Where are earthquakes born?
At the end of the 20s of our century, it was found that earthquakes sometimes occur, the sources of which are located at a depth of up to 600-700 km. For the first time they were noted in the marginal zones Pacific Ocean. With the accumulation of material, it turned out that earthquakes with a focal depth exceeding 300 km also occur in other areas. the globe. Thus, impacts with a focus depth of 250-300 km occurred in the Pamirs, in the Hindu Kush, Kuen-Lun and the Himalayas, as well as in the Malay Archipelago and in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean.
Observations show that the sources of strong earthquakes are often shallow. So, for the years 1930-1950. The sources of 800 strong earthquakes were located at a depth of less than 100 km, 187 - at a depth of 150 km, 78 - at a depth of 250 km. During the same time period, only 26 strong earthquakes occurred with a source depth of 300 km, 25 with a depth of 450 km, 39 with a depth of 550 km, and 9 with a depth of 700 km. At the same time, it should be noted that determining the depth of earthquake sources presents even greater difficulties and is far from always unambiguous. Records of the weak
deep shocks are very difficult to detect on a seismograph and decipher.
At present, according to the depth of the source, earthquakes are divided into three groups: normal, or ordinary, with a source depth of up to 60 km; intermediate - with a focus depth of 60-300 km; deep-focus - with a focus depth of 300-700 km. However, this classification is somewhat arbitrary. The fact is that if normal and deep-focus earthquakes differ in qualitatively different phenomena occurring in earth's crust and in the Earth's mantle, then there are only purely quantitative differences between intermediate and deep-focus ones.
Therefore, it is more correct to divide earthquakes, depending on the depth of the source, only into two groups: intracrustal earthquakes, the sources of which are located in the earth's crust, and subcrustal ones, the sources of which are located in the mantle.
An earthquake is just a shaking of the ground. The waves that cause an earthquake are called seismic waves; like sound waves radiating from the gong when it is struck, seismic waves are also emitted from some source of energy somewhere in the upper layers of the Earth. Although the source of natural earthquakes occupies some volume rocks, it is often convenient to define it as the point from which seismic waves diverge. This point is called the focus (or hypocenter-Perev) of the earthquake. During natural earthquakes, of course, it is located at some depth under earth's surface. During man-made earthquakes such as underground nuclear explosions, the focus is close to the surface. The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called the epicenter of the earthquake.
How deep are the hypocenters of earthquakes in the body of the Earth? One of the first startling discoveries made by seismologists was that although many earthquakes are at shallow depths, in some areas they are hundreds of kilometers deep. Such areas include the South American Andes, the islands of Tonga, Samoa, the New Hebrides, the Sea of Japan, Indonesia, the Antilles in the Caribbean (see Fig. 1); in all these areas there are deep ocean trenches. On average, the frequency of earthquakes here decreases sharply at depths of more than 200 km, but some foci even reach depths of 700 km. Earthquakes that occur at depths of 70 to 300 km are quite arbitrarily classified as intermediate, while those that occur at even deeper depths are called deep-focus. Intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes also occur far from the Pacific region: in the Hindu Kush, Romania, the Aegean Sea and under the territory of Spain.
If the location of earthquake sources occurring near island arcs is compared with their depths, an extremely interesting picture emerges. Consider the vertical section placed at the top of Fig. 3. It is built at right angles to the arc of Tonga in the South Pacific. To the east of these volcanic islands lies the Tonga trench, deep
which in some places reaches up to 10 km. The lower part of the figure shows the depths of the outbreaks projected onto a vertical plane passing through Niumate, a locality on the island of Tonga. Note that the hypocenters lie in a narrow, well-defined zone that descends from the trough under the island arc at an angle of about 45°. Below a depth of 400 km, this active zone becomes steeper, and some hypocenters are located deeper than 600 km. In other areas where deep-focus earthquakes occur, various tilt angles are noted and there are peculiarities in the location of hypocenters, but the very presence of an inclined seismic zone *) is feature island arcs. In this chapter, we will consider one of the explanations given for this simple but universal distribution of earthquake foci.
In this book, the main attention is paid to small-focus shocks, the sources of which are located directly under the earth's surface. It is small-focus earthquakes that cause the greatest destruction, and in total amount energy released worldwide during earthquakes, their contribution is 3/4. In California, for example, all earthquakes known so far have been small-focus. For Central California, it was found that the vast majority of earthquakes occur there in the uppermost horizons of the Earth, at a depth of up to 5 km, and only some hypocenters are deeper, reaching 15 km. Unfortunately, for various reasons, the depth of the earthquake source cannot be established with the same accuracy as the position of the epicenter. However, in practice, determining depth can be vital, because in a seismic region (say, in the area of a nuclear power plant construction), stronger shaking will occur at a depth of focus of 10 km than at a depth of 40 km.
In most cases, after moderate or strong small-focus earthquakes in the same area, numerous earthquakes of lesser intensity are observed for several hours or even several months. They are called aftershocks, and their number during a really large earthquake is sometimes extremely large. After a strong earthquake on February 4, 1965 on the Rat Islands (in the archipelago of the Aleutian Islands), more than 750 aftershocks occurred over the next 24 days, and so strong that seismographs in remote places could record them. Some earthquakes are preceded by preliminary shocks from the same source area - foreshocks; it is assumed that they can be used to predict the mainshock (see Chap. 9).
Sometimes, based on the placement of foci (if their position can be determined with the required accuracy), it is possible to determine the shape and size of the area in which earthquake sources are formed. Seismological mapping of deep rock structures is an excellent addition to the conventional field methods that geologists use to map surface structures. An example of successful determination of the boundaries of one such area by small-focus local earthquakes in the Oroville region (California) is given in Fig. 3 in ch. eight.
O. S. Indeikina
Life safety:
test tasks for university students
Cheboksary 2015
UDC 614.084(075.8)
BBK 68.9ya73
Indeikina, O. S. Life safety: test tasks for university students: teaching aid / O. S. Indeykina. - Cheboksary: Chuvash. state ped. un-t, 2015. - 123 p.
ISBN 978-5-88297-282-9
Published by decision of the Academic Council of the FSBEI HPE "Chuvash State Pedagogical University them. I. Ya. Yakovlev” (Minutes No. 10 dated May 29, 2015).
Reviewers:
I. V. Filippova, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Technosphere Safety, Deputy Dean of the Automobile and Road Faculty of the Volga Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow Automobile and Road Technical University(MADI)";
L. A. Alexandrova, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Biology and Fundamentals of Medical Knowledge, Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I.I. I. Ya. Yakovlev.
The manual contains test tasks on the topics of the course "Life Safety" for self-examination and consolidation of the studied material.
The educational and methodical manual is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of training " Teacher Education”, “Psychological and pedagogical education”, “Design of light industry products”, “Technology of light industry products”, “Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes”, “Special (defectological) education”, “Technospheric safety”, “Applied informatics” , "State and municipal government”, “Personnel Management”, “Physical Education”, “Design”, “ Professional education(by industry)”, “Service”.
ISBN 978-5-88297-282-9 © Indeikina O. S., 2015
© FGBOU VPO "Chuvashsky
state pedagogical
university. I. Ya. Yakovleva, 2015
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Introduction ................................................ ............................... | |
| THEME 1. Theoretical basis life safety. Classification of emergency situations .................................. | |
| THEME 2. Russian system warning and emergency response.................................................................. ............ | |
| TOPIC 3. Emergencies natural character …...... | |
| TOPIC 4. Man-made emergencies ...... | |
| TOPIC 5. Emergencies social character. Criminogenic danger …………………………………............. | |
| TOPIC 6. Basics of fire safety ……………………….. | |
| TOPIC 7. Transport and its dangers. …………………………..... | |
| TOPIC 8. Economic, information, food security ……………................................................... ................... | |
| TOPIC 9. Public danger of extremism and terrorism.. | |
| TOPIC 10. Problems of national and international security. Civil defense ……………………....................... | |
| TOPIC 11. Modern means of destruction …………….......... | |
| TOPIC 12. Means of individual and collective protection... | |
| TOPIC 13. Providing first aid …………...... | |
| Answers................................................. ................................ | |
| Bibliography................................................ ....... |
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INTRODUCTION
The teaching aid has been compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State educational standard higher vocational education to the content of the discipline "Life safety".
The purpose of this teaching aid is to involve students in self-examination and assessment of their knowledge, as well as to help teachers in compiling and conducting control sections for this discipline. All test questions are divided into topics of the program, and they are easy to navigate by content. The correct answers are given at the end of the collection.
To assess the results of testing students' knowledge, one should be guided by the following standards:
90-100% correct answers - excellent;
76-89% correct answers - good;
60-75% correct answers - satisfactory ;
< 60% correct answers - unsatisfactory .
TOPIC 3. Emergencies
natural character
For each question, select only one answer that you consider the most complete and correct, or several answers if the question is marked with (*). Solve the crossword puzzle and solve situational problems.
1. Hydrological hazards include:
a) a flood
c) an earthquake;
d) an avalanche.
2. Natural hazards include:
a) the collapse of the building;
b) dam break;
c) an earthquake;
d) an explosion in a mine.
3. Geological hazards include:
a) a hurricane
b) an avalanche;
c) high water;
d) an epidemic.
4. On the territory of the Russian Federation, as a result of natural hazards, about _______ emergencies occur annually.
a) 300; b) 1000; c) 100; d) 500.
5.* Marine hydrological hazards include:
a) typhoons
b) tsunami;
c) floods;
d) tornado.
6.* Hydrological hazards include:
a) floods
b) epidemics;
c) earthquakes;
d) floods.
7.* Natural hazards include:
a) dam failure
b) peat fires;
c) floods;
d) building collapse.
8.* Geological hazards include:
a) avalanches; c) tornadoes;
b) sat down; d) tsunami.
9.* Meteorological hazards include:
b) earthquakes;
c) tornadoes;
d) floods.
10. Changes occurring in nature as a result economic activity person are called:
a) natural;
b) anthropogenic;
c) natural;
d) ecological.
11. Natural emergencies, in which harmful effects spread rapidly, include:
a) volcanic eruption;
b) an epidemic;
d) flood.
12. Protection from natural hazards through the use of protective structures and various kinds of shelters is called:
a) in advance;
b) active;
c) planned;
d) passive.
13. Significant impact on the occurrence of natural emergencies in modern world has a ___________ factor.
a) anthropogenic; c) technogenic;
b) ecological; d) space.
14. Protection from natural hazards by intervention in the mechanism of the phenomenon, the construction of engineering structures, the reconstruction of natural objects, is called:
a) mixed;
b) passive;
c) active;
d) perspective.
15. Explosive and impetuous are emergencies of _______ origin.
a) natural;
b) technogenic;
c) ecological;
d) biological.
16. Forest fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, peat and underground fires of fossil fuels are included in the concept of "____________".
a) natural fires;
b) man-made fires;
c) natural disasters;
d) emergency situations.
17. The source of an earthquake, located at a depth of 70 to 300 km, is called:
a) intermediate;
b) normal;
c) deep focus;
d) small focus.
18. A sudden flow of water in mountain rivers with high level the content (up to 75%) of stones, dirt, sand, soil is called:
a) an avalanche
c) collapse;
d) landslide.
19. Telluric hazardous natural phenomenon is considered:
a) an earthquake c) volcanic eruption;
b) landslide; d) village.
20. An ascending vortex in the form of a cloudy sleeve or trunk, consisting of rapidly rotating air mixed with particles of moisture, sand, dust and other suspensions, is called:
a) a tornado
b) a hurricane;
c) a storm
d) tsunami.
21. The snow mass falling from the slopes of the mountains under the influence of gravity is called:
a) landslide;
b) an avalanche;
c) collapse;
22. A forest fire that burns the living ground cover, forest litter, dead litter, as well as coniferous undergrowth and undergrowth, is called:
a) grassroots;
b) riding;
c) underground;
d) peat.
23. One of the signs of an approaching tsunami is:
a) strong wind from the ocean;
b) sudden rapid withdrawal of water from the shore;
c) an unusually strong tide has begun;
d) continuous rain with sharp gusts.
24. Meteorological hazards include:
a) a hurricane
b) tsunami;
c) an avalanche;
d) flood.
25. Solid atmospheric precipitation falling at negative air temperature:
a) snow groats;
b) hail;
c) freezing rain;
d) drizzle.
26. Forest fire, covering the ground cover, forest litter and canopy of the forest stand, is called:
a) grassroots;
b) underground;
c) riding;
d) peat.
27. A tectonic natural hazard is considered:
a) an earthquake
b) volcanic eruption;
c) an avalanche;
d) landslide.
28. Bacterial infectious diseases include:
a) salmonellosis;
c) candidiasis;
d) amoebiasis.
29. Forced self-evacuation during a flash flood must be started when the water:
a) has reached the first floor of your building;
b) reached you and there was a threat to life;
c) began to rise sharply;
d) flooded the basement of your house.
30. The area of high pressure in the atmosphere with a maximum in the center is called:
a) an anticyclone
b) cyclone;
c) a tornado;
d) a storm.
31. Safe natural shelter outdoors during a hurricane can be:
a) a ravine or other depression in the ground;
b) a big tree;
c) a high fence;
d) the wall of the house.
32. An earthquake with an intensity of more than 11 points on the Richter scale is considered:
a) very strong
b) moderate;
c) catastrophic;
d) devastating.
33. Earthquake energy, which is characterized by the amount of energy released in the earthquake source, is called:
a) amplitude;
c) power;
d) magnitude.
34. Topological lithospheric natural hazards include:
a) landslides, mudflows;
b) cyclones, tornadoes;
c) earthquakes, droughts;
d) volcanic eruptions, tornadoes.
35. The spread rate of a strong forest ground fire is over _______ m/min.
36. Solid precipitation, which most often falls at negative air temperatures in the form of snow crystals or flakes, is called:
a) snow
b) rain
c) hail;
d) drizzle.
37. A tornado (tornado) at a wind speed of 93 m/s causes ______ damage.
a) significant;
b) devastating;
c) average;
d) amazing.
38. The accumulation of ice in the channel, which limits the flow of the river at the end of winter and in the spring, as a result of which the water rises and spills, is called:
a) congestion;
b) high water;
c) a flood
d) congestion.
39. The average long-term water level in rivers, bays and at individual points of the sea coast is called:
a) upper pool;
b) a pier;
c) an ordinary;
d) backed by the pool.
40. To infectious diseases respiratory tract relate:
b) whooping cough;
c) malaria;
d) cholera.
41. Heterotrophic organisms that cause various types of mycoses in humans and animals are called:
a) bacteria
b) the simplest;
d) mushrooms.
42. The movement of air relative to the Earth is called:
a) the wind
b) a hurricane;
c) a squall;
43. The main ways to protect the population from atmospheric hazards include (-yatsya):
a) correct installation of lightning rods;
b) introducing reagents into the clouds with the help of projectiles;
c) warning, shelter, evacuation;
44. The source of an earthquake, located at a depth of more than 300 km, is called:
a) deep focus;
b) normal;
c) small focus;
d) intermediate.
45. As a result of heavy snowfalls, which can last from several hours to several days, the following occurs:
a) snow drift;
b) a blizzard;
46. The wind, whose speed is 21-24 m / s, is called:
b) strong wind;
c) strong storm;
d) full storm.
47. With early warning of an approaching tsunami, first of all, it is necessary:
b) open all windows and doors;
c) take all valuables to the top floor;
d) leave the settlement along the riverbed.
48. Gravitational waves of very long length, resulting from the upward or downward displacement of extended sections of the bottom during strong underwater earthquakes, less often during volcanic eruptions, are called:
a) a typhoon b) tornado; c) a storm d) tsunami.
49. An earthquake with an intensity of more than 8 points on the Richter scale is considered:
a) destructive
b) quite strong;
c) catastrophic;
d) moderate.
50. The spread rate of a strong crown forest fire is over ___ m / min.
a) 100; c) 30;
51. Tornado (tornado) at a wind speed of 18 m/s causes ______ damage.
a) significant;
b) weak;
c) average;
d) catastrophic.
52. The main ways to protect the population from atmospheric hazards include (-yatsya):
a) warning, shelter, evacuation;
b) correct installation of lightning rods;
c) introducing reagents into the clouds with the help of projectiles;
d) planting shelterbelts.
53. Hydrological hazards include:
c) tornado;
d) flood.
54. Intensive, relatively short-term and non-periodic rise in the water level in the river, caused by increased melting of snow, glaciers or an abundance of rain, is called:
a) mudflow; c) a flood
b) a storm; d) tsunami.
55.* Animal vector-borne infections include:
a) encephalomyelitis;
b) tularemia;
c) brucellosis;
d) rage.
56. Intestinal infectious diseases include:
a) whooping cough;
c) cholera;
d) dysentery.
57. An earthquake source located at a depth of less than 70 km is called:
a) intermediate;
c) normal;
b) deep focus;
58. Wind, the speed of which is 24-28 m / s, is called:
a) full storm
b) strong storm;
c) strong wind
d) a hurricane.
59. The destruction caused by a tornado, depending on the wind speed, is divided into _______ classes.
60. Marine hydrological hazards include:
a) an avalanche
b) an earthquake;
c) a hurricane;
d) tsunami.
61. The penetration of water into the basements of buildings through the sewer network is called:
a) a flood
b) flooding;
c) high water;
d) flooding.
62.* Alimentary infections of animals include:
a) parainfluenza;
c) brucellosis;
d) tularemia.
63. Infections, the infection of which is carried out with the help of blood-sucking arthropods, is called:
a) transmissible; c) alimentary;
b) respiratory; d) contacts.
64. An earthquake with an intensity of more than 9 points on the Richter scale is considered:
a) catastrophic;
b) devastating;
c) strong;
d) very strong.
65. A tornado (tornado) at a wind speed of 50 m/s causes ______ damage.
a) significant;
b) serious;
c) weak;
d) average.
66. The main cause of hurricanes, storms and tornadoes is:
a) changing solar activity;
b) reduction of the ozone layer;
c) the phenomenon of global warming;
G) cyclic activity of the atmosphere.
67. The flood zone caused by the destruction of a hydraulic structure, where the height of the breakthrough wave is 1.5 m or less, and its speed is 1.5 or less, is called the zone:
a) a flood c) floods;
b) flooding; d) flooding.
68. Early hydrological forecast up to 10-12 days is called:
a) medium term;
b) long-term;
c) short-term;
d) overtime.
69. Small pathogenic microorganisms ranging in size from 0.4 to 1.0 microns, multiplying only in living cells, causing typhus and Q fever in humans, are called:
a) rickettsiae;
b) fungi;
c) bacteria;
d) the simplest.
70. Human viral diseases include:
a) tuberculosis, dysentery; c) encephalitis, hepatitis;
b) encephalopathy, pancreatitis; d) cirrhosis, colitis.
71. An earthquake with an intensity of 7 points on the Richter scale is considered:
a) very strong
b) moderate;
c) strong;
d) catastrophic.
72. A tornado (tornado) at a wind speed of 117 m/s causes ______ damage.
a) destructive
b) incredible;
c) strong;
d) significant.
73. The best shelter from a tornado is:
c) multi-storey building;
d) basement.
74. When warning about the approach of tsunami waves sea vessels necessary:
a) go to the open sea;
b) stand on the roads in the harbor;
c) anchor at the quay wall;
d) lower all anchors in the center of the port.
75. According to the epizootological classification, all infectious diseases of animals are divided into ___ groups.
76. The smallest non-cellular particles, consisting of nucleic acid and a protein coat ranging in size from 0.02 to 0.4 microns, causing smallpox, encephalitis in humans, are called:
a) the simplest; c) bacteria;
b) viruses; d) fungus.
77. A point on the surface of the earth, located above the focus of an earthquake, is called:
a) the epicenter
b) a break;
c) a weather center;
d) hypocenter.
78. Tornado (tornado) at a wind speed of 70 m/s causes ______ damage.
a) serious;
b) average;
c) devastating;
d) weak.
79. The damaging factor of biological weapons is:
a) pathogenicity;
b) susceptibility;
c) stability;
d) reproduction.
80. Outstanding floods are repeated after ___ years.
81. Acute infectious diseases of people caused by a bacterial infection include:
a) smallpox, rabies;
b) cirrhosis, colitis;
c) meningitis, dysentery;
d) pancreatitis, hepatitis;
82. The flood zone caused by the destruction of a hydraulic structure, where the height of the breakthrough wave is 4 m or more, and its speed is more than 2.5 m / s, is called the flood zone __________.
a) extremely dangerous;
b) dangerous;
c) catastrophic;
d) moderate.
83. Basic damaging factor flood is:
a) subsidence of the soil;
b) wind surge;
c) flooding of the area;
d) the flow of water.
84. When biological weapons are used, ________ biological damage is formed.
a) territories;
c) water areas;
d) areas.
85. The minimum height of the breakthrough wave and its speed, at which the destruction of buildings and structures are possible, are respectively:
a) 1.5 m and 1.5 m/s;
c) 3.5 m and 3.5 m/s;
b) 2.5 m and 2.5 m/s;
d) 2.0 m and 2.0 m/s.
86. The system of anti-epidemic measures aimed at the complete isolation of the focus of infection and the elimination of an infectious disease is (are) called:
a) an observation;
b) quarantine;
c) sanitary measures;
d) precautionary measures.
87. A scientifically sound prediction of the development of floods, their nature and extent is called _________ forecast.
a) hydrological;
b) meteorological;
c) seasonal;
d) territorial.
88. Solve the crossword "Natural emergencies":
Vertically:
1. Periodically recurring, rather prolonged rise in the water level in rivers, usually caused by spring snowmelt on the plains or rainfall.
3. Strong electrical lightning discharges.
4. The transfer of snow by strong winds over the surface of the earth.
7. A place where magma erupts to the surface.
8. A cruel atmospheric whirlwind that arises in a thundercloud and spreads over the surface of the earth (water) in the form of a dark giant “trunk” sleeve.
9. A tree under which it is dangerous to hide in a thunderstorm.
10. Special sea waves of very great length and height.
13. Sliding displacement of masses of rocks (or other) rocks down the slope under the influence of gravity.
14. Snowstorm with howling wind and blinding snow.
Horizontally:
2. Intense relatively short-term rise in the water level in the river, caused by heavy rains, downpours, sometimes rapid snow melting during thaws.
5. Erupted magma that has lost some of the gases and water vapor it contains.
6. Accumulation of loose ice during freeze-up (at the beginning of winter) in the narrows and on the bends of the river channel, causing the water to rise in some areas above it.
10. Atmospheric disturbance, circular vortex movement of air with reduced pressure in the center.
11. Heaping of ice floes during the spring ice drift in the narrows and on the bends of the river channel, hampering the flow and causing a rise in the water level in the place of ice accumulation and above it.
12. Tremors, shocks and fluctuations of the Earth's surface caused by natural processes occurring in the earth's crust.
15. Wind, the speed of which is more than 32 m/s.
16. Rapid turbulent flow of water with a high content of stones, sand, clay.
17. A mass of snow moving under the influence of gravity and falling down a mountain slope.
18. Rise in the water level caused by the action of wind on the water surface, which occurs in sea estuaries major rivers, as well as on the windward shore of large lakes, reservoirs and seas.
19. Atmospheric disturbance, circular vortex motion of air with high blood pressure in the center.
20. Rapid separation (separation) and fall of the mass of rocks (earth, sand, stones, clay) on a steep slope due to loss of slope stability, weakening of connectivity, integrity of rocks.
89. The figure shows a diagram of the ratio of the hypocenter and epicenter of an earthquake, the direction of propagation of seismic waves. Indicate under which letters the hypocenter and epicenter are represented:
As a result of an accident on a heating main in winter (air temperature -25 0 С) without hot water and heating, 2 residential buildings remained, in which about 100 people lived. It was not possible to eliminate the accident quickly, the houses were defrosted. It took 4 days to restore the heating system. Some of the tenants moved in with relatives, some settled in the school building, and some remained in their apartments. Material damage was caused to the property of citizens, there were no casualties.
An earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale occurred in Indian Ocean north of the island of Simelue, north of Sumatra in Indonesia, at a depth of 30 km. The tsunami caused by the earthquake was one of the strongest in history. It hit the coasts of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, South India, Thailand and some other countries and islands. The height of the waves reached 30 m. The waves took from several minutes to seven hours to reach the shores of various territories.
The United States Geological Survey has published the actual number of casualties and the extent of the damage. According to these figures, the tsunami killed 283,100 people, left 14,100 missing and another million people left homeless. In February 2005, the ocean carried 500 dead bodies ashore every day. According to estimates by non-governmental organizations, the identifications were to continue throughout 2005 and into early 2006.
The socio-economic condition of the region instantly deteriorated.
Famine and disease (cholera, typhoid and dysentery) gripped the countries. It is not unfounded to assume that another 300,000 people died in the following year after the tsunami.
According to scientific data, the main reason for such catastrophic consequences is the destruction of coral reefs by humans, the structures of coastal regions.
What is a fire?
a) chemical reaction oxidation, accompanied by luminescence and the release of a large amount of heat;
b) uncontrolled, spontaneously developing combustion, causing material damage, harm to life and health of people;
c) a special case of combustion, occurring instantly, with a short-term release of a significant amount of heat and light;
d) ignition of flammable materials.
civil defense
For each question, select only one answer that you consider the most complete and correct, or several answers if the question is marked with (*).
1. In a market economy, the basis of state finances are taxes, which make up _______ of the budget.
2. Civil defense is:
a) a system of measures to prepare and protect the population and valuables on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as to protect against emergency situations in peacetime;
b) a set of measures to prepare for actions to protect the population and territory in the event of an emergency arising during military operations or as a result of these actions;
c) forces and means of the Russian Federation intended to protect the population and valuables from the danger of armed conflicts or as a result of these conflicts;
d) a system of measures for forecasting, preventing and eliminating emergencies in wartime.
a) economic, food, international;
b) social, environmental, informational;
c) economic, military, social and psychological;
d) economic, food, international, military, border, social, environmental, informational and psychological.
4. Provides the potential for the development of the country for a long historical period, as well as the stability and well-being of society - these are:
a) national security;
b) social security;
in) economic security;
d) psychological safety.
5. To organize and conduct the evacuation of the population, the following are created:
a) family hostels;
b) repair and restoration teams;
c) prefabricated evacuation centers;
d) teams.
6. The Commission for Emergency Situations in the university is headed by:
a) rector;
b) manager of the economy;
c) teacher of the BZ course;
d) physical education teacher.
a) the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
b) the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;
c) Strategies national security RF;
d) the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
8. The time spent by the population in the protective structures of civil defense is determined by:
a) an asylum officer;
b) the facility's civil defense headquarters;
c) the head of the enterprise;
d) the commandant of the asylum.
9.* Into the student and staff protection plan educational institution in the event of an emergency, the following are included:
a) evacuation from the threatened area to a safe area;
b) organization of medical protection;
c) holding an emergency parent meeting;
d) use of personal protective equipment.
10. Being at home, you suddenly hear intermittent beeps of enterprises and cars. Your actions:
a) immediately leave the premises and go down to the shelter;
b) tightly close all windows and doors;
c) immediately turn on the TV, radio and listen to the message;
d) go outside and find out what's going on.
11. Rescue urgent and other emergency recovery work is carried out:
a) day and night in any weather;
b) only during the day in any weather;
c) continuously, day and night, in any weather, in addition to their completion;
d) continuously, day and night.
12.* The signal "Radiation hazard" is given when:
a) the start of work at a nuclear power plant;
b) the threat of application nuclear weapons;
c) risk of infection locality toxic substances;
d) detection of the beginning of radioactive contamination of a given settlement.
13. The general management of the Civil Defense of the Russian Federation is carried out by:
a) the Government of the Russian Federation;
b) Ministry of Civil Defense Affairs;
c) EMERCOM of Russia;
d) emergency situations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
14. Sirens and intermittent beeps of enterprises and Vehicle mean signal:
a) Attention! Danger!";
b) "Attention everyone!";
c) "Alarm!";
d) "Save yourself, who can."
And collective protection
For each question, select only one answer that you consider the most complete and correct, or several answers if the question is marked with (*). Specify the name of the figures and the meaning of the numbers.
1. In premises adapted for shelters that are not equipped with water supply and sewerage, water containers are installed at the rate of __ liters (s) per person per day.
2. Specify the name of the picture and the meaning of the numbers:
Picture: ___________________________________
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
5. _____________________________________
6. A special structure designed to protect the population from all types of damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction and fires is called:
a) a bomb shelter
b) anti-radiation shelter;
c) asylum;
d) protective cover.
7. Personal protective equipment includes:
a) gas masks;
c) shelter;
d) cellars of houses.
8. The means of collective protection include:
a) asylum
b) respirators;
d) gas masks.
9. The withdrawal of hiding people from the shelter (shelter) is carried out after receiving the signal:
a) end of chemical alarm;
b) air raid warning;
c) release of radiation hazard;
d) clear the alarm.
10. Protective structures with a capacity of 150 to 600 people are called:
a) small;
b) average;
c) optimal;
d) big.
11. Personal protective equipment for infants includes:
a) children's gas masks;
b) a protective camera for children;
c) children's respirators;
d) children's protective suits.
12. Protective structures with a capacity of 600 to 2000 people are called:
a) average;
b) universal;
c) small;
d) big.
13.* Personal protective equipment includes:
a) AI-2; c) respirator "Petal-1";
b) VMP; d) gas mask.
14. The capacity of protective structures is determined by:
a) the amount of food;
b) the number of places for sitting and lying;
c) the number of people who want to save themselves;
d) the number of places to stand.
15. Slots, trenches, structures of the pit type are protective structures of _________ type.
a) sealed;
b) basement;
c) open;
d) closed.
16. Respiratory protective equipment, skin protection equipment, and medical protective equipment are means:
a) personal protection; c) collective protection;
b) medical protection; d) civil protection.
17. Special treatment of terrain, structures and technical means includes:
a) decontamination, degassing, deratization;
b) decontamination, demeurization, disinfection;
c) decontamination, degassing, disinfection, disinfestation, deratization;
d) deactivation, disinfection, deratization.
18. Gas masks are used to protect the respiratory organs of children:
a) PDF–D(2D), PDF–Sh(2Sh);
b) IP-4, IP-5 (M);
c) IP-46, IP-46(M);
d) GP-5, GP-7.
19. Number of sizes of gas masks:
a) 5; b) 4; at 3; d) 6 .
20. Protective cameras for children KZD-4 and KZD-6 are the main means
1. An earthquake with an intensity of more than 8 on the Richter scale is considered ...
destructive
pretty strong
disastrous
moderate
An earthquake with an intensity of more than 8 on the Richter scale is considered destructive. An earthquake of this intensity can cause explosions and fires due to damage to heating systems, electrical wiring, and gas pipelines. Cracks appear on steep slopes and on damp soil. The water level in the wells is changing. Monuments move or topple over. Chimneys are falling. Capital buildings are severely damaged.
2. An earthquake with an intensity of more than 11 on the Richter scale is considered ...
disastrous
very strong
moderate
devastating
An earthquake with an intensity of more than 11 on the Richter scale is considered catastrophic. This creates wide cracks in the ground. There are numerous landslides and collapses. Stone houses and buildings are destroyed almost completely.
3. A natural phenomenon, the beginning of which is accompanied by unusual behavior of animals, and in most of the population causes mental disorders, is called ...
earthquake
flood
landslide
A natural phenomenon, the beginning of which is accompanied by unusual behavior of animals, and causes mental disorders in most of the population, is called an earthquake. The unusual behavior of animals on the eve of an earthquake is expressed in the fact that, for example, cats leave villages and carry kittens to meadows, birds in cages begin to fly and scream, domestic animals in stables panic. Most of the population develop mental disorders: people lose their self-control, become prone to panic. Anomalies are considered the most likely reason for this behavior of animals and humans. electromagnetic field before the earthquake.
4. A point on the surface of the earth, located above the focus of an earthquake, is called ...
epicenter
fault
weather center
hypocenter
The point on the earth's surface above the focus of an earthquake is called the epicenter. The point at which the movement of earth rocks begins is called the focus, source or hypocenter of an earthquake.
5. Telluric hazardous natural phenomenon is considered ...
eruption
earthquake
landslide
A telluric (from Latin tellus, teluris - earth, energy) natural hazard is considered to be a volcanic eruption. According to the classification of the World Health Organization, volcanic eruptions as natural emergencies are called telluric by definition.
6. The source of an earthquake, located at a depth of less than 70 km, is called ...
normal
intermediate
deep focus
The source of an earthquake, located at a depth of less than 70 km, is called normal.
7. The source of an earthquake, located at a depth of 70 to 300 km, is called ...
intermediate
normal
deep focus
small focus
The source of an earthquake, located at a depth of 70 to 300 km, is called intermediate.
8. An earthquake with an intensity of more than 5 on the Richter scale is considered ...
pretty strong
moderate
An earthquake with an intensity of more than 5 on the Richter scale is considered quite strong and dangerous for the population located in its epicenter. In this case, there is a general shaking of buildings, vibration of furniture. Cracks form in window panes and plaster.
9. The source of an earthquake, located at a depth of more than 300 km, is called ...
deep focus
normal
small focus
intermediate
The source of an earthquake, located at a depth of more than 300 km, is called deep focus.
10. Topological lithospheric natural hazards include ...
landslides, mudflows
cyclones, tornadoes
earthquakes, droughts
volcanic eruptions, tornadoes
Topological lithospheric natural hazards include landslides and mudflows. Topological or landscape dangerous phenomena ultimately associated with changes in the terrain. They also include collapses, avalanches, talus, karst failures of the earth's surface.
- 11. The spread rate of a strong forest ground fire is over _______ m/min.
The spread rate of a strong forest ground fire is over 3 m/min. According to the rate of spread of fire, forest ground fires are divided into weak, medium and strong. The speed of propagation of a weak ground fire does not exceed 1 m/min, the speed of an average fire is from 1 to 3 m/min.
12. The energy of an earthquake, which is characterized by the amount of energy released in the focus of an earthquake, is called ...
magnitude
amplitude
power
The energy of an earthquake, which is characterized by the amount of energy released in the focus of an earthquake, and is measured on a scale, is called magnitude.
- 13. The spread rate of a strong crown forest fire is over _______ m/min.
The spread rate of a strong crown forest fire is over 100 m/min. According to the rate of spread of fire, forest crown fires are divided into weak, medium and strong. The propagation speed of a weak crown fire does not exceed 3 m/min, the speed of an average fire is up to 100 m/min.
14. The main cause of forest fires is ...
human factor
spontaneous combustion
lightning discharge
hot weather
The main cause of forest fires is the human factor. In 90-97 cases out of 100 fires are caused by people who do not exercise due care when using fire in places of work and recreation. The proportion of fires from lightning and spontaneous combustion is no more than 2% of the total.
