The aspect meaning of participles is the result of their formation from verbs of both kinds, and not the fact of their own formation, therefore, in passive participles of the past tense, aspect oppositions are irregular.

As already noted, the aspect category has a significant impact on the process of participle formation, "allowing" or "prohibiting" the formation of present tense forms. Passive past participles are formed mainly from the verbs SV : cook - welded, read - read . NSV forms of such participles are unproductive: read - read, wash - washed.

The category of participle time is not related to the categories of mood and person and is not predicative. The regularity of temporary oppositions is observed only in real participles, since in the passive form the past tense is rarely formed from NSV verbs, which was noted above.

The category of voice in participles has some features: for passive forms, only a passive voice is possible, real participles can have the meanings of both active and passive voice: Writer,who wrote book for several years, finished his work(active voice) - Book,written several years, finished(passive voice). Real participles expressing the meaning of the passive voice are necessarily participles with a postfix -sya, formed from NSV verbs. They are usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not formed or is of little use.

§ 5. Full and short forms of participles.

Real participles have only the full form. Short forms form passive participles, and for present participles they are less typical, often obsolete and are found mainly in book speech: For birthdaycookable there were surprises: some kind of beaded case for a toothpick (G.). Short forms from the past participles CB, on the contrary, are quite frequent: Quiet lake in the early morning, everything is covered with seedsblooming trees and grasses (Prishv.). Short forms are formed from full ones by cutting off adjective endings and adding endings characteristic of a short adjective: zero, -a, -o,-s: read, read, read, read .

Short participial forms have semantic and grammatical features compared to full ones:

The meaning of short participles is peculiar: they indicate the result in the present of an action that took place in the past: The whole south side of the sky is thickflooded crimson glow(Ch.);

They do not decline, although they did in Old Russian;

They vary by numbers, and in the singular by gender;

Correlate with the NSV verbs of the passive voice, taking the place of the passive form of the verbs CB;

Short participles do not express the meaning of time; the temporal characteristic contains the form of the auxiliary verb " to be":was built, will be built, present with zero binding: built. It is the absence of the category of time that gives some linguists reason to say that short forms cannot be considered participles;

Short participles usually act in a sentence as a predicate: Literature has emerged from the laws of decay. She alone does not recognize death (S.-Sch.). Less commonly, in combination with dependent words, they play the role separate definition:Chased by spring rays, snow has already fled from the surrounding mountains in muddy streams to flooded meadows (P.).

Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.

How do the verb form of the participle have such grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
• Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic signs of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).

Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.

Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from verbs do not have it. perfect look. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.

They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
• -im- for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Real participles.

Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes

Everyone knows how mysterious and difficult our Russian language is to learn. It "has" a huge number of parts of speech and their various forms. Short and full participles are particularly difficult. Let us consider the distinctive features of these verb forms in more detail.

Peculiarities

Linguists have not yet decided what place in morphology to give participles. The authors of textbooks on the Russian language have completely different attitudes to this issue. Some argue that it is only a form of the verb, which expresses not only the action, but also its attribute. Others say that it is quite independent and refer it to parts of speech. But one thing is known: short and full participles are simply indispensable for our speech. Without them, we will endlessly use the word "which". For example:

A singing person is a person who sings.

A sick child is a child who is sick.

The work done is the work that has been done.

Having various dependent words with it, the sacrament is part of participle turnover decorating our speech.

For example: The wind blowing from the sea refreshed my face.

Full form

One of the features of this part of speech is the ability to form forms. More than adjectives, it is not subject to any part of speech.

The full and short forms of participles differ both grammatically and syntactically. How not to confuse them? The full form is called passive participles, which usually answer the question "what". They are called passive because in their meaning they imply an action performed by someone.

It is impossible to form short ones from it.

Example: Acquired - acquired, resolved - resolved.

Short and full perform different syntactic functions. This is because they have different purposes. The full form, answering the question "what", is a definition. This is its main similarity with the adjective.

Therefore, the participle, which is part of the turnover, is usually called a separate definition.

Don't forget about punctuation marks. If which includes only full forms, stands after the word being defined, then in this case commas must be placed on both sides.

The forest, shrouded in haze, is very beautiful.

If the turn comes after the main word, then in this situation commas are not put in any case: Job done on time was approved.

short form

As we managed to find out, short and full participles are in many ways similar, but they play different roles in sentences.

This form is formed by cutting off the endings from the full one and adding other endings: carried out - carried out(removed -th and part of the suffix, adding -a).

Consider the proposal: The trip was paid for. The short form of the full participle "paid" is no longer a characteristic of the attribute by action. Now she herself shows the process, being part of the predicate. Thus, the short form plays the role of the main member of the sentence.

The main feature is that short and full participles can change by gender. Written - written, laid - laid, lost - lost.

It's not that hard to tell them apart. A correctly asked question for the sacrament will help to easily distinguish the short form from the full one.

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

AT short form participles (as well as short adjectives) change only by numbers and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by cases).

Short form participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the basis of the full participle forms with the help of endings: zero - the masculine form, a- female, o - average, s- plural: solve, solve, solve, solve; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is a nominal part of the compound nominal predicate: And the sailing boat is lit by the copper-red sunset(G. Ivanov).Brief Communion can sometimes play the role of a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning, Tatyana is waiting: when is the answer? (A. Pushkin)

History reference: Communion on -schey (powerful, lying) infiltrated literary language from Old Church Slavonic. In the Old Russian language, these participles corresponded to participles in -whose (powerful, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, that is, they lost the meaning of the time of action. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing - standing, flowing - fluid, stabbing - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Slavonic origin, the second is Russian.

24. Adverb and category of state. The predicate is a special part of speech. Semantic and grammatical properties of the state category. The main semantic categories of predicatives (modal predicates, state predicates, evaluations). Forms of the comparative degree of the predicative.

Adverbs include invariable words denoting a sign of an action, state, quality of an object or another sign. For example: He wanted to hug and kiss Streltsov, but a hot spasm suddenly squeezed his throat, and he, ashamed of his tears, turned away, hastily took out a pouch (Shol.). - Adverbs suddenly and hastily denote signs of actions called by the verbs squeezed and pulled out. But it’s so insulting to think about one thing (Fad.). - The adverb so denotes a sign of a state called by the word insulting. In the blue, dazzling blue sky - the July sun blazing with fire and rare clouds scattered by the wind of implausible whiteness (Shol.). - The adverb dazzlingly denotes a sign of the quality called by the adjective blue. The dandy colonel was visibly glad that he had dealt with the monument so soon (Schip.). - The adverb so denotes the sign of the sign, called the adverb soon. Two days later ... Gvozdev in a blue blouse, belted with a belt, in loose trousers, in brightly polished shoes, in a white cap ... and with a gnarled stick in his hand, walked sedately along the "Gora" (M. G.). - The adverb at the outlet denotes a sign of an object called the noun trousers.

The adverb, referring to the verb, adjective, adverb and noun, forms its connection with them by adjoining. Morphological features of adverbs:

1. Immutability (lack of forms of change in cases and numbers). Degrees of comparison are available only for adverbs in -o, -e, formed from quality adjectives(quickly - faster, colloquially faster, boldly - bolder, colloquially bolder). The comparative degree of adverbs is homonymous with the comparative degree of the adjective. They differ syntactically: comparative adjective refers to a noun, for example: Now the forest is fragrant, the night shadow is more magnificent (Fet); and the comparative degree of the adverb is to the verb, for example: A shadow falls longer from the mountain (Tyutch.). Rarely, for special stylistic purposes, superlatives are used in -aisha, -eishe, for example: I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to drive up to the capitals for a shot (Gr.).

2. The presence of special word-building suffixes (some of them form adverbs together with the prefix po-): -o, -e (fun, sincerely), -i (hostile, friendly), -i (wolf-like, human-like), -omy, -him (in a good way, in a new way); suffixes of comparative and superlative degree (for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives): -her (more successful, more profitable), -e, -she (brighter, further), -ishe, -eishe (lowest, humblest), as well as suffixes of subjective assessment - -onk (o), -enk (o), -ohonk (o), -onechk (o) (quietly, well, lightly, quietly), -ovat (o), -evat (o) (bad, dapper) . Suffixes of subjective evaluation are possible for qualitative adverbs.

3. Lexical and word-building correlation with other parts of speech. In form, meaning and origin, adverbs correlate with various case forms of nouns (day, summer, gallop; interspersed, sideways), with adjectives (hard-boiled, at random; to the left; student), with pronouns (in your opinion), with verbs ( silently, lying, clover); the most ancient adverbs by education, by origin associated with pronouns in modern Russian, act as non-derivatives (where where, here, there).

The main role of adverbs in a sentence is the designation of various circumstances. As a circumstantial word, the adverb most often adjoins the predicate-verb: On the slope of the height, the wind licked the road, completely swept away and carried away the dust (Shol.), although it can also refer to the definition and circumstance: Majordomo opened the door, in the old way low and narrow ( A.N. T.); He noticed a rider riding rather carelessly (Vs. Iv.).

Apart from the circumstance, the adverb can be inconsistent definition: He unbuttoned his frock coat with quick bony fingers, opening his shirt (L.T.) - and with the predicate: After all, I am somewhat akin to her (Gr.); ... Scarlet lips, bulging eyes (S.-Sch.).

In the role of subject and object, the adverb acts only in case of substantiation. Such cases are extremely rare. For example: I'm tired of your "tomorrows".

Impersonal predicative words, or the category of state, are significant unchangeable nominal and adverbial words that denote a state and are used in the function of a predicate impersonal sentence (they are also called predicative adverbs, thereby emphasizing the function of a predicate).

In the sentence Leonid will arrive, we will have a lot of fun (Letters.) The word fun means mental condition person, is a predicate of an impersonal sentence, combined with a bunch of will, forming an analytical form of the future tense. The impersonal predicative word is cheerfully homonymous with the short form of the adjective and adverb; Compare: The expression on her face is fun (fun - short adjective). - He smiled cheerfully (fun - adverb). But it differs from the adjective in the absence of gender forms (cheerful, cheerful, cheerful) and the inability to determine the name; from the adverb - the inability to determine the verb and the adjective. In addition, the impersonal-predicative word is alien to the meaning of the feature (the feature of an object is an adjective; the feature of an action is an adverb).

Impersonally predicative words are characterized by a single meaning - an expression of a state or its assessment. It can be a state of living beings, mental or physical, a state of nature and environment, a state with a modal coloration, an assessment of the state from a moral and ethical point of view, from the point of view of extension in time, space, etc. The state expressed by this category of words is conceived only impersonally: The child is in pain (cf. the expression of the state with an adjective and a verb: The child is sick and The child is sick).

Morphological features of impersonal predicative words are as follows:

1. Absence of declension and conjugation, i.e. immutability.

2. The presence of the suffix -o in words formed from adjectives and adverbs (cold, visible, offensive, necessary).

3. The ability to express the meaning of time, transmitted by a bunch with which impersonal predicative words are combined (sad, it was sad, it will be sad; it became sad, it will become sad). The absence of a link serves as an indicator of the present tense.

4. Preservation of forms of comparison with words in -o, formed from short names of adjectives and adverbs. For example: It was warm - it will become warmer. It was easy, it will get easier.

5. Correlation with those parts of speech from which this category of words originated: sadly correlates with the word sad, warm - with warm, hard - with heavy, frosty - with frosty. However, this feature is not characteristic of all impersonal-predicative words: for example, ashamed in modern Russian does not correlate with "conscientious", can not correlate with "possible".

The most clear and definite syntactic signs of impersonal predicative words.

1. An essential feature of these words is the syntactic function of the predicate in an impersonal sentence (in combination with or without an infinitive). For example: She then suddenly thought and somehow thought gloomily, so it was hard and sad to see her in this position (Letters.); We had to descend another five versts over icy rocks and slushy snow in order to reach Kobi (L.) station.

2. Impersonally predicative words do not agree and are not controlled, they can be combined with a bunch of abstract or semi-abstract (be, become, become, become), expressing time and inclination. For example: I felt sad when I listened to her from the next room (L.); I felt uncomfortable and embarrassed (Letters).

3. Impersonal-predicative words are able to spread in the form of nouns and pronouns in the dative case without a preposition and in the genitive and prepositional with prepositions, i.e. manage these forms. For example: ... You may be bored with me, but I am spiritually glad (Letters.); It was dark outside, even gouge out your eye (L.). The accusative case is also possible: I became sad and annoyed at Lisa (Letters).

In addition, with impersonal predicative words, the dependent infinitive is often used. For example: The snow at parting with the earth shimmered with such diamonds that it was painful to look (Ch.); ... But these three birches cannot be given to anyone during their lifetime (Sim.).

4. Unlike adverbs and adjectives, impersonal predicative words do not define any words. Compare, for example: She looked sad (an adverb defines a verb) - Her face was sad (a short adjective defines a noun) - She was sad (an impersonal predicative word).

Thus, impersonal-predicative words are distinguished into a special lexico-grammatical group on the basis of semantic, morphological and syntactic features, the main of which are the following: the meaning of the “ineffective” state, the function of the impersonal predicate, immutability and morphological correlation with adjectives, adverbs and nouns.

The following groups of impersonal predicative words are distinguished by meaning:

1. Impersonally predicative words denoting mental and physical state living beings, the state of nature, environment and environment:

a) the mental state of a person: annoying, ashamed, fearful, cheerful, sad, pitiful, funny, insulting, scary, boring. For example: And you were not ashamed to believe this woman? (Letters); His face did not express anything special, and I became annoyed (L.);

b) volitional state: laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity. For example: Since the commander is reluctant to talk, everyone is uncomfortable (Lavr.); But our ladies, apparently, are too lazy to get off the porch and flash cold beauty over the Neva (P.); I just want to live, I haven’t lived yet (Tward.);

c) the physical state of living beings: painful, nauseating, stuffy, disgusting. For example: There is where to unfold cold wings, but here you are stuffy and cramped, like an eagle that screams against the bars of its iron cage (L.);

d) the state of nature, the environment and the situation: dark, light, quiet, cold, frosty, rainy, sunny, windy, comfortable, clean, dirty, damp, spacious, cramped, free. For example: At the beginning of the street it was still windy, and the road was swept up, but in the middle of the village it became quiet, warm and cheerful (L.T.); The living room was noisy and disorderly, as always happens before a general departure (Cupr.); It was warm in the house, but Olya was seized by chills even more than on the street (Kochet.).

2. Impersonally predicative words denoting a state with modal coloring, i.e. containing the meaning of necessity, possibility, obligation: it is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it must, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible. For example: It must be said that when the conversation touched on love and feelings in general, she spoke up (Letters); Nothing can flatter my vanity, as recognizing my skill in riding in the Caucasian way (L.).

3. Impersonally predicative words denoting an assessment of a state or position. The assessment can be relative to the extent in time and space: late, early, time, time, far, near, low, high; from a psychological, moral and ethical point of view: convenient, bad, good, difficult, easy, sin, horror, shame, disgrace; from the side of visual or auditory perception: seen, heard. For example: Now it's too late, yesterday they gave him the floor, Lisa agreed (Letters); And it is quiet and light - far from dusk (Fet); It is difficult to describe the delight of the whole honest company (L.); It’s good for you to rejoice, but I’m really, really sad, as I remember (L.); No yards or trees were visible near the houses (Ch.).

The Russian language is considered one of the most difficult to learn. And this fact is very easy to explain only by the number of parts of speech in it, not to mention their special forms. In the school course of the Russian language, children are introduced to the participle precisely as a special verb form, however, many linguists argue that it is independent part speech, which has its own grammatical features.

Communion in Russian

The definition in the textbook for grade 7 sounds something like this: the sacrament is special form words denoting an action with pronounced signs of an adjective that answer questions which? doing what? and what did he do? In fact, these are verbs that describe the action of an object and at the same time determine its features in a certain period of time. It is this feature of this part of speech that is not only a stumbling block in determining its independence, but also a common mistake in denoting the function of words in a sentence that relate to it. Quite often, students confuse the participle with verbs or adjectives. Such errors lead to incorrect spelling of words and incorrect punctuation in a sentence. How to distinguish a participle from a verb or an adjective, how to understand whether it is full or short participle? Examples that will clearly show how participles are formed from verbs in different conjugations can be found in this article. Also here you can find a description of real, passive participles and verbal adjectives.

Similarities of participles with verb and adjective

The participle includes grammatical signs of two parts of speech: a verb and an adjective. Like a verb, it can be perfective and imperfective, or, in other words, it can mean a completed or incomplete action. It can take the form of reflexivity and can be active or passive. Like adjectives, there is a full and short participle. In addition, this form of the verb changes in gender, cases and numbers, which may well mean its independence. It should also be noted that the participle can only have the present and past tenses. It has no future tense. For example: jumping - imperfect view in the present tense and jumping - perfect view in the past tense.

Participle Features

All participles, depending on what sign they show, are divided into two types: passive (indicating the sign of the object to which the action is directed) and real (indicating the sign of the object that performed the action). For example: guided - guiding, openable - opening. Depending on which verb is taken to form the participle, a different tense form comes out. For example: look - looking, looking, looked; view - viewed, viewed. The example shows that from the verb imperfect form, where there is no indication that the action will be completed, the past and present participles are formed, and from the perfect form only the past. From this we can also conclude that the formation of the participle is directly related to the type and transitivity of the verb, the form of which it represents. In turn, passive participles are also divided into two types: short participle and full participle. Another feature of the sacrament is that, together with the words dependent on it, it quite often forms a turnover, which is separated by commas in writing.

Valid participles

To form real participles in the present tense, the initial form of the verb is taken as the basis and the suffix is ​​added to the first conjugation -usch-, -yusch-, and to the second -ash-, -ash-. For example: jump - galloping, treat - treating. To form a real participle in the past tense, suffixes -t- and -ti- replaced by -sh- and -vsh-. For example: go - riding, carry - carried.

Passive participles

Passive participles are also formed as a result of the replacement of suffixes. To form the present tense for the first conjugation of verbs, suffixes are used -eat-, and for the second -them-. For example: love - beloved, store - stored. In order to get the passive past participle, the infinitive with the ending -at or -et and adds a suffix to the verb -nn-. For example: draw - drawn, stick - pasted. For verbs ending in -it, when forming participles use the suffix -enn-. For example: dye - dyed, whiten - bleached. If the end of the verb -ot, -ut or -yt, then to get the participle use the suffix -t-. For example: inflate - inflated, smack - ripped.

Short and full communion

Passive participles have two forms: short and full. The short participle has the same grammatical features as short name adjective. They are formed from full form participles and can change by number and gender, but do not decline by case. In a sentence, a short participle often acts as a nominal part compound predicate. For example: I am not loved by anyone. However, there are exceptions in which the short participle is used as a separate definition associated with the subject. For example: pale as hell. Full participles contain the grammatical features of both an adjective and a verb, and in a sentence they are always a definition.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles are characterized not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, their meaning in the sentence is especially important. They have the ability to subjugate words to themselves, while forming turns, which have already been mentioned. However, if the temporary signs that bind the action to themselves are lost, then the sign of the object becomes permanent. And this can only mean that the participle has lost all its verbal attributes and has become an adjective, which depends on the noun. For example: restrained character, tense strings, high spirits. Given this possibility of the participle turning into an adjective, one should analyze the word very carefully so as not to confuse these two similar, but at the same time different parts of speech.

Scheme of morphological parsing of the sacrament

Although the participle is not distinguished into a separate independent part of speech, but only they say that it is a special verb form with elements of an adjective, nevertheless, morphological analysis is carried out according to the same scheme as the analysis of independent parts of speech. First of all, the name is determined, in this case it is a participle. Further, its morphological features are described: the initial form is determined. That is, they put the word in the nominative case in the masculine and singular; describe permanent signs, which include the following indicators: real participle or passive, indicate the time in which the word is used in the sentence and the type of participle; the next item is a description of non-permanent signs: number, gender and case (for full participles). At the end of the analysis, describe syntactic function participles in a sentence (whether it is a definition or acts as a nominal part of the predicate).