Hello dear readers! This post is about building. solar system. I believe that it is simply necessary to know where our planet is in the Universe, and also what else is in our solar system besides the planets ...
The structure of the solar system.
solar system- this is a system of cosmic bodies, which, in addition to the central luminary - the Sun, includes nine major planets, their satellites, many small planets, comets, cosmic dust and small meteoroids that move in the sphere of the predominant gravitational action of the Sun.
In the middle of the 16th century, it was discovered general structure structure of the solar system by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. He refuted the idea that the Earth is the center of the universe and substantiated the idea of the movement of the planets around the Sun. This model of the solar system is called heliocentric.
In the 17th century, Kepler discovered the law of planetary motion, and Newton formulated the law of universal attraction. But only after Galileo invented the telescope in 1609, it became possible to study the physical characteristics that make up the solar system, cosmic bodies.
So Galileo, observing sunspots, first discovered the rotation of the Sun around its axis.
Planet Earth is one of nine celestial bodies (or planets) that move around the Sun in outer space.
Planets make up the bulk of the solar system, which rotate around the Sun at different speeds in the same direction and almost in the same plane along elliptical orbits and are located at different distances from it.
The planets are in the following order from the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. But Pluto sometimes moves away from the Sun by more than 7 billion km, but due to the enormous mass of the Sun, which is almost 750 times the mass of all other planets, it remains in its sphere of attraction.
The largest of the planets is Jupiter. Its diameter is 11 times the diameter of the Earth and is 142,800 km. The smallest of the planets is Pluto, whose diameter is only 2,284 km.
The planets that are closest to the Sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are very different from the next four. They are called terrestrial planets, since, like the Earth, they are composed of solid rocks.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, are called Jupiter type planets, as well as giant planets, and unlike them, they consist mainly of hydrogen.
There are also other differences between Jupiter and Earth type planets."Jupiterians" together with numerous satellites form their own "solar systems".
Saturn has at least 22 moons. And only three satellites, including the Moon, have terrestrial planets. And above all, Jupiter-type planets are surrounded by rings.
Planet debris.
Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter there is a large gap where one more planet could be placed. This space, in fact, is filled with many small celestial bodies, which are called asteroids, or minor planets.
Ceres is the name of the largest asteroid, with a diameter of about 1000 km. To date, 2500 asteroids have been discovered, which are much smaller than Ceres in size. These are blocks with diameters that do not exceed several kilometers in size.
Most asteroids revolve around the sun in a wide "asteroid belt" that lies between Mars and Jupiter. The orbits of some asteroids go far beyond this belt, and sometimes come quite close to the Earth.
These asteroids cannot be seen with the naked eye because they are too small and very far away from us. But other debris, such as comets, can be seen in the night sky due to their bright glow.
Comets are celestial bodies, which are composed of ice, solid particles and dust. Most of the time, the comet moves in the far reaches of our solar system and is invisible to the human eye, but when it approaches the Sun, it begins to glow.
It happens under the influence solar heat. The ice partially evaporates and turns into a gas, releasing dust particles. The comet becomes visible because the gas and dust cloud reflects sunlight. The cloud, under the pressure of the solar wind, turns into a fluttering long tail.
There are also such space objects which can be observed almost every evening. They burn up when they enter the Earth's atmosphere, leaving a narrow luminous trail in the sky - a meteor. These bodies are called meteoroids, and their size is no larger than a grain of sand.
Meteorites are large meteoroids that reach earth's surface. Due to the collision of huge meteorites with the Earth, in the distant past, huge craters formed on its surface. Almost a million tons of meteorite dust falls on Earth every year.
Birth of the solar system.
Large gas and dust nebulae, or clouds, are scattered among the stars of our galaxy. In the same cloud, about 4600 million years ago, Our solar system was born.This birth occurred as a result of the collapse (compression) of this cloud under the action of I eat the forces of gravity.
Then this cloud began to rotate. And over time, it turned into a rotating disk, the bulk of the substance of which was concentrated in the center. The gravitational collapse continued, the central compaction was constantly decreasing and warming up.
The thermonuclear reaction began at a temperature of tens of millions of degrees, and then the central density of matter flared up as a new star - the Sun.
The planets formed from dust and gas in the disk. The collision of dust particles, as well as their transformation into large lumps, took place in the internal heated areas. This process is called accretion.
The mutual attraction and collision of all these blocks led to the formation of terrestrial-type planets.
These planets had a weak gravitational field and were too small to attract light gases (such as helium and hydrogen) that make up the accretion disk.
The birth of the solar system was a common occurrence - similar systems are born all the time and everywhere in the universe. And maybe in one of these systems there is a planet similar to Earth, on which there is intelligent life ...
So we examined the structure of the solar system, and now we can arm ourselves with knowledge for their further application in practice 😉
The solar system is a star-planet system. There are approximately 200 billion stars in our Galaxy, among which, according to experts, some stars have planets. The solar system includes the central body, the Sun, and nine planets with their satellites (more than 60 satellites are known). The diameter of the solar system is more than 11.7 billion km.
At the beginning of the XXI century. an object was discovered in the solar system, which astronomers called Sedna (the name of the Eskimo goddess of the ocean-
on the). Sedna has a diameter of 2000 km. One revolution around the sun is
10,500 earth years.
Some astronomers call this object a planet in the solar system. Other astronomers call planets only space objects that have a central core with a relatively high temperature. For example, temperature
in the center of Jupiter, according to calculations, reaches 20,000 K. Since at present
Sedna is located at a distance of about 13 billion km from the center of the solar system,
then information about this object is rather scarce. At the farthest point of the orbit, the distance from Sedna to the Sun reaches a huge value - 130 billion km.
Our star system includes two belts of minor planets (asteroids). The first is located between Mars and Jupiter (contains more than 1 million asteroids), the second is beyond the orbit of the planet Neptune. Some asteroids are over 1000 km in diameter. The outer limits of the solar system are surrounded by the so-called Oort cloud, named after the Dutch astronomer who hypothesized the existence of this cloud in the last century. As astronomers believe, the edge of this cloud closest to the solar system consists of ice floes of water and methane (comet nuclei), which, like the smallest planets, revolve around the Sun under the influence of its gravitational force at a distance of over 12 billion km. The number of such miniature planets is in the billions.
In the literature, there is often a hypothesis about the star-satellite of the Sun Nemesis. (Nemesis in Greek mythology is a goddess punishing the violation of morality and laws). Some astronomers claim that Nemesis is at a distance of 25 trillion km from the Sun at the most distant point of its orbit around the Sun and 5 trillion km at the closest point of its orbit to the Sun. These astronomers believe that the passage of Nemesis through the Oort cloud causes catastrophes.
in the solar system, since celestial bodies from this cloud enter the solar system. Since ancient times, astronomers have been interested in the remains of bodies of extraterrestrial origin, meteorites. Every day, according to researchers, about 500 extraterrestrial bodies fall to Earth. In 1947, a meteorite called the Sikhote-Alin (southeastern part of Primorsky Krai) fell, weighing 70 tons, with the formation of 100 craters at the site of impact and many fragments that were scattered over an area of 3 km2. All of its pieces have been collected. More than 50% falling
meteorites - stone meteorites, 4% - iron and 5% - iron stone.
Among the stone ones, chondrites are distinguished (from the corresponding Greek word - ball, grain) and achondrites. Interest in meteorites is associated with the study of the origin of the solar system and the origin of life on Earth.
Our solar system makes a complete revolution around the center of the Galaxy at a speed of 240 km / s in 230 million years. It is called galactic year. In addition, the solar system moves along with all the objects in our galaxy.
at a speed of approximately 600 km/s around some common gravitational center of the cluster of galaxies. This means that the speed of the Earth relative to the center of our galaxy is several times greater than its speed relative to the Sun. In addition, the sun rotates on its axis.
at a speed of 2 km/s. According to its chemical composition, the Sun consists of hydrogen (90%), helium (7%) and heavy chemical elements(2-3%). Here are the approximate numbers. The mass of a helium atom is almost 4 times that of a hydrogen atom.
The sun is a star spectral type g, located on the main sequence of stars of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Mass of the Sun (2
1030 kg) is almost 98.97% of the entire mass of the solar system, all other formations in this system (planets, etc.) account for only
2% of the total mass of the solar system. In the total mass of all planets, the main share is the mass of the two giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn, about 412.45 Earth masses, the rest account for only 34 Earth masses. Mass of the Earth
6 1024kg, 98% momentum in the solar system
belongs to the planets, not to the sun. The Sun is a natural thermonuclear plasma reactor created by nature, having the shape of a ball with an average density of 1.41 kg/m3. This means that the average density on the Sun is slightly more than the density of ordinary water on our Earth. Luminosity of the Sun ( L) is approximately 3.86 1033 erg/s. The radius of the Sun is approximately 700 thousand km. Thus, two radii of the Sun (diameter) are 109 times greater than the earth's. Acceleration of free fall on the Sun - 274 m/s2, on the Earth - 9.8 m/s2. This means that the second space velocity to overcome the gravitational force of the Sun is 700 km / s, for the Earth - 11.2 km / s.
Plasma- this is physical state when the nuclei of atoms separately coexist with electrons. In a layered gas-plasma
formation under the influence of gravitational force, significant
deviations from the average values of temperature, pressure, etc. in each layer
Thermonuclear reactions take place inside the Sun in a spherical region with a radius of 230,000 km. In the center of this region, the temperature is about 20 million K. It decreases to the boundaries of this zone to 10 million K. The next spherical region with a length
280 thousand km has a temperature of 5 million K. In this region, thermonuclear reactions do not occur, since the threshold temperature for them is 10 million K. This region is called the region of transfer of radiant energy coming from within the previous region.
This area is followed by the area convection(lat. convection- import,
transfer). In the convection region, the temperature reaches 2 million K.
Convection- is the physical process of energy transfer in the form of heat by a certain medium. Physical and Chemical properties The convective medium can be different: liquid, gas, etc. The properties of this medium determine the rate of the process of energy transfer in the form of heat to the next region of the Sun. A convective region or zone on the Sun has an extent of approximately
150-200 thousand km.
The speed of movement in a convective medium is comparable to the speed of sound (300
m/s). The magnitude of this velocity plays an important role in the removal of heat from the bowels of the Sun.
to its subsequent areas (zones) and into space.
The Sun does not explode due to the fact that the rate of burning of nuclear fuel inside the Sun is noticeably less than the rate of heat removal in the convective zone, even with very sharp releases of energy-mass. convective zone effect physical properties ahead of the possibility of an explosion: the convective zone expands a few minutes before a possible explosion and thereby transfers excess energy-mass to the next layer, the region of the Sun. In the core to the convective zones of the Sun, the mass density is achieved by a large number of light elements (hydrogen and helium). In the convective zone, the process of recombination (formation) of atoms occurs, thereby increasing molecular mass gas in the convective zone. Recombination(lat. recombinare- connect) comes from the cooling substance of the plasma, which provides thermonuclear reactions inside the Sun. The pressure at the center of the Sun is 100 g/cm3.
On the surface of the Sun, the temperature reaches approximately 6000 K. Thus
Thus, the temperature from the convective zone drops to 1 million K and reaches 6000 K
at the full radius of the sun.
Light is electromagnetic waves different lengths. The region of the sun where light is produced is called photosphere(Greek photos - light). The region above the photosphere is called the chromosphere (from Greek - color). The photosphere occupies
200-300 km (0.001 solar radius). The density of the photosphere is 10-9-10-6 g/cm3, the temperature of the photosphere decreases from its lower layer upwards to 4.5 thousand K. Sunspots and torches appear in the photosphere. A decrease in temperature in the photosphere, i.e., in the lower layer of the Sun's atmosphere, is a fairly typical phenomenon. The next layer is the chromosphere, its length is 7-8 thousand km. AT
In this layer, the temperature begins to rise to 300 thousand K. The next atmospheric
layer - the solar corona - in it the temperature already reaches 1.5-2 million K. The solar corona extends over several tens of solar radii and then dissipates in interplanetary space. The effect of increasing temperature in solar corona The sun is associated with such a phenomenon as
"sunny wind". It is the gas that forms the solar corona and consists mainly of protons and electrons, the speed of which increases according to one point of view, the so-called waves of light activity from the convection zone, which heat up the corona. Every second, the Sun loses 1/100 of its mass, i.e., approximately 4 million τ per second. The "parting" of the Sun with its energy-mass manifests itself in the form of heat, electromagnetic radiation, solar wind. The farther from the Sun, the lower the second cosmic velocity required for the exit of particles that form the "solar wind" from the gravitational field of the Sun. At a distance of the Earth's orbit (150 million km), the velocity of solar wind particles reaches 400 m/s. Among the many problems in the study of the Sun, an important place is occupied by the problem of solar activity, which is associated with a number of such phenomena as sunspots, activity magnetic field Sun and solar radiation. Sunspots form in the photosphere. The average annual number of sunspots is measured over an 11-year period. In their length, they can reach up to 200 thousand km in diameter. The temperature of sunspots is lower than the temperature of the photosphere in which they are formed by 1-2 thousand K, i.e. 4500 K and lower. That's why they look dark. Appearance
Sunspots are associated with changes in the Sun's magnetic field. AT
On sunspots, the magnetic field strength is much higher than in other areas of the photosphere.
Two points of view in explaining the magnetic field of the Sun:
1. The magnetic field of the Sun arose during the formation of the Sun. Since the magnetic field streamlines the process of ejection of the energy-mass of the Sun in environment, then according to this position, the 11-year cycle of the appearance of spots is not a regularity. In 1890, the director of the Greenwich Observatory (founded in 1675 on the outskirts of London) E. Mauder noted that with
1645 to 1715 there is no mention of 11-year cycles. Greenwich meridian -
this is the zero meridian, from which the longitudes on the Earth are counted.
2. The second point of view presents the Sun as a kind of dynamo, in which electrically charged particles entering the plasma create a powerful magnetic field that increases sharply after 11-year cycles. There is a hypothesis
about the special cosmic conditions in which the sun and the solar system are located. It is about the so-called corotation circle (English) corotation- joint rotation). In a corotation circle at a certain radius, according to some studies, there is a synchronous rotation of the spiral arms and the Galaxy itself, which creates special physical conditions for the movement of the structures included in this circle, where the solar system is located.
AT modern science a point of view is being developed about the close connection of processes,
occurring on the Sun, with human life on Earth. Our compatriot A.
L. Chizhevsky (1897-1964) is one of the founders of heliobiology, which studies the influence of solar energy on the development of living organisms and humans. For example, researchers drew attention to the temporal coincidence of major events in a person's social life with periods of outbursts of solar activity. In the last century, the solar activity peaked at
1905-1907, 1917, 1928, 1938, 1947, 1968, 1979 and 1990-1991
Origin of the solar system. The origin of the solar system from the gas and dust cloud of the interstellar medium (ISM) is the most recognized concept. The opinion is expressed that the mass of initial for education
The solar system cloud was equal to 10 solar masses. In this cloud
its chemical composition was decisive (about 70% was hydrogen, about 30%
Helium and 1-2% - heavy chemical elements). Approx.
about 5 billion years ago, a dense cluster formed from this cloud,
named protosolar disk. It is believed that the explosion of a supernova in our Galaxy gave this cloud a dynamic impulse of rotation and fragmentation: protostar and protoplanetary disk. According to this concept, the process of education protosun and the protoplanetary disk occurred quickly, in 1 million years, which led to the concentration of all energy - the mass of the future star system in its central body, and the angular momentum - in the protoplanetary disk, in future planets. It is believed that the evolution of the protoplanetary disk took place over 1 million years. There was an adhesion of particles in the central plane of this disk, which subsequently led to the formation of clusters of particles, at first small, then larger bodies, which geologists call planet earths. From them, it is believed that future planets were formed. This concept is based on the results computer models. There are other concepts as well. For example, one of them says that it took 100 million years for the birth of the Sun-star, when a thermonuclear fusion reaction occurred in the proto-Sun. According to this concept, the planets of the solar system, in particular terrestrial group, arose over the same 100 million years, from the mass left after the formation of the Sun. Part of this mass was retained by the Sun, the other part was dissolved in interstellar space.
In January 2004 there was a message in foreign publications about the discovery in the constellation Scorpio stars, in size, luminosity and mass similar to the Sun. Astronomers are currently interested in the question: does this star have planets?
There are several mysteries in the study of the solar system.
1. Harmony in the movement of the planets. All planets in the solar system revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits. The movement of all the planets of the solar system occurs in the same plane, the center of which is located in the central part of the equatorial plane of the Sun. The plane formed by the orbits of the planets is called the plane of the ecliptic.
2. All planets and the Sun rotate around their own axis. The axes of rotation of the Sun and the planets, with the exception of the planet Uranus, are directed, roughly speaking, perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. The axis of Uranus is directed to the plane of the ecliptic almost parallel, i.e., it rotates lying on its side. Another feature of it is that it rotates around its axis in a different direction, like
and Venus, unlike the Sun and other planets. All other planets and
The sun rotates against the direction of the clock. Uranus has 15
satellites.
3. Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter there is a belt of minor planets. This is the so-called asteroid belt. Small planets have a diameter of 1 to 1000 km. Their total mass is less than 1/700 of the mass of the Earth.
4. All planets are divided into two groups (terrestrial and extraterrestrial). First are planets with high density, in their chemical composition the main place is occupied by heavy chemical elements. They are small in size and slowly rotate around their axis. This group includes Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. There are currently suggestions that Venus is the past of the Earth, and Mars is its future.
Co. second group include: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. They consist of light chemical elements, rotate rapidly around their axis, slowly revolve around the Sun and receive less radiant energy from the Sun. Below (in the table) data are given on the average surface temperature of the planets on the Celsius scale, the length of the day and night, the length of the year, the diameter of the planets of the solar system and the mass of the planet in relation to mass
Earth (taken as 1).
The distance between the orbits of the planets approximately doubles when passing
from each of them to the next. This was noted back in 1772 by astronomers
I. Titius and I. Bode, hence the name "Rule of Titius - Bode", observed in the position of the planets. If we take the distance of the Earth from the Sun (150 million km) as one astronomical unit, then we get the following arrangement of the planets from the Sun according to this rule:
Mercury - 0.4 a. e. Venus - 0.7 a. e. Earth - 1 a. e. Mars - 1.6 a. e. Asteroids - 2.8 a. e. Jupiter - 5.2 a. e. Saturn - 10.0 a. e. Uranium - 19.6 a. e. Neptune - 38.8 a. e. Pluto - 77.2 a. e.
Table. Data about the planets of the solar system
When considering the true distances of the planets to the Sun, it turns out that
Pluto is closer to the Sun than Neptune at some periods, and,
therefore, it changes its serial number according to the Titius-Bode rule.
Mystery of the planet Venus. In ancient astronomical sources dating back to
3.5 thousand years (Chinese, Babylonian, Indian) there is no mention of Venus. American scientist I. Velikovsky in the book "Colliding Worlds", which appeared in the 50s. XX century., He hypothesized that the planet Venus took its place only recently, during the formation of ancient civilizations. Approximately once every 52 years, Venus comes close to Earth, at a distance of 39 million km. During the period of great confrontation, every 175 years, when all the planets line up one after another in the same direction, Mars approaches the Earth at a distance of 55 million km.
Astronomers use sidereal time to observe the position of stars and other objects in the sky as they appear in the night sky into one
Same sidereal time. solar time- time measured
relative to the sun. When the Earth de. barks a full turn around its axis
relative to the Sun, one day passes. If the revolution of the Earth is considered relative to the stars, then during this revolution the Earth will move in its orbit by 1/365 of the path around the Sun, i.e. by 3 min 56 s. This time is called sidereal (lat. siederis- star).
1. The development of modern astronomy is constantly expanding knowledge about the structure and objects of the Universe available for research. This explains the difference in the data on the number of stars, galaxies, and other objects that are given in the literature.
2. Several dozen planets have been discovered in our Galaxy and outside it.
3. The discovery of Sedna as the 10th planet of the solar system significantly changes our understanding of the size of the solar system and its interaction with
other objects in our galaxy.
4. In general, it should be said that astronomy only from the second half of the last century began to study the most distant objects of the Universe on the basis of more modern means.
observation and research.
5. Modern astronomy is interested in explaining the observed effect of movement (drift) of significant masses of matter at a high speed relative to
relic radiation. This is the so-called Great
wall. This is a giant cluster of galaxies, located at a distance of 500 million light years from our Galaxy. A fairly popular presentation of approaches to explaining this effect was published in the articles of the journal V Mir nauki1. 6. Unfortunately, the military interests of a number of countries are again manifesting themselves in space exploration.
For example, space program USA.
QUESTIONS FOR SELF-TEST AND SEMINARS
1. Forms of galaxies.
2. On what factors does the fate of a star depend?
3. Concepts of the formation of the solar system.
4. Supernovae and their role in the formation of the chemical composition of the interstellar medium.
5. The difference between a planet and a star.
3. The sun is the central body of our planetary system
The Sun is the closest star to the Earth, which is a hot plasma ball. This is a gigantic source of energy: its radiation power is very high - about 3.861023 kW. Every second the Sun radiates such an amount of heat that would be quite enough to melt the layer of ice surrounding Earth, a thousand kilometers thick. The sun plays an exceptional role in the origin and development of life on Earth. A tiny part of the solar energy hits the Earth, thanks to which the gaseous state is maintained. earth's atmosphere, the surfaces of land and water bodies are constantly heated, the vital activity of animals and plants is ensured. Part of the solar energy is stored in the bowels of the Earth in the form of coal, oil, natural gas.
At present, it is generally accepted that thermonuclear reactions occur in the interior of the Sun at extremely high temperatures - about 15 million degrees - and monstrous pressures, which are accompanied by the release of a huge amount of energy. One of these reactions may be the synthesis of hydrogen nuclei, in which the nuclei of the helium atom are formed. It is calculated that every second in the bowels of the Sun, 564 million tons of hydrogen are converted into 560 million tons of helium, and the remaining 4 million tons of hydrogen are converted into radiation. The thermonuclear reaction will continue until the supply of hydrogen runs out. They currently make up about 60% of the Sun's mass. Such a reserve should be sufficient for at least several billion years.
Almost all of the Sun's energy is generated in its central region, from where it is transferred by radiation, and then in the outer layer - is transferred by convection. The effective temperature of the surface of the Sun - the photosphere - is about 6000 K.
Our Sun is not only a source of light and heat: its surface radiates streams of invisible ultraviolet and x-rays, as well as elementary particles. Although the amount of heat and light sent to the Earth by the Sun remains constant for many hundreds of billions of years, the intensity of its invisible radiations varies significantly: it depends on the level of solar activity.
There are cycles during which solar activity reaches its maximum value. Their periodicity is 11 years. During the years of greatest activity, the number of sunspots and flares increases by solar surface, on Earth arise magnetic storms, the ionization of the upper layers of the atmosphere increases, etc.
The sun exerts a noticeable influence not only on such natural processes as the weather, terrestrial magnetism, but also on the biosphere - animal and vegetable world Land, including per person.
It is assumed that the age of the Sun is at least 5 billion years. This assumption is based on the fact that, according to geological data, our planet has existed for at least 5 billion years, and the Sun was formed even earlier.
Algorithm for calculating the trajectory of a flight to a limited orbit with given characteristics
Analyzing the solution (2.4) of the linearized system (2.3), we can conclude that the amplitudes of the orbit along the X and Y axes depend linearly on each other, and the amplitude along Z is independent, while oscillations along X and along Y occur at the same frequency...
Algorithm for calculating the trajectory of a flight to a limited orbit with given characteristics
It is known that the flight to an orbit around the libration point L2 of the Sun-Earth system can be carried out by making one impulse in low Earth orbit , , , . In fact, this flight is carried out in orbit ...
Stars and constellations are one
In this section, we will consider how stars / constellations can both harm and help, what we should expect from the Universe. In the 12th question "Can the stars harm or help?" many noted equally that the stars can do much harm ...
Earth is a planet in the solar system
The sun - the central body of the solar system - is a typical representative of the stars, the most common bodies in the universe. Like many other stars, the Sun is a huge ball of gas...
In this paper, the motion of a spacecraft in orbit in the vicinity of the libration point L1 of the Sun-Earth system will be considered in a rotating coordinate system, an illustration of which is shown in Figure 6...
Simulation of orbital motion
The spacecraft in the vicinity of the libration point can be located in limited orbits of several types, the classification of which is given in the papers. The vertical Lyapunov orbit (Fig. 8) is a flat limited periodic orbit ...
Simulation of orbital motion
As mentioned in paragraph 2.4, one of the main conditions for choosing a limited orbit in the vicinity of the libration point L1, suitable for a space mission, continuously observed from the surface of the Earth ...
Our solar system
In order to understand the structure of such a gigantic object as the Sun, one must imagine a huge mass of hot gas that has concentrated in a certain place in the Universe. The sun is 72% hydrogen...
Surface study of the characteristics of the Sun
The sun - the central body of the solar system - is a hot ball of gas. It is 750 times more massive than all other bodies in the solar system combined...
Creation of a model for the emergence of the solar system from interstellar gas based on numerical simulation, taking into account the gravitational interaction of particles
As a result of the studies carried out (including those not included in the materials of this publication), within the framework of the accepted basic concepts of the formation of the Solar System, a model for the formation of planetary bodies was proposed...
Solar system. The activity of the Sun and its influence on the climate-forming factor of the planet
Nine large cosmic bodies, called planets, revolve around the Sun, each in its own orbit, in one direction - counterclockwise. Together with the Sun, they make up the solar system...
Solar-Earth connections and their impact on humans
What does the science of the sun tell us? How far is the Sun from us and how big is it? The distance from the Earth to the Sun is almost 150 million km. It is easy to write this number, but it is difficult to imagine such a large distance...
The sun, its composition and structure. Solar-terrestrial connections
The Sun is the only star in the solar system around which other objects of this system revolve: planets and their satellites, dwarf planets and their satellites, asteroids, meteoroids, comets and cosmic dust. The mass of the Sun is 99...
sun, his physical characteristics and impact on the Earth's magnetosphere
The Sun is the closest star to the Earth and is an ordinary star in our Galaxy. This is the main sequence dwarf of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Belongs to the spectral class G2V. Its physical characteristics: Weight 1...
1. Name the central body of the solar system.
2. What can be seen on the Sun?
3. Will the Sun die?
SUN -Weight = 1.99 * 10 30 kg.
Diameter = 1.392.000 km.
Absolute magnitude = +4.8
Spectral type = G2
Surface temperature = 5800 o K
Period of revolution around the axis = 25 h (poles) -35 h (equator)
Period of revolution around the center of the galaxy = 200.000.000 years
Distance to the center of the galaxy = 25000 light. years
The speed of movement around the center of the galaxy = 230 km/sec.
Sun - central and largest body solar system,red-hot
plasma ball, a typical dwarf star. Chemical composition Sun determined that it consists of hydrogen and helium, other elements less than 0.1%.
The source of solar energy is the reaction of converting hydrogen into helium at a rate of 600 million tons per second. At the same time, light and heat are released in the core of the Sun. The core temperature reaches 15 million degrees.
That is, the Sun is a hot rotating ball, consisting of luminous gas. The radius of the Sun is 696 t. km. Sun Diameter :
1392000 km (109 Earth diameters).
The solar atmosphere (chromosphere and solar corona) is very active, various phenomena are observed in it: flares, prominences, solar wind (constant outflow of corona matter into interplanetary space).
PROTUBERANTS (from lat. protubero I swell), huge, up to hundreds of thousands of kilometers long, tongues of hot gas in the solar corona, having a higher density and lower temperature than the coronal plasma surrounding them. On the disk of the Sun are observed in the form of dark filaments, and on its edge in the form of luminous clouds, arches or jets. Their temperature can reach up to 4000 degrees.
SOLAR FLASH, the most powerful manifestation of solar activity, a sudden local release of energy from magnetic fields in the corona and chromosphere of the Sun. During solar flares, the following are observed: an increase in the brightness of the chromosphere (8-10 minutes), acceleration of electrons, protons and heavy ions, X-ray and radio emission.
SUNSPOTS, formations in the photosphere of the Sun, develop from pores, can reach 200 thousand km in diameter, exist on average 10-20 days. The temperature in sunspots is lower than the temperature of the photosphere, as a result of which they are 2-5 times darker than the photosphere. Sunspots have strong magnetic fields.
ROTATION OF THE SUN around the axis, occurs in the same direction as the Earth (from west to east). One revolution relative to the Earth takes 27.275 days (synodic period of revolution), relative to fixed stars in 25.38 days (sidereal period of revolution).
ECLIPSES solar and lunar, occur either when the Earth falls into the shadow,
cast by the Moon (solar eclipses), or when the Moon falls into the shadow of the Earth
(lunar eclipses).
The duration of the full solar eclipses does not exceed 7.5 minutes,
private (big phase) 2 hours moon Shadow glides across the earth at a speed of approx. 1 km/s,
running a distance of up to 15 thousand km, its diameter is approx. 270 km. Total lunar eclipses can last up to 1 hour 45 minutes. Eclipses are repeated in a certain sequence after a period of time in 6585 1/3 days. There are no more than 7 eclipses annually (of which no more than 3 are lunar).
The activity of the solar atmosphere is periodically repeated, 11-year period.
The sun is the main source of energy for the Earth, it influences all earthly processes. The Earth is at a good distance from the Sun, so life has survived on it. Solar radiation creates conditions suitable for living organisms. If our planet were closer, it would be too hot, and vice versa.
So the surface of Venus is heated to almost 500 degrees and the pressure of the atmosphere is huge, so it is almost impossible to meet life there. Mars is farther from the Sun, it is too cold for a person, sometimes the temperature rises to 16 degrees for a short time. Usually on this planet there are severe frosts, during which even the carbon dioxide that makes up the atmosphere of Mars freezes.
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How long will the sun exist?
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solar system is one of 200 billion star systems located in the Milky Way galaxy. It is located approximately in the middle between the center of the galaxy and its edge.
The solar system is a certain accumulation of celestial bodies that are connected by gravitational forces with a star (the Sun). It includes: the central body - the Sun, 8 large planets with their satellites, several thousand small planets or asteroids, several hundred observed comets and an infinite number of meteoric bodies.
Large planets are divided into 2 main groups:
- terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars);
- planets of the Jupiter group or giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune).
Pluto has no place in this classification. In 2006, it was found that Pluto, due to its small size and great distance from the Sun, has a low gravitational field and its orbit is not like the orbits adjacent to it, which are closer to the Sun planets. In addition, the elongated ellipsoidal orbit of Pluto (for the rest of the planets it is almost circular) intersects with the orbit of the eighth planet of the solar system - Neptune. That is why, since recent times, it was decided to deprive Pluto of the status of a "planet".
terrestrial planets are relatively small and have a high density. Their main constituents are silicates (silicon compounds) and iron. At giant planets virtually no hard surface. These are huge gas planets, formed mainly from hydrogen and helium, the atmosphere of which, gradually condensing, smoothly passes into a liquid mantle.
Of course, the main elements The solar system is the sun. Without it, all the planets, including ours, would have scattered over great distances, and perhaps even beyond the galaxy. It is the Sun, due to its huge mass (99.87% of the mass of the entire solar system), that creates an incredibly powerful gravitational effect on all planets, their satellites, comets and asteroids, forcing each of them to rotate in its own orbit.
AT solar system, in addition to planets, there are two areas filled with small bodies (dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, meteorites). The first area is Asteroid Belt, which is between Mars and Jupiter. In composition, it is similar to the terrestrial planets, as it consists of silicates and metals. Beyond Neptune is a second region called Kuiper belt. It has many objects (mostly dwarf planets) consisting of frozen water, ammonia and methane, the largest of which is Pluto.
The Koipner belt begins just after the orbit of Neptune.
Its outer ring ends at a distance
8.25 billion km from the Sun. This is a huge ring around the whole
The solar system is an infinite
the amount of volatile substances from ice floes of methane, ammonia and water.
The Asteroid Belt is located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
The outer boundary is located 345 million km from the Sun.
Contains tens of thousands, possibly millions of objects more than one
kilometers in diameter. The largest of them are dwarf planets
(diameter from 300 to 900 km).
All planets and most other objects revolve around the Sun in the same direction as the Sun's rotation (counterclockwise when viewed from the side). north pole sun). Mercury has the highest angular velocity - it manages to make a complete revolution around the Sun in just 88 Earth days. And for the most distant planet - Neptune - the period of revolution is 165 Earth years. Most of the planets rotate around their axis in the same direction as they revolve around the sun. The exceptions are Venus and Uranus, and Uranus rotates almost "lying on its side" (axis tilt is about 90 °).
It was previously assumed that boundary of the solar system ends just after Pluto's orbit. However, in 1992, new celestial bodies were discovered, which undoubtedly belong to our system, since they are directly under the gravitational influence of the Sun.
Each celestial object is characterized by such concepts as a year and a day. Year- this is the time for which the body turns around the Sun at an angle of 360 degrees, i.e. makes a complete circle. BUT day is the period of rotation of the body around its own axis. The closest planet from the Sun, Mercury, revolves around the Sun in 88 Earth days, and around its axis - in 59 days. This means that even less than two days pass on the planet in one year (for example, on Earth, one year includes 365 days, i.e. that is how many times the Earth turns around its axis in one revolution around the Sun). While on the most distant, from the Sun, dwarf planet Pluto, a day is 153.12 hours (6.38 Earth days). And the period of revolution around the Sun is 247.7 Earth years. That is, only our great-great-great-great-grandchildren will catch the moment when Pluto finally the whole path in its orbit.
galactic year. In addition to circular motion in orbit, the solar system performs vertical oscillations relative to the galactic plane, crossing it every 30-35 million years and ending up either in the northern or southern galactic hemisphere.
Disturbing factor for the planets solar system is their gravitational influence on each other. It slightly changes the orbit compared to that in which each planet would move under the action of the Sun alone. The question is whether these perturbations can accumulate up to the fall of the planet on the Sun or its removal beyond solar system, or they are periodic and the orbital parameters will only fluctuate around some average values. Results of theoretical and research work performed by astronomers in more than 200 recent years, speak in favor of the second assumption. This is also evidenced by the data of geology, paleontology and other Earth sciences: for 4.5 billion years, the distance of our planet from the Sun has practically not changed. And in the future, neither falling on the Sun, nor leaving solar system, as well as the Earth, and other planets are not threatened.
