Becoming a sailor, you not only get used to a special world, to a ship - steel, stuffed with machines, instruments, wires, to the ever-changing ocean, to bad weather, which can no longer be ignored for a minute, as can those who can live on the shore. You get used to the environment of people, among whom the place and duties of each are strictly defined job description. On the ship it is known exactly who is who - this is ship's crew.
CAPTAIN OF THE SHIP
Imagine a picture. If a part of the land were somehow to break away from the shore and begin to float in the ocean, it certainly became necessary on this part of the earth to have a person who could maintain order, uphold the law and at the same time manage this piece of land. Such a part of the state that is temporarily separated from the coast and walks in the waters of the oceans, and there is a ship or, and the captain becomes such a person. The word "captain" has been around for many centuries and is said to be derived from the word "head".
The word of the captain on a ship or vessel is law. All orders coming from the shore are transmitted only to the captain of the vessel. It is not surprising that the law gives the captain the right to arrest, as well as to witness the birth or death of a person.
ship captain
You can talk endlessly about the duties of the captain. The captain of the ship must know and be able to do everything. If the ship finds people in the sea or another ship with which there was a disaster, the captain must provide assistance to people, and after the conclusion of the salvage contract, start rescuing the ship.
The captain of the ship must be an attentive and careful person. The list of his duties directly states that he must calculate the course of the vessel with special diligence in order to avoid mistakes. When approaching reefs, he should pay more attention to the color of the water (water is darker aground) and the presence of floating algae in it. When approaching the shore, these precautions should be doubled. Even the presence of an invitee on the ship does not relieve the captain of the ship of responsibility for the safety of the ship's movement.
In the event of a danger of collision with another ship, the captain must act clearly and unambiguously: he is obliged to personally inform the other ship of the name of his ship and the port of registry and receive the same data in response. Otherwise, when unavoidable, the captain can leave the ship only when all possible means of rescue have been exhausted. First, he takes measures to save the passengers, then he allows the crew to leave the ship and leaves the ship last, taking with him magazines (ship, machine), maps and the ship's cash register.
In time of trouble, saving people, regardless of the passengers of his own ship or people from another ship that is sinking, the captain must take care that children, women, the elderly and the sick are placed in the first place.
And already a completely unpleasant duty: in the event of the death of a person on board, captain of the ship must witness the death and decide whether to deliver the body to the port or bury it at sea ...
And this is only a small part of the duties of the captain of the ship.
CAPTAIN'S ASSISTANTS
Assistants help the captain to command the ship. There are many of them, but the ship on which they are also rather big.
Major assistant- the first deputy captain, ready at any time to replace him at sea or in the parking lot. The order and discipline on the ship depends on it. The captain went ashore and all the rights and duties of the captain are transferred to the chief officer.
senior mate and helmsman
The entire crew of the ship is administratively subordinate to the chief mate, and his orders regarding the observance of ship order, discipline, organization of service and routine are obligatory for all members of the crew and persons on board. The chief mate is the head of the general ship service and supervises the deck crew and the life team, the work of the second, third, fourth and fifth mates.
The chief mate must be constantly available to replace the captain and take command of the ship. In the absence of the captain, he can independently re-moor and move the vessel in the port waters, calling, if necessary, a pilot and port officers.
The chief mate is responsible for:
1. Compile and correct the ship's schedule.
2. Organize and conduct training for the crew in damage control of the ship, use of life-saving equipment and rescue of people, cargo and ship's property, supervise the preparation of emergency teams.
3. Ensure the availability on board and proper storage of a minimum supply of food.
4. Monitor and keep records of the amount of water in ballast and drinking tanks, and its consumption.
5. Ensure the correct technical operation and maintenance in proper order of the hull, decks and superstructures of the ship, ship spaces and compartments, drinking tanks, collective protection rooms, medical care and provision storerooms, dosimetric devices, personal protective equipment and darkening, spars and rigging, cargo , anchor, mooring, towing devices, life-saving equipment of the vessel; fire-fighting, rescue equipment, property and inventory, measuring, air and receiving pipes; air vents and welded ventilation ducts, clink doors and their drives (except for engine and boiler rooms), ladders, storm ladders and fender protection.
6. Together with the chief engineer, the chief mate is obliged to check the condition of the watertight compartments and closures of the vessel.
7. Plan and supervise shipboard operations, as well as monitor the quality of food preparation.
Before and during cargo operations, the chief mate must:
1. Ensure the preparation of cargo devices and premises for receiving cargo; check their readiness together with the second mate, chief mechanic, electrician and assistant captain for fire and technical department.
2. Personally supervise the loading (unloading) and securing of bulky and heavy cargo, placement and securing of deck cargo.
3. Personally supervise the preparation of the vessel for the carriage of dangerous goods and ensure compliance with the rules of maritime transportation.
Before embarking on a voyage, the chief mate must:
1. Ensure preparation of the vessel for the stowed position, take measures for the proper fastening of deck equipment and cargo.
2. Check the readiness of steering, anchor, mooring and boat devices, signal lights, means of light, sound and emergency signaling, on-board communications, engine telegraph and remote control of main engines; monitor the reliable closure of holds, hatches, necks, portholes, caps and other deck and side openings.
On a voyage, the chief mate must:
1. Control the proper fastening of deck equipment and cargoes; organize and monitor the water tightness of the hull, the tightness of the outer contour of the vessel; take measures to ensure them; supervise the preparation of the vessel for stormy navigation and for the fight against icing.
2. The chief mate shall keep watch from 04:00 to 08:00 and from 16:00 to 20:00. In difficult conditions, he carries out navigational watches at the direction of the captain.
also in ship's command staff includes: the second assistant, who is also called the cargo assistant. He is responsible for loading and unloading, loading of holds, their cleanliness and safety.
Third mate- navigator. On it are maps, magnetic compasses, a chronometer, a ship's clock and other instruments.
Fourth Assistant responsible for electrical navigational instruments - gyrocompass, log, echo sounder, etc.
Fifth Mate The captain ensures the fire safety of the vessel. He controls the state of fire safety of the vessel, and compliance with fire regulations by the crew; provides fire protection measures when performing repair work and work with open fire on the ship; does not allow the operation on board of equipment, technical means and materials, the condition of which creates a fire hazard; daily checks stationary and portable fire extinguishing equipment, smoke insulating devices for individual use, their readiness for action, serviceability of fire alarms and fire protection systems; monitors the condition of fire-fighting equipment and equipment, takes timely measures to repair and replenish it to the established standards.
Chief engineer
control room power plant container ship "Mathilde Maersk"
Chief engineer- Independent head of the machine team. It ensures the operation of the main and auxiliary engines, the main gearbox, shaft lines, desalination plants, general ship systems, auxiliary mechanisms, the mechanical and hydraulic parts of the drives, the means of preventing sea pollution, the mechanical part of the deck and fishing mechanisms, the steering and cargo devices, household mechanical equipment, the system air conditioning (without the refrigeration part), automation systems and devices, steering compartment, mechanical workshops, stations for receiving and dispensing fuel, oil, water, bilge water, fire extinguishing stations.
Second mechanic- his assistant and deputy. Ensures reliable operation, correct operation and maintenance of bilge system hardware. Controls the availability of stocks of fuel, lubricating oils, water, supplies for the needs of the service.
Third Mechanic Responsible on ships for the operation of auxiliary engines.
fourth mechanic responsible for deck machinery and ventilation system.
Senior electrician responsible for the operation of electrical mechanisms and the electrical network. The chief electrician is responsible for the sources of electricity: main and auxiliary generators on a ship with electric propulsion, generators with an autonomous drive and shaft generators on ships without electric propulsion, emergency power stations from the shore, a propulsion electrical installation, main and emergency switchboards, other switchgear; electrical equipment of posts and control panels, electrical (electronic) parts of automation systems and devices, including systems with remote control, all types of signaling and protection; current sewerage networks, demagnetizing devices, electric drives with ballasts and protective equipment for the mechanisms of the engine room, general ship and industrial purposes; the electrical part of the steering system (including the autopilot), machine telegraphs and axiometers, telephony, batteries with chargers and electrical measuring instruments of their department, lighting, household electrical equipment.
Senior electrician ensures the safe organization of work, reliable operation and maintenance of mechanisms, devices, systems, equipment in proper technical condition, proper operation of electrical equipment and automation equipment; monitors the operation of electrical mechanisms.
Boatswain- Head of the deck crew. Being on the forecastle, he manages all the work during setting and shooting from anchor and mooring. During the launching of boats, chores, rigging, the orders of the boatswain are the law.
ship's doctor in charge of the infirmary, dispensary and everything that serves health ship's crew.
All of the above positions - from the senior assistant to the ship's doctor - are the command staff of the vessel. But there is also a ship crew. I'll start with those who work under the boatswain on the upper deck.
Sub-skipper (skipper)- boatswain's assistants for the economic part.
Senior sailor performs carpentry work on board, accepts fresh water, directs the mooring at the stern.
Senior helmsman stands on the steering wheel, including necessarily during complex maneuvering (entrance to the port, passing through bottlenecks).
Sailor 1st class must be able to stand on the helm, use signal flags and a semaphore, control a boat under sail. Performs all rigging and painting work.
Sailor 2nd class must be able to row a boat, knit marine knots, operate a winch and capstan, clean rooms, touch up and upholster rust, use semaphore flags.
Sailor diver performs underwater work, and also works on the ship as a sailor.
In the engine room of the vessel near the boilers and motors, in the holds, they work: a senior boiler engineer, minders, a pump-action driver and electricians.
In the galley, in warehouses, in passenger cabins and corridors, there are jobs for the pantry, senior cook, galley attendant, barman, sailor and attendants.
cruise director
Zemsnaryadov, radio navigation technician and electric radio navigator.
counting all the maritime professions, it turns out that the ship is actually a floating city
Admiral(vf) - higherin the naval service, a rank corresponding to the rank of general in land
troops. Commands the fleet. Admiral ranks 4: Admiral General,
admiral, vice admiral and rear admiral.
Commodore(vf) - in England and Holland Marine officer squadron commander
Captain - Commander of the ship. May even be a lieutenant (more on that in the next paragraph)
Lieutenant
-
naval officer, is the captain's assistant. However, Lieutenant
is the commander of a ship of the 4th rank, having 14-16 guns. For such
ships captain is not appointed. On a rank 3 ship with 50 guns
the lieutenant is the senior assistant to the captain (because there, according to the regulations
no captain lieutenant). In modern terms, a lieutenant is
watch officer, head of the watch, i.e. part of the crew carrying
ship service in this period of time.
ship secretary
-
there is one secretary on any ship. It can be said that this officer
is an assistant captain for personnel accounting, staff work,
accounting, control over the work of all supply services, correspondence. He is obliged
control the receipt of all supplies on the ship, keep a logbook,
to acquaint the crew with the Charter, written orders and instructions
senior naval commanders, keep court records, draw up
contracts for the supply of supplies, control the distribution of food and other
property to personnel, take into account the booty taken from the enemy,
record the consumption of gunpowder and cores during the battle, draw up applications to the port
to replenish supplies, rewrite the belongings of the dead and the dead and
pass them on to relatives. He is not allowed to leave the ship.
(except for the performance of duties requiring his presence at
shore) until it is put on a long parking lot and is not
disarmed.
Priest (chaplain)
-
the priest was rather equated with officers in his position, but also
unambiguously to the officers it could not be attributed. Rather, he just stood
apart. The navy had one primary priest in charge of
activities of ship priests. Each ship had
the priest who sent all religious events. In addition, he
was obliged to visit the wounded and sick and to alleviate their spiritual
suffering. The priest was responsible for the priestly supplies and kept records of them and
use (camping church, throne with vestments, Gospels,
crosses, etc.)
healer
-
All ships had one healer. Depending on the rank of the ship
he had different amount assistants. The doctor was in charge of accounting,
supply of medicines, medical instruments, kept records of patients,
was responsible for the treatment of patients, the quality and quantity of food given to them.
During the battle, he was forbidden to go on deck, but had to
be in the chamber where the place of collection of the wounded was determined. If a
it was established that the sick or wounded died from the negligence of the doctor, then
the latter was treated as a murderer and subject to execution.
Skipper
one of the senior officers. According to the regulations, only the navigator was above him.
All ships had one skipper. The skipper was responsible for accounting, availability,
storage, use, repair, replenishment, replacement of skipper's
property. Kept a log of this property. To the skipper's property
included the entire removable spars (masts, yards), all rigging (ropes,
ropes, blocks), anchors, lanterns, washing and cleaning equipment, candles,
carpentry stock and tools, boat sails, all metal
products, inventory, materials and tools of the caulker, lubricants
materials, fixing material (nails, staples, bolts). Skipper accepts
to ship all this property and monitors the completeness of the receipt, quality.
He is also responsible for the distribution of all property and supplies in places.
storage, securing property from pitching. When placing the ship on
anchoring and unanchoring monitors the etching or reception of the anchor
rope, the operation of locking devices. He is also responsible for organizing
cleaning the ship, restoring order. The skipper supervises the work
sailors, punishes the negligent, trains the inept. Sub-skipper replaces
skipper in his absence.
Navigator
- was responsible for navigational property, its receipt, storage,
use, spending. Flags were considered navigational property,
signal flags, pennants, ship and boat guises, compass,
hourglasses, logs, lots, lamps. The navigator kept a log book
navigational property, monitored the replenishment and serviceability of his
property. He was also responsible for nautical charts, sailing directions, serviceability of the helmsman
ship control. He adjusted the compass and the hourglass. During
sailing, he had to check maps with a real coastline,
islands, rocks, reefs and map all their changes.
The navigator is obliged to inform the officers and the captain about the dangers of the ship's course
(shoals, reefs, rocks) and insist on changing it, and even if the captain
or another officer will not listen to him, and the ship will be lost, then the navigator
will be executed or sent to hard labor. When anchoring, the navigator
is obliged to ensure that this place is not shallow and the hull of the ship is not
would have broken through with its anchor. The navigator helps the navigator, and in his
the absence is fully responsible for the navigator's service.
Boatswain
- a specialist of the junior commanding staff of the ship's crew (in the Navy -
foremen); the immediate head of the deck crew. AT
The boatswain's duties include maintaining the hull in good condition,
rigging and deck equipment of the ship, management of general ship work
and training of ordinary members of the deck crew (sailors) in maritime affairs,
keeping order and cleanliness on board. On large warships
there is one chief boatswain and several boatswains.
Midshipman
-
direct assistant to officers. Primary duty to look after
full and accurate execution by all crew members of the orders of officers.
Other responsibilities include organizing the installation and placement of
premises of the ship's property and keep a register of this property.
Gunners
These are naval gunners. We can say - the commanders of the guns. By
the number of guns and gunners, we can say that for three guns there were two
gunner. Consequently, the gunners were engaged in loading, aiming and
the production of a shot, and the roll of the guns into place, cooling, cleaning
after the shot was assigned to the soldiers. Sailors are not related to guns
have had.
Quartermaster
- commands the sailors stationed in this cockpit. He must follow
for the presence of their sailors on the ship, for the health of their sailors,
cleanliness and serviceability of their clothes, for the issuance of food to sailors and for
return to the kitchen for leftover food and dishes, so that the products,
weapons, things, gear were not taken away from the ship. Quartermaster also
is the commander of the boat, monitors its serviceability, equipment,
manages it on the water and commands the sailors assigned to the crew
boats.
A carpenter
- is obliged to monitor all the wooden parts of the hull and spars and
repair them; to control the quality of those received on board
spars wooden parts (masts, yardarms); together with a caulker
fix leaks in the hull. It is also obliged to monitor whether there are any receipts
water into the hull. Keep a log of the receipt and consumption of wooden
details, materials. Required to know the dimensions and design of all
wooden parts so that they can competently order on the shore
production of parts for this ship.
Caulker
-
have to keep an eye on it. so that there are no leaks in the hull, so that hatches and
cannon ports were tightly closed. When leaks occur, together with
the ship's carpenter to remove them.
sailmaster
- there is one sailmaster on a ship of any rank. Under his leadership
one or two sailing students. Responsible for keeping sails in good condition
fix them.
Soldiers (Marines)- were involved in servicing the guns to help the gunners, boarding and landing teams were made up of them.
Sailors
-
junior rank. Engaged to work on the ship, such as: work with
sails, pumping water from the hold, keeping the ship clean. On the
robber ships made up the boarding team.
The crew of a sea vessel includes persons engaged in the performance of duties related to its operation or maintenance, and included in the crew list. The ship must be manned in such a way that its composition, both in number and qualifications, ensures safe navigation and proper operation of the ship.
In accordance with Article 52 of the RF MLC, the vessel's crew includes the captain of the vessel, other officers of the vessel and the ship's crew.
To command staff The vessel, in addition to the captain, includes assistants to the captain of the vessel (senior, second, third and fourth), mechanics (senior, second, third and fourth), electromechanics (senior and second), radio specialists (usually the head of the radio and second radio operator) and doctors. Depending on the purpose and characteristics of the ship, its size, area of navigation and other factors, the number of officers may vary widely, but should not be lower than that specified in the ship's certificate on the minimum crew that ensures the safety of the ship.
The ship's crew consists of persons who are not related to the ship's command staff. Usually the ship's crew members are called ratings. It is headed by the boatswain. The team, as a rule, includes sailors, minders, service personnel (cooks, barmaids, etc.) and other persons, depending on the purpose of the ship.
According to the provisions of the RF MLC, each ship must have on board a crew whose members are duly qualified and whose composition is sufficient in number for:
§ ensuring the safety of the vessel's navigation, protection of the marine environment;
§ meeting the requirements for observing working hours on board the vessel;
§ Prevention of overloading of ship's crew members with work.
Persons with diplomas and qualification certificates established by the Regulations on Certification of Vessel Crew Members, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, are allowed to occupy the positions of ship crew members.
Diplomas and qualification certificates for ship crew members are issued by captains of sea trading ports and captains of sea fishing ports if the ship crew members meet the requirements for work experience on the ship, age, health status, vocational training and based on the results of knowledge testing by qualification commissions. Diplomas of captains and officers of ships are considered valid if there are confirmations of the captains of sea trading ports and captains of sea fishing ports, certifying the issuance of such diplomas and qualification certificates in accordance with the established requirement.
Diplomas and qualification certificates may be withdrawn or canceled or their validity may be suspended in cases of direct threat to human life, safety of property at sea or damage to the marine environment due to incompetence, actions or inaction of ship crew members in the performance of their duties in accordance with their diplomas and qualification certificates, as well as in order to prevent fraud.
According to Art. 56 KTM RF, the crew of a vessel flying the State Flag of the Russian Federation, in addition to citizens of Russia, may include Foreign citizens and stateless persons, who, however, are not entitled to hold the positions of the captain of the vessel, the chief assistant to the captain of the vessel, the chief engineer and the radio specialist.
International requirements for the qualifications of seafarers are based primarily on the standards of the International Convention for the Training, Certification of Seafarers and Watchkeeping, 1978, as amended in 1995, as well as relevant IMO recommendations and resolutions.
When working on a ship, the command staff must have the following qualification documents:
1) working diploma with confirmation;
Ordinary composition:
1) qualification certificate (sailor, minder, etc.);
2) certificate of completion of ship damage control courses.
In addition to these documents, the navigator must have:
1) certificate of completion of the courses of a radar observer and a specialist in automatic radar plotting - ARPA;
2) a certificate of completion of courses for a ship operator-radiotelephonist.
The chief mate, when assigned to a tanker, must also have a certificate of completion of a crude oil tank cleaning course.
Other qualification documents may also be required from a seafarer. For example, for the command staff, requirements have been introduced for the mandatory availability of certificates issued in connection with the introduction of the Global Maritime Distress Communication System (GMDSS).
International requirements relating to the qualifications of officers of merchant ships are defined in ILO Convention No. 53 "On Certificates of Qualification of Officers of Merchant Ships" of 1936. Requirements for the qualifications of ratings are concentrated in two ILO conventions: Convention No. 69 "On the issuance of certificates to ship's cooks on Qualifications" of 1946 and Convention No. 74 "On the Issuance of Certificates of Qualification to Sailors" of 1946.
Persons with certificates certifying their suitability for health reasons are allowed to work on the ship. Requirements for seafarers regarding their health are determined by a number of international legal acts. Conventionally, they can be divided into two types:
establishing medical requirements to the professional suitability of seafarers and concerning the prevention of the introduction and spread of quarantine diseases, such as, for example, cholera, yellow fever, AIDS.
First of all, a sailor must have a certificate of medical examination. The availability of this certificate and the medical requirements for seafarers to obtain it are determined by the provisions of the ILO Convention No. 73 "On the Medical Examination of Seafarers".
Seafarers are required by the International Health Regulations 1969 (as amended) to have two international certificates of vaccination or revaccination against yellow fever and cholera. The vaccine used must comply with the requirements established by the World Health Organization, which must be indicated in the certificates. The certificate of vaccination or revaccination against cholera is valid for 6 months, starting from the sixth day after the first administration of the vaccine, or in the case of a revaccination carried out within these 6 months, starting from the day of vaccination. The validity of the certificate of vaccination or revaccination against yellow fever is 10 years, starting from the tenth day after vaccination or, in the case of revaccination within this ten-year period, from the date of this revaccination. The certificates must be signed by the doctor himself. His personal seal cannot replace signatures. Any alteration, erasure or incomplete completion of any part of the certificate may render it invalid.
Certificates are issued individually to only one person, the issuance of collective certificates is not allowed. Photos do not need to be attached to the certificate.
If the doctor considers that vaccination is contraindicated for a seafarer for medical reasons, then he must issue a written certificate indicating the reasons for the impossibility of vaccination. The question of what to do with a seafarer who has such a certificate is decided by the sanitary authorities of the port of call of the vessel.
The legal status of the ship's crew members is established by Article 416 of the KTM, according to which:
1. The legal status of the members of the ship's crew and the relations between the members of the ship's crew connected with the operation of the ship shall be determined by the law of the state of the ship's flag.
2. Relations between the shipowner and members of the ship's crew are regulated by the law of the state of the ship's flag, unless otherwise provided by the agreement governing relations between the shipowner and members of the ship's crew who are foreign citizens.
The choice by the parties of an employment contract of the law to be applied to relations between the shipowner and members of the ship's crew should not lead to a deterioration in the working conditions of the ship's crew members in comparison with the law of that state, which should regulate these relations in the absence of an agreement between the parties on the applicable law.
RF*). In addition to the captain of the ship, the ship's command staff includes captain's assistants, mechanics, electromechanics, radio specialists and doctors. The federal executive authorities in the field of transport, in the field of fisheries, etc., may also include other specialists in the command staff of the vessel. consists of persons who are not related to the command staff of the ship.
Each must have on board a crew whose members have the appropriate qualifications and whose composition is sufficient in number to: ensure the safety of the vessel's navigation, protect the marine environment; meeting the requirements for observing working hours on board the vessel; preventing overloading of ship crew members with work. Depending on the type and purpose of the ship, the navigation area, the minimum composition of the E.s, except for the ship fishing fleet, is established by the federal executive body in the field of transport, a vessel of the fishing fleet - by the federal executive body in the field of fisheries in agreement with the relevant trade union body. The certificate of the minimum composition of the E.s, providing, is issued, respectively, by the captain of the commercial sea port and the captain of the fishing sea port, by which the vessel was carried out. When exercising control in seaports, the compliance of the composition of E.s. the data contained in the certificate of the minimum composition of the ship's crew ensuring safety is a confirmation that the ship is manned by a crew ensuring the safety of the ship's navigation.
According to Art. 56 of the KTM of the Russian Federation, the E.s flying under the State Flag of the Russian Federation, in addition to citizens of the Russian Federation, may include and who cannot hold the positions of the captain of the vessel, senior assistant to the captain, senior mechanic and radio specialist.
The procedure for hiring members of the E.S., their rights and obligations, and remuneration, as well as the procedure and grounds for their dismissal are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation on labor, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, charters of service on courts and charters on discipline, general and industry tariff agreements, collective contracts and employment contracts. None of the members of E.s. cannot be employed on a ship without the consent of the captain. Persons who have certificates certifying their suitability for such work for health reasons are allowed to work on the ship.
The charter for service on ships, except for ships of the fishing fleet, is approved by the federal executive body in the field of transport, the fishing fleet - by the federal executive body in the field of fisheries, charters on discipline - by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Big Law Dictionary. Akademik.ru. 2010 .
See what the "crew of the ship" is in other dictionaries:
Crew- (eng. vessel / ship crew) according to the legislation of the Russian Federation on merchant shipping, the captain of the vessel, other officers of the vessel and the ship's crew (Article 52 of the MTC RF *). TO … Encyclopedia of Law
Crew- 1.4.1. The ship's crew consists of the captain, other officers and the ship's crew. 1.4.2. The command staff includes: the captain, assistants to the captain, mechanics and electromechanics, head of the radio station, electric radio navigator, ship's doctor ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
SHIP CREW- a team of people serving the ship under the leadership of the captain and included in the list of the crew. The crew of the Vessel includes the captain, officers and sailors employed by the shipowner, as well as other persons permanently working on the ship ... ... Marine encyclopedic reference book
Crew- persons included in the list of members of the ship's crew (ship list), who are entrusted in the prescribed manner with the performance of duties for the management of the ship and its maintenance, as well as for ensuring navigation safety, preventing harm ... ... Law of Belarus: Concepts, terms, definitions
The crew of the vessel inland or mixed (river - sea) navigation- 1.2.21. The ship's crew is a person included in the ship's staff, ensuring the control, movement, survivability and safety of the ship's operation, including personnel serving as personnel ship and passengers ... Source: SanPiN 2.5.2 703 98. 2.5 ... Official terminology- persons who, in accordance with the established procedure, are entrusted with the performance of certain duties for the management and maintenance of an aircraft when performing a flight task.
Since the boats of our distant ancestors began to accommodate not one, but several people, among them the one who controlled the boat with a steering oar began to stand out, while the rest, following his instructions, rowed or set sail. This man, who enjoyed the unlimited confidence of the crew, because he was able to navigate the ship, relying on his own experience and intuition, and was the first helmsman, navigator and captain in one person.
In the future, with the growth in the size of ships, the number of people needed to set the ship in motion and control it also grew. A natural division of labor began, when everyone became responsible for their specific business and all together - for the successful outcome of the voyage. Thus, gradation and specialization began among seafarers - positions, titles, specialties appeared.
History has not preserved the first names of those whose lot was navigation, but it can be assumed that already thousands of years before our era, the coastal peoples had terms that determined whether people belonged to the maritime profession.
One of the seven estate castes in Ancient Egypt there was a caste of helmsmen. These were brave people, according to Egyptian concepts - almost suicide bombers. The fact is that, leaving the borders of the country, they lost the patronage of domestic gods ...
The first reliable information about the system of naval ranks dates back to the times of Ancient Greece; later it was borrowed by the Romans. Arab navigators developed their own system of maritime knowledge. So, the word "admiral", derived from the Arabic "amir al bahr", which means "lord of the seas", has firmly entered into all European languages. Europeans learned about many of these Arabic terms from the oriental tales of the Thousand and One Nights, in particular, from the Journey of Sinbad the Sailor. And the very name of Sinbad - collective image Arab merchants - is a distorted Indian word "Sindhaputi" - "ruler of the sea": this is how the Indians called the shipowners.
After the 13th century, an original system of maritime ranks arose among the southern Slavs: shipowner - "wanderer" (from "ford" - ship), sailor - "brodar" or "ladyar", rower - "oar", captain - "leader", team - "posada", head naval forces- "Pomeranian governor".
In pre-Petrine Russia, there were no maritime ranks and could not be, since the country had no access to the sea. However, river navigation was very developed, and in some historical documents of those times there are Russian names of ship positions: captain - "head", pilot - "vodic", senior over the team - "ataman", signalman - "mahonya" (from "waving" ). Our ancestors called sailors "sar" or "sara", so that in the formidable cry of the Volga robbers "Saryn on a kitchka!" (on the bow of the ship!) "Saryn" should be understood as "ship's team".
In Russia, the shipowner, captain and merchant in one person were called "shipman", or guest. The original meaning of the word "guest" (from Latin hostis) is "alien". In the Romance languages, it went through such a path of semantic changes: a stranger - a foreigner - an enemy. In the Russian language, the development of the semantics of the word "guest" went in the opposite direction: a stranger - a foreigner - a merchant - a guest. (A. Pushkin in "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" uses the words "guest-gentlemen" and "shipmen" as synonyms.)
Although under Peter I the word "shipman" was replaced by new, foreign ones, it existed as a legal term in the Code of Laws Russian Empire"until 1917
The first document in which, along with the old Russian words "shipman" and "feeder", there are foreign ones, were "Article Articles" by David Butler, who led the crew of the first Orel warship. This document was a prototype of the Naval Charter. On its translation from the Dutch by the hand of Peter I, it is written: "The articles are correct, against which it is worthy of any ship captains or initial ship people to apply."
In the reign of Peter I himself, a stream of new, hitherto unknown job titles and titles poured into Russia. "For the sake of" he considered it necessary to "create" the Naval Charter, so that on every large and small ship "everyone knew his position, and no one would excuse himself with ignorance."
Let's try to cast at least a cursory glance at the history of the origin of the main terms related to the composition of the ship's crew - the crew of a yacht or a boat.
BATALER- the one who manages clothing and food supply. The word has nothing to do with "battle", as it comes from the Dutch bottelen, which means "to bottle", hence bottelier - cupbearer.
BOATSWAIN- the one who keeps order on the deck, the serviceability of spars and rigging, supervises general ship work, trains sailors in maritime affairs. It is formed from the Dutch boot or English boat - "boat" and man - "man". In English, along with boatsman, or "boat (ship) man", there is the word boatswain - this is the name of the "senior boatswain", who has several "junior boatswain'mates" (boatswain'mate, where our old "boatswain" comes from).
In Russian, the word "boatswain" is first encountered in D. Butler's "Article Articles" in the forms "botsman" and "butman". In the same place, for the first time, the scope of his duties was defined. AT merchant marine this title was officially introduced only in 1768.
WATCH GUARD- at first this "land" word came into the Russian language from German (through Poland), in which Wacht means "guard, guard". If we talk about maritime terminology, then the Maritime Charter of Peter I contains the word "watchers" borrowed from the Dutch.
DRIVER- boat helmsman In this sense, this Russian word appeared recently as a direct translation of the English draiver. However, in the Russian maritime language it is not so new: in the pre-Petrine era, the words of the same root - "vodic", "ship's leader" - were called pilots.
"Boatmaster" is a currently existing and purely official term (for example, in maritime law), as well as "amateur boatmaster" - in the meaning of "captain", "skipper" of a small pleasure-tourist fleet.
DOCTOR- a completely Russian word, is the same root as the word "liar". They come from the Old Russian verb "lie" with the primary meaning "talk nonsense, idle talk, talk" and the secondary - "talk", "treat".
CAPTAIN- one-man on board. This word came to us in a complicated way, having entered the language from medieval Latin: capitaneus, which is formed from caput - "head". In the written monuments, it is found for the first time in 1419.
The military rank of "captain" first appeared in France - the so-called commanders of detachments numbering several hundred people. The rank of "captain" entered the navy, probably from the Italian capitano. On the galleys, the captain was the first assistant to the "sapro-comite" in military matters; he was responsible for the training of soldiers and officers, led boarding battles, and personally defended the flag. Subsequently, this practice was adopted on sailing military and even merchant ships that hired armed detachments for protection. Even in the 16th century, those who could better protect the interests of the crown or the shipowner were often appointed to the position of the first person on the ship, since military qualities were valued above maritime knowledge and experience. So the title of "captain" from the 17th century became mandatory on warships of almost all nations. Subsequently, captains began to be divided into ranks in strict accordance with the rank of the ship.
In Russian, the title of "captain" has been known since 1615. The first "ship captains" were David Butler, who in 1699 led the crew of the Orel ship, and Lambert Jacobson Gelt, who led the crew of the yacht built together with the Orel. Then the title of "captain" received an official status in the Amusing Troops of Peter I (Peter himself was the captain of the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment). In 1853, the rank of captain in the navy was changed to "commander of the ship." On the ships of the ROPiT since 1859 and the Volunteer Fleet since 1878, skippers from officers of the navy began to be informally called "captains", and officially this rank in the civilian fleet was introduced in 1902 instead of "skipper".
COOK- a cook on a ship, has been called that since 1698. The word came into Russian from Dutch. Derived from lat. cocus - "cook".
COMMANDER- head of the yacht club, head of a joint trip of several yachts. It was originally one of higher degrees in knightly orders, then, at the time crusades, - the title of the commander of the army of knights. The word is derived from Latin: the preposition cum - "with" and the verb mandare - "to order."
In the Russian navy at the beginning of the 18th century, the officer rank "commander" was introduced (between a captain of the 1st rank and a rear admiral; it still exists in foreign fleets). The commanders wore the admiral's uniform, but the epaulettes did not have an eagle. Since 1707, instead of it, the title of "captain-commander" was assigned, which was finally abolished in 1827. This title was worn by outstanding navigators V. Bering, A.I. Chirikov, and one of the last - I.F. Krusenstern.
KUPOR(English cooper, Dutch Kuiper - "cooper", "cooper", from kuip - "tub", "vat") - a very important position on wooden ships. He not only maintained the barrels and tubs in good condition, but also monitored the watertightness of the ship's hull. The foreign word "cork" quickly entered into everyday Russian speech, forming derivatives "cork" and "uncork".
PILOT- a person who knows the local conditions of navigation and takes on the safe wiring and mooring of the vessel. Usually this is a middle-aged navigator, about whom sailors jokingly, remembering the lights installed for the pilot ship, say: "White hair - red nose." Initially, the pilots were members of the crew, but in the XIII-XV centuries, those who work only each in their own specific area appear. Such a "pilot" among the Dutch was called "pilot" (loodsman, from lood - "lead", "sinker", "lot"). The first document regulating the activities of pilots appeared in Denmark (the “Naval Code” of 1242), and the first state pilotage service was organized in England in 1514.
In Russia, the pilot was called the "ship's leader", and his assistant, who measured the depth on the bow with a lot, was often called the "carrier". In 1701, by decree of Peter I, the term "pilot" was introduced, but until the middle of the 18th century, the term "pilot" could also be found. The first state pilotage service in Russia was established in 1613 in Arkhangelsk, and the first manual for them was the instruction for pilots of the St. Petersburg port published in 1711 by Admiral K. Kruys.
SAILOR- perhaps the most "dark" word in origin. It is only known for certain that it came to us in the 17th century from the Dutch maritime in the form of "matros". And although in the Naval Charter of 1724 the form "sailor" is already found, until mid-nineteenth century, "matros" was more common. It can be assumed that this word comes from the Dutch mattengenoot - "comrade in bed": matta - "mat", "mat", and genoot - "comrade".
In the middle of the century, the word mattengenoot in a truncated form matten came to France and was transformed into the French matelot - a sailor. And after some time, this same "matlo" returned to Holland again and, not recognized by the Dutch, turned first into matrso, and then into a more easily pronounceable matroos.
There is another interpretation. Some etymologists in the first part of the word see the Dutch matt - "comrade", others - mats - "mast". Some scholars see the Viking heritage in this word: in Icelandic, for example, mati - "comrade" and rosta - "fight", "fight". And together "matirosta" means "combat friend", "comrade in arms".
DRIVER- the word is relatively young. It appeared in those days when the sails in the fleet began to be replaced by a steam engine, and borrowed from it. Mashinist (from other Greek machina), but for the first time in Russian it was noted in 1721! Naturally, then this specialty was not yet marine.
MECHANIC- the origin is similar to the word "driver", but in Russian in the form "mechanicus" it was noted even earlier - in 1715.
SAILOR- a person who has chosen the maritime profession as his lot. It is believed that this profession is about 9000 years old. Our ancestors called its representatives "morenin", "moryanin" or "sailor". The root "move" is very ancient. The expression "to walk on the sea" is already found in the annals when describing the campaign of Prince Oleg against Constantinople in 907. We can also recall Athanasius Nikitin's "Journey Beyond the Three Seas".
AT modern language the root "move" was fixed in the terms "seaworthiness", "navigation", "propulsion", etc. Peter I tried to instill a foreign Italian-French name for a military sailor - "mariner" (from Latin mare - sea). It has been found since 1697 in the forms "mari-nir", "marinal", but by the end of the 18th century it was out of use, leaving only a trace in the word "midshipman". The same fate befell another Dutch term - "zeeman" or "zeiman". It lasted only until the end of the first quarter of the 19th century.
PILOT- the driver (less often - the navigator) of the racing boat; an obvious borrowing from aviation "as a sign of respect" for high speeds. During the early Middle Ages, this was the personal title of a pilot who accompanied the ship throughout the passage from the port of departure to the port of destination. This word came to us through the Italian pilota, and its roots are ancient Greek: pedotes - "pilot", formed from pedon - "oar".
STEERING- the one who directly controls the course of the vessel, standing at the helm. The word goes back to the Dutch pyp ("rudder") and in this form is mentioned in the Naval Charter of 1720 ("To inspect the Ruhr before the campaign"). By the middle of the 18th century, the word "ruhr" had finally supplanted the ancient Russian "helm", but the title of "helmsman" was officially retained in the Russian galley fleet until the last decade of the same century.
SALAG- an inexperienced sailor. Contrary to the original "interpretations", for example, on the topic of a historical anecdote about the mythical island of Alag ("Where are you from?" "From Alag"), the prosaic version is closer to the truth, connecting this word with "herring" - a small fish. "Salaga" in some Russian dialects, mainly in the northern provinces, for a long time was called small fish. In the Urals, the use of the word "herring" as a nickname is recorded, that is, in the meaning of "salaga".
SIGNALER- a sailor who transmits messages from ship to ship or to shore by means of a hand-held semaphore or by hoisting signal flags. The word "signal" came to us under Peter I through the German Signal from Latin (signum - "sign").
STARPOM- both parts of this word come from Old Slavonic foundations. The senior (from the stem "hundred") here has the meaning of "chief", because this should be the most experienced of the captain's assistants. And "assistant" originates from the now lost noun "moga" - "strength, power" (its traces have been preserved in the words "help", "nobleman", "sickness").
SKIPPER- captain of a civilian ship. The word is the "namesake" of the "shipman" - "shipor", and then the goll. schipper (from schip - "ship"). Some etymologists see the formation from a word from Norman (Old Scandinavian Skipar) or Danish (skipper) with the same meaning. Others point to the proximity of the word to the German Schiffer (from schiff (s) herr - "master, head of the ship").
In Russian, the word first occurs at the beginning of the 18th century as a junior officer rank. According to the Naval Charter, the skipper had to "see that the ropes were well folded and that they lay neatly in the tank"; "in throwing and taking out the anchor, it is guilty to be at the biting [biting] and look over the tying of the anchor rope."
In the merchant fleet, the rank of skipper was introduced only in 1768 with the obligatory passing of examinations at the Admiralty. In 1867, the title was divided into long-distance and coastal skippers, and in 1902 it was abolished, although the position of "sub-skipper" - the owner of the ship's supply on the deck - still exists on large ships, like the word "skipper pantry".
SHOT- a sailor working on sheets (from Dutch schoot - floor). The word "sheet" (tackle for controlling the clew angle of the sail) is first found in the Naval Charter of 1720 in the form "shkhot".
NAVIGATOR- Maritime Specialist. This word in Russian was first noted in the form "sturman" in D. Butler's Article Articles, then in K. Kruys's "Painting for supplies on the barcolumn ..." (1698) in the forms "sturman" and "navigator" and Finally, in the Naval Charter of 1720, the modern form of the word is found. And it comes from the Dutch stuur - "rudder", "rule". In the heyday of navigation, when the ships of the Dutch East India Company were already plying the waters of the Indian Ocean and the role of navigators increased enormously, the Dutch word "navigator" became international. So in Russian, it replaced the ancient "helmsman" or "helmsman" (from "stern", where the ship's control post was located from ancient times). According to the "Article Articles", the navigator had to inform the captain "the acquired height of the semi-pole (pole) and show his notebook about ship navigation and the book of sea traffic in order to best advise on the preservation of the ship and people ...".
CABIN BOY- a boy on a ship, studying maritime affairs. In the domestic vocabulary, this word appeared under Peter I (from the Dutch jongen - a boy). At that time, there were "cabin cabin boys" recruited as servants, and "deck cabin boys" for deck work. Jungs began naval service, many famous admirals, including the "Admiral of the Admirals" - Horatio Nelson.
