In this article, we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, give examples.
As you know, the predicate and the subject are the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.
The main types of predicates:
1) simple verb;
2) compound verb;
3) composite nominal predicate(see examples below).
Two principles for distinguishing types of predicates
They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:
1) by composition;
2) by their morphological nature.
In the first case, such types as simple and compound are separated. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. The nominal part of the compound predicate can be expressed by an adjective, a noun and an adverb. These divisions overlap. So, a verbal predicate can be compound or simple, but a nominal predicate is always compound.
Simple verb predicate
The definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes such options that do not have a formal indicator of time, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated (grab, tol, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the meaning of the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can also be represented by the conjugated form of the verb + (come on, yes, let it, let it be, as it were, exactly, as if, just now, etc.)
Compound nominal predicate
As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, in such sentences there is a compound nominal predicate. We give the following examples: "He is young. He is worried about work, worries."
Such predicates always have two components. The first is a link that expresses the predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the linking part, it indicates the real main content of this type of predicate.
A link in a compound nominal predicate
The doctrine of the link in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood widely. A bunch, firstly, is called the word "to be", the only meaning of which is an indication of time and modality. Secondly, it is called verbs with a modified and weakened to some extent meaning, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.
Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he returned sad.
In the first sentence, the link "to be" is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is typical for a verb. However, it is not a verb because it does not have a procedural action or sign, as well as a category of aspect, which any of them has.
Significant and semi-significant ligaments
In other examples, connectives of a different type are presented - significant and semi-significant. The latter contribute the meaning of the occurrence of a feature (become / become), its preservation (remain / remain), external detection (appear / appear), the inclusion of an external carrier (pass through / be heard, be called, be considered) in a compound nominal predicate.
Examples include the following: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was reputed to be smart.
Significant connectives are verbs with a specific, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in one state or another). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in etc. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.
Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be cited as an example of the following:
1. He came hungry (hungry).
2. Boys remained tomboys.
Link "to be"
The connective "to be", being abstract, does not have the form of the present tense in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:
1. The case is in vain.
2. The evening is wonderful.
3. The road is good.
The verb "to be" should be distinguished from the copula, which has two meanings:
1. To be, to be present (We were in the theater. At that time there were many performances).
2. Have (Sister had a doll).
Ligaments "essence" and "is"
The words "essence" and "is", which go back to the third person present tense forms of the verb "to be", in modern language are considered service words, namely, particles.
The absence of a link is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky, it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that the syntactic construction (that is, the predicative stem of some nominal is studied not as such separately, but in a certain series. This is illustrated by the following examples:
1. The street will (was) crowded.
2. The street would be crowded.
3. The street is crowded.
Compound verb predicate
We have considered such types of predicates as simple verbal and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verb predicate. It has two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The latter, with its grammatical form and lexical meaning, expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to itself by verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).
Rules for determining the compound verb predicate
A compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any combination with a conjugated infinitive. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:
1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verb form, that is, some object called the subject.
Examples include the following. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he began to work, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, it is customary to call the infinitive subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is referred to as a secondary member.
2. Determining the boundaries of the compound predicate, one should take into account the nature that the semantic relations between the infinitive and the conjugated verb form have. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has such a meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I went to chat, I ran to find out, they sent me to find out. The infinitive of purpose (which can be, as is clear from the examples, both objective and subjective) is minor member. Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase ones) should be considered as a compound predicate.
The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in the aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) plan, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).
We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. It's only short review this topic, more detailed information can be found in any grammar book in the section on syntax.
In this chapter:
§one. The main members of the sentence are subject and predicate
Subject
The subject is main member sentence independent of the other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions I.p.: who? what?
In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.
How is the subject expressed?
The subject can be a word or phrase.
Most often the subject is expressed:
1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, me and my girlfriend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. One of the guests covered the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most of the students coped with the control;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject that is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers different questions: what does the object do? what happens to him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.
grammatical meaning- this is a generalized meaning of the sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-irreality,
- time.
reality-irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in the indicative mood are typical for statements that reflect the real situation: It's raining., It's getting light.
- Verbs in the imperative and in the conditional mood are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! If only it didn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by the verb forms of the present, past and future tense.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.
Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows the verses by heart.
indicative mood, present. time
He knew the verses by heart.
indicative mood, past time
He will learn the verses by heart.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will memorize these verses.
imperative mood
In a circle, you would learn poems by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate, in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one they are expressed in different words. For example:
Suddenly, the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
Stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh are called action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obligated, intends.
In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
If the auxiliary word is short adjective, then it is used with a link. The link is the verb to be. Here are the relevant past tense examples:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the link is zero, for example:
I'm so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the link to be is put in the future tense. Example:
I will be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the link is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Linking verbs to become, to become, to become, to be, to be considered, to seem, to be called, to appear: The house from afar seemed like a point.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned tired from work., Mother sat thoughtful, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymous: Mother was thoughtful, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transmitted. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.
Combinations of a linking verb with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also act along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,
3) numeral: Twice two four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody, he will become everything ("International"),
5) communion: The composition turned out to be lost., The daughter was finally cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right., The trousers turned out to be just right.
The nominal part can contain not only separate words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
You can’t say: She ran in with a face., She sat with her eyes., Because phrases with a cheerful face and thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
What members of the proposal are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: head, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?
What is the subject of the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and successfully pass it.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of the sentence?
- reality - unreality and time
- type and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I can't help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always taken seriously.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
In Russian syntax, it is customary to distinguish three types (or types) of predicates: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal. In this article, we will talk about the latter.
What does a compound nominal predicate consist of?
A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that includes a nominal part. But this is not its only part, because it is not by chance that it is called composite.
Although we call this predicate nominal, it does not always include those parts of speech that are called names (noun, adjective and numeral).
The nominal part expresses the main meaning of the predicate, but cannot convey important grammatical features: time, relationship to reality. Therefore, the second part is also present in the proposal. This is a linking verb that is in the correct form.
linking verb
Usually, the linking verb “to be” is used, which does not add any additional meaning to the sentence, but only makes a grammatical connection and expresses the grammatical features of the predicate: tense, mood.
In the present tense, the linking verb "to be" is omitted, but this does not mean that it does not exist. You just need to talk about the zero link.
Less often in sentences there are "semi-links": become, become, appear, etc.
Nominal part
The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by almost anything: any part of speech, except for the gerund and the verb in a personal or impersonal form, as well as a phraseological unit and a syntactically indivisible combination. In this case, it does not convey the verbal meaning (action or state), but characterizes the subject in some very important aspect. In this case, the predicate answers questions "What it is?
”, “What?”, “What is reported about the subject?”
Here are examples of a nominal predicate with different ways of expressing the nominal part:
The cat is a pet.
Life is Beautiful !
Yegor became an agronomist.
The die is cast!
Porridge was licking your fingers.
How to distinguish the linking verb "to be" from the independent predicate "to be"?
The verb "to be" has its own eigenvalue, which scientists call "existential": it communicates that something exists in reality. For example, "Oli had a scooter". This sentence states that Olya actually had a scooter. Here the verb "to be" is a simple verbal predicate.
It is actually not difficult to distinguish a knitting verb from an independent predicate. The linking verb in the present tense disappears, but the predicate, of course, remains. That is, it is enough to put the proposal at the present time, and everything becomes clear.
Consider our example.
Olya had a scooter. - Olya has a scooter.
Compare with a sentence in which the verb "to be" performs the function of a linking verb.
The scooter was red. - The scooter is red.
The link is zero. Before us is a compound verb predicate.
Which sentences contain a compound nominal predicate?
Compound nominal predicates are found in any two-part sentences, including those complicated by homogeneous or separate members: The house has been restored. The house has been restored and is up for sale.(complicated by homogeneous predicates). House by the river restored(complicated by a separate definition).
Among the predicates in the Russian language, three types (or types) are usually distinguished. These are simple verbal, compound verbal and compound nominal predicates. In this article, we will talk about the latter.
Features of the compound nominal predicate
As the name implies, this predicate is compound, that is, it consists of several parts. One of them performs predominantly or even exclusively a grammatical role, while the second expresses the main meaning of the predicate. It is easy to guess that it is usually expressed by some nominal part of speech, that is, one in the name of which there is the word "name": a noun, an adjective, a numeral. However, everything is not so simple.
Ways of expressing the grammatical part
The grammatical part of the compound nominal predicate is the linking verb "to be". Some other verbs, “semi-links” can play the same role: seem, become, etc.
The verb "to be" is in the required grammatical form. For example, he will be cheerful, he was cheerful. It is not customary to write in the present tense in Russian "he is cheerful". Zero binding is used. In the Romano-Germanic languages, the link is preserved. Compare: He is cheerful. – He is merry
The verb "to be" can be not only a link, but also an independent simple verb predicate (for example, I will soon have a bicycle.). It is not difficult to distinguish them, it is enough to put the sentence in the present tense, because the link "to be" is not used in the present tense, while in the position of the predicate the verb, of course, is preserved. Compare:
Ways of expressing the nominal part
The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by different parts of speech, and by no means only by names. The table below shows examples of compound nominal predicates expressed in different ways.
|
Way of expressing the nominal part |
Example |
|
Noun |
Moscow is the capital of Russia. |
|
Adjective |
He is cheerful. He oars. |
|
Numeral |
My favorite number is seven. |
|
Participle |
He was appointed headman. |
|
Pronoun |
The topic was different. |
|
The dress fits her. |
|
|
Infinitive |
My dream is to see the sea. |
|
Phraseologism |
He's not fish, not meat. |
|
Syntactically indivisible combinations |
young man was tall. |
Syntactically indivisible combinations are one long predicate, since not a single word can be torn off from them without loss of meaning. Let's say, in our last example, it is impossible to say that "the young man was tall" - this makes no sense.
Please note that the same word in different sentences can perform different functions. For example, the word "happy" in our example, the predicate, and in the sentence “We liked the funny clown." - definition.
Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or a related phrase. The compound verb predicate has two parts: the infinitive and the verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade, it consists of two parts: a bundle and a nominal part.
Compound nominal predicate (8th grade)
A link in a compound nominal predicate
Bundle expresses modality and category of time. Most often, the following verbs can act as a link:
- The verb to be in all categories of tense. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense turns into a zero connective;
- verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
- verbs with a categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, reach, swim, fly away, come, etc .;
- Katerina is excited and energized by the unforeseen circumstances that have arisen on her way home. I'll be the first just for the sake of being better than you. If you become a good boy, I might take you to the circus with me.
- It was getting cold outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of bygone days.
- Leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.
Types of ligaments
The compound nominal predicate has several types of connections, which are markedly different from each other:
In past and future tenses, the verb to be expressed clearly. Same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition. Compound nominal predicates with an abstract connective to be are highlighted in the sentences.
A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood, when using it, the particle would be added to the abstract connective to be. Suggestion: she would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.
- Ligament semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs to appear, seem, turn out, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-significant connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition.
- Ligament significant, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie down, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, speak, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Suggestions: Geese in the yard walked important, as if the owners of the whole farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.
The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate
In the role of the nominal part are:
- Summer days are getting shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
- She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental form).
- Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This summer has been unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in a positive degree).
- This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extraordinarily rich. Honey collected from your apiary is so sweet. (abbreviated adjective).
- All the mistakes made while writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
- I suddenly became afraid. It was rather strange (adverb).
Sentences with a compound nominal predicate
Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its feature is the presence of two parts: ligament and nominal part. The problem of modern school education lies in the fact that sometimes students do not have time in the class to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates, as a result, the inability to find and determine one of the main members of the sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.
