The boundless space, despite the apparent chaos, is a fairly harmonious structure. In this gigantic world, the immutable laws of physics and mathematics also apply. All objects in the Universe, from small to large, occupy their specific place, move along given orbits and trajectories. This order was established more than 15 billion years ago, since the formation of the Universe. Our solar system is no exception - the cosmic metropolis in which we live.
Despite its colossal size, the solar system fits within the human framework of perception, being the most studied part of the cosmos, with well-defined boundaries.
Origin and main astrophysical parameters
In a universe where there are an infinite number of stars, other solar systems certainly exist. Only in one of our galaxy Milky Way there are approximately 250-400 billion stars, so it cannot be ruled out that in the depths of space there may be worlds with other life forms.
As early as 150-200 years ago, man had meager ideas about space. The dimensions of the Universe were limited by the lenses of telescopes. The sun, moon, planets, comets and asteroids were the only known objects, and the entire cosmos was measured by the size of our galaxy. The situation changed dramatically at the beginning of the 20th century. Astrophysical exploration of outer space and the work of nuclear physicists over the past 100 years have given scientists an idea of how the universe began. Became known and understood the processes that led to the formation of stars, gave building material for the formation of planets. In this light, the origin of the solar system becomes understandable and explainable.
The sun, like other stars, is a product of the Big Bang, after which stars were formed in space. There were objects large and small. In one of the corners of the Universe, among a cluster of other stars, our Sun was born. By cosmic standards, the age of our star is small, only 5 billion years. At the place of her birth, a giant construction site was formed, where, as a result of the gravitational compression of the gas and dust cloud, other objects of the solar system were formed.
Each celestial body took on its own form, took its place. Some celestial bodies, under the influence of the attraction of the Sun, became constant satellites, moving in their own orbit. Other objects ceased to exist as a result of counteraction of centrifugal and centripetal processes. This whole process took about 4.5 billion years. The mass of the entire solar economy is 1.0014 M☉. Of this mass, 99.8% falls on the Sun itself. Only 0.2% of the mass falls on other space objects: planets, satellites and asteroids, fragments space dust revolving around it.
The orbit of the solar system has an almost circular shape, and the orbital speed coincides with the speed of the galactic spiral. Passing through the interstellar medium, the stability of the solar system is given by the gravitational forces acting within our galaxy. This in turn provides other objects and bodies of the solar system with stability. The movement of the solar system takes place at a considerable distance from the superdense star clusters of our galaxy, which carry a potential danger.
By its size and number of satellites, our solar system cannot be called small. In space, there are small solar systems that have one or two planets and are barely visible in outer space due to their size. Representing a massive galactic object, the stellar system of the Sun moves in space at a tremendous speed of 240 km / s. Even despite such a rapid run, the solar system makes a complete revolution around the center of the galaxy in 225-250 million years.
The exact intergalactic address of our star system is as follows:
- local interstellar cloud;
- a local bubble in the Orion Cygnus arm;
- The Milky Way galaxy is part of the Local Group of Galaxies.
The sun is the central object of our system and is one of the 100 billion stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy. By its size, it is a medium-sized star and belongs to the spectral class G2V Yellow dwarfs. The diameter of the star is 1 million. 392 thousand kilometers, and she is in the middle of her life cycle.
For comparison, the size of Sirius, the brightest star, is 2 million 381 thousand km. Aldebaran has a diameter of almost 60 million km. The huge star Betelgeuse is 1000 times larger than our Sun. The size of this supergiant exceeds the size of the solar system.
Proxima Centauri is considered the closest neighbor of our star in the quarter, to which you will need to fly at the speed of light on the order of 4 years.
The sun, due to its huge mass, keeps eight planets near it, many of which, in turn, have their own systems. The position of objects moving around the Sun is clearly demonstrated by the diagram of the solar system. Almost all the planets in the solar system move around our star in the same direction, along with the rotating Sun. The orbits of the planets are almost in the same plane, they have different shape and move around the center of the system with different speed. The movement around the Sun is counterclockwise and in the same plane. Only comets and other objects, mostly located in the Kuiper belt, have orbits with a large angle of inclination to the plane of the ecliptic.
Today we know exactly how many planets there are in the solar system, there are 8 of them. All the celestial bodies of the solar system are at a certain distance from the sun, periodically receding or approaching it. Accordingly, each of the planets has its own, different from the others, astrophysical parameters and characteristics. It should be noted that 6 out of 8 planets of the solar system rotate around their axis in the direction in which our star revolves around its own axis. Only Venus and Uranus rotate in the opposite direction. In addition, Uranus is the only planet in the solar system that practically lies on its side. Its axis has an inclination of 90° to the line of the ecliptic.
The first model of the solar system was demonstrated by Nicolaus Copernicus. In his view, the Sun was the central object of our world, around which other planets revolve, including our Earth. Subsequently, Kepler, Galileo, Newton improved this model by placing objects in it in accordance with mathematical and physical laws.
Looking at the presented model, one can imagine that the orbits space objects located at equal distances from each other. The solar system looks completely different in nature. The greater the distance to the planets of the solar system from the Sun, the greater the distance between the orbit of the previous celestial object. Visualize the scale of the solar system, allows the table of distances of objects from the center of our star system.
As the distance from the Sun increases, the rate of rotation of the planets around the center of the solar system slows down. Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun, takes only 88 Earth days to complete one revolution around our star. Neptune, located at a distance of 4.5 billion kilometers from the Sun, makes a complete revolution in 165 Earth years.
Despite the fact that we are dealing with a heliocentric model of the solar system, many planets have their own systems, consisting of natural satellites and rings. Satellites of the planets move around the parent planets and obey the same laws.
Most of the satellites of the solar system synchronously revolve around their planets, always turning to them with one side. The moon is also always turned to the Earth with one side.
Only two planets, Mercury and Venus, do not have natural satellites. Mercury is even smaller than some of its moons.
Center and boundaries of the solar system
The main and central object of our system is the Sun. It has a complex structure and consists of 92% hydrogen. Only 7% is useful for helium atoms, which, when interacting with hydrogen atoms, become fuel for an endless nuclear chain reaction. In the center of the star there is a core with a diameter of 150-170 thousand km, heated to a temperature of 14 million K.
A brief description of the star will be reduced to a few words: it is a huge thermonuclear natural reactor. Moving from the center of the star to its outer edge, we find ourselves in the convective zone, where energy transfer and plasma mixing take place. This layer has a temperature of 5800K. The visible part of the Sun is the photosphere and chromosphere. crowns our star solar corona, which is the outer shell. The processes occurring inside the Sun affect the entire state of the solar system. Its light warms our planet, the force of attraction and gravity keep objects of near space at a certain distance from each other. As the intensity of internal processes decreases, our star will begin to cool. Consumable stellar material will lose its density, which will lead to the expansion of the body of the star. Instead of a yellow dwarf, our Sun will turn into a huge Red Giant. While our Sun remains the same hot and bright star.
The boundary of the realm of our star is the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud. These are extremely remote regions of outer space, to which the influence of the Sun extends. In the Kuiper belt and in the Oort Cloud there are a lot of other objects of various sizes, which in one way or another affect the processes occurring inside the solar system.
The Oort cloud is a hypothetical spherical space that surrounds the solar system along its entire outer diameter. The distance to this region of space is more than 2 light years. This region is home to comets. It is from there that these rare space guests fly to us, long period comets
The Kuiper belt contains the residual material that was used in the formation of the solar system. Mostly small particles space ice, a cloud of frozen gas (methane and ammonia). There are also large objects in this area, some of which are dwarf planets, smaller fragments, similar in structure to asteroids. The main known objects of the belt are the dwarf planets of the solar system Pluto, Haumea and Makemake. Spaceship can reach them in one light year.
Between the Kuiper belt and deep space at the outer edges of the belt, there is a very rarefied region, mainly composed of remnants of cosmic ice and gas.
To date, the existence of large trans-Neptunian space objects in this region of our star system is allowed, one of which is the dwarf planet Sedna.
Brief description of the planets of the solar system
Scientists have calculated that the mass of all the planets belonging to our star is no more than 0.1% of the mass of the Sun. However, even among this small amount, 99% of the mass falls on the two largest space objects after the Sun - the planets Jupiter and Saturn. The sizes of the planets in the solar system are very different. Among them there are babies and giants, in their structure and astrophysical parameters similar to failed stars.
In astronomy, it is customary to divide all 8 planets into two groups:
- planets with a stone structure are planets Earth group;
- planets, which are dense clumps of gas, belong to the group of gas giant planets.
Previously, it was believed that the system of our star includes 9 planets. Only very recently, at the end of the 20th century, Pluto was classified as a dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt. Therefore, the question of how many planets are in the solar system today can be firmly answered - eight.
If we arrange the planets of the solar system in order, the map of our world will look like this:
- Venus;
- Earth;
- Jupiter;
- Saturn;
- Uranus;
In the very middle of this parade of planets is the asteroid belt. According to scientists, these are the remains of a planet that existed on early stages The solar system, however, died as a result of a cosmic cataclysm.
The inner planets Mercury, Venus and Earth are the planets closest to the Sun, closer than the rest of the objects in the solar system, therefore they are completely dependent on the processes taking place on our star. At some distance from them is the ancient God of War - the planet Mars. All four planets are united by the similarity in structure and the identity of astrophysical parameters, therefore they are classified as planets of the Earth group.
Mercury - a close neighbor of the Sun - is a hot frying pan. Paradoxical is the fact that, despite its close location to a hot star, Mercury has the most significant temperature drops in our system. During the day, the surface of the planet heats up to 350 degrees Celsius, and at night the cosmic cold rages with a temperature of -170.2 ° C. Venus is a real boiling cauldron, where there is a huge pressure and high temperatures. Despite its gloomy and dull appearance, Mars is of the greatest interest to scientists today. The composition of its atmosphere, astrophysical parameters similar to those of the earth, and the presence of seasons give hope for the subsequent development and colonization of the planet by representatives of terrestrial civilization.
Gas giants, which for the most part are planets without a solid shell, are interesting for their satellites. Some of them, according to scientists, may represent space territories where, under certain conditions, the emergence of life is possible.
The planets of the terrestrial group are separated from the four gas planets by the asteroid belt - the inner boundary, beyond which lies the realm of the gas giants. Next to the asteroid belt, Jupiter, with its attraction, balances our solar system. This planet is the largest, largest and densest in the solar system. Jupiter's diameter is 140,000 km across. This is five times more than our planet. This gas giant has its own system of satellites, of which there are about 69 pieces. Among them, real giants stand out: the two largest satellites of Jupiter - Ganymede and Calypso - are larger than the planet Mercury.
Saturn - the brother of Jupiter - also has a huge size - 116 thousand km. in diameter. Saturn's retinue is no less impressive - 62 satellites. However, this giant stands out in the night sky for another - a wonderful system of rings encircling the planet. Titan is one of the largest moons in the solar system. This giant has a diameter of more than 10 thousand km. Among the realm of hydrogen, nitrogen and ammonia, there can be no known life forms. However, unlike their host, Saturn's moons have a rocky structure and a hard surface. Some of them have an atmosphere, Enceladus is even supposed to have water.
Continue a series of giant planets Uranus and Neptune. These are cold dark worlds. Unlike Jupiter and Saturn, where hydrogen predominates, methane and ammonia are in the atmosphere here. Instead of condensed gas, Uranus and Neptune have high-temperature ice. In view of this, both planets were singled out in one group - ice giants. Uranus is second in size only to Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune. The orbit of Neptune has a diameter of almost 9 billion kilometers. The planet takes 164 Earth years to go around the Sun.
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune present the most interesting objects for scientists to study today.
Last news
Despite the huge amount of knowledge that humanity has today, the achievements of modern means of observation and research, there are a lot of unresolved issues. What is the actual solar system, which of the planets may later turn out to be suitable for life?
Man continues to observe the nearest space, making more and more new discoveries. In December 2012, the whole world could watch an enchanting astronomical show - a parade of planets. During this period, all 7 planets of our solar system could be seen in the night sky, including even such distant ones as Uranus and Neptune.
A closer study today is carried out with the help of automatic space probes and devices. Many of them have already managed not only to fly to the most extreme regions of our star system, but also beyond it. The first artificially created space objects, who managed to reach the borders of the solar system, were the American probes "Pioneer-10" and "Pioneer-11".
It is interesting to theoretically suggest how far these devices can go beyond the borders? Launched in 1977, the American automatic probe Voyager 1, after 40 years of work on the study of the planets, became the first spacecraft to leave our system.
Pluto By decision of the MAC (International Astronomical Union), it no longer belongs to the planets of the solar system, but is a dwarf planet and even inferior in diameter to the other dwarf planet Eris. Pluto's designation is 134340.
solar system
Scientists put forward many versions of the origin of our solar system. In the 40s of the last century, Otto Schmidt hypothesized that the solar system arose because cold dust clouds were attracted to the Sun. Over time, clouds formed the foundations of future planets. AT modern science it is Schmidt's theory that is the main one. The solar system is only a small part of a large galaxy called the Milky Way. The Milky Way contains over a hundred billion different stars. It took humanity thousands of years to realize such a simple truth. The discovery of the solar system did not happen immediately, step by step, on the basis of victories and mistakes, a system of knowledge was formed. The main basis for studying the solar system was knowledge about the Earth.
Fundamentals and Theories
The main milestones in the study of the solar system are the modern atomic system, the heliocentric system of Copernicus and Ptolemy. The most likely version of the origin of the system is the theory big bang. In accordance with it, the formation of the galaxy began with the "scattering" of the elements of the megasystem. At the turn of the impenetrable house, our solar system was born. The basis of everything is the Sun - 99.8% of the total volume, the planets account for 0.13%, the remaining 0.0003% are various bodies of our system. Scientists divide the planets into two conditional groups . The first includes planets of the Earth type: the Earth itself, Venus, Mercury. The main distinguishing characteristics of the planets of the first group are a relatively small area, hardness, and a small number of satellites. The second group includes Uranus, Neptune and Saturn - they are distinguished big sizes(giant planets), they are formed by gases of helium and hydrogen.
In addition to the Sun and planets, our system also includes planetary satellites, comets, meteorites and asteroids.
Particular attention should be paid to the asteroid belts that are located between Jupiter and Mars, and between the orbits of Pluto and Neptune. At the moment, there is no unequivocal version of the emergence of such formations in science.
Which planet is not considered a planet now:
Pluto from the time of its discovery until 2006 was considered a planet, but later in the outer part of the solar system, many celestial bodies, comparable in size to Pluto and even exceeding it. To avoid confusion, a new definition of the planet was given. Pluto did not fall under this definition, so it was assigned a new "status" - a dwarf planet. So, Pluto can serve as an answer to the question: before it was considered a planet, but now it is not. However, some scientists continue to believe that Pluto should be reclassified back into a planet.
Scientists' forecasts
Based on research, scientists say that the sun is approaching the middle of its life path. It is unimaginable to imagine what will happen if the Sun goes out. But scientists say it's not only possible, it's inevitable. The age of the Sun was determined using the latest computer developments and found out that it has about five billion years. According to astronomical law, the life of a star like the Sun lasts about ten billion years. Thus, our solar system is in the middle of the life cycle. What do scientists mean by the word "goes out"? The huge solar energy is the energy of hydrogen, which in the core becomes helium. Every second, about six hundred tons of hydrogen in the core of the Sun is converted into helium. According to scientists, the Sun has already used up most of its hydrogen reserves.
If instead of the Moon there were planets of the solar system:
The earth, like all the planets in our solar system, revolves around the sun. And their moons revolve around the planets.
Since 2006, when it was transferred from the category of planets to dwarf planets, there are 8 planets in our system.
The location of the planets
All of them are located in almost circular orbits and rotate in the direction of rotation of the Sun itself, with the exception of Venus. Venus rotates in the opposite direction - from east to west, unlike the Earth, which rotates from west to east, like most other planets.
However, the moving model of the solar system does not show so many small details. Of other oddities, it is worth noting that Uranus rotates almost lying on its side (the mobile model of the solar system does not show this either), its axis of rotation is tilted by about 90 degrees. They attribute this to a cataclysm that occurred a long time ago and affected the inclination of its axis. It could be a collision with some large cosmic body, which was not lucky enough to fly past the gas giant.
What are the groups of planets
The planetary model of the solar system in dynamics shows us 8 planets, which are divided into 2 types: the planets of the Earth group (these include: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) and the gas giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune).
This model demonstrates well the differences in the sizes of the planets. The planets of the same group combine similar characteristics, ranging from structure to relative size, a detailed model of the solar system in proportions clearly demonstrates this.
Belts of asteroids and icy comets
In addition to the planets, our system contains hundreds of satellites (Jupiter alone has 62), millions of asteroids and billions of comets. Also, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, there is an asteroid belt and the interactive model of the Solar System Flash clearly demonstrates it.
Kuiper Belt
The belt remains from the time of the formation of the planetary system, and after the orbit of Neptune, the Kuiper belt extends, in which dozens of icy bodies are still hidden, some of which are even larger than Pluto.
And at a distance of 1-2 light years there is the Oort cloud, a truly gigantic sphere encircling the Sun and representing the remains of building material that was thrown out after the formation of the planetary system. The Oort Cloud is so big that we can't show you its scale.
It regularly supplies us with long-period comets, which take about 100,000 years to reach the center of the system and please us with their command. However, not all comets from the cloud survive the encounter with the Sun and last year's comet ISON fiasco. bright to that the confirmation. It is a pity that this model of the flash system does not display such small objects as comets.
It would be wrong to ignore such an important group of celestial bodies, which was singled out as a separate taxonomy relatively recently, after the International Astronomical Union (MAC) in 2006 held its famous session on which the planet Pluto.
History of discovery
And the prehistory began relatively recently, with the introduction of modern telescopes in the early 90s. In general, the beginning of the 90s was marked by a number of major technological breakthroughs.
Firstly, it was at this time that the Edwin Hubble Orbital Telescope was put into operation, which, with its 2.4-meter mirror, placed outside earth's atmosphere opened completely wonderful world inaccessible to ground-based telescopes.
Secondly, the qualitative development of computer and various optical systems allowed astronomers not only to build new telescopes, but also to significantly expand the capabilities of old ones. Due to the use of digital cameras, which completely replaced the film. It became possible to accumulate light and keep records of almost every photon that fell on the photodetector matrix with unattainable accuracy, and computer positioning and modern processing tools quickly transferred such an advanced science as astronomy to a new stage of development.
alarm bells
Thanks to these successes, it became possible to discover celestial bodies, quite large in size, outside the orbit of Neptune. Those were the first calls. The situation became very aggravated at the beginning of the 2000s just then, in 2003-2004, Sedna and Eris were discovered, which, according to preliminary calculations, had the same size as Pluto, and Eris completely exceeded it.
Astronomers are at a dead end: either admit that they discovered the 10th planet, or something is wrong with Pluto. And new discoveries were not long in coming. In 2005, it was discovered that, together with Quaoar, discovered back in June 2002, Ork and Varuna literally filled the trans-Neptunian space, which, beyond the orbit of Pluto, was previously considered almost empty.
International Astronomical Union
The International Astronomical Union, convened in 2006, decided that Pluto, Eris, Haumea and Ceres, which joined them, belong to. Objects that were in orbital resonance with Neptune in a ratio of 2:3 became known as plutinos, and all other Kuiper belt objects - cubivano. Since then, we have only 8 planets left.
The history of the formation of modern astronomical views
Schematic representation of the solar system and spacecraft leaving it
Today, the heliocentric model of the solar system is an indisputable truth. But this was not always the case, but until the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the idea (which was expressed by Aristarchus) that it is not the Sun that revolves around the Earth, but vice versa. It should be remembered that some still think that Galileo created the first model of the solar system. But this is a delusion, Galileo only spoke out in defense of Copernicus.
The model of the solar system according to Copernicus was not to everyone's taste, and many of his followers, such as the monk Giordano Bruno, were burned. But the model according to Ptolemy could not fully explain the observed celestial phenomena and the seeds of doubt, in the minds of people, were already planted. For example, the geocentric model was not able to fully explain the uneven movement of celestial bodies, such as the backward movements of the planets.
At different stages of history, there were many theories of the structure of our world. All of them were depicted in the form of drawings, diagrams, models. However, time and achievements scientific and technological progress put everything in its place. And heliocentric mathematical model The solar system is already an axiom.
The movement of the planets is now on the monitor screen
Plunging into astronomy as a science, it can be difficult for an unprepared person to imagine all aspects of the cosmic world order. For this, modeling is ideal. The online solar system model appeared thanks to the development of computer technology.
Our planetary system has not gone unnoticed either. Specialists in the field of graphics have developed a computer model of the solar system with the input of dates, which is available to everyone. It is an interactive application that displays the movement of the planets around the Sun. In addition, it shows how the largest satellites revolve around the planets. We can also see between Mars and Jupiter and the zodiac constellations.
How to use the schema
The movement of the planets and their satellites correspond to their real daily and annual cycle. The model also takes into account the relative angular velocities and the initial conditions for the movement of space objects relative to each other. Therefore, at each moment of time, their relative position corresponds to the real one.
An interactive model of the solar system allows you to navigate in time using a calendar, which is depicted as an outer circle. The arrow on it points to the current date. The speed of the passage of time can be changed by moving the slider in the upper left corner. It is also possible to turn on the display of the phases of the moon, and the dynamics of the moon phases will be displayed in the lower left corner.
Some Assumptions
Click on any object for more information and photos of its surroundings up to 1x1°.
Sky map online- will help with observations through a telescope and just when orienting in the sky.
Sky map online- an interactive sky map showing the position of stars and nebulous objects that are available in amateur telescopes at a given time over a given place.
To use the sky map online, you need to set geographical coordinates places of observation and time of observation.
With the naked eye, only stars and planets with a brightness of up to about 6.5-7 m are visible in the sky. To observe other objects, you need telescope. The larger the diameter (aperture) of the telescope and the less illumination from the lights, the more objects will be available to you.
This online star map contains:
- the SKY2000 star catalog supplemented with data from the SAO and XHIP catalogs. In total - 298457 stars.
- proper names of the main stars and their designations according to the HD, SAO, HIP, HR catalogs;
- information about stars contains (if possible): J2000 coordinates, proper motions, brightness V, magnitude Johnson B, color index Johnson B-V, spectral type, luminosity (Suns), distance from the Sun in parsecs, number of exoplanets as of April 2012, Fe/H, age, variability and multiplicity data;
- positions of the major planets in the solar system bright comets and asteroids;
- galaxies, star clusters and nebulae from the Messier, Caldwell, Herschel 400 and NGC/IC catalogs with the ability to filter by type.
It is possible to search for foggy objects on the map by their numbers in the NGC / IC and Messier catalogs. As you enter the number, the map is centered on the coordinates of the desired object.
Enter only the object number as it appears in these catalogues: without the "NGC", "IC" and "M" prefixes. For example: 1, 33, 7000, 4145A-1, 646-1, 4898-1, 235A, etc.
Enter three objects from other catalogs: C_41, C_99 from Caldwell and the light nebula Sh2_155 into the NGC field as written here - with underlining and letters.
As NGC / IC, its refined and somewhat supplemented version RNGC / IC of January 2, 2013 was used. There are 13958 objects in total.
About the maximum magnitude:
The faintest star in the SKY2000 catalog, which is used in the online sky map, has a brightness of 12.9 m . If you are interested specifically in stars, keep in mind that already after about 9-9.5 m gaps begin in the catalog, the farther the stronger (such a decline after a certain magnitude is a common thing for star catalogs). But, if the stars are needed only to search for nebulous objects in a telescope, then by introducing a limit of 12 m you will get noticeably more stars for better orientation.
If you set the maximum 12 m in the "stars brighter" field and click "Update data", then the initial download of the catalog (17Mb) may take up to 20 seconds or more - depending on the speed of your Internet.
By default, only stars up to V=6 m (2.4Mb) are loaded. You need to know the downloaded volume to select the interval for auto-updating the map if you have limited Internet traffic.
To speed up the work, at low map magnifications (on the first 4 steps), NGC/IC objects are fainter than 11.5 m and faint stars are not shown. Magnify the desired part of the sky and they will appear.
When "turning off the pictures of the Hubble telescope and others." only black-and-white images are shown, which more honestly show the image available in an amateur telescope.
Help, suggestions and comments are accepted by mail: [email protected].
Materials used from sites:
www.ngcicproject.org, archive.stsci.edu, heavens-above.com, NASA.gov, Dr. Wolfgang Steinicke
The photographs used were declared free for distribution by their authors and transferred to the public (based on the data obtained by me in the places of their original placement, including according to Wikipedia, unless otherwise indicated). If this is not the case, please email me.
Thanks:
Andrey Oleshko from Kubinka for the initial coordinates of the Milky Way.
Eduard Vazhorov from Novocheboksarsk for the initial coordinates of the outlines of the Foggy Objects.
Nikolai K., Russia
