On November 26, 1894, one of the main explorers of the Arctic, a pioneer in the study and development of the North Pole, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, was born. He lived a fairly long life - 91 years. Papanin passed away on January 30, 1986, exactly 30 years ago. Over the years of his life, Ivan Papanin was awarded many awards, including twice becoming a Hero Soviet Union, he was also awarded nine Orders of Lenin at once. In addition, he had the rank of rear admiral and a doctorate in geography. He became widely known as early as 1937, when he led an expedition to the North Pole. For 274 days, four fearless workers of the SP-1 station drifted on an ice floe and monitored the Earth's magnetic field, as well as the processes that took place in the atmosphere of the Arctic Ocean.

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in Sevastopol. His father was a sailor in the port, so the boy's whole life was near the sea, as a teenager he began to work, finishing only 4 grades of elementary school. Already in 1908, he went to work at the Sevastopol plant for the manufacture of navigation instruments. On this occasion, he later remarks in Chekhov's words: "As a child, I did not have a childhood." In 1912, Papanin, as one of the best employees of the enterprise, was transferred to a shipyard in Reval (today Tallinn), and in 1914 he was called to military service. At the same time, Ivan Papanin ended up in the Crimea again, as he was sent to serve in the Black Sea Fleet. In 1918-1920 he took part in the Civil War in Ukraine and Crimea (organization of insurgent detachments and sabotage). Since 1920, he was the commissar of operational management under the commander of the naval forces and forces Southwestern Front. Since November 1920, he served as the commandant of the Crimean Cheka, worked as an investigator. In 1921 he was transferred to work in Kharkov as the military commandant of the Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, after which from July 1921 to March 1922 he worked as secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of Cherno navy.

Two years later, a promotion followed, and he was transferred to Moscow, where the young security officer dealt with postal issues, and later headed the Central Directorate of Paramilitary Guards. His work in Yakutia was also connected with communication, where he supervised the construction of radio stations. While still in the capital, in 1923-1925 he managed to study at the Higher Communications Courses, and it was after their graduation that he went to Yakutia.

The activities of Ivan Papanin in 1932-1935 were also associated with being on the very edge of the earth. In 1932-1933, he was the head of the Tikhaya Bay polar station, which was located on Franz Josef Land, and in 1934-1935 he worked at the station, which was located on Cape Chelyuskin. That is, he had to work in very harsh conditions. However, it was then that Papanin, most likely, finally and irrevocably fell in love with the Arctic.

Later, even more difficult tests awaited Ivan Dmitrievich. In 1937-1938, something happened that made Papanin famous in our country and the world. He headed the world's first drifting station "North Pole". The scientific results that were obtained in a unique drift were presented by him to the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on March 6, 1938 and were highly appreciated by specialists. The work of the drifting station really made it possible to collect a lot of important and new information about the harsh Arctic region. For selfless work in the difficult conditions of the Arctic, all members of this famous expedition were presented with the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. At the same time, Papanin, together with the radio operator of the station, Krenkel, received a doctorate in geographical sciences.

In late 1939 - early 1940, Ivan Papanin successfully organized an expedition to rescue from ice captivity after an 812-day drift of the Georgy Sedov icebreaker. For a successful expedition to rescue the icebreaker, Ivan Dmitrievich was presented for the second time to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. It is worth noting that from 1939 to 1946 he headed the Main Northern Sea Route. The position of the head of the Glavsevmorput and authorized State Committee Defense for transportation in the North Papanin held throughout the Second World War. His work as head of the Main Northern Sea Route was also important in prewar years, as it allowed to solve many problems with the transportation of goods along the NSR. The first years in this high post, he paid great attention to the construction of powerful icebreakers in the country, the development of Arctic navigation. During the war years, he successfully organized the reception and transportation to the front of military cargo that came to the USSR by sea from the USA and Great Britain, for which in 1943 he received the rank of Rear Admiral.

AT post-war years Papanin gradually retired from practice. He retired in 1949 due to heart disease (he had angina pectoris). At the same time, he did not give up engaging in theoretical scientific activity. From 1949 to 1951 he was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions. Starting from 1951 and until the end of his life, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanov headed the department of marine expeditionary work at the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In parallel with this, since 1965 he was also the director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences, located in the village of Borok. He was also chairman of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the Soviet Union.

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin died on January 30, 1986 from chronic heart failure at a rather advanced age - 91 years old. He was buried in Moscow on Novodevichy cemetery. During his life, he managed to become an honorary citizen of four cities at once - his native Sevastopol, as well as Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Lipetsk, and even one region - Yaroslavl. A cape located on Taimyr, mountains in Antarctica and pacific ocean, as well as an island in the Sea of ​​Azov. Also, streets in a number of cities of the Soviet Union were named after Papanin.

Interesting Facts biographies

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin is an academician without education. At one time, he did not even receive a secondary education, the boy studied in elementary school for only 4 years. The plant became a real "school of life" for the famous polar explorer. Only while working in the People's Commissariat of Communications, Papanin graduated from the Higher Communications Courses. At the same time, the lack of education did not prevent him from becoming a doctor of science in 1938; he received this degree for the results achieved as part of the work of the SP-1 station. In the future, he was able to become an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions and director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Not everyone can achieve such success with proper education. The same can be said about his military rank. Papanin became Rear Admiral in 1943. Prior to that, he was only an ordinary sailor during the First World War and had no special military education.

Polar explorer №1

The work of the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1" (North Pole-1) marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, hydrology and meteorology. The drift of the station, which began on June 6, 1937, lasted 9 months (274 days) and ended on February 16, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe on which the station was located swam 2100 kilometers. The participants of this polar expedition, in incredibly difficult working conditions, managed to collect and systematize unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. Leader Ivan Papanin, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, meteorologist and geophysicist Yevgeny Fedotov, and hydrobiologist and oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov took part in this expedition.

Perhaps no event between the two world wars attracted so much public attention as the drift of the "Papanin Four" in the Arctic. Initially, they drifted on a huge ice floe, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich reached several square kilometers. However, by the time the expedition ended, the size of the ice floe no longer exceeded the size of a volleyball court. At that moment, the whole world followed the fate of the Soviet polar explorers, wishing them only one thing - to return from this expedition alive.

"Papanintsy"

The feat of the four "Papanins" was immortalized in the Soviet Union in different ways. So in 1938, a series of postage stamps, which was dedicated to the SP-1 expedition, saw the light of day. In the same year, the book Life on the Ice Floe was published, authored by Papanin himself. In addition, for several years, all Soviet boys played "papanits" and conquered the North Pole, which was reflected in the literature of those years (for example, in Valentin Kataev's "Flower-Semitsvetik", 1940). In 1995, a commemorative coin of 25 rubles was issued in Russia, which was dedicated to the work of the SP-1 expedition.

Based on materials from open sources.

79 years ago, the drift of the world's first polar research station and North Pole-1 began in the Arctic. Four polar explorers - the head of the expedition Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, hydrobiologist and oceanologist Petr Petrovich Shirshov, astronomer and magnetologist Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov, and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel spent 274 days on the expedition - from the end of May 1937 to February 19, 1938. During this time, the ice floe with the researchers traveled more than 2000 km from the pole to the coast of Greenland. At the end of the campaign, the famous four polar explorers were accepted into the State geographical society(as the Russian Geographical Society was then called) as honorary members.

The main task of the expedition, the organization of which took exactly one year - from the spring of 1936 to the spring of 1937, was to study the meteorological conditions, sea ​​currents and ice in the very center of the Arctic. In addition to the four polar explorers, whose names were known to the whole world during and after the expedition, the expedition was provided by employees of the Northern sea ​​route(his boss, Chelyuskin hero Otto Yulievich Schmidt, was the initiator of SP-1) and polar aviation pilots, including Heroes of the Soviet Union Mikhail Vodopyanov and Vasily Molokov. Attention to the drift of the SP-1 was universal and worldwide - therefore, it is not surprising that the expedition was carefully controlled by the first persons of the USSR.

The main burden of preparation, however, lay precisely on the four polar explorers. Papanin personally supervised the construction of a polar tent insulated with eiderdown at the Kauchuk plant, and Krenkel oversaw the assembly of radio stations - the main and reserve ones. Shirshov mastered medicine - it was he who got the additional role of a doctor on the expedition.

The base of the expedition was the northernmost of the Soviet Arctic islands - Rudolf Island, part of the Franz Josef Land archipelago. In the summer of 1936, an expedition camp was built on the island with a capacity of about 60 people, with an airfield, telephone, radio beacon and other necessary elements.

They flew to the pole, guided by the radio beacon of Fr. Rudolf. Arrangement of four polar explorers on a huge ice floe with an area of ​​​​about 4 square meters. km took about 16 days. On June 6, the planes left the expedition, "North Pole - 1" switched to autonomous drift mode.

Almost immediately after the start of the drift, the SP-1 completed a crucial task - it provided weather data for the record transarctic flights of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov from the USSR to North America.

“Scientific observations in the Central Polar Basin have never been carried out according to such a broad program, with such intensity and the greatest thoroughness,” O. Yu. Schmidt noted in the final article “Expedition to the Pole”.

The glory of the Papanin's four was deafening and instant - after the expedition, all four were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, in March 1938 Papanin, Krenkel, Fedorov and Shirshov were awarded the title of Doctor of Geographical Sciences.

The concept of drifting polar stations in the Arctic was recognized as successful: SP-1 was followed in 1950 by SP-2 under the leadership of Mikhail Mikhailovich Somov, who later founded the first Soviet stations in Antarctica. By the end of the 1950s, the North Pole drifting expeditions had become almost permanent. The longest expedition of the series was the SP-22, which began work in September 1973 and ended on April 8, 1982. From 1991 to 2003, the Arctic drifting stations "North Pole" did not operate, the first station "SP-32" after the break was launched on April 25, 2003.

Mikhailov Andrey 06/13/2019 at 16:00

There are many glorious pages in the history of the discovery and study of the Russian Arctic. But there is a special chapter in it, with which the heroic polar epic began. On May 21, 1937, the polar air expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences reached the North Pole and landed the scientific station "North Pole-1" on drifting ice for a long nine months.

With this expedition, the systematic development of the entire Arctic Basin began, thanks to which navigation along the Northern Sea Route became regular. Its members were to collect data in the field of atmospheric phenomena, meteorology, geophysics, and hydrobiology. The station was headed by Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, hydrologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov, geophysicist-astronomer Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel became its employees. The expedition was led by Otto Yulievich Schmidt, the pilot of the flagship aircraft H-170 was the hero of the Soviet Union Mikhail Vasilyevich Vodopyanov.

And it all started like this. On February 13, 1936, in the Kremlin, at a meeting on the organization of transport flights, Otto Schmidt outlined a plan for an air expedition to the North Pole and the establishment of a station there. Stalin and Voroshilov, on the basis of the plan, instructed the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (Glavsevmorput) to organize an expedition to the North Pole region in 1937 and deliver equipment there by aircraft for scientific station and winterers.

An air expedition squadron was formed from four four-engine aircraft ANT-6-4M-34R "Aviaarktika" and a twin-engine reconnaissance aircraft R-6. In the spring of 1936, pilots Vodopyanov and Makhotkin went on reconnaissance in order to select the site of an intermediate base for the assault on the pole on Rudolf Island (Franz Josef Land). In August, the icebreaking ship "Rusanov" headed there with cargo for the construction of a new polar station and airfield equipment.

The whole country prepared the expedition. For example, a tent for a residential camp was created by the Moscow plant "Kauchuk". Its frame was made of easily dismantled aluminum pipes, canvas walls were lined with two layers of eiderdown, and an inflatable rubber floor was also supposed to save heat.

The Central Radio Laboratory in Leningrad manufactured two radio stations - a powerful 80-watt one and a 20-watt emergency one. The main power source was two sets of alkaline batteries, charged from a small windmill or from a dynamo - a light gasoline engine (there was also a hand-operated engine). All equipment, from the antenna to the smallest spare parts, was made under the personal supervision of Krenkel, the weight of the radio equipment fit into half a ton.

According to special drawings, the Karakozov Leningrad Shipbuilding Plant built ash-tree sleds, which weighed only 20 kilograms. The Institute of Catering Engineers prepared meals for the drifting station for a whole year and a half, weighing about 5 tons.

On May 21, 1937, at about five in the morning, Mikhail Vodopyanov's car took off from Rudolf Island. Throughout the flight, radio contact was maintained, the weather and the nature of the ice cover were specified. During the flight, an accident occurred: in the upper part of the radiator of the third engine, a leak formed in the flange, antifreeze began to evaporate. The flight mechanics had to cut the wing skin in order to put a rag that absorbed the liquid, squeeze it into a bucket, and from it pump the coolant back into the engine reservoir.

The mechanics had to carry out this operation until the very landing, sticking their bare hands out of the wing at -20 and a swift wind. At 10:50 we reached the pole. And on May 25, the remaining group of aircraft was launched.

After landing at the North Pole, researchers made many discoveries. Every day they took soil samples, measured the depth and speed of the drift, determined the coordinates, conducted magnetic measurements, hydrological and meteorological observations. Soon after the landing, a drift of an ice floe was discovered, on which the explorers' camp was located. Her wanderings began in the region of the North Pole, after 274 days the ice floe turned into a fragment of 200 by 300 meters.

Ivan Papanin is one of the most famous Arctic explorers of the first half of the 20th century. He headed the stations in the most remote places of our Motherland, on Franz Josef Land, Cape Chelyuskin. But above all, he is known as the head of the world's first drifting station. NORTH POLE - 1.

All the people who became famous and are listed in the question were once part of the expedition North Pole-1.

The guys were very popular, at one time even postage and collection stamps with their portraits were issued, now they are highly valued and very difficult to find.

In order to give the correct answer to this question, it is enough to enter at least a few names presented to us as a note to the question in the search box, and the search engine will give us the exact correct answer, that is, the name of the expedition that took place in 1937-38. the last century.

Correct answer: North Pole-1.

The expedition aimed at studying the Arctic and its meteorological conditions (May 1937-February 1938) was named North Pole-1.

The purpose of the expedition North Pole-1 — study of ice and sea currents in the Arctic. The expedition was carefully planned (within a year) and supervised by the first people in the Soviet Union. Despite the hellish conditions of terrible cold, the goal was achieved in a fairly short time.

The polar explorers spent 274 days on the ice floe, after which they returned as heroes. They were given the titles of Heroes of the Soviet Union. All four were accepted as members of the State Geographical Society.



The expedition was called North Pole-1..

At that time, such a campaign was considered a real achievement. Not like now, when you can visit the North Pole by buying a ticket).

This expedition was quite loud, as it was trumpeted all over the world. But the real risks that the participants were taking remained undisclosed.

The expedition was called North Pole-1quot ;. The four people mentioned in the question entered. Weller's story on the subject of this expedition is interesting, where it is told with humor about who and what was doing there.

For example, there were scientists who conducted research, there was a radio operator and there was an ideological worker who dismantled and assembled his Mauser to infinity.

The story is called Mauser Papaninaquot ;.

These are the names of the expedition members North Pole - 1quot ;:



The expedition became possible thanks to the development of polar aviation. Previously, it was believed that it was impossible to land on an ice floe in the North Pole region, this was Amundsen's opinion. On May 21, 1937, the expedition landed on an ice floe near the North Pole. The expedition on the ice drifted to the North Pole towards Greenland. The work of the expedition continued until the ice began to crack. Icebreakers Taimyr and Murman carried out a rescue operation, evacuating all the polar explorers. They were all awarded the titles of heroes of the Soviet Union.



This Expedition was called North Pole-1quot ;.

Here is a list of the experts who took part in it:

1. Radio operator and Soviet polar explorer Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel
2. Soviet state. activist, hydrobiologist, doctor geogr. Sciences Ptr Petrovich Shirshov
3. Geophysicist Evgeny Konstantinovich Fdorov
4. Expedition leader Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin.

At that time, the study of the North Pole was extremely difficult and very dangerous, and some expeditions cost the explorers their lives.

This expedition thundered all over the world, became one of the brightest legends of the youth of our grandfathers, many young people have never even heard of it.



Only the surname Papanin in the list of expedition members brings back memories and commands respect. Still, the guys withstood a difficult test, the test of permafrost, because it was an expedition that later received the name - NORTH POLE - 1.

The expedition was called North Pole-1quot ;, 4 people participated in the expedition: Ivan Papanin (leader), Pyotr Shirshov (hydrologist), Ernst Krenkel (radio operator), Evgeny Fedorov (geophysicist).

They had to go through very difficult tests, this is permafrost, constant danger and threat.