay-gorod in Moscow is named so because of the high wall that surrounded it, and not at all because of the Chinese.

From that great event, a new countdown of Years began for our Ancestors. In memory of that event, our Ancestors wrote Az-Vesta (the first message), or as it is called, the Avesta for 12,000 oxhides. The Avesta, which is an example of ancient Slavic books written both on parchment and on gold, was destroyed by order of Alexander the Great, who, although a Slav by birth, was under the spiritual influence of the Jew Aristotle. The world later became aware of the longer-preserved distorted version of the Avesta, the Zend-Avesta, which was distorted by Zarathustra, adding his own comments and corrections.

Summer 13023 from the Great Frost (Great Cooling)

This chronology originates from the Great Cooling, which was associated with a catastrophe - a fall on Midgard into the Pacific Ocean of fragments of the destroyed Moon of Fatta. Before falling, Fatta revolved around Midgard (in the equatorial plane) with a circulation period of 13 days.

It is said in the Santia of the Veda of Perun: ". ..hard times will bring the flow of the River of Time to the Holy Land of the Great Race... And only the Priests-Guardians will remain on this earth Ancient Knowledge and Hidden Wisdom... For people use the Power of the elements of Midgard-Earth and destroy the small Moon and their beautiful World... And then the Svarog Circle will turn (the earth's axis will shift) and human Souls will be horrified...". This event was predicted by Perun during his 3rd visit to Midgard-Earth.

During the Great Migration after the death of the Moon Lely, the Kh'Aryan Family, led by the Great Leader Ant, reached the Western (Atlantic) Ocean and, with the help of Wightman, crossed to an island in this ocean, on which lived beardless people with skin the color of the flame of the Holy Fire (people with red skin). On that land, the Great Leader built a Temple (temple) of the Trident of the God of the Seas and Oceans (God Niy), who patronized people, protecting them from the Forces of Evil. The island began to be called the Land of Ants or Antlan (in ancient Greek - Atlantis, i.e. Atlantis).

However, the development of culture in the Land of Ants came to a standstill. Part of the Ants, having violated the Laws of the purity of the Kin and Blood, mixed with the red-skinned people. Great prosperity clouded the heads of leaders and priests - people from mixed families. Laziness and desire for someone else's eclipsed their mind. And they began to lie to the Gods and people, began to live according to their own laws, violating the Testaments of the Wise First Ancestors and the Laws of the One God Ancestor. And they began to use the Power of the Elements of Midgard-Earth to achieve their goals. In the battle between the people of the White Race and the priests of Antlani, who, experimenting with the Crystals of Power (with which you can modify torsion fields, the cores of the Moons and Earths), accidentally destroyed the Moon Fatta.

When Fatta was destroyed, a huge fragment crashed into the Earth in the region of the western mainland (America), as a result of which the inclination of the earth's axis by 36 degrees and the continental outlines changed. In a number of ancient texts, this process is described as a change in the tilt of the sky in relation to the earth. For example, in the ancient Chinese treatise "Huainanzi" it is described as follows: "The sky tilted to the northwest, the Sun, Moon and stars moved." The earth's axis acquired a top-shaped movement along an ellipse, which modern scientists call the "period of precession." Yarilo-Sun began to pass through other Heavenly Halls on the Svarog Circle. On the wall of one of the Mayan pyramids in America there is an inscription "Small Moon crashed." In the Chinese treatise "Huainanzi" this event is described as follows: "The firmament broke, the earth's scales broke. The sky tilted to the northwest. The sun and stars moved. distant times, four poles collapsed, nine continents split ... the fire blazed without abating, the waters raged without drying up.

A giant wave from falling fragments went around the earth three times, which led to the death of Antlany and other islands. Increased volcanic activity led to atmospheric pollution, which was one of the causes of the Great Cooling and glaciation. Hence the word "fatal" appeared, "Fatal outcome" and the number 13 (the number of days of Fatta's circulation around Midgard) has since been considered unlucky. People moved south to warmer habitats, and the glacier practically destroyed all traces of habitation in the northern latitudes. Many centuries passed before the atmosphere began to clear, and the glaciers retreated to the poles.

This event threw Mankind back into the "Stone Age".

Summer 40019 from the 3rd Arrival of the Whiteman Perun

A little over 40 thousand years ago, for the third time, one of the Highest Slavic-Aryan Gods Perun descended on a large Heavenly chariot - Vightman to Midgard. He came to us from Uray-Earth from the Hall of the Eagle. This event turned into the national symbol of Mexico: an eagle eating a snake - an image from the prophecy that it was in such a place that a new house should be founded. Just in 2012, their calendar ended and the waitmara was supposed to arrive, according to their prophecies, there will be a victory of Light over darkness (the eagle will defeat the snake). Also, the legend of the Aztecs says that their ancestors came from the north, from a place called Aztlan (i.e. Atlan, Atlantis) and were led by their god Huitzilopochtli (which means “left side hummingbird”, “left-handed hummingbird”).

Vightman Peruna landed in the region of Asgard (City of the Gods) in Belovodye Siberian. For 9 days, the Priests and Warriors of the Holy Race communicated with Perun. He told them the Wisdom from the World of Rule, which was written by the Magi in the santi (gold plates) of Perun. (The Gods live in the multidimensional Worlds of Rule. The World of Truth, for example, has 65,536 to the power of 2048 dimensions of space. But, being multidimensional, the Gods periodically come to the World of Reveal, - to the 4-dimensional space, to the World of People, in the usual for people shape of a person).

Summer 44559 from the Creation of the Great Kolo Rasseniya

Great kolo, i.e. The great circle, i.e. association of Slavic-Aryan Clans for cohabitation. That is, there were several stages of the settlement of Midgard. The first stage, Daaria was inhabited. Then, during the time of the Great Asa, the "children of Arey" moved from the Earth of Arius (Mars). There were also resettlements from Indgard. Etc. And they chalked it up in different places, but it's all one RACE, and the Races are the land on which they settled. The Elder Clans gathered and created the Great Circle in order to live and create together.

Summer 106793 from the Foundation of Asgard of Iria (from 9 Taylet)

In the Old Slovenian language, As is God incarnated in a human body. Our Ancestors called themselves Ases, their country was called Asiya (this is also mentioned in the Old Norse epic - "The Saga of the Ynglings"). Asgard means "City of the Gods". Iry - because it stands on the river Iry the Quietest (abbreviated Irtish, or Irtysh). There were four Asgardians in total. Asgard of Daaria, located at the North Pole, died (sank) along with the death of the Northern continent - Daaria. Later, Asgard Sagdia (area of ​​present-day Ashgabat) and Asgard Svintyodsky (Uppsala, Norway) were built. The ruins of the Ancient Asgard of Iria, destroyed by hordes of Dzungars in 1530 AD, were discovered by the cartographer of Peter the 1st Remizov, after which the Omsk fortress (now the city of Omsk) was built on this site.

Summer 111821 from the Great Migration from Daaria

Daaria is a continent at the North Pole of Midgard-Earth, where our Ancestors lived for a long time after the settlement of Midgard-Earth. This continent sank as a result of the flood created by the waters and fragments of the destroyed small moon Lely. The Santi Vedas of Perun also speak of this: ". .. These Kashchei, the rulers of the Grays, perished with the Moon in half an hour... But Midgard paid for freedom with Daaria, hidden by the Great Flood... the army of Svarozhich descended to Midgard ...". The image of the outlines of the Daaria continent was preserved on the wall of one of the pyramids in Giza. In 1595, this map was published by Rudolph, the son of Gerard Mercator. The death of the mainland and the catastrophe were predicted by a sorcerer named Spas, so the Slavic-Aryan peoples began to move along the isthmus formed by Riphean Mountains (Urals) to the area of ​​Buyan Island (West Siberian Upland).After a 16-year transition from Daaria to Rasseniya and the subsequent flood, the EASTER holiday was founded (an abbreviation of the letters is the Way of Asa Hodyash This). Eggs symbolized each other: a broken egg is a symbol of the dead Moon Leli, and a whole egg is Tarkha (Dazhdbog), who destroyed the Moon along with the Kashchei who were on it, plotting to destroy Midgard.

Summer 143005 from the period of the Three Moons

This is the Period when three Moons rotated around Midgard-Earth: Lelya, Fatta and Month. Lelya is a small Moon with a period of revolution of 7 days, Fatta is an average Moon with a period of revolution of 13 days and Month is a large Moon with a period of 29.5 days. Two of these Moons - Lelya and Month were originally the Moons of Midgard-Earth, and Fatta was dragged from Dei's Earth.

Confirmation of those times is in the myths and legends of various peoples.

Summer 153381 by Assa Dei

Assa - Battle of the Gods. The period indicated in the chronology separates us from the war that took place in Svarga, not only in the World of Reveal, but also in the multidimensional Worlds of Glory and Rule. Not only people took part in that battle, but also Legi, Arlegi, Gods. In the World of people, the grays (Kashchei) fought against the Slavs and Aryans, and blacks (people with skin of the color of darkness) were on their side. Before settling on Midgard-Earth, the Clans of the Holy Race first settled the Land of Svarog (Deya), then moved to the Land of Oriya (Mars). Everything in the World follows a corresponding spiral of development and twisting. For many hundreds of millennia, the descendants of the Heavenly Clan had to lead the Great Asa (battle) with the Forces of the World of Darkness, which brought disharmony into the life of our ancestors, tried to penetrate Midgard-Earth with flattery and falsehood, as they had previously penetrated the Moon Lutitia of the Earth of Svarog (Dei) and from there they attacked Deja. But the priests, with the help of the power of crystals, managed to transfer Deya to another world. At the same time, during the collapse of temporary structures, the blow flying towards Dei was reflected and tore the Moon Lutitia. This place is now an asteroid belt, rotating in the 5th orbit after the Earth Orey (Mars). The second Moon of Dei - Fatta (Phaeton) survived. As a result of a powerful explosion, part of the atmosphere was demolished from the then inhabited Earth of Orey, after which the Slavic-Aryan clans left it, some of them moved to Midgard (the so-called Children of Orey). After the end of Assa Dei, many people with skin of the color of darkness, left without their Earth, while on starships in space, asked for mercy and permission to land on Midgard. Our Ancestors allowed and allocated to them lands similar in climate to their homeland, and in order to adapt to the radiations of Midgard-Earth, they dragged the Moon Fatta from the 5th orbit and launched it around Midgard with a period of 13 days.

Summer 165045 from the Time of Tara

It originates from the time when the Goddess Tara visited Midgard-Earth. She brought with her the seeds of the Sacred Trees, and in addition to the, we will say, the flora that was, she also planted forests. Therefore, Tara is still considered the patroness of trees that give strength. The polar star of the Slavic-Aryans is still called Tara, in honor of the beautiful Goddess Tara.

Dazhdbog, God Tarkh Perunovich, the son of God Perun, also arrived on Midgard-Earth. God is the guardian of the ancient Great Wisdom, who gave the descendants of the Heavenly Clan nine Santi (Holy Books). These Santias were written down by ancient Runes and contained the Sacred Ancient Vedas, the Commandments of Tarkh Perunovich and his instructions. Santii are plates of noble metal on which the Ancient Kh'Aryan runes are inscribed. The plates are fastened with three rings, which symbolize the three Worlds: Yav (the World of People), Nav (the World of Spirits and Souls of the Ancestors), Rule (the Light World of the Slavic-Aryan Gods, which the Slavic-Aryans pravoslavit, therefore they are Orthodox). All inhabitants in different Worlds (in Galaxies, Star Systems) and on the Earths, where the representatives of our Ancient Clans live, live according to the Ancient Wisdom, Tribal Foundations and Rules, which the Clans adhere to. Tara is the younger sister of Tarkh. Tarkhtaria (Tartaria, Tataria) - territories from the Urals to Pacific Ocean and from the Cold Ocean to Central India, which are patronized by the Gods Tarkh and Tara, the children of God Perun. Our Ancestors told foreigners: "... we are the children of Tarkh and Tara ...". Later Ta px taria became ta R taria, and the biblical people, who hardly pronounce the letter "r", called it Tataria.

Summer 185781 from Thule Time

The arrival of the Rasen and the settlement of the province of Thule (Tul - fire) in Daaria. Darius was divided by four rivers, and there were 4 provinces: Svaga, Harra, Rae and Thule, where there was also the city of Thule, the city of craftsmen who supplied everyone with all the necessary tools, mechanisms, etc. Ie. there, as the legends say, tools were made that could change the world without harming the surrounding nature, such as magic crystals, etc. Therefore, the mystical order in Germany was called Thule, i.e. as if a prototype of that splendor, prosperity, which was in Northern Daaria.

This Slavic Rod of Thule arrived from the Sun System of Dazhdbog (Golden) from the Earth of Ingard, the annual period of its rotation is 576 days, and they called themselves the grandchildren of Dazhdbozh. This Sun is in the Hall of Ras - the White Leopard or Pardus. Their height was from 175 cm to 285 cm. The eyes were brown (fiery, hence Tul - fire) and light brown (yellow). Hair is dark brown. Rassen is also called Rosa. These include the peoples: Western Rosy, Rysichi (eyes like a Lynx), Italians, Etruscans (ethnos Russian), Dacians (Dakki or Moldavians), Samaritans, Polezgi, Syrians, Thracians, Franks, Gotts, Albanians, Avars, etc. .

Summer 211701 from Svag Time

The arrival of the Svyatoruss from the chamber of the Swan (Great Bear) and the settlement of the province of Svaga in Daaria. They called themselves Sva-Ga (sva - radiance, ha - promotion) - they were blue-eyed Slavs. Height 175 cm to 300 cm (not high in comparison with the Aryan Clans). Blood type 1 and 2. Hair from white to light blond. Eye color from sky to blue. This genus includes the peoples: Northern Russians, Belarusians, Boruses (Divine Russ from the Land of Borussia in Germany), Chervony-Russ (in Poland), Polyana, East Prussians, Silver Russ (Serbs), Croats, Irish, Scotts, Assyrians (Assy with Iria), Macedonians, etc. Their ancestral home is Earth-Ruta in the Hall of the Swan of the Sun-Arcolna system.

Summer 273909 from the Time of h'Arr

The arrival of the Aryans from the Hall of Finist the Bright Falcon (Rorog) or, in modern terms, the constellation Orion. This Aryan clan of the Holy Race looked like this: the iris of the eyes is green according to the color of their Sun-Rada, blood 1 gr., Rarely 2 gr. Height from 180 to 360 cm. Hair is blond and light blond. These include: Eastern Rus, North-Eastern Prussians (Pomor Russ), Scandinavians (Suomi, Svei, Rodei), Anglo-Saxons, Normans (Murmans), Gauls, Icelanders (Belovodsky Rusichi), People of the Holy Rysichi.

Summer 460533 from Time Dara

The arrival of the Da`Aryans on Whitemars (heavenly chariots) to Midgard from Star System Zimun - Heavenly Cow (Ursa Minor), their Sun Tara (Polar Star) - silver-eyed iris, hair color light blond and almost whitish, 1 blood group, height from 175cm to 390cm. These include: Siberian Rusichi (Tabol Tatars), Northwestern Germans, Rasichi (Yugorsky and Lukomorsky), Danes, Dutch, Flemings, Lachalls, Latvians (Lats), Riva (Lithuanians and Lithuanians), Ests, etc.

Two Aryan clans (Da'Aryans and X'Aryans), earlier, met with representatives of the Pekelny world and had certain ideas about them at the genetic level, as well as practical experience in waging war against them (there was an informational genetic inoculation against evil). The Slavic clans (Svyatorus and Rasen), before arriving on Midgard, did not have any affairs with the forces of Hell and the corresponding practical experience in the fight against imperfection, therefore they did not have a proper idea of ​​​​evil. And to this day, many of our people are in galactic hibernation, hoping and stupidly believing in "our" leadership, which mainly consists of the forces of Hell. “Protect the Clans of Rassen and Svyatorus from Foreign enemies that go into your lands with evil thoughts and weapons” ‒ God Perun.

Summer 604389 from the Time of Three Suns

This is one of the most ancient Slavic-Aryan Calendars of Midgard-Earth. He mentions events more than 600,000 years ago, when, due to rotation around the center of our galaxy, our solar system approached two other solar systems. As a result of the approach in the sky, two more Suns, a giant of silver and Green colour, looking at which from Midgard-Earth they were equal in size with the visible disk of our Yarilo-Sun.

Summer 957523 From Time to Time the Gods Appear

Summer ~1.5 billionth from the arrival of the first whitemara of the Great Race of the Heavenly Clan on Midgard

About 1.5 billion years ago, an emergency landing on Midgard was carried out due to the breakdown of the "celestial chariot". Then our Ancestors populated Daaria (Dar Ariyam - by the Gods), arriving from the Lands located in the constellations Ursa Minor and Ursa Major, Leo, Cygnus and Cassiopeia. They differ from each other in the color of the iris of the eyes, which depends on the spectrum of light of their native suns: silver-eyed (gray-eyed) - Da'Aryans, green-eyed - X'Aryans, blue-eyed - Svetorusy, fire-eyed (k'Ari-eyed) - Rassen. Da'Aryans have the qualities of warrior leaders. Kh'Aryans have the qualities of sorcerers-priests. Svetorusy have the qualities of artisans and inventors. Rasen are very sociable and contact.

Our Ancestors landed at 18:00 (19:00) hours ( modern watches or 15:144.1024 old) to Midgard-Earth to the Daaria continent, located in the Russian North (Se Vera) (Russian North - North Pole). So they chose this time for counting, especially since then it was always day and night did not come, because. at the North Pole, the Yarilo-Sun shone constantly, there was an eternal day, as it is said in the Tales (volume 4 of the Slavic-Aryan Vedas) that the Yarilo-Sun did not want to go to rest in order to constantly observe the good deeds of the Rasichs. Our Ancestors carried the Tradition through the Circles of Time in its original form.

The fact that we are "aliens" is indicated by the strength of our bones, which is 0.8, while almost all animals have from 1.0 to 1.2, except for those that were brought to Midgard, for example, cats. The child cries at birth because the pressure is higher than in the galactic homeland, which is why the child needs more time to adapt to such pressure and learn to hold his head, crawl, walk. Although the locals in the first hours, i.e. almost immediately begin to stand up and move around on their limbs. Therefore, the Ancestors always gave birth in the water, so that it would be easier for the child to adapt to the new world.
If a person is imprisoned in a dark space, then he will switch to 36 and 48 hour modes instead of the 24th, but local animals do not change their usual 24 hour mode.

Summer ~1.96 billion years from the creation of our solar system.

Lunar calendars do not take into account the seasons, and solar calendars do not take into account the phases of the moon. Lunisolar are guided by the Moon and corrected by the Sun.

In the calendar, in addition to its accuracy, binding to cosmic events is important. However, we do not think about this, using the modern calendar and following the holidays according to it. The calendar should at least take into account the mutual position of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon, as well as the position of the Zodiac (constellations). Often there are disputes about the dating of years and past centuries, but no attention is paid to the correct numbering of days during the year, and this is even more important. In addition, you need to be aware of the meaning, the shade of a particular day or period.

A day is one rotation of the Earth around its axis. A month is one revolution of the Moon around the Earth (27-29 days). A year is one revolution of the Earth around the Sun (365 days).

There is an opinion that the calendar reformers soon perished.

In many cultures, the beginning of the year is the spring equinox. In Russia, the celebration of the New Year - until the 14th century.

Gregorian calendar

successor to the Julian calendar. Introduced in 1582. In the XVI century. the time of the vernal equinox ceased to coincide with the calendar (the error was 10 days). In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII created a commission on the calendar system, which approved the project of the Italian mathematician and physician Luigi Lilio (Aloysius Lily). He proposed to take 3 days out of every four hundred years according to a certain law. It was also decided to withdraw extra days added by the Julian calendar since its inception. The day after October 4, 1582, not October 5, but October 15 came - came into force Gregorian calendar.
The Gregorian calendar is now generally accepted. An error of 1 day in runs over 3300 years. This, in particular, leads to the fact that now the sun passes through the vernal equinox almost 3 hours earlier than 400 years ago. Calibrated so that the equinox always falls on 21.03.
Disadvantages, questions:

Julian calendar

Based on the Roman calendar. Julius Caesar invited a group of Egyptian (?) astronomers led by Sosigen to Rome, and they decided that the lunar calendar should be replaced by the solar one. Influenced by the Egyptian calendar. The beginning of the year is January (previously March), because elected consuls took office from 01.01. A group of Alexandrian astronomers led by Sozigen worked on its creation.
The tropical year (the time between the two winter solstices) is considered to be 365.25 days, precision achieved by introducing a leap year (366 days) every three regular years (365 days).
Adopted in 325 for the entire Christian world. Gives an error of 1 day in 128 years. In 1582 it was replaced by the Gregorian
Disadvantages, questions:the starting point (January 1) is illogical, the system of months is not tied to anything significant.

Roman calendar

Used for civilian purposes. First 10, then 12 months. The beginning of the year is March.

Lunar calendar (as a basis)

The moon has been used as the basis of the calendar since ancient times. The ancient Sumerians are considered the official inventors.

Sumerian calendar

End of III millennium BC The lunar year in the calendar of Mesopotamia consisted of 12 lunar months lasting 29.5 days each, i.e. only 354 days. Since it was much shorter than the solar one (now about 365 days), the beginning of the year was constantly shifting relative to the spring floods of the rivers. The Sumerians did not like this, and they periodically introduced an additional month to align with the solar cycle. There were 2 half-years without distinguishing seasons.
1. Barag-zag-gar-ra
2. Good-si-sa
3. Sig-ga
4. Shu-numun-a (month of hay)
5. Easy-easy-gar-ra (month of lighting the lights)
6. Kin-Inanna (the month of work of the goddess Inanna)
7. Dul-Kug
8. Apin-du-a
9. Gan-gan-ed
10. Ab-ba-ed
11. Ziz-a (month of two grains or spelt)
12. She-gur-kud (month of harvest)

Mayan calendar

Considered more accurate than the Gregorian. The system consists of 3 calendars: long count, tzolkin and haab.

long count

For long periods of time. 20-, 18-, 13-ary number systems. Numbering from 0. The names of the periods have not been preserved to this day. Periods (2 days): 20, 360, 7200, 144000, 2880000, 57600000, 1152000000, 23040000000. The current cycle (Era of the Fifth Sun) of the long count will end in December 2012, which is now correlated with the end of the world.

Tzolkin

Lunar. Ritual. Combination of periods of 20 and 13 days.

Haab

Solar. Used in civilian life. 365 days: 19 months of 20 days and 5 additional days. Numbering days from 0.

Ancient Egyptian calendar

Solar. The history of the European calendar begins in ancient Egypt around 4000 BC. Egyptian priests noticed that the annual flood of the great river began immediately after the summer solstice (now - June 21-22). And at the same time, the star Sirius appeared in the predawn sky after a 70-day period of its invisibility. Having established the connection between these phenomena, the ancient astrologers, on the basis of calculations of the risings of Sirius, learned to predict the beginning of the Nile floods, from which the financial year began. The Egyptians defined a year as the period between two solstices and counted it as 365 days. It consisted of 12 months of 30 days (without connection with the phases of the moon). The last 5 days of the year were not included in any month, they were added at the end of the last month.New Year was supposed to start on July 19- on the day when Sirius "ascended" (ie became visible) in the sky. However, since there were no leap days, every 4 years the New Year lagged behind by 1 day and only after 1460 years again fell on the day of the “rise” of the star Sirius.
Names of Egyptian months in Greek and Aramaic documents:

1.Tot	4.Hoyack	7.Famenot	10. Paini
2.Paofi	5. Chibi	8. Farmuti	11. Epiphy
3. Hatir	6.Mehir	9. Pakhon	12.Mesore

A similar calendar was used in Armenia before the adoption of Christianity.

Chinese calendars

The traditional Chinese chronology consists of a sixties cycle, in which days were designated by a combination of ten signs, the so-called "trunks", which included five "earth elements" - wood, fire, earth, metal, water. These signs are also classified according to the signs "yang" (male) and "yin" (female), as well as 12 "branches", which were designated by the zodiac symbols of animals.
In 2637 BC By order of Huangdi, the founder of Chinese civilization, this system was adapted for counting years, and a full 60-year cycle became the base one. During the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the Chinese switched to the European chronology system, but despite this, they still use the familiar traditional calendar.
For example, 2002 is the 19th year of the 60-year cycle, the year of the Water Horse, with the sign "yang".

Lunisolar calendar ("Zhuan-hsu li")

Used for more than 200 years BC. The year was divided into 12 months, which alternately had 29 and 30 days, for a total of 354 days. An additional, 13th month was inserted - a leap year. In terms of accuracy, it was not inferior to the Julian calendar.

"Tai-Chu Li" ("Santong")

Adopted in 104 BC. e. The average duration of the lunar month was taken to be 29 and 43/81 days, or 29.530864 days. This is only 0.000276 days, or 24 seconds, different from contemporary meaning. The length of the year remained unchanged; 365.25 days.

Cyclic, or household, calendar

Used along with the above. The years are grouped into "cycles", each of which spanned 60 years. Each year within one full cycle received its hieroglyphic designation. The whole cycle consisted of 5 double columns, corresponding to the five "elements", or "celestial branches". They denoted the following concepts: wood (Mu), fire (Ho), earth (Tu), metal (Jin) and water (Shui). Each element was represented in 2 states: male (odd columns, i.e. 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9) and female (even columns, i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10). Thus, 10 vertical columns, or "celestial branches", were obtained, each of which was designated by one of the following cyclic signs: Jia, Yi, Bing, Ding, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren and Gui. The entire 60-year cycle was divided into 12 periods, which also had their own signs, representing "earthly branches". About 2000 years ago, the names of animals were added to the signs of the periods, that is, to the "earthly branches".

ancient greek calendar

Lunisolar calendar. 12 months of 29 and 30 days (354 days) and corrective insertion. The beginning of the year is on the first new moon after the summer solstice or after the winter solstice.

Slavic-Aryan Calendar

Currently, we use the dating of the years from the birth of Christ and the Gregorian calendar. The Julian calendar, the so-called "old style", is not forgotten either. Every year in January we remember him when we celebrate the "old" New Year. Also, the media carefully reminds of the change of years according to the Chinese, Japanese, Thai and other calendars. Of course, this expands our horizons and, in order to make it even wider, let's touch on the ancient tradition of the chronology of the Slavic peoples - the Daaryan Krugolet of Numbers, according to which our Ancestors lived not so long ago.

Daariysk circlet of the number-bog

Now this calendar is used only by the Old Believers - representatives of the most ancient Slavic-Aryan Faith - Ynglism. The widespread use of our ancient calendar ceased a little over 300 years ago, when Tsar Peter I, by his Decree, introduced a foreign calendar on the territory of Russia and ordered on the night of January 1 to celebrate the coming of the year 1700 from the birth of Jesus Christ. And in Russia at that time it was Summer 7208 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple.

It is generally accepted that this innovation of Peter I was a progress for Russia, introducing it to the "European culture". But it does not say at all that the emperor not only changed the calendar, he actually "stole", at least (!), five and a half thousand years of our true history. After all, the event from which the years were counted - the Creation of the World in the Star Temple (5508 BC) did not mean at all the creation of the universe by the biblical god, but literally: the signing of a peace treaty in the year of the Star Temple according to the Krugolet of Numbers after the victory of the Power Great Race (in the modern sense - Russia) over the empire of the Great Dragon (in the modern sense - China). By the way, the symbolic image of a rider on a white horse slaying a dragon, known in Christian tradition as George the Victorious, actually symbolizes just this victory. That is why this symbol has long been so widespread and revered in Russia among the Slavic-Aryan peoples.

A natural question arises: what event was the reckoning from before the Creation of the World in the Star Temple? The answer is obvious - from an earlier significant event. Moreover, counting of years from different events could be carried out in parallel. That is how, with the mention of several time periods, the ancient chronicles began. For example, let's give a few dates of the current year 2004 from the RH.

- Summer 7512 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple

- Summer 13012 from the Great Cooling

- Summer 44548 from the Creation of the Great Kolo Rasseniya

- Summer 106782 from the Founding of Asgard of Iria

- Summer 111810 from the Great Migration from Daaria

- Summer 142994 from the period of the Three Moons

- Summer 153370 by Assa Dei

- Summer 185770 from Thule Time

- Summer 604378 from the Time of Three Suns, etc.

Obviously, in the context of the modern "official" chronology, these dates look simply fantastic. But for yourself thinking person interested in ancient cultural heritage peoples of the Earth, such "an abyss of years" do not look so frightening. Indeed, not only in the Slavic-Aryan Vedas, but also in quite a few written monuments that have come down to us throughout the Earth, even much longer periods of historical time are mentioned. Unbiased archaeological and paleo-astronomical studies point to the same facts.

It will also be very interesting to remember that in pre-Petrine times in Russia, not numbers were used to designate numerical values, as is now customary, but titled letters, i.e. Slavic letters with service symbols. And since the calendar is a written tradition (try to keep such a complex and dynamic array of information orally and pass it on from generation to generation), it is obvious that before the time of Peter I, writing in Russia already existed, at least (!) Seven over a thousand years. However, it is believed that writing was “invented” especially for us, the illiterate, by two Greek monks Cyril and Methodius, who only added a few Greek letters to our alphabet instead of diphthongs they did not understand. And, modestly speaking, the ever-increasing pomposity during the annual "Cyril and Methodius" and "birthdays" of Slavic writing is surprising.

At the present time, since we use the modern calendar (from AD), it would be more correct to use it only for the events of the last three hundred years. And more ancient events, for a clear understanding of their essence, must be dated in the system of chronology that was used before 1700. Otherwise, misinterpretation of our history, culture, traditions and customs is possible. It is sincerely regrettable that the dating of the pre-Petrine events in modern textbooks. For example, a year ice battle on the Lake Peipus they call the year 1242, and at that time in Russia it was 6750. Or, for example, the year 988 from the birth of Jesus Christ is considered the year of the baptism of Kyiv. But in Kyiv then they celebrated Summer 6496 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple.

So, dear reader, let's move on to a direct examination of the ancient calendar of the Slavs. The full cycle of the Daariysky Krugolet Chislobog is 144 years and is called the Circle of Life. Each year in the Circle of Life has its own name-characteristic (essence), but it can also be determined simply by a serial number (from 1 to 144). The tabular form of representation of the Daariysky Krugolet Numberbog is shown on the first page of the color tab in Table 1, where you can see how sixteen years (Circle of Years), passing through nine elements, form the Circle of Life in 144 years (16x9 = 144). To illustrate, let's give the ancient name of a particular year. For example: "Summer of the Priestess of Fire, on the Five hundred and seventy-sixth Circle of Life from the Great Migration from Daaria" (the given date corresponds to 26731 BC). Here it is appropriate to note that the Daarisky Krugolet Chislobog refers to the so-called natural calendar systems. That is, it is a kind of periodic scale of segments of 144 years (Circles of Life), which has stretched to us from time immemorial. Every year Krugolet, having its own individual characteristics, renews it after 16 years, passing through a new element and changing color; and every 144 years (repeating completely) receives a new understanding, according to the level of worldview of contemporaries. And all the events, including the events accepted for the beginning of the reckoning, are simply superimposed on this eternal scale of "Living Years".

The change of years in Krugolet falls on the day of the autumn equinox - the New Year's Day. The Circle of Life in which you and I live began on September 23, 1868 A.D. or on the New Year 7377 from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple. The difference between the reckonings is 5508 years when calculating before the autumnal equinox, and 5509 years after it. The current year 2004 (or rather the period from September 22, 2003 to September 20, 2004) is the year 136 (Forest Dragon) in this Circle of Life or 7512 from M.M.Z.H. In a brief interpretation, taken from the Slavic-Aryan Vedas, in relation to the worldview modern man, corresponding to the “Night of Svarog over Midgard”, that is, the dark times on Earth, which were inscribed in ancient runic texts, the essence of the year of the Forest Dragon can be characterized as follows: “The year of the development of Nature, severe trials and the revival of Shrines. As a rule, summers are hot, winters are cold. This year people are born with a strong desire to serve Nature. They are endowed with a sense of harmony to it, these people love children from birth “to madness”. They are the most important thing in the world for them. This is the year of the Spiritual Display of the Heavenly Power on Earth.”

The period from New Year to New Year is divided into three seasons: Autumn, Winter and Spring, uniting together, they form Summer. Further in the text, when describing Krugolet Chislobog, instead of the term “year”, we will try to use, as in ancient times, the term “Summer” (not to be confused with modern name season). Each season is divided into three months, so there are only 9 months in Lethe. See the names and values ​​of the months of the Slavic-Aryan calendar (Kolyada Dara) on the spread of the colored tab. Odd months contain 41 days each, and even months contain 40. Such a Summer is called Simple and lasts 365 days. Every sixteenth Summer is called Sacred and consists of 369 days - in it all months have 41 days. Very simple and beautiful system! The dates of the New Years and the beginning of the Slavic-Aryan months, in accordance with the modern calendar style, are given in Table 2 on the first page of the color tab. The columns in it are numbered from 1 to 16, which corresponds to the sixteen Years of Chislobog's Round-Golet (Table 1): 1 - Wanderer (Way); 2 - Priest; 3 - Priestess (Virgo); 4 - World (Reality); 5 - Scroll; 6 - Phoenix; 7 - Fox (Nav), etc. Knowing the matches for the first days of the months, you can find a match for any day by a simple enumeration. Some of the columns in Table 2 are grouped into threes because the months in these Summers start on the same dates in the modern calendar. The last column corresponding to Sacred Summer is highlighted in red. It must be remembered that every fourth year in the modern calendar one day is added - February 29th. Therefore, during one Round of Years (16 Years), the Gregorian dates of New Years change four times.

Daarisky Krugolet Chislobog. (Table 1)
	Earth		Star		Fire		Sun		Wood		Svaga		Ocean		Moon		God
	The black		Red		Scarlet		Golden		Green		Heavenly		Blue		violet		White
1. Wanderer	1		129		113		97		81		65		49		33		17
2. Priest		2		130		114		98		82		66		50		34		18
3. Priestess	19		3		131		115		99		83		67		51		35
4. World		20		4		132		116		100		84		68		52		36
5. Scroll	37		21		5		133		117		101		85		69		53
6. Phoenix		38		22		6		134		118		102		86		70		54
7. Fox	55		39		23		7		135		119		103		87		71
8. Dragon		56		40		24		8		136		120		104		88		72
9. Serpent	73		57		41		25		9		137		121		105		89
10. Eagle		74		58		42		26		10		138		122		106		90
11. Dolphin	91		75		59		43		27		11		139		123		107
12. Horse		92		76		60		44		28		12		140		124		108
13. Dog	109		93		77		61		45		29		13		141		125
14. Tour		110		94		78		62		46		30		14		142		126
15. Mansions	127		111		95		79		63		47		31		15		143
16. Temple		128		112

Historical (technical) chronology- a special historical discipline that studies the chronology systems and calendars of different peoples and states, and helps to set dates historical events and the time of creation of historical sources.

Astronomical chronology

The most natural measure of time is the rotation of the Earth around its axis. A full rotation (360°) of the Earth is called sidereal days, since in time it is equal to the interval between two successive climaxes of any star. Due to the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, the solar true day, that is, the time interval between the two culminations of the Sun, is approximately 3 minutes 56 seconds longer than the sidereal day. This difference changes throughout the year due to the irregularity of the Earth's revolution around the Sun in the plane of the ecliptic, so the true day cannot serve as an accurate unit of time. Instead of them, the average day is usually used, that is, the interval between the climaxes of a fictitious luminary - the “middle sun”, moving evenly along the ecliptic; its place on the celestial sphere in certain epochs coincides with the place of the true Sun.

For large time intervals, instead of a day, it is more convenient to use other units of time, historically associated with observing the apparent position of the Moon and the Sun among the stars in the celestial sphere. The time interval in which the Moon, after a complete revolution around the Earth, falls opposite the same stars is called sidereal(star) month (27 days 7 hours 43 minutes). Depending on the movement of the Earth together with the Moon around the Sun, after the end of the sidereal month, the mutual placement of the three luminaries will change somewhat, so the phase of the Moon, visible from the Earth, will be somewhat different, and the interval through which the Moon returns to its previous phase, the so-called synodic month, more sidereal (29 days 12 hours 44 minutes).

The time interval through which, due to the revolution of the Earth around the Sun, the luminary returns to the same constellations, to the “same star”, is called the sidereal year. During the day, the brightness of the Sun outshines the stars, and instead of the constellations against which the Sun falls, one can compare the constellations opposite them, culminating at midnight at this time of the year. The seasons are determined by the passage of the Sun through the equinoxes and solstices. As a result of precession, the points of intersection of the planes of the equator and the ecliptic (equinoxes), as well as the points of greatest removal of the Sun from the line of the celestial equator (solstices), are shifted. The total duration of the four seasons is called the tropical year and is determined by average speed the movement of the sun in longitude. A tropical year is often defined as the average interval between two successive passages of the Sun through the vernal equinox, which is not correct as the equinoxes and solstices shift relative to each other due to planetary perturbation. The tropical year is 20 minutes less than the sidereal year. The magnitude of the sidereal year does not change, the magnitude of the tropical year fluctuates depending on changes in the magnitude of the precession; in our time, the tropical year includes 365 days in average days and hours. 5 hours 48 minutes. 46 s, in sidereal days and hours 366 d 5 h 48 m 46 s. During the time of Hipparchus (2nd century BC), the tropical year was 12 seconds shorter.

Separate calendar years must contain an integer number of days; meanwhile, the lengths of the year and day are incommensurable. Various systems of solar calendars appeared as a result of greater or lesser accuracy of the length of the year in days accepted in the calendar and certain methods of counting the accumulating fractions of the day, that is, the distribution of intercalated days. In turn, the lunar month is incommensurable with the solar year; in known lunisolar calendars existed various tricks equalize the accumulating discrepancy with intercalary months. Later, the month lost its character of the lunar revolution and became a conditional fraction of the solar year. Ancient astronomers, unable to observe the climaxes of the stars, were content with the crude method of observing their rising and setting. Of particular importance was the so-called heliacal rising of the star. The length of the periods built on heliacal risings requires each time a special calculation depending on the given star (that is, on its place relative to the celestial equator and ecliptic), the latitude of the given place of observation on earth and the magnitude of the precession.

Historical chronology

Calendars

Lunar and solar calendars

The first and natural unit of counting time for ancient people was the day, divided into day and night. Subsequently, when observing the phases of the moon, they began to distinguish the lunar month, which was counted alternately at 29 and 30 days. Then it was noticed that after about 12 lunar months, natural phenomena are repeated. Thus the year was opened. However, a year of 12 lunar months of 354 days does not correspond to the astronomical (solar) year, and moon calendar out of 12 lunar months it turned out to be mobile (the Arabs still use this type of calendar). In order to correlate it with the astronomical year, as the error accumulated (about once every 3 years), an additional month was inserted (among the Romans, for example, it was called "Mercedony" and was inserted between February 23-24). Of such kind lunisolar calendar used by most ancient peoples; in modern times it is used by Jews (see Jewish calendar).

solar calendar was invented in Egypt (see the ancient Egyptian calendar). It consisted of 12 months of 30 days and 5 additional days. But since the true astronomical year exceeds 365 days, the Egyptian calendar also turned out to be inaccurate. Subsequently, the Hellenistic kings of Egypt, based on the calculations of Alexandrian astronomers, tried to introduce leap years; but the reform did not take root. In 26 BC. e. Augustus reformed the Egyptian calendar according to the type of the Julian calendar, establishing leap years and fixing the beginning of the year (1 thot) on August 29, however, the "old style" account was widely practiced in Egypt until the very end of antiquity.

Metonic cycle

In the 4th-6th centuries, in most Christian countries, unified Easter tables were established, made on the basis of the Julian calendar; thus, Julian calendar spread throughout the Christian world. In these tables, March 21 was taken as the day of the vernal equinox.

However, as the error accumulated (1 day in 128 years), the discrepancy between the astronomical spring equinox and the calendar became more and more pronounced, and many in Catholic Europe believed that it could no longer be ignored. This was noted by the Castilian king of the XIII century Alfonso X, in the next century the Byzantine scholar Nicephorus Gregory even proposed a reform of the calendar. In reality, such a reform was carried out by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582, based on the project of the mathematician and physician Aloysius Lily. The papal decree of February 24, 1582 established that October 15, 1582 should be followed by October 15, and in the future only those century years will be considered leap years, the number of hundreds of years of which is divisible by 4 without a remainder (, ,), and other century years will be be considered simple ( , , , ). The result was the Gregorian calendar, which is astronomically more accurate than the Julian. From European countries catholic switched to new style immediately, Protestant - in the majority in the 18th century: Northern Germany, Denmark and Norway - from 1700, England - from 1752, Sweden - from 1753; Orthodox countries switched to the Gregorian calendar only at the beginning of the 20th century: Bulgaria since 1916, Russia since February 1/14, 1918, Serbia and Romania - since 1919, Greece - since 1924.

Some calendars

Chronography

Years count. Formation of historical chronology

The need for a consistent count of years appeared with the emergence of written culture and, above all, proceeded from administrative needs. As a rule, the documents were dated by the year of the king's reign; thus, the list of kings with the years of their reign gave a primitive chronological table. Such lists came from Mesopotamia and ancient egypt, but they should be used with caution, since they are often indicated as successive reigns, in reality completely or partially synchronous (for example, in times of unrest), and similar “simplifications” are allowed.

In the city-states, the years were dated by the names of the officials elected for the year, who, for example, were called "limmu" in Ashur, "eponymous archons" in Athens, etc. ( "eponymous year"). In Mesopotamia, it was also not uncommon to designate years for important events - so the list of years was something like a short chronicle.

The urgent need for chronological calculations appeared with the emergence of historical science, that is, approximately in the 5th century BC. e. by the most in a simple way dating was mutual relative dating of events: event A occurred X years before event B; event C happened Y years after event B; while the same events are mentioned by different authors. From this, comparing the works of historians, it is relatively easy to calculate the mutual correlation of the events they mention. So, for example, the Greco-Persian wars are the central event of the "History" by Herodotus, affecting earlier events - the formation of the Persian kingdom; Thucydides, describing the Peloponnesian War, mentions that between its beginning and the departure of Xerxes from Hellas "approximately 50 years" passed, and briefly speaks of the events of this "fifty years"; Xenophon directly continues Thucydides - that is, only from a comparison of these three authors, one can draw up a detailed chronological sequence of events for about 200 years, from the middle to the middle of the 4th century BC. e.

For events distant in time (such as the Trojan War), based on genealogical tables, an approximate calculation “by generations” was used, taking 3 generations per century. At the same time, attempts were made to compile a system of absolute chronology. The first chronological tables: the priesthoods of the priestesses of Hera in Argos (their author, Hellanicus of Lesbos, apparently was the first to take up chronological issues), lists of Spartan ephors, Athenian eponymous archons; in Herodotus one can find the years of the reign of Persian and other eastern kings. When comparing such lists, it became possible to translate the date from one system to another (for example, to say under which Persian king an event occurred under such and such an archon), as well as to find out the chronological relationship of events with each other (that is, to establish their relative chronology) and with the moment at which the work is written (that is, to find out the absolute chronology). Since there was no single chronological system in Greece, the historian, speaking of some important event, it was desirable to date it according to several systems at once: the year of the reign of the Persian king, the Spartan ephors, the Athenian archon-eponym. For example, here is an excerpt from Thucydides, which contains both relative and absolute dating of the key moment of his "History" - the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC):

For 14 years, a thirty-year peace continued to exist, concluded after the conquest of Euboea. In the fifteenth year, the forty-eighth year of the priesthood of Chrysis in Argos, when Enesius was ephor in Sparta, and Pythodorus had 4 months of archonship in Athens, in the sixteenth month after the battle of Potidea, in early spring, a detachment of armed Thebans (...) at the beginning of the night sleep invaded the Boeotian city of Plataea...

All other dates in the text of the "History" of Thucydides are somehow correlated with the date of the beginning of the war (in the above passage, this can be seen in the example of the date of the end of the first Athenian-Spartan war and the Battle of Potidaea; further dates are indicated: "for such and such a year of the war" ). Of the dating systems used by Thucydides, dating by the Athenian archons existed in historical science for many centuries, and this allowed ancient chronologists to easily correlate Thucydides' data with later chronological scales (according to the Olympiads - through it with Roman chronology according to consuls and "from the foundation Rome" - and already through the latter this event is easily translated into the modern system of chronology, which is a direct continuation of the Roman one). Finally, this date lends itself to astronomical verification, since Thucydides refers the solar eclipse to the summer of the same year, which, according to calculations (for the first time already done by Joseph Scaliger), took place on August 3, 431 BC. e.

At the same time, in the Hellenistic East, official datings of the type familiar to us come into use, counted from one date - the “epoch of the era”. The era served as the coming to power of Seleucus Nicator, the commander of Alexander the Great - 312 BC. e. However, the “era of the Seleucids” until late antiquity remained administrative and was not used by historians. Subsequently, it entered Aramaic, then Arabic historiography (under the incorrect name of the "Alexander era") and was used by Syrian Christians until the 19th century. The Parthian Arsacids, in turn, introduced an era from their own accession (248 BC), which also had circulation in the East.

The Romans, who have long kept their "fasts" - lists of consuls, which also served as a brief official chronicle, easily fit into the Greek chronological system, so, for example, in the work of the Greek author of the Roman era Diodorus Siculus (I century BC) we we meet dating at once: according to the Olympiads, according to the Athenian archons and according to the Roman consuls. A contemporary of Diodorus was the Roman scientist Varro, who, on the basis of consular fasts and the years of the reign of the Roman kings reported by the legend, calculated the date of the founding of Rome (according to Varro - 753 BC) and introduced it as an era into scientific circulation. This era "from the founding of Rome" was not officially used, but in historiography survived until the 19th century (since it was about the events of Roman history).

Of great importance for chronology is the so-called " Royal Canon of Ptolemy" - a list of kings preserved in Theon's commentary on Ptolemy's astronomical work. This is a list of the reigns, with exact astronomical dates, of the kings of Babylon (the Babylonian kings proper, as well as the Persian kings and Alexander the Great as Babylonian), the kings of Hellenistic Egypt, and the Roman emperors. It was compiled by Alexandrian astronomers for the needs of their own calculations (in fact, for dating astronomical phenomena) according to their own records and records of the Babylonian priests, and then continued by scribes who entered the names of Byzantine emperors into it (in some manuscripts it was brought to the fall of Constantinople in 1453). It begins with the accession to the throne of the Babylonian king Nabonassar on February 27, 747 BC. e. (the so-called "era of Nabonassar"), during which systematic astronomical observations began to be carried out for the first time, and is based on the movable Egyptian calendar (without leap years), which was then used by astronomers.

In the late Roman period in astronomical and astrological texts, the era from the beginning of the reign of Emperor Diocletian - 284, is widely used, Easter tables are compiled in it (this era is still preserved by the Coptic-Ethiopian church under the name "era of martyrs").

Calculus from the birth of Christ

Interest in questions of chronology reappears in the Renaissance. It is believed that the foundations of modern chronology were laid by Joseph Scaliger (-); he introduced dating according to the Julian period he invented, starting in 4713 BC. e. , which made it possible to translate all available dates into one system; he was also the first to begin (more precisely, resumed, because it was used sporadically in antiquity) an astronomical verification of the dates found in historical sources (for example, he was the first to give an astronomical dating of the solar eclipse of 431 BC, mentioned by Thucydides). By cross-checking synchronous information and using astronomical data, Scaliger and the Jesuit scientist Dionysius Petavius ​​(-) calculated the main dates, which in turn made it possible to recalculate all the dates of ancient history according to a single chronology system. Petavius ​​in 1627 proposed a system of "reverse" counting of dates "before the birth of Christ." This system, which received universal recognition only towards the end of the 18th century, greatly facilitated the study of chronology.

The controversy caused by the works of Scaliger stimulated the appearance of a large number of works on astronomical and technical chronology. A generalizing work in this area was the work of the Benedictines d'Antin, Clemence and Duran in the 18th century, The Art of Checking Dates, the latest edition of which included 44 volumes. By the beginning of the 20th century, scientific chronology had reached its pinnacle. Until now, the work of the German astronomer and chronologist Christian-Ludwig Idler "Handbook of Mathematical and Technical Chronology" has not lost its significance. Of modern specialists in chronology, the American scientist of Russian origin E. Bickerman, the author of the work “Chronology ancient world"(London, 1969; Russian translation M., 1975).

Questions of reliability of ancient chronology

Roman chronology, of which our system of reckoning is a direct continuation, is quite reliable. It is characteristic, for example, that the date of Diocletian's coming to power (284) was established by three different scholars using three different methods. Scaliger proceeded from the Coptic-Ethiopian tradition, which equated the year 1582 with the year 1299 of the era of Diocletian [ ] . Petavius ​​- from the fact that Diocletian, according to the "Easter Chronicle", came to power in the consulate of Karin (second) and Numerian, which, according to consular fasts, corresponds to 284 [ ] ; Idler instead took advantage of the "Canon of Ptolemy" and astronomical observation, allowing to derive a synchronous dating: 81 years after the reign of Diocletian = 1112 years after the accession of Nabonassar; this equation again leads to 284 [ ] .

Greek history can be synchronized with Roman history, since many dates are known in both Greek and Roman calculus. Those eastern chronological data are also reliable, in which there is a direct or indirect connection with Roman chronology. Thus, the lists of the Egyptian pharaohs of Manetho include the Persian kings and Ptolemies, the dates of whose reign are precisely known - this allows us to calculate the dates of the reign of previous rulers. Here, however, difficulties arise because of the above-mentioned features of the Eastern royal lists. However, it is believed that until about 800 BC. e. Egyptian kingships are dated exactly [ by whom?] [ ], until the 16th century BC. e. (that is, before the beginning of the New Kingdom) - with a tolerance of several decades. But the length of the transitional period between the Middle and New Kingdoms is not exactly known - as a result, the connection with Roman chronology is lost. An important role in the chronology of the Middle Kingdom is played by writing on the so-called. "Kakhun Papyrus" referring to the end of the XII dynasty; it says that Sirius will rise on the 16th of the VIII lunar month of the 7th year during the reign of Senusret III. The date of this event is about 1800 BC. e. , and this allows (since the number of years of the reign of the pharaohs of the dynasty is known) to conclude that the XII dynasty ruled from about 2000 to 1800 BC. e. The duration of the First Intermediate Period between the Old and Middle Kingdoms is also unknown, and therefore the chronology of the Old Kingdom is even more uncertain.

The historians of Western Asia have a somewhat firmer support. First of all, the Assyrian list of eponyms (limmu) has been preserved, between 911 and 648 BC. e., which is verified both by the "Canon of Ptolemy" and the solar eclipse indicated in it. For more early centuries establishing the date of the beginning of the reign of King Hammurabi is of key importance. It is based on the observation of the heliacal rising (the first sunrise at dawn) of Venus, described in a cuneiform document, which occurred in the 6th year of the reign of Amisaduga, one of the last kings of the Hammurabi dynasty (then it is known that 1 year of his reign is 146 years). The heliacal rising conditions described in the document are repeated after several decades, so that as a result several variants of the date of the 1st year of the reign of Hammurabi appeared; based on the totality of historical data, the most plausible of them is the date - 1792 BC. e. To this date, respectively, the dates of previous and subsequent reigns are tied.

China has always had a developed historiographical tradition with its own detailed chronology based on reigns with their slogans, as well as on 60-year cycles (see Chinese calendar); in India, questions of chronology and historiography were treated much more lightly. Therefore, the key date for synchronization ancient history From Europe, India is given a decree carved on stone by King Ashoka (3rd century BC) on an embassy sent by him to Greece for missionary purposes to promote Buddhism; it mentions five Hellenistic rulers (Antigon Gonat and others), whose reign is precisely known.

Some eras

• A group of Byzantine eras that are commonly stated to begin:
  • March 1, 5509 B.C. e. ultramart style)
  • September 1, 5509 B.C. e. - Byzantine era from the "creation of the world" (used in Russia until 1700)
  • March 1, 5508 B.C. e. - Old Russian era from the "creation of the world" ( march style)
  • 5504 BC e. - Bulgarian era from the "creation of the world"
  • March 25, 5493 B.C. e. - Alexandrian era from the "creation of the world" according to Annian

However, it must be kept in mind that " nobody of those who followed the Byzantine era did not consider that 5508 years had passed from the creation of the world to the incarnation. If there was a need to indicate the year of the birth of Christ, they put the 5500th. Paradoxically, 5508 was number, but no date» . Thus, in the chronicles, the date of Christ's birth was taken as the 5500th (only sometimes the 5505th), but due to failures in the chronology of the reign of the Roman emperors, subsequent events were dated in such a way that when recalculating them for modern chronology, the above eras should be used.

• January 1, 4713 B.C. e. - the era of Scaliger, the beginning of the Julian days
• 4004 BC e. - the era from the "creation of the world", according to Bishop Ussher
• October 7, 3761 B.C. e. - Jewish era from the "creation of the world"
• February 18, 3102 B.C. e. - the era of Kali Yuga (according to Indian mythology, this " iron age"will last 432,000 years)
• August 11, 2497 B.C. e. - main (main, 1st) Armenian era
• 2397 BC e. - Chinese cyclical era
• July 1, 776 B.C. e. - era from the first Olympic Games; introduced around 264 BC. e. and was used until 394.
• April 21, 753 B.C. e. - era from the founding of Rome (according to Varro). Applied before late XVII century.
• February 26, 747 B.C. e. - the era of Nabonassar. Used in astronomy until the time of Copernicus.
• March 11, 545 B.C. e. - Buddhist era
• October 1, 312 B.C. e. - Seleucid era
• 248 BC e. - era of Arsacids
• 37 BC e. - Spanish era (used in Spain until the Late Middle Ages).
• September 1, 31 B.C. e. - era "From the Peace of August", or "Era of Actium" - (used in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire).
• January 1, year 1 - the Christian era from the Nativity of Christ, introduced by Dionysius the Small in 525.
• August 29, 284 - the era of Diocletian (for Christians, the "era of martyrs").
• October 27, 551 - Armenian era
• July 16, 622 - Hijri era (Muslim)
• September 22, 1792 - the era of the Republic (French Revolutionary)