4th Central Research Order October revolution and the Red Banner of Labor Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia) is the largest scientific organization Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, solving a wide range of problems of scientific support for the construction of the Strategic Missile Forces and the development of strategic missile weapons. It is located in the Yubileiny microdistrict of the city of Korolev.

The traditional direction of research of the 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense is the substantiation of tactical and technical requirements for new and modernized weapons, military scientific support for the most important R&D. meaningful integral part in the total scope of research of the institute are works in the field of automation of command and control of troops and weapons, the introduction of modern telecommunication technologies into the practice of troops, providing information security.

The 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense also monitors the technical condition of weapons and military equipment and provides the command of the Strategic Missile Forces with objective information about the technical condition and reliability of the operated weapons.

Story

Prerequisites for creation

In the 1950s, in order to test at the Kapustin Yar new, at that time, R-1, R-2 and R-5 missiles, it became necessary to create equipment capable of performing various kinds of trajectory measurements. For these purposes, NII-4 developed the concept of a polygon measuring complex (PIK). For the measuring points (IP) of this complex, on the instructions of NII-4, telemetry equipment "Tral" began to be created, stations for trajectory measurements - radio rangefinder "Binocular" and phase-metric radioangiometer "Irtysh" (c), equipment for the unified time system (SEV) "Bamboo" ( at NII-33 MRP).

Conducting flight design tests (LCT) of the first R-7 ICBM required the creation of new launch positions (primarily due to the design range of the product - 8000 km) and on February 12, 1955, a resolution was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the creation of a Research Test Site ( NIIP-5 MO USSR). NII-4 was identified as a participant in the design of a testing ground testing base and the parent organization for the creation of a testing ground measuring complex (PIK).

The creation of a polygon measuring complex is a particularly large contribution of NII-4 to the development of missile and space technology. After the creation of the measuring complex, the authority of the Institute among industrial organizations and the USSR Ministry of Defense increased significantly. The work was supervised by A. I. Sokolov and his deputies G. A. Tyulin and Yu. A. Mozzhorin. More than 150 scientific staff NII-4. Over 50 employees were sent to factories, design bureaus and design organizations, where they took an active part in the development of measuring instruments and control over the construction of objects of the polygon measuring complex.

Work on an artificial earth satellite

At the end of 1955, when intensive work was underway to create the R-7 rocket, S.P. Korolev turned to the country's leadership with a proposal to launch the first artificial Earth satellite on the future R-7 rocket before the Americans, the flight test dates of which were scheduled for 1957. On January 30, 1956, a corresponding resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued and OKB-1 Korolev began designing the world's first artificial satellite Earth (AES), which received the name "object D", and NII-4 - to the design of the command-measuring complex (CMC).

It was NII-4 who was entrusted with the creation of the KIK, due to the fact that the Institute already had experience in creating a PIK at the Kapustin Yar training ground. Moreover, it is worth noting that before the January 1956 Government Decree on determining NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense as the head one with the involvement of a large cooperation of developers of measuring instruments to create a CFC, the Ministry of Defense was against imposing on him, by analogy with PIK, the duties of a CFC developer, referring to work unusual for him , carried out in the interests of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The Ministry of Defense of the USSR presented numerous arguments in favor of the fact that the creation and operation of measuring points for the provision of satellite flights is primarily the business of the Academy of Sciences, and not the Ministry of Defense. However, scientists and industrialists believed that only the military could build, equip and operate measuring points scattered throughout the territory. Soviet Union in hard-to-reach places. The debate on this issue was long and heated, until they were stopped by the Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. He agreed with the arguments of the industrialists, foreseeing the important role of outer space in the defense of the country in the future. Since then, Zhukov has been credited with the phrase: “I take over space!”.

The project was approved on June 2, 1956, and on September 3, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued, which determines the procedure for the practical creation of a complex of measuring instruments, communications and a single time to provide ground support for the flight of the first satellite. It is this day, September 3, 1956, that is considered to be the day of the creation of the Command and Measuring Complex of the USSR. According to the TOR issued by NII-4 and OKB-1, new technical means (TS) were finalized and created for interaction with the D satellite. The vehicles, modified to the level of interaction with the satellite, received the prefix "D" in their name (for example, "Binoculars-D").

The matter of preparing for the formation of the KIK began to boil, but by the end of 1956 it turned out that the planned plans for launching the first artificial satellite were in jeopardy due to difficulties in creating scientific equipment for the “D object” and a lower than planned specific thrust of propulsion systems (DU ) RN R-7. The government set a new launch date of April 1958. However, according to intelligence, the United States could launch the first satellite before this date. Therefore, in November 1956, OKB-1 made a proposal for the urgent development and launch of the simplest satellite weighing about 100 kg in April - May 1957, instead of "block D", during the first tests of the R-7. The proposal was approved and on February 15, 1957, a Government Decree was issued on the launch of the simplest satellite, named PS-1, at the end of 1957.

In the meantime, at NII-4, a project was developed to create a CMC, providing for the creation of 13 command and measuring points (now they were called ONIP - a separate scientific measuring point, and colloquially they were often called NIP), located throughout the Soviet Union from Leningrad to Kamchatka and the central starting point. Yu. A. Mozzhorin supervised the work on the creation of the CMC. All work was completed in record time - in one year.

In 1957, to ensure launches of ICBMs, launches of satellites and other space objects at NII-4, a Coordination and Computing Center (CCC) is being created, a prototype of the future Mission Control Center.

For the creation of rocket and space technology NII-4 in 1957 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

The results of research carried out at NII-4 in the late 1940s and early 1950s provided the theoretical foundation for further practical work for space exploration. Some employees of his group, who moved from NII-4 to OKB-1 in 1956 together with M.K. In 1957, for ensuring the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, a group of specialists from NII-4, including three from the group of M.K. Tikhonravov: A.V. Brykov, I.M. Yatsunsky, I.K. Bazhinov was awarded the Lenin Prize.

Pacific Oceanographic Expedition

Preparation for flight tests of the R-7 ICBM at full range - in the water area Pacific Ocean- and the expansion of the scope of observations of the flights of space objects required the creation of floating (ship) measuring complexes.

In 1959, the Institute was appointed as the lead contractor for the creation of the floating complex TOGE-4 (under the legend of the 4th Pacific Oceanographic Expedition) consisting of four ships, and in 1960 - the lead contractor for the creation of the TOGE-5 complex - consisting of three ships. A special marine laboratory was created at the Institute, which was transformed in 1962 into a marine department. Captain 1st rank (later Rear Admiral) Yuri Ivanovich Maksyuta was appointed commander of TOGE-4.

The formation of four warships was born as a result of the implementation of the Aquatoria research project, developed by employees of the NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1958. After the successful shooting of the R-7 rocket in the Kamchatka region, it became obvious that in order to test the rocket at full range (12,000 kilometers), it was necessary to create a test site in the central part of the Pacific Ocean. To measure the accuracy of the fall of the warheads of intercontinental ballistic missiles in 1959, floating measuring points were built - expeditionary oceanographic ships Siberia, Sakhalin, Suchan and Chukotka. First combat work on the test site "Aquatoria" was carried out on January 20 - 31, 1960.

The launches of the first interplanetary stations required the reception of telemetric information from their board in areas not controlled by means of the ground-based KIK and the Pacific expedition. To solve the problem in 1960, the Atlantic group of floating measuring points was created, consisting of two ships of the Black Sea Shipping Company and one ship of the Baltic Shipping Company. These ships were taken from shipping and transferred to the disposal of NII-4. Vasily Ivanovich Beloglazov, an employee of NII-4, was the head of the Atlantic telemetry expedition.

On August 1, 1960, the ships of the NII-4 Floating Telemetric Complex set out on their maiden voyage. Each was an expedition consisting of 10 - 11 employees of the institute, specialists highly qualified. During the 4-month voyage, the technology for conducting telemetric measurements in oceanic conditions was developed. Work on significant spacecraft launches took place only on the next, second flight of the Atlantic complex, which began in January 1961.

Ensuring control of the ship "Vostok"

A bright page in the development of space ballistics was the provision of flight control for the manned spacecraft "Vostok" with Yu. A. Gagarin. NII-4 was determined to be the lead one for solving this important task. An independent development of methods, algorithms and programs was organized in NII-4, OKB-1 and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and their coordination. Ballistics scientists have successfully solved this problem. The ships TOGE-4 "Siberia", "Sakhalin", "Suchan", "Chukotka" and the ships of the Atlantic group "Voroshilov", "Krasnodar" and "Dolinsk" took a direct part in providing the flight.

In 1961 for the creation of an automated measuring complex, systems of uniform time and special communication, which ensured the launch spaceship with a man on board, Yu. A. Mozzhorin was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. A. I. Sokolov and the head of the head of the Institute of Management G. I. Levin were awarded the title of laureates of the Lenin Prize.

Institute as part of the Strategic Missile Forces

On December 31, 1959, the Institute was included in the Rocket Forces strategic purpose and from 1960 he performed work on orders from the General Staff, the Scientific and Technical Committee, and the Main Directorates. Along with the expansion of work on strategic missile weapons and rocket and space technology, comprehensive studies of weapons systems of the Strategic Missile Forces began to be carried out, and the methodology for testing missile and rocket and space systems was improved. The volume of work on the combat use of missile units and formations, the provision of troops with management and operational documentation has increased.

One of the important problems was the automation of combat command and control of troops on constant combat duty in high readiness for use. At the initial stage of solving this problem, difficulties arose in attracting industrial organizations to work on creating an automated control system. Work began to be carried out at NII-4. In 1962, the equipment manufactured at the experimental plant of the Institute was successfully tested by the troops. The interdepartmental commission headed by academician B. N. Petrov gave a positive assessment of the research and recommended the start of development work in industry. After the adoption of the created system for service, the employees of NII-4, who supervised the work, were awarded: V. I. Anufriev - the Lenin Prize, V. T. Dolgov - the State Prize.

Due to the increase in volume space research in NII-4 in the early 1960s, space specialties were created (transformed in 1964 into scientific departments). Management teams have made a significant contribution to the substantiation of tasks of a defense nature solved with the help of space means, determining the prospects for the development of space weapons, testing military spacecraft and solving many other problems related to the exploration of outer space.

In the mid-1960s, NII-4 began comprehensive research to substantiate the prospects for the development of weapons and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces and to find ways to intensively build up the combat power of the Strategic Missile Forces. At that time, the US strategic "triad" included almost 4 times more carriers nuclear weapons and about 9 times more nuclear warheads and bombs than in the strategic nuclear forces of the USSR. In this regard, in order to ensure the country's security, the issue of closing the gap with the United States and achieving military-strategic parity in the shortest possible time arose.

By decision of the government in 1965, a large-scale complex research was set (code "Complex"). The main executors for the section of the Strategic Missile Forces are NII-4 and TsNIIMash, supervisors- head of NII-4 A. I. Sokolov and director of TsNIIMash Yu. A. Mozzhorin.

The scientifically based recommendations of the R&D have been fully implemented. In a short time, highly effective missile weapons systems with a given level of characteristics were created and put into service, the deployment of which made it possible to significantly increase the combat potential of the Strategic Missile Forces grouping and ensured the achievement of sustainable military-strategic parity with the United States in the early 1970s. The results of this research and the similar work that followed it with five-year cycles substantiated the technical policy of the USSR Ministry of Defense in the field of development of weapons for the Strategic Missile Forces in the long term. In the 1970s and early 1980s, work to determine the prospects for the development of weapons and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces was carried out under the leadership of Yevgeny Borisovich Volkov, who was appointed head of the Institute in April 1970. In the future, research in this area was always led by the heads of the 4th Central Research Institute (Lev Ivanovich Volkov, Vladimir Zinovievich Dvorkin, Alexander Vladimirovich Shevyrev, Vladimir Vasilyevich Vasilenko).

Not a single missile system created on the orders of the Strategic Missile Forces was tested without the participation of the Institute. Hundreds of employees were developing programs and test methods, evaluating the flight performance of missiles based on the results of launches, and were directly involved in work at the test sites. Heads of NII-4, their deputies, heads of departments (A. I. Sokolov, E. B. Volkov, A. A. Kurushin, O. I. Maisky, A. G. Funtikov) were appointed chairmen of the State Commissions.

For work on the creation of new missile systems, the Institute was awarded the second order in 1976 - the Order of the October Revolution. The head of the Institute, E. B. Volkov, was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

In connection with the constant increase in the accuracy of hitting missiles of a potential enemy, one of the most important has become the problem of ensuring the protection of missile systems from damaging effects. nuclear explosion. The Institute acted as the lead organization for scientific, methodological, organizational and technical support of almost all large-scale tests. Designed and manufactured at the Institute measuring instruments were unique and had no analogues in serial instrumentation in terms of accuracy and reliability of measurements of highly dynamic processes under conditions of intense interference. As a result of the theoretical and experimental studies and design improvements in the 1970s and 1980s, the protection of objects of the Strategic Missile Forces from damaging factors I'M IN.

Further development

In the 1960s, the main task of the institute was to equip the Strategic Missile Forces with missile systems with the first strategic intercontinental and medium-range missiles.

The 1970s are characterized by major work to ensure the creation and development of a new generation of highly efficient missile systems with missiles equipped with separating heads, which made it possible to significantly increase the combat capabilities of the Strategic Missile Forces and its deterrent role. In the same years, the institute substantiated the need to create mobile missile systems, defended this direction before large organizations who were supporters of stationary complexes.

The activity of the institute in the 1980s was aimed at ensuring the qualitative development of the Strategic Missile Forces grouping based on mobile and stationary complexes of the new generation.

In the 1990s, the main tasks of the institute were related to maintaining the combat potential of the Strategic Missile Forces at the required level in the conditions of the military-political situation, reducing offensive weapons, and reducing funding for the Russian Ministry of Defense and defense industries.

On the present stage The Institute's key area of research is the military-economic substantiation of the balanced development of strategic offensive, information-reconnaissance and defensive forces and means.

At the end of 1997, units of the 50th Central Research Institute of the VKS of the Russian Ministry of Defense and the 45th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense were integrated into the Institute.

In accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated May 24, 2010 No. 551 "On the reorganization of federal public institutions, subordinated to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "and in order to improve the structure of the military-scientific complex of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, from December 1, 2010, the 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia was reorganized: three research institutes were attached to it as structural units: and the 13th GNII of the Russian Ministry of Defense. The Institute received the name FBU "4th Central Research Institute of Missile, Space and Aviation Systems of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation".

In October 2013, the 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia was reorganized in the form of a separation from it of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Central Research Institute Air force» The Russian Ministry of Defense (Schelkovo, Moscow Region) and the Central Research Institute of the Aerospace Defense Troops of the Russian Ministry of Defense (Yubileiny, Moscow Region).

In 2016, the 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense celebrated its 70th anniversary.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

4th Central Research Institute of the Order of the October Revolution and the Red Banner of Labor of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (4 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia)

Former name
Founded
Director
Location
Legal address	141091, city of Yubileiny, Moscow region, M. K. Tikhonravova street, house No. 29
Awards

4th Central Research Institute of the Order of the October Revolution and the Red Banner of Labor of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia) - the largest scientific organization of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, solving a wide range of problems of scientific support for the construction of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces, the development of strategic missile and space weapons. Located in the city of Yubileiny.

The traditional direction of research of the 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense is the substantiation of tactical and technical requirements for new and modernized weapons, military scientific support for the most important R&D. A significant component in the total scope of the institute's research is work in the field of automation of command and control of troops and weapons, the introduction of modern telecommunication technologies into the practice of troops, and information security.

The 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense also monitors the technical condition of weapons and military equipment and provides the command of the Strategic Missile Forces and VVKO with objective information about the technical condition and reliability of the weapons in operation.

In October 2013, it was disbanded, with the creation on its basis of the Central Research Institute of the Aerospace Defense Forces (Yubileiny, Moscow Region) and the Central Research Institute of the Air Force (Schelkovo, Moscow Region).

Story

Prerequisites for creation

The creation of a polygon measuring complex is a particularly large contribution of NII-4 to the development of rocket and space technology. After the creation of the measuring complex, the authority of the Institute among industrial organizations and the USSR Ministry of Defense increased significantly. The work was supervised by A. I. Sokolov and his deputies G. A. Tyulin and Yu. A. Mozzhorin. More than 150 scientific employees of NII-4 participated in the technological design of the test site facilities. Over 50 employees were sent to factories, design bureaus and design organizations, where they took an active part in the development of measuring instruments and control over the construction of objects of the polygon measuring complex.

Work on an artificial earth satellite

At the end of 1955, when intensive work was underway to create the R-7 rocket, S.P. Korolev turned to the country's leadership with a proposal to launch the first artificial Earth satellite on the future R-7 rocket before the Americans, the flight test dates of which were scheduled for 1957. On January 30, 1956, a corresponding resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued and OKB-1 Korolev began designing the world's first artificial Earth satellite (AES), which received the name "object D", and NII-4 began designing a command and measurement complex (CMC).

It was NII-4 who was entrusted with the creation of the KIK, due to the fact that the Institute already had experience in creating a PIK at the Kapustin Yar training ground. Moreover, it is worth noting that before the January 1956 Government Decree on determining NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense as the head one with the involvement of a large cooperation of developers of measuring instruments to create a CFC, the Ministry of Defense was against imposing on him, by analogy with PIK, the duties of a CFC developer, referring to work unusual for him , carried out in the interests of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The Ministry of Defense of the USSR presented numerous arguments in favor of the fact that the creation and operation of measuring points for the provision of satellite flights is primarily the business of the Academy of Sciences, and not the Ministry of Defense. However, scientists and industrialists believed that only the military could build, equip and operate measuring points scattered across the territory of the Soviet Union in hard-to-reach places. The debate on this issue was long and heated, until they were stopped by the Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. He agreed with the arguments of the industrialists, foreseeing the important role of outer space in the defense of the country in the future. Since then, Zhukov has been credited with the phrase: “I take over space!”.

In 1957, to ensure launches of ICBMs, launches of artificial satellites and other space objects, a Coordination and Computing Center (CCC) was created at NII-4, a prototype of the future Mission Control Center.

For the creation of rocket and space technology NII-4 in 1957 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

The results of research carried out at NII-4 in the late 1940s and early 1950s provided the theoretical foundation for further practical work on space exploration. Some employees of his group, who moved from NII-4 to OKB-1 in 1956 together with M.K. In 1957, for ensuring the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth, a group of specialists from NII-4, including three from the group of M.K. Tikhonravov: A.V. Brykov, I.M. Yatsunsky, I.K. Bazhinov was awarded the Lenin Prize.

Pacific Hydrographic Expedition

Preparation for flight tests of the R-7 ICBM at full range - in the Pacific Ocean - and the expansion of the scope of observations of the flights of space objects required the creation of floating (ship) measuring systems.

In 1959, the Institute was appointed the lead contractor for the creation of the TOGE-4 floating complex (under the legend of the 4th Pacific Hydrographic Expedition) consisting of four ships, and in 1960 - the lead contractor for the creation of the TOGE-5 complex - consisting of three ships. A special marine laboratory was created at the Institute, which was transformed in 1962 into a marine department. Captain 1st rank (later Rear Admiral) Yuri Ivanovich Maksyuta was appointed commander of TOGE-4.

The formation of four warships was born as a result of the implementation of the Aquatoria research project, developed by employees of the NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1958. After the successful shooting of the R-7 rocket in the Kamchatka region, it became obvious that in order to test the rocket at full range (14,000 kilometers), it was necessary to create a test site in the central part of the Pacific Ocean. To measure the accuracy of the fall of the warheads of intercontinental ballistic missiles in 1959, floating measuring points were built - expeditionary oceanographic ships Siberia, Sakhalin, Suchan and Chukotka. The first combat work on the "Aquatoria" training ground was carried out on January 20 - 31, 1960.

The launches of the first interplanetary stations required the reception of telemetric information from their board in areas not controlled by means of the ground-based KIK and the Pacific expedition. To solve the problem in 1960, the Atlantic group of floating measuring points was created, consisting of two ships of the Black Sea Shipping Company and one ship of the Baltic Shipping Company. These ships were removed from shipping and placed at the disposal of NII-4. Vasily Ivanovich Beloglazov, an employee of NII-4, was the head of the Atlantic telemetry expedition.

On August 1, 1960, the ships of the NII-4 Floating Telemetric Complex set out on their maiden voyage. Each was an expedition consisting of 10 - 11 employees of the institute, highly qualified specialists. During the 4-month voyage, the technology for conducting telemetric measurements in oceanic conditions was developed. Work on significant spacecraft launches took place only on the next, second flight of the Atlantic complex, which began in January 1961.

Ensuring control of the ship "Vostok"

In 1961, Yu. A. Mozzhorin was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the creation of an automated measuring complex, unified time systems and special communications that ensured the launch of a spacecraft with a person on board. A. I. Sokolov and the head of the head of the Institute of Management G. I. Levin were awarded the title of laureates of the Lenin Prize.

Institute as part of the Strategic Missile Forces

On December 31, 1959, the Institute was included in the Strategic Missile Forces and since 1960 has been carrying out work on orders from the General Staff, the Scientific and Technical Committee, and the Main Directorates. Along with the expansion of work on strategic missile weapons and rocket and space technology, comprehensive studies of weapons systems of the Strategic Missile Forces began to be carried out, and the methodology for testing missile and rocket and space systems was improved. The volume of work on the combat use of missile units and formations, the provision of troops with management and operational documentation has increased.

In connection with the increase in the volume of space research, space specialties were created at NII-4 in the early 1960s (which were transformed into scientific departments in 1964). Management teams have made a significant contribution to the substantiation of tasks of a defense nature solved with the help of space means, determining the prospects for the development of space weapons, testing military spacecraft and solving many other problems related to the exploration of outer space.

In the mid-1960s, NII-4 began comprehensive research to substantiate the prospects for the development of weapons and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces and to find ways to intensively build up the combat power of the Strategic Missile Forces. At that time, the US strategic "triad" included almost 4 times more nuclear weapons carriers and about 9 times more nuclear warheads and air bombs than the Soviet strategic nuclear forces. In this regard, in order to ensure the country's security, the issue of closing the gap with the United States and achieving military-strategic parity in the shortest possible time arose.

By decision of the government in 1965, a large-scale complex research was set (code "Complex"). NII-4 and TsNIIMash were appointed as the lead executors in the section of the Strategic Missile Forces, and the head of NII-4 A.I. Sokolov and director of TsNIIMash Yu.A. Mozzhorin were appointed scientific supervisors.

In connection with the constant increase in the accuracy of hitting missiles of a potential enemy, one of the most important has become the problem of ensuring the protection of missile systems from the damaging effects of a nuclear explosion. The Institute acted as the lead organization for scientific, methodological, organizational and technical support of almost all large-scale tests. The measuring devices developed and manufactured at the Institute were unique and had no analogues in serial instrumentation in terms of accuracy and reliability of measurements of highly dynamic processes under conditions of intense interference. As a result of the theoretical and experimental studies and design improvements in the 1970s and 1980s, the protection of the Strategic Missile Forces objects from the damaging factors of nuclear weapons was sharply increased.

Further development

In the 1960s, the main task of the institute was to equip the Strategic Missile Forces with missile systems with the first strategic intercontinental and medium-range missiles.

The 1970s are characterized by major work to ensure the creation and development of a new generation of highly efficient missile systems with missiles equipped with separating heads, which made it possible to significantly increase the combat capabilities of the Strategic Missile Forces and its deterrent role. In the same years, the institute substantiated the need to create mobile missile systems, defended this direction in front of large organizations that were supporters of stationary systems. This contribution of the 4th Central Research Institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense to increasing the combat potential of the Strategic Missile Forces can hardly be overestimated.

The activity of the institute in the 1980s was aimed at ensuring the qualitative development of the Strategic Missile Forces grouping based on mobile and stationary complexes of the new generation.

At the present stage, the Institute's key area of research is the military-economic substantiation of the balanced development of strategic offensive, information-reconnaissance and defensive forces and means.

In accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of May 24, 2010 No. 551 "On the reorganization of federal state institutions subordinate to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation", and in order to improve the structure of the military scientific complex of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the 30th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense was reorganized into form of accession as a structural unit to the 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

In October 2013, the 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation was disbanded, with the creation on its basis of the Central Research Institute of the Aerospace Defense Troops (Yubileiny, Moscow Region) and the Central Research Institute of the Air Force (Schelkovo, Moscow Region) .

Chiefs

Nesterenko A. I. (1946 - 1951)
Chechulin P.P. (1951 - 1955)
Sokolov A. I. (1955 - 1970)
Volkov E. B. (1970 - 1982)
Volkov L. I. (1982 - 1993)
Dvorkin V. Z. (1993 - 2001)
Shevyrev Alexander Vladimirovich (2001 - 2004)
Vasilenko Vladimir Vasilyevich (2004 - 2010)
Tarazevich Sergey Evgenievich (02/05/2010 - 09/01/2010)
Milkovsky Alexander Grigorievich (09/01/2010 - 10/13/2013)

Leading scientists of the Institute

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Notes

Literature

Area closed to swimming. Series "Ships of the Soviet Navy" Kurochkin A. M., Shardin V. E. - M .: Military Book LLC, 2008 - 72 p. ISBN 978-5-902863-17-5

An excerpt characterizing the 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Prince Andrei, without answering, took out notebook and, raising his knee, he began to write with a pencil on a torn sheet. He wrote to his sister:
“Smolensk is being surrendered,” he wrote, “the Bald Mountains will be occupied by the enemy in a week. Leave now for Moscow. Answer me as soon as you leave, sending a courier to Usvyazh.
Having written and handed over the sheet to Alpatych, he verbally told him how to arrange the departure of the prince, princess and son with the teacher and how and where to answer him immediately. He had not yet had time to complete these orders, when the chief of staff on horseback, accompanied by his retinue, galloped up to him.
- Are you a colonel? shouted the chief of staff, with a German accent, in a voice familiar to Prince Andrei. - Houses are lit in your presence, and you are standing? What does this mean? You will answer, - shouted Berg, who was now assistant chief of staff of the left flank infantry troops the first army - a very pleasant place and in plain sight, as Berg said.
Prince Andrei looked at him and, without answering, continued, turning to Alpatych:
“So tell me that I’m waiting for an answer by the tenth, and if I don’t get the news on the tenth that everyone has left, I myself will have to drop everything and go to the Bald Mountains.
“I, prince, only say so,” said Berg, recognizing Prince Andrei, “that I must obey orders, because I always fulfill them exactly ... Please excuse me,” Berg justified himself in some way.
Something crackled in the fire. The fire subsided for a moment; black puffs of smoke poured from under the roof. Something else crackled terribly in the fire, and something huge collapsed.
– Urruru! - Echoing the collapsed ceiling of the barn, from which there was a smell of cakes from burnt bread, the crowd roared. The flame flared up and illuminated the animatedly joyful and exhausted faces of the people standing around the fire.
A man in a frieze overcoat, raising his hand, shouted:
- Important! go fight! Guys, it's important!
“This is the master himself,” voices said.
“So, so,” said Prince Andrei, turning to Alpatych, “tell everything as I told you.” And, without answering a word to Berg, who fell silent beside him, he touched the horse and rode into the alley.

The troops continued to retreat from Smolensk. The enemy was following them. On August 10, the regiment, commanded by Prince Andrei, passed along the high road, past the avenue leading to the Bald Mountains. The heat and drought lasted for more than three weeks. Curly clouds moved across the sky every day, occasionally obscuring the sun; but towards evening it cleared again, and the sun set in a brownish-red mist. Only heavy dew at night refreshed the earth. The bread remaining on the root burned and spilled out. The swamps have dried up. The cattle roared from hunger, not finding food in the meadows burned by the sun. Only at night and in the forests the dew still held, it was cool. But along the road, along the high road along which the troops marched, even at night, even through the forests, there was no such coolness. The dew was not noticeable on the sandy dust of the road, which was pushed up more than a quarter of an arshin. As soon as it dawned, the movement began. Convoys, artillery silently walked along the hub, and the infantry up to their ankles in soft, stuffy, hot dust that had not cooled down during the night. One part of this sandy dust was kneaded by feet and wheels, the other rose and stood like a cloud over the army, sticking to the eyes, hair, ears, nostrils and, most importantly, the lungs of people and animals moving along this road. The higher the sun rose, the higher the cloud of dust rose, and through this thin, hot dust it was possible to look at the sun, not covered by clouds, with a simple eye. The sun was a big crimson ball. There was no wind, and people were suffocating in this still atmosphere. People walked with handkerchiefs around their noses and mouths. Coming to the village, everything rushed to the wells. They fought for water and drank it to the dirt.
Prince Andrei commanded the regiment, and the structure of the regiment, the well-being of its people, the need to receive and give orders occupied him. The fire of Smolensk and its abandonment were an epoch for Prince Andrei. A new feeling of bitterness against the enemy made him forget his grief. He was completely devoted to the affairs of his regiment, he was caring for his people and officers and affectionate with them. In the regiment they called him our prince, they were proud of him and loved him. But he was kind and meek only with his regimental officers, with Timokhin, etc., with completely new people and in a foreign environment, with people who could not know and understand his past; but as soon as he ran into one of his former staff members, he immediately bristled again; became malicious, mocking and contemptuous. Everything that connected his memory with the past repulsed him, and therefore he tried in the relations of this former world only not to be unjust and to fulfill his duty.
True, everything was presented in a dark, gloomy light to Prince Andrei - especially after they left Smolensk (which, according to his concepts, could and should have been defended) on August 6, and after his father, who was sick, had to flee to Moscow and throw away the Bald Mountains, so beloved, built up and inhabited by him, for plunder; but, despite the fact, thanks to the regiment, Prince Andrei could think about another subject, completely independent of general questions - about his regiment. On August 10, the column, in which his regiment was, caught up with the Bald Mountains. Prince Andrey two days ago received the news that his father, son and sister had left for Moscow. Although Prince Andrei had nothing to do in the Bald Mountains, he, with his characteristic desire to exasperate his grief, decided that he should call in the Bald Mountains.
He ordered his horse to be saddled and from the crossing rode on horseback to his father's village, in which he was born and spent his childhood. Passing by a pond, on which dozens of women, talking to each other, beat with rollers and rinsed their clothes, Prince Andrei noticed that there was no one on the pond, and a torn-off raft, half flooded with water, floated sideways in the middle of the pond. Prince Andrei drove up to the gatehouse. There was no one at the stone entrance gate, and the door was unlocked. The garden paths were already overgrown, and the calves and horses were walking through the English park. Prince Andrei drove up to the greenhouse; the windows were broken, and the trees in tubs, some felled, some withered. He called Taras the gardener. Nobody responded. Going around the greenhouse to the exhibition, he saw that the carved board fence was all broken and the plum fruits were plucked with branches. An old peasant (Prince Andrei had seen him at the gate in his childhood) was sitting and weaving bast shoes on a green bench.
He was deaf and did not hear the entrance of Prince Andrei. He was sitting on a bench, on which the old prince liked to sit, and beside him was hung a bast on the knots of a broken and withered magnolia.
Prince Andrei drove up to the house. Several lindens in the old garden were cut down, one piebald horse with a foal walked in front of the house between the roses. The house was boarded up with shutters. One window downstairs was open. The yard boy, seeing Prince Andrei, ran into the house.
Alpatych, having sent his family, remained alone in the Bald Mountains; he sat at home and read the Lives. Upon learning of the arrival of Prince Andrei, he, with glasses on his nose, buttoning up, left the house, hurriedly approached the prince and, without saying anything, wept, kissing Prince Andrei on the knee.
Then he turned away with a heart to his weakness and began to report to him on the state of affairs. Everything valuable and expensive was taken to Bogucharovo. Bread, up to a hundred quarters, was also exported; hay and spring, unusual, as Alpatych said, this year's green harvest was taken and mowed - by the troops. The peasants are ruined, some have also gone to Bogucharovo, a small part remains.
Prince Andrei, without listening to the end, asked when his father and sister left, meaning when they left for Moscow. Alpatych answered, believing that they were asking about leaving for Bogucharovo, that they had left on the seventh, and again spread about the farm's shares, asking for permission.
- Will you order the oats to be released on receipt to the teams? We still have six hundred quarters left,” Alpatych asked.
“What to answer him? thought Prince Andrei, looking at the old man's bald head, shining in the sun, and in his expression reading the consciousness that he himself understood the untimeliness of these questions, but asked only in such a way as to drown out his grief.
“Yes, let go,” he said.
“If they deigned to notice the unrest in the garden,” Alpatych said, “then it was impossible to prevent: three regiments passed and spent the night, especially dragoons. I wrote out the rank and rank of commander for filing a petition.
- Well, what are you going to do? Will you stay if the enemy takes? Prince Andrew asked him.
Alpatych, turning his face to Prince Andrei, looked at him; and suddenly raised his hand in a solemn gesture.
“He is my patron, may his will be done!” he said.
A crowd of peasants and servants walked across the meadow, with open heads, approaching Prince Andrei.
- Well, goodbye! - said Prince Andrei, bending over to Alpatych. - Leave yourself, take away what you can, and the people were told to leave for Ryazanskaya or Moscow Region. - Alpatych clung to his leg and sobbed. Prince Andrei carefully pushed him aside and, touching his horse, galloped down the alley.
At the exhibition, just as indifferent as a fly on the face of a dear dead man, the old man sat and tapped on a block of bast shoes, and two girls with plums in their skirts, which they picked from greenhouse trees, fled from there and stumbled upon Prince Andrei. Seeing the young master, the older girl, with fright expressed on her face, grabbed her smaller companion by the hand and hid behind a birch together with her, not having time to pick up the scattered green plums.
Prince Andrei hastily turned away from them in fright, afraid to let them notice that he had seen them. He felt sorry for this pretty, frightened girl. He was afraid to look at her, but at the same time he had an irresistible desire to do so. A new, gratifying and reassuring feeling came over him when, looking at these girls, he realized the existence of other, completely alien to him and just as legitimate human interests as those that occupied him. These girls, obviously, passionately desired one thing - to carry away and finish eating these green plums and not be caught, and Prince Andrei together with them wished the success of their enterprise. He couldn't help but look at them again. Thinking they were already safe, they jumped out of the ambush and, holding their skirts in thin voices, merrily and quickly ran across the grass of the meadow with their tanned bare legs.
Prince Andrei refreshed himself a little, having left the dusty area of the high road along which the troops were moving. But not far beyond the Bald Mountains, he again drove onto the road and caught up with his regiment at a halt, by the dam of a small pond. It was the second hour after noon. The sun, a red ball in the dust, was unbearably hot and burned his back through his black coat. The dust, still the same, stood motionless over the voice of the humming, halted troops. There was no wind. In the passage along the dam, Prince Andrei smelled of the mud and freshness of the pond. He wanted to get into the water, no matter how dirty it was. He looked back at the pond, from which cries and laughter were coming. A small muddy pond with greenery, apparently, rose a quarter by two, flooding the dam, because it was full of human, soldier, naked white bodies floundering in it, with brick-red hands, faces and necks. All this naked, white human meat, with laughter and a boom, floundered in this dirty puddle, like crucian carp stuffed into a watering can. This floundering echoed with merriment, and therefore it was especially sad.
One young blond soldier - even Prince Andrei knew him - of the third company, with a strap under the calf, crossed himself, stepped back to take a good run and flounder into the water; the other, a black, always shaggy non-commissioned officer, waist-deep in water, twitching his muscular frame, snorted joyfully, watering his head with his black hands. There was slapping and screeching and hooting.
On the banks, on the dam, in the pond, everywhere there was white, healthy, muscular meat. Officer Timokhin, with a red nose, wiped himself on the dam and felt ashamed when he saw the prince, but decided to turn to him:
- That's good, your Excellency, you would please! - he said.
“Dirty,” said Prince Andrei, grimacing.
We'll clean it up for you. - And Timokhin, not yet dressed, ran to clean.
The prince wants.
- Which? Our prince? - voices began to speak, and everyone hurried so that Prince Andrei managed to calm them down. He thought it better to pour himself in the barn.
“Meat, body, chair a canon [cannon fodder]! he thought, looking at his naked body, and shuddering not so much from the cold as from incomprehensible disgust and horror to himself at the sight of this huge number of bodies basking in a dirty pond.
On August 7, Prince Bagration wrote the following in his camp at Mikhailovka on the Smolensk road:
“Dear sir, Count Alexei Andreevich.
(He wrote to Arakcheev, but he knew that his letter would be read by the sovereign, and therefore, as far as he was capable of doing so, he considered his every word.)
I think that the Minister has already reported on leaving Smolensk to the enemy. It hurts, sadly, and the whole army is in despair that the most important place was abandoned in vain. I, for my part, asked him personally in the most convincing way, and finally wrote; but nothing agreed with him. I swear to you on my honor that Napoleon was in such a bag as never before, and he could lose half the army, but not take Smolensk. Our troops have fought and are fighting like never before. I held on with 15,000 for over 35 hours and beat them; but he did not want to stay even 14 hours. It's a shame and a stain on our army; and he himself, it seems to me, should not live in the world. If he conveys that the loss is great, it is not true; maybe about 4 thousand, no more, but not even that. At least ten, how to be, war! But the enemy lost the abyss ...
What was it worth to stay two more days? At least they would have left; for they had no water to drink for men and horses. He gave me his word that he would not retreat, but suddenly sent a disposition that he was leaving into the night. Thus, it is impossible to fight, and we can soon bring the enemy to Moscow ...
Rumor has it that you think about the world. To reconcile, God forbid! After all the donations and after such extravagant retreats, make up your mind: you will turn the whole of Russia against you, and each of us, out of shame, will make him wear a uniform. If it has already gone like this, we must fight while Russia can and while people are on their feet ...
You have to lead one, not two. Your minister may be good in the ministry; but the general is not only bad, but trashy, and he was given the fate of our entire Fatherland ... I, really, go crazy with annoyance; Forgive me for writing boldly. It can be seen that he does not love the sovereign and wishes the death of all of us who advise to make peace and command the army to the minister. So, I am writing you the truth: prepare the militia. For the minister in the most skillful way leads the guest to the capital. Adjutant Wolzogen is giving the whole army a big suspicion. He, they say, is more Napoleonic than ours, and he advises everything to the minister. I am not only courteous against him, but I obey like a corporal, although older than him. It hurts; but, loving my benefactor and sovereign, I obey. It’s only a pity for the sovereign that he entrusts such a glorious army. Imagine that with our retreat we lost people from fatigue and more than 15 thousand in hospitals; and if they had attacked, it would not have happened. Say for God's sake that our Russia - our mother - will say that we are so afraid and why we give such a good and zealous Fatherland to bastards and instill hatred and shame in every subject. What to be afraid of and who to be afraid of?. It's not my fault that the minister is indecisive, a coward, stupid, slow and everything has bad qualities. The whole army is crying completely and scolding him to death ... "

Among the innumerable subdivisions that can be made in the phenomena of life, one can subdivide them all into those in which the content predominates, others in which the form predominates. Among these, in contrast to rural, zemstvo, provincial, even Moscow life, can be attributed life in St. Petersburg, especially salon life. This life is unchangeable.
Since 1805, we have been reconciling and quarreling with Bonaparte, we have made constitutions and butchered them, and the salon of Anna Pavlovna and the salon of Helene were exactly the same as they were one seven years, the other five years ago. In the same way, Anna Pavlovna spoke with bewilderment about the successes of Bonaparte and saw, both in his successes and in the indulgence of European sovereigns, a malicious conspiracy, with the sole purpose of unpleasantness and anxiety of that court circle, of which Anna Pavlovna was a representative. In the same way, with Helen, whom Rumyantsev himself honored with his visit and considered a remarkably intelligent woman, just as in 1808, so in 1812, they spoke with enthusiasm about a great nation and a great person and looked with regret at the break with France, which, according to the people who gathered in the salon Helen, should have ended in peace.
AT recent times, after the arrival of the sovereign from the army, there was some excitement in these opposing circles in the salons and some demonstrations were made against each other, but the direction of the circles remained the same. Only inveterate legitimists were accepted into Anna Pavlovna's circle from the French, and here the patriotic idea was expressed that one should not go to french theater and that the maintenance of a troupe costs as much as the maintenance of a whole corps. The military events were eagerly followed, and the most beneficial rumors for our army were spread. In Helen's circle, Rumyantsev, French, rumors about the cruelty of the enemy and the war were refuted and all Napoleon's attempts at reconciliation were discussed. In this circle, those who advised too hasty orders to prepare for departure to Kazan court and women's educational institutions, under the auspices of the Empress mother, were reproached. In general, the whole matter of the war was presented in Helen’s salon as empty demonstrations that would very soon end in peace, and the opinion of Bilibin, who was now in St. think they'll solve the problem. In this circle, ironically and very cleverly, although very carefully, they ridiculed the Moscow delight, the news of which arrived with the sovereign in St. Petersburg.
In Anna Pavlovna's circle, on the contrary, they admired these delights and talked about them, as Plutarch says about the ancients. Prince Vasily, who occupied all the same important positions, was the link between the two circles. He went to ma bonne amie [his worthy friend] Anna Pavlovna and went dans le salon diplomatique de ma fille [to his daughter's diplomatic salon] and often, during incessant moving from one camp to another, he got confused and said to Anna Pavlovna that it was necessary to speak with Helen, and vice versa.
Shortly after the arrival of the sovereign, Prince Vasily began talking with Anna Pavlovna about the affairs of the war, cruelly condemning Barclay de Tolly and being indecisive about whom to appoint as commander in chief. One of the guests, known as un homme de beaucoup de merite [a man of great merit], told that he saw Kutuzov, who was now elected head of the St. Petersburg militia, sitting in the state chamber to receive warriors, cautiously expressed the assumption that that Kutuzov would be the person who would satisfy all the requirements.
Anna Pavlovna smiled sadly and noticed that Kutuzov, apart from troubles, had given nothing to the sovereign.
“I spoke and spoke in the Assembly of the Nobility,” interrupted Prince Vasily, “but they did not listen to me. I said that his election to the head of the militia would not please the sovereign. They didn't listen to me.
“It’s all some kind of mania to frond,” he continued. - And before whom? And all because we want to ape stupid Moscow delights, ”said Prince Vasily, confused for a moment and forgetting that Helen had to laugh at Moscow delights, while Anna Pavlovna had to admire them. But he immediately recovered. - Well, is it proper for Count Kutuzov, the oldest general in Russia, to sit in the chamber, et il en restera pour sa peine! [His troubles will be in vain!] Is it possible to appoint a man who cannot sit on horseback, falls asleep at the council, a man of the most bad morals! He proved himself well in Bucarest! I'm not talking about his qualities as a general, but is it possible at such a moment to appoint a decrepit and blind person, just blind? The blind general will be good! He doesn't see anything. Play blind man's blind man... sees absolutely nothing!
Nobody objected to this.
On the 24th of July it was absolutely right. But on July 29, Kutuzov was granted the princely dignity. Princely dignity could also mean that they wanted to get rid of him - and therefore the judgment of Prince Vasily continued to be fair, although he was in no hurry to express it now. But on August 8, a committee was assembled from General Field Marshal Saltykov, Arakcheev, Vyazmitinov, Lopukhin and Kochubey to discuss the affairs of the war. The committee decided that the failures were due to differences of command, and, despite the fact that the persons who made up the committee knew the sovereign's dislike for Kutuzov, the committee, after a short meeting, proposed appointing Kutuzov as commander in chief. And on the same day, Kutuzov was appointed plenipotentiary commander of the armies and the entire region occupied by the troops.
On August 9, Prince Vasily met again at Anna Pavlovna with l "homme de beaucoup de merite [a person of great dignity]. L" homme de beaucoup de merite courted Anna Pavlovna on the occasion of the desire to appoint a female trustee educational institution Empress Maria Feodorovna. Prince Vasily entered the room with the air of a happy winner, a man who had achieved the goal of his desires.
– Eh bien, vous savez la grande nouvelle? Le prince Koutouzoff est marechal. [Well s, you know the great news? Kutuzov - field marshal.] All disagreements are over. I'm so happy, so glad! - said Prince Vasily. – Enfin voila un homme, [Finally, this is a man.] – he said, significantly and sternly looking around at everyone in the living room. L "homme de beaucoup de merite, despite his desire to get a place, could not help but remind Prince Vasily of his previous judgment. (This was impolite both in front of Prince Vasily in Anna Pavlovna's drawing room, and in front of Anna Pavlovna, who was just as joyfully received the news; but he could not resist.)
- Mais on dit qu "il est aveugle, mon prince? [But they say he is blind?] - he said, reminding Prince Vasily of his own words.
- Allez donc, il y voit assez, [Eh, nonsense, he sees enough, believe me.] - said Prince Vasily in his bassy, quick voice with a cough, that voice and cough with which he resolved all difficulties. “Allez, il y voit assez,” he repeated. “And what I am glad about,” he continued, “is that the sovereign has given him complete power over all the armies, over the entire region, power that no commander in chief has ever had. This is another autocrat,” he concluded with a victorious smile.
“God forbid, God forbid,” said Anna Pavlovna. L "homme de beaucoup de merite, still new to court society, wishing to flatter Anna Pavlovna, shielding her former opinion from this judgment, said.
- They say that the sovereign reluctantly transferred this power to Kutuzov. On dit qu "il rougit comme une demoiselle a laquelle on lirait Joconde, en lui disant: "Le souverain et la patrie vous decernent cet honneur." [They say that he blushed like a young lady who would have read Joconde, while told him: "The sovereign and the fatherland reward you with this honor."]
- Peut etre que la c?ur n "etait pas de la partie, [Maybe the heart did not quite participate,] - said Anna Pavlovna.
“Oh no, no,” Prince Vasily interceded fervently. Now he could not give in to Kutuzov to anyone. According to Prince Vasily, not only Kutuzov was good himself, but everyone adored him. “No, it cannot be, because the sovereign was so able to appreciate him before,” he said.
“God only grant that Prince Kutuzov,” said Anpa Pavlovna, “takes real power and does not allow anyone to put spokes in his wheels—des batons dans les roues.
Prince Vasily immediately realized who this nobody was. He whispered:
- I know for sure that Kutuzov, as an indispensable condition, said that the heir to the Tsarevich should not be with the army: Vous savez ce qu "il a dit a l" Empereur? [Do you know what he said to the sovereign?] - And Prince Vasily repeated the words, as if said by Kutuzov to the sovereign: “I cannot punish him if he does badly, and reward him if he does well.” O! this is smartest person, Prince Kutuzov, et quel caractere. Oh je le connais de longue date. [and what character. Oh, I've known him for a long time.]
“They even say,” said l “homme de beaucoup de merite, who still did not have court tact, “that the most illustrious made it an indispensable condition that the sovereign himself did not come to the army.
As soon as he said this, in an instant Prince Vasily and Anna Pavlovna turned away from him and sadly, with a sigh at his naivety, looked at each other.

While this was happening in Petersburg, the French had already passed Smolensk and were moving closer and closer to Moscow. The historian of Napoleon Thiers, like other historians of Napoleon, says, trying to justify his hero, that Napoleon was unwittingly drawn to the walls of Moscow. He is right, as are all historians who seek an explanation of historical events in the will of one person; he is just as right as the Russian historians who assert that Napoleon was attracted to Moscow by the skill of the Russian generals. Here, in addition to the law of retrospectiveness (recurrence), which represents everything that has passed as a preparation for an accomplished fact, there is also reciprocity, which confuses the whole thing. Good player who loses at chess is sincerely convinced that his loss was due to his mistake, and he looks for this mistake at the beginning of his game, but forgets that in his every step, throughout the whole game, there were the same mistakes that none of his moves was not perfect. The error to which he draws attention is noticeable to him only because the enemy took advantage of it. How much more complicated than this is the game of war, taking place under certain conditions of time, and where not only the will directs lifeless machines, but where everything springs from the innumerable clash of different arbitrariness?

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Fourth Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense)

Research an institution designed to solve the problems of substantiating the directions of development and maintaining high combat readiness and effectiveness of nuclear missile weapons, space systems, systems and means of the Rocket and Space Defense (RKO) and the Strategic Missile Forces and the Space Forces equipped with them.

The main tasks of the 4th Central Research Institute are: operational-strategic and military-economic substantiation of the prospects for the development of the Strategic Nuclear Forces (SNF), Strategic Missile Forces and Space Forces (HF), development of proposals for draft sections State program armaments, as well as the State Defense Order for the creation of missile systems, space systems, systems and means of RKO, combat control systems for strategic nuclear forces, strategic missile forces and HF; substantiation and formation of projects TTT TK of the Ministry of Defense for the developed and modernized RKSN of various bases, space systems, systems and means of RKO, combat control systems for strategic nuclear forces, strategic missile forces and HF; military-scientific support for the development and testing of the created models of strategic rocket launchers, space systems, systems and means of missile defense, combat control systems; ensuring readiness for use, improving the methods of combat use of strategic nuclear forces, strategic missile forces and military forces, taking into account interaction with other types of armed forces and combat arms, military-scientific analysis of the activities of troops; assessment and forecasting of the technical condition, ensuring the reliability and durability of weapons and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces and KV, justifying the extension of service life and improving the operation system; navigation and ballistic support for missile and rocket-space complexes and systems, development of documentation for launches and in-flight control, assessment of the main performance characteristics of missiles during summer tests; improvement of the system for ensuring nuclear and environmental safety of missile and space weapons, rocket and space activities, information security of objects of the Strategic Missile Forces and Space Forces; ensuring automation of command and control bodies and points, automated preparation of combat command and control data, combat support and daily activities of the Strategic Missile Forces and Troops; development and refinement of a system of unified initial data on the reflective and radiative characteristics of targets and backgrounds, substantiation of methods and means of phono-targeted provision of masking and reducing the visibility of objects; development and phased implementation of a set of measures to comprehensively take into account the human factor in the activities of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Commander-in-Chief.
The functional tasks determined the organizational structure of the Institute, which consists of scientific departments dealing with issues of ballistic support and use of missiles, research on ballistic liquid and solid-fuel rockets and launch complexes, control systems and modeling of rocket flight dynamics, measuring complexes, and space topics.

Established in 1946 as the Scientific Research Institute of Rockets of the Main Artillery Directorate of the Armed Forces, in 1949 it was transformed into NII-4 of the Ministry of Defense (from 1972 - 4 NII MO), and in 1989 - into 4 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense. In 1997, in connection with the reform of the Strategic Missile Forces, the 4th Central Research Institute included the Forty-fifth Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (45th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense) and the Fiftieth Central Research Institute of the Military Space Forces of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation named after M.K. Tikhonravov (50th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense) with two scientific centers in Moscow and in St. Petersburg.

In 2001, the Institute was withdrawn from the Strategic Missile Forces and temporarily subordinated to the Chief of Armaments - Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation. In 2003, the 4th Central Research Institute was again included in the Strategic Missile Forces. The work that was previously carried out in the interests of the combined Strategic Missile Forces, now began to be carried out on orders from two types of troops: the Strategic Missile Forces and the KV.

In the years preceding the formation of the Strategic Missile Forces, the Institute created a powerful scientific and technical reserve for strategic missile weapons, which made it possible in the 1950s. to develop missile systems with medium and intercontinental range missiles of the first generation (R-5, R-5M, R-12, R-7). The Institute carried out a number of major research projects, the results of which played a key role in the creation of rocket complexes with next-generation rockets, spacecraft carrier rockets. Among the main results of such work are: substantiation of the package design and layout scheme of ICBMs; achievement of fundamental results in the field of missile and space ballistics, the theory of controlled motion and flight dynamics of strategic missiles and spacecraft; creation, with the leading role of NII-4, of range measuring complexes and space command-and-measuring complexes; development of the country's first missile defense system project; substantiation of the development of strategic missiles on long-term high-boiling fuel and the possibility of using solid fuel engines in intercontinental missiles; development of proposals for the use of autonomous control systems in ICBMs. NII-4 was entrusted with the duties of a coordinating organization for the development of ballistic missiles of all classes.

With the formation in December 1959 of the Strategic Missile Forces, which included the Institute, the priority areas of research became: substantiation and development of proposals for the projects of the Main Directions for the Development of Armaments and Military Equipment and the Armament Programs of the Strategic Missile Forces, Government Decrees and tactical and technical requirements of the Ministry of Defense for the development of missile and rocket - space complexes, substantiation of recommendations on the combat use of units and formations, ensuring combat duty and operation of complexes, development of combat control and communication systems.

Among the major results of the Institute's work are the development of an automated combat control system and automated systems for the protection and defense of objects of the Strategic Missile Forces, proposals for the creation and introduction of mobile missile systems into the Strategic Missile Forces grouping, the development scientific foundations operation and repair of missile weapons, methods for confirming and extending the service life of missile systems, solving the problems of habitability of objects of the Strategic Missile Forces, the physiology of military labor and professional selection of specialists. Particular attention was paid to the issues of ensuring nuclear safety in the operation of missiles and warheads.

After the merger in 1997 of 4 Central Research Institutes with 45 Central Research Institutes and 50 Central Research Institutes, research began to include the development of space weapons, the improvement of missile attack warning systems and systems, space control, space intelligence, anti-missile and anti-space defense. The Institute began to perform the functions of the lead organization for the development of missile systems, not only ground-based, but also sea-based.

The source of achievement of the 4th Central Research Institute is its high scientific potential (which has increased markedly after the merger with the 50th Central Research Institute and the 45th Central Research Institute). The scientific potential, unique in terms of the range of tasks to be solved, including highly qualified personnel, a developed methodological apparatus and the material base on which it is implemented, allows the Institute to create an advanced scientific reserve and provides a timely and in-depth solution to the problems that arise before the Strategic Missile Forces and the Space Forces in today's rapidly changing military-political and operational-strategic conditions. As of 2006, 85 Doctors of Science, 515 Candidates of Science, 37 Academicians and 18 Corresponding Members of various Russian and International Academies, 58 Professors and 20 Honored Workers of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation worked at the 4th Central Research Institute. In total, more than 100 doctors and more than 1500 candidates of sciences have been trained at the Institute. The defense of dissertations is carried out by six dissertation councils.

The Institute has developed scientific schools, including on the ballistics of missiles, space carriers, spacecraft navigation, improvement of systems and means of rocket and missile defense, the effectiveness of the combat use of weapons and the rationale for the prospects for their development, etc.

Among the prominent scientists working in different time at the Institute, it should be noted Tyulin G.A., Elyasberg P.E., Narimanov G.S., Chernyshev N.G., Agadzhanova P.A., Tikhonravov M.K., Mozzhoroin Yu.A., Meshcheryakova I. V., Volkova L.I., Dvorkina V.Z., Samsonova B.S., Proshlyakova K.I., Larina A.A., Pukhova V.A., Kruchinina N.A., Brykova A.V. , Kukushkina S.S.

Heroes of the Soviet Union Butylkin V.V. worked at the Institute. and Geleta V.A., Heroes of Socialist Labor Volkov E.B., Meshcheryakov I.V., and also the future pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union Feoktistov K.P. For the successful fulfillment of the tasks of the Government on the creation of special equipment, the Institute was awarded: in 1957 - the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, in 1976 - the Order of the October Revolution.

Heads of the Institute in the period 1946–2006. were: lieutenant general of artillery Nesterenko A.I. (1946-1951); Colonel-General of the Engineering and Technical Service Chechulin P.P. (1951-1955); lieutenant general Sokolov A.I. (1955-1970), Volkov E.B. (1970-1982), Volkov L.I. (1982-1992); Major General Dvorkin V.Z. (1993-2001); Colonel Shevyrev A.V. (2001-2004); Major General Vasilenko V.V. (from 2004 to present).

Plan:

1. History
- 1.1 Prerequisites for creation.
- 1.2 Development of missile defense systems.
- 1.3 Navigation and ballistic support.
- 1.4 Work on an artificial satellite of the Earth.
- 1.5 Pacific hydrographic expedition.
- 1.6 Ensuring control of the ship "Vostok".
- 1.7 Institute within the Strategic Missile Forces.
- 1.8 Further development.
2 Leaders

Introduction

4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (4 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation) is the largest scientific organization of the Russian Ministry of Defense, solving a wide range of problems of scientific support for the construction of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Space Forces, and the development of strategic missile and space weapons. Located in the city of Yubileiny.

The traditional direction of research at the 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is the substantiation of tactical and technical requirements for new and modernized weapons, military scientific support of the most important R&D. A significant component in the total scope of the institute's research is work in the field of automation of command and control of troops and weapons, the introduction of modern telecommunication technologies into the practice of troops, and information security.

4 The Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation also monitors the technical condition of weapons and military equipment and provides the command of the Strategic Missile Forces and KV with objective information about the technical condition and reliability of the weapons in operation.

1. History

1.1. Prerequisites for creation.

At the end of the Great Patriotic War the need for widespread use of jet engines in weapons systems has become obvious, which makes it possible to more effectively solve many traditional tasks and create a qualitatively new weapon - long-range missiles.

On May 13, 1946, Government Decree No. 1017-419ss "Issues of jet weapons" was adopted, which played a historic role in solving this problem. Considering the organization of research and experimental work in the field of jet weapons to be the most important task, the Council of Ministers of the USSR decided to establish scientific research institutes in the relevant ministries, including the Ministry armed forces- Research Rocket Institute of the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU). Such an institute, called NII-4, was formed in accordance with the order of the Minister of the Armed Forces of May 24, 1946 No. 007. July 1 is celebrated as the “Institute Day”.

1.2. Development of missile defense systems.

For the first time in the USSR, research in the field of a missile defense system against long-range ballistic missiles was carried out at NII-4 in the late 1940s. a group of specialists headed by G. M. Mozharovsky. The basis of the research was the invention of G.M. N. E. Zhukovsky in 1945. After the transfer of the group to NII-4 in 1948, a major research work was carried out at the Institute, in the implementation of which almost all departments participated. The result was a preliminary design of a missile defense system for a separate region, developed in December 1949, which served as the basis for the creation of the first experimental missile defense system.

1.3. Navigation and ballistic support.

AT initial period In the development of the institute, the priority issues were navigation and ballistic support (NBO) for long-range missile launches. According to the documentation developed at NII-4 (firing tables, flight tasks), test launches of missiles created in the 40-50s were carried out: operational-tactical (R-1, R-2, R-11), medium-range (R -5, R-5M, R-12), intercontinental range (R-7). And in subsequent years, NII-4 continued to provide ballistic support for the launches of all medium-range missiles (RSMs) and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that were being created. The Institute has formed a team of highly qualified ballistic scientists who enjoy authority in the relevant industrial organizations, the Academy of Sciences, and the Ministry of Defense.

In the 50s, in order to test at the Kapustin Yar new, at that time, R-1, R-2 and R-5 missiles, it became necessary to create equipment capable of performing various kinds of trajectory measurements. For these purposes, NII-4 developed the concept of a polygon measuring complex (PIK). For the measuring points (IP) of this complex, on the instructions of NII-4, telemetry equipment "Tral" began to be created, stations for trajectory measurements - radio rangefinder "Binocular" and phase-metric radioangiometer "Irtysh" (at MPEI), equipment for the unified time system (SEV) "Bamboo" (at NII-33 MRP).

Conducting flight design tests (LCT) of the first R-7 ICBM required the creation of new launch positions (primarily due to the design range of the product - 8000 km) and on February 12, 1955, a resolution was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the creation of a Research Test Site (NIIP-5 MO). NII-4 was identified as a participant in the design of a testing ground testing base and the parent organization for the creation of a testing ground measuring complex (PIK).

The creation of a polygon measuring complex is a particularly large contribution of NII-4 to the development of rocket and space technology. After the creation of the measuring complex, the authority of the Institute among industrial organizations and the Ministry of Defense increased significantly. The work was supervised by A. I. Sokolov and his deputies G. A. Tyulin and Yu. A. Mozzhorin. More than 150 scientific employees of NII-4 participated in the technological design of the test site facilities. Over 50 employees were sent to factories, design bureaus and design organizations, where they took an active part in the development of measuring instruments and control over the construction of objects of the polygon measuring complex.

1.4. Work on an artificial satellite of the Earth.

In 1947-1951. M. K. Tikhonravov (who transferred in December 1946 from NII-1 MAP to NII-4) formed a team of enthusiastic employees in space exploration. For the first time in the country, fundamental solutions were found and substantiated for many basic issues of creating an artificial satellite of the Earth. At the beginning of 1954, M. K. Tikhonravov developed and included in the scientific report a program for space exploration, which provided for the solution of the problem of manned flights and the exploration of the Moon. On June 26, 1954, S.P. Korolev submitted to the Minister of Defense Industry Dmitry Ustinov a memorandum “On an artificial satellite of the Earth”, prepared by Tikhonravov. At the official defense in 1956 of the preliminary design of the artificial satellite, S.P. Korolev also noted that the satellite design was developed in OKB-1 on the basis of research work a group of employees of NII-4, headed by M. K. Tikhonravov.

At the end of 1955, when intensive work was underway to create the R-7 rocket, S.P. Korolev turned to the country's leadership with a proposal to launch the first artificial Earth satellite on the future R-7 rocket before the Americans, the flight test dates of which were scheduled for 1957. On January 30, 1956, a corresponding resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued and OKB-1 Korolev began designing the world's first artificial Earth satellite (AES), which received the name "object D", and NII-4 began designing a command and measurement complex (CMC).

It was NII-4 who was entrusted with the creation of the KIK, due to the fact that the Institute already had experience in creating a PIK at the Kapustin Yar training ground. Moreover, it is worth noting that before the January 1956 Government Decree on determining NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense as the head one with the involvement of a large cooperation of developers of measuring instruments to create a CFC, the Ministry of Defense was against imposing on him, by analogy with PIK, the duties of a CFC developer, referring to work unusual for him conducted in the interests of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The Ministry of Defense was given numerous arguments in favor of the fact that the creation and operation of measuring points for satellite flights is primarily the business of the Academy of Sciences, and not the Ministry of Defense. However, scientists and industrialists believed that only the military could build, equip and operate measuring points scattered across the territory of the Soviet Union in hard-to-reach places. Disputes on this issue were long and heated, until they were stopped by the Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. He agreed with the arguments of the industrialists, foreseeing the important role of outer space in the defense of the country in the future. Since then, Zhukov has been credited with the phrase: “I take over space!”.

The project was approved on June 2, 1956, and on September 3, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued, which determines the procedure for the practical creation of a complex of measuring instruments, means of communication and a single time to provide ground support for the flight of the first satellite. It is this day, September 3, 1956, that is considered to be the day of the creation of the Command and Measuring Complex of the USSR. According to the TOR issued by NII-4 and OKB-1, new technical means (TS) for interaction with the D satellite were finalized and created. The vehicles, modified to the level of interaction with the satellite, received the prefix "D" in their name (for example, "Binoculars-D").

The matter of preparing for the formation of the KIK began to boil, but by the end of 1956 it turned out that the planned plans for launching the first satellite were in danger of failure due to difficulties in creating scientific equipment for the “D object” and a lower than planned specific thrust of propulsion systems ( DU) RN R-7. The government set a new launch date of April 1958. However, according to intelligence, the United States could launch the first satellite before this date. Therefore, in November 1956, OKB-1 made a proposal for the urgent development and launch of the simplest satellite weighing about 100 kg in April-May 1957, instead of "block D", during the first tests of the R-7. The proposal was approved and on February 15, 1957, a Government Decree was issued on the launch of the simplest satellite, named PS-1, at the end of 1957.

In 1957, to support launches of ICBMs, launches of satellites and other space objects, the Coordination and Computing Center (CCC) was created at NII-4, a prototype of the future Mission Control Center.

For the creation of rocket and space technology NII-4 in 1957 was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

The results of research carried out at NII-4 in the late 1940s and early 1950s provided the theoretical foundation for further practical work on space exploration. Some employees of his group, who moved from NII-4 to OKB-1 in 1956 together with M.K. In 1957, for ensuring the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, a group of specialists from NII-4, including three from the group of M.K. Tikhonravov: A.V. Brykov, I.M. Yatsunsky, I.K. Bazhinov, were awarded the Lenin Prize.

1.5. Pacific hydrographic expedition.

In 1959, the Institute was appointed the lead contractor for the creation of the TOGE-4 floating complex (under the legend of the 4th Pacific hydrographic expedition) consisting of four ships, and in 1960 - the lead contractor for the creation of the TOGE-5 complex - consisting of three ships. A special marine laboratory was created at the Institute, which in 1962 was transformed into a marine department. Captain 1st rank (later Rear Admiral) Yuri Ivanovich Maksyuta was appointed commander of TOGE-4.

A flotilla of four warships was born as a result of the implementation of the Aquatoria research project, developed by employees of the NII-4 MO back in 1958. After the successful firing of the royal R-7 missile in the Kamchatka region, it became obvious that to test the missile at full range (14,000 kilometers) it is necessary to create a polygon in the central part of the Pacific Ocean. To measure the accuracy of the fall of the warheads of intercontinental ballistic missiles in 1959, floating measuring points were built - expeditionary oceanographic ships Siberia, Sakhalin, Suchan and Chukotka. The first combat work on the "Aquatoria" range was carried out on January 20-31, 1960.

The launches of the first interplanetary stations required the reception of telemetric information from their board in areas not controlled by means of the ground-based KIK and the Pacific expedition. To solve the problem, in 1960, the Atlantic group of floating measuring points was created, consisting of two ships of the Black Sea Shipping Company and one ship of the Baltic Shipping Company. These ships were removed from shipping and placed at the disposal of NII-4. Vasily Ivanovich Beloglazov, an employee of NII-4, was the head of the Atlantic telemetry expedition.

On August 1, 1960, the ships of the NII-4 Floating Telemetric Complex set out on their first voyage. Each of them had an expedition consisting of 10-11 employees of the institute, highly qualified specialists. During the 4-month voyage, the technology for conducting telemetric measurements in oceanic conditions was developed. Work on significant spacecraft launches took place only on the next, second flight of the Atlantic complex, which began in January 1961.

1.6. Ensuring control of the ship "Vostok".

A bright page in the development of space ballistics was the provision of flight control for the manned spacecraft "Vostok" with Yu. A. Gagarin. NII-4 was determined to be the lead one for solving this important task. An independent development of methods, algorithms and programs was organized in NII-4, OKB-1 and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and their coordination. Ballistics scientists have successfully solved this problem. The ships TOGE-4 "Sibir", "Sakhalin", "Suchan", "Chukotka" and the ships of the Atlantic group "Voroshilov", "Krasnodar" and "Dolinsk" took a direct part in providing the flight.

1.7. Institute within the Strategic Missile Forces.

On December 31, 1959, the Institute was included in the Strategic Missile Forces, and since 1960 it has been carrying out work on orders from the General Staff, the Scientific and Technical Committee, and the Main Directorates. Along with the expansion of work on strategic missile weapons and rocket and space technology, comprehensive studies of the weapons systems of the Strategic Missile Forces began to be carried out, and the methodology for testing missile and rocket and space systems was improved. The volume of work on the combat use of missile units and formations, the provision of troops with management and operational documentation has increased.

In connection with the increase in the volume of space research at NII-4 in the early 60s. space specialties are created (transformed in 1964 into scientific departments). Management teams have made a significant contribution to the substantiation of tasks of a defense nature solved with the help of space means, determining the prospects for the development of space weapons, testing military spacecraft and solving many other problems related to the exploration of outer space.

In the mid 60s. NII-4 began comprehensive research to substantiate the prospects for the development of weapons and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces and to find ways to intensively build up the combat power of the Strategic Missile Forces. At that time, the US strategic "triad" included almost 4 times more nuclear weapons carriers and about 9 times more nuclear warheads and air bombs than the Soviet strategic nuclear forces. In this regard, in order to ensure the country's security, the issue of closing the gap with the United States and achieving military-strategic parity in the shortest possible time arose.

The scientifically based recommendations of the R&D have been fully implemented. In a short time, highly effective missile weapons systems with a given level of characteristics were created and put into service, the deployment of which made it possible to significantly increase the combat potential of the Strategic Missile Forces grouping and provided in the early 70s. achieving sustainable military-strategic parity with the United States. The results of this research work and the similar work that followed it with five-year cycles substantiated the technical policy of the Ministry of Defense in the field of developing weapons for the Strategic Missile Forces in the long term. In the 70s and early 80s. work to determine the prospects for the development of weapons and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces was carried out under the leadership of Yevgeny Borisovich Volkov, who was appointed head of the Institute in April 1970. In the future, research in this direction was always led by the heads of the 4th Central Research Institute (Lev Ivanovich Volkov, Vladimir Zinovievich Dvorkin, Alexander Vladimirovich Shevyrev, Vladimir Vasilyevich Vasilenko).

In 1976, the Institute was awarded the second Order of the October Revolution for work on the creation of new missile systems. The head of the Institute, E. B. Volkov, was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

In connection with the constant increase in the accuracy of hitting missiles of a potential enemy, one of the most important has become the problem of ensuring the protection of missile systems from the damaging effects of a nuclear explosion. The Institute acted as the lead organization for scientific, methodological, organizational and technical support of almost all large-scale tests. The measuring devices developed and manufactured at the Institute were unique and had no analogues in serial instrumentation in terms of accuracy and reliability of measurements of highly dynamic processes under conditions of intense interference. As a result of the theoretical and experimental studies and design improvements, which were led by V. Ya. Brui [ ], in the 70s and 80s, the protection of the Strategic Missile Forces objects from the damaging factors of nuclear weapons was sharply increased.

1.8. Further development.

In the 1960s, the main task of the institute was to equip the Strategic Missile Forces with missile systems with the first strategic intercontinental and medium-range missiles.

The 1970s are characterized by major work to ensure the creation and development of a new generation of highly efficient missile systems with missiles equipped with separating heads, which made it possible to significantly increase the combat capabilities of the Strategic Missile Forces and its deterrent role. In the same years, the institute substantiated the need to create mobile missile systems, defended this direction in front of large organizations that were supporters of stationary systems. This contribution of the 4th Central Research Institute of the Defense Ministry to increasing the combat potential of the Strategic Missile Forces can hardly be overestimated.

The activity of the institute in the 1980s was aimed at ensuring the qualitative development of the Strategic Missile Forces grouping based on mobile and stationary complexes of the new generation.

2. Leaders

Nesterenko A. I. (1946-1951)
Chechulin P.P. (1951-1955)
Sokolov A. I. (1955-1970)
Volkov E. B. (1970-1982)
Volkov L. I. (1982-1993)
Dvorkin V. Z. (1993-2001)
Shevyrev A. V. (2001-2004)
Vasilenko V. V. (2004-present)

Notes

Issues of rocket weapons - www.cosmoworld.ru/spaceencyclopedia/documents/index.shtml?sm_460513.html Council of Ministers of the USSR, Decree No. 1017-419 ss of May 13, 1946
OKB MPEI - www.okbmei.ru/upage27.html MPEI Special Works Sector.
Sputnik: from a harmful idea to a national symbol - www.vokrugsveta.ru/telegraph/cosmos/444/ Vokrug Sveta magazine, Valentina Ponomareva, 03.10.2007.
A brief history of the KIK of the USSR - kik-sssr.narod.ru/History-s_KIK_1.htm (described according to the military-historical work "History of the Command and Measuring Complex for Spacecraft Control from the Origins to the Main Test Center named after G. S. Titov", Ya. Ya. Shirobaba, 2006)
[The Pravda newspaper, 1960, No. 8 of January 8, No. 22 of January 22, No. 33 of February 2]
Secrets of the two oceans - www.novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/content/numbers/246/36.shtml A. Kapitanov specially for "Cosmonautics News"

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4th Central Research Institute of the Order of the October Revolution and the Red Banner of Labor of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia) is the largest scientific organization of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, solving a wide range of problems of scientific support for the construction of the Strategic Missile Forces and the development of strategic missile weapons. It is located in the Yubileiny microdistrict of the city of Korolev.

4th Central Research Institute of the Order of the October Revolution and the Red Banner of Labor of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (4 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia)

Former name	NII-4
Founded
Director	S. E. Tarazevich
Location	Korolev, md. Anniversary
Legal address	141091, Moscow region, city of Korolev, md. Yubileiny, M. K. Tikhonravova street, house number 29
Awards

The traditional direction of research of the 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense is the substantiation of tactical and technical requirements for new and modernized weapons, military scientific support for the most important R&D. A significant component in the total scope of the institute's research is work in the field of automation of command and control of troops and weapons, the introduction of modern telecommunication technologies into the practice of troops, and information security.

Story

Prerequisites for creation

Work on an artificial earth satellite

At the end of 1955, when intensive work was underway to create the R-7 rocket, S.P. Korolev turned to the country's leadership with a proposal to launch the first artificial Earth satellite on the future R-7 rocket before the Americans, the flight test dates of which were scheduled for 1957. On January 30, 1956, a corresponding resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued and OKB-1 Korolev began designing the world's first artificial Earth satellite (AES), which received the name "object D", and NII-4 began designing a command and measurement complex (CMC).

It was NII-4 who was entrusted with the creation of the KIK, due to the fact that the Institute already had experience in creating a PIK at the Kapustin Yar training ground. Moreover, it is worth noting that before the January 1956 Government Decree on determining NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense as the head one with the involvement of a large cooperation of developers of measuring instruments to create a CFC, the Ministry of Defense was against imposing on him, by analogy with PIK, the duties of a CFC developer, referring to work unusual for him , carried out in the interests of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The Ministry of Defense of the USSR presented numerous arguments in favor of the fact that the creation and operation of measuring points for the provision of satellite flights is primarily the business of the Academy of Sciences, and not the Ministry of Defense. However, scientists and industrialists believed that only the military could build, equip and operate measuring points scattered across the territory of the Soviet Union in hard-to-reach places. The debate on this issue was long and heated, until they were stopped by the Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov. He agreed with the arguments of the industrialists, foreseeing the important role of outer space in the defense of the country in the future. Since then, Zhukov has been credited with the phrase: “I take over space!”.

For the creation of rocket and space technology NII-4 in 1957 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Pacific Oceanographic Expedition

The formation of four warships was born as a result of the implementation of the Aquatoria research project, developed by employees of the NII-4 of the USSR Ministry of Defense in 1958. After the successful shooting of the R-7 rocket in the Kamchatka region, it became obvious that in order to test the rocket at full range (12,000 kilometers), it was necessary to create a test site in the central part of the Pacific Ocean. To measure the accuracy of the fall of the warheads of intercontinental ballistic missiles in 1959, floating measuring points were built - expeditionary oceanographic ships Siberia, Sakhalin, Suchan and Chukotka. The first combat work on the "Aquatoria" training ground was carried out on January 20 - 31, 1960.

The launches of the first interplanetary stations required the reception of telemetric information from their board in areas not controlled by means of the ground-based KIK and the Pacific expedition. To solve the problem in 1960, the Atlantic group of floating measuring points was created, consisting of two ships of the Black Sea Shipping Company and one ship of the Baltic Shipping Company. These ships were removed from shipping and placed at the disposal of NII-4. Vasily Ivanovich Beloglazov, an employee of NII-4, was the head of the Atlantic telemetry expedition.

Ensuring control of the ship "Vostok"

Institute as part of the Strategic Missile Forces

In the mid-1960s, NII-4 began comprehensive research to substantiate the prospects for the development of weapons and military equipment of the Strategic Missile Forces and to find ways to intensively build up the combat power of the Strategic Missile Forces. At that time, the US strategic "triad" included almost 4 times more nuclear weapons carriers and about 9 times more nuclear warheads and air bombs than the Soviet strategic nuclear forces. In this regard, in order to ensure the country's security, the issue of closing the gap with the United States and achieving military-strategic parity in the shortest possible time arose.

In connection with the constant increase in the accuracy of hitting missiles of a potential enemy, one of the most important has become the problem of ensuring the protection of missile systems from the damaging effects of a nuclear explosion. The Institute acted as the lead organization for scientific, methodological, organizational and technical support of almost all large-scale tests. The measuring devices developed and manufactured at the Institute were unique and had no analogues in serial instrumentation in terms of accuracy and reliability of measurements of highly dynamic processes under conditions of intense interference. As a result of the theoretical and experimental studies and design improvements in the 1970s and 1980s, the protection of the Strategic Missile Forces objects from the damaging factors of nuclear weapons was sharply increased.

Further development

In the 1960s, the main task of the institute was to equip the Strategic Missile Forces with missile systems with the first strategic intercontinental and medium-range missiles.

The 1970s are characterized by major work to ensure the creation and development of a new generation of highly efficient missile systems with missiles equipped with separating heads, which made it possible to significantly increase the combat capabilities of the Strategic Missile Forces and its deterrent role. In the same years, the institute substantiated the need to create mobile missile systems, defended this direction in front of large organizations that were supporters of stationary systems.

The activity of the institute in the 1980s was aimed at ensuring the qualitative development of the Strategic Missile Forces grouping based on mobile and stationary complexes of the new generation.

4 th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia: on the rights of structural divisions, three research institutes were attached to it:, and the 13th GNII of the Ministry of Defense of Russia. The Institute received the name FBU "4th Central Research Institute of Missile, Space and Aviation Systems of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation".

Story

Prerequisites for creation

Work on an artificial earth satellite

Pacific Oceanographic Expedition

Ensuring control of the ship "Vostok"

Institute as part of the Strategic Missile Forces

Further development

Story

Prerequisites for creation

Work on an artificial earth satellite

Pacific Hydrographic Expedition

Ensuring control of the ship "Vostok"

Institute as part of the Strategic Missile Forces

Further development

Chiefs

Leading scientists of the Institute

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Literature

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An excerpt characterizing the 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Fourth Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense)

Plan:

Introduction

1. History

1.1. Prerequisites for creation.

1.2. Development of missile defense systems.

1.3. Navigation and ballistic support.

1.4. Work on an artificial satellite of the Earth.

1.5. Pacific hydrographic expedition.

1.6. Ensuring control of the ship "Vostok".

1.7. Institute within the Strategic Missile Forces.

1.8. Further development.

2. Leaders

Notes

Story

Prerequisites for creation

Work on an artificial earth satellite

Pacific Oceanographic Expedition

Ensuring control of the ship "Vostok"

Institute as part of the Strategic Missile Forces

Further development

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