The test - the questionnaire of G. Shmishek, K. Leonhard is intended for diagnosing the type of personality accentuation, published by G. Shmishek in 1970 and is a modification of the "Methodology for studying personality accentuations of K. Leonhard". The technique is intended for diagnosing accentuations of character and temperament. According to K. Leonhard, accentuation is the "sharpening" of some individual properties inherent in each person.

Accentuated personalities are not pathological, in other words, they are normal. They potentially contain both opportunities for socially positive achievements and a socially negative charge.

The 10 types of accentuated personalities identified by Leonhard are divided into two groups: character accentuations (demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable) and temperament accentuations (hyperthymic, dysthymic, anxious-fearful, cyclothymic, affective, emotive).

The test is designed to identify accentuated properties of character and temperament of adolescents, adolescents and adults. Shmishek's characterological test is suitable for taking into account character accentuations in the learning process, professional selection, psychological counseling, career guidance .

The test is a questionnaire of Shmishek, K. Leonhard. Methodology Accentuation of character and temperament:

Instruction:

You will be offered statements regarding your character. Answer without thinking for a long time, you can choose one of two answers: "yes" or "no" ", there are no other answers. You must mark your answer on the answer sheet by placing a cross in the "yes" or "no" box next to the number corresponding to the question number.

stimulus material.

1. Is your mood generally cheerful and carefree?
2. Are you susceptible to resentment?
3. Have you ever cried quickly?
4. Do you always consider yourself right in what you do, and you will not rest until you are convinced of this?
5. Do you consider yourself more courageous than when you were a child?
6. Can your mood change from deep joy to deep sadness?
7. Are you the center of attention in the company?
8. Do you have days when you are sullen and irritable for no good reason and do not want to talk to anyone?
9. Are you a serious person?
10. Can you get very excited?
11. Are you enterprising?
12. Do you quickly forget if someone offends you?
13. Are you a soft-hearted person?
14. Do you try to check after dropping the letter in the mailbox if it is left hanging in the slot?
15. Do you always try to be conscientious in your work?
16. Did you have a fear of thunderstorms or dogs as a child?
17. Do you think other people are not demanding enough of each other?
18. Does your mood strongly depend on life events and experiences?
19. Are you always straightforward with your acquaintances?
20. Are you often depressed?
21. Have you had a hysterical fit or exhaustion before? nervous system?
22. Are you prone to states of intense inner restlessness or craving?
23. Do you find it difficult to sit in a chair for long periods of time?
24. Do you fight for your interests if someone treats you unfairly?
25. Could you kill a person?
26. Does a lopsided curtain or an unevenly laid tablecloth bother you so much that you want to immediately eliminate these shortcomings?
27. Did you experience fear as a child when you were alone in the apartment?
28. Do you often have mood swings for no reason?
29. Are you always diligent in your work?
30. Can you get angry quickly?
31. Can you be recklessly cheerful?
32. Can you sometimes be completely imbued with a sense of joy?
33. Are you suitable for entertainment events?
34. Do you usually express your frank opinion to people on this or that issue?
35. Does the type of blood affect you?
36. Are you willing to engage in activities that involve great responsibility?
37. Are you inclined to stand up for a person who has been treated unfairly?
38. Do you find it difficult to enter a dark basement?
39. Do you do painstaking menial work as slowly and carefully as you do your favorite job?
40. Are you a sociable person?
41. Are you willing to recite poems at school?
42. Did you run away from home as a child?
43. Do you take life hard?
44. Have you ever had conflicts and troubles that so exhausted your nerves that you did not go to work?
45. Is it possible to say that you do not lose your sense of humor when you fail?
46. Will you take the first step towards reconciliation if someone offends you?
47. Do you love animals?
48. Will you leave work or home if something is wrong with you there?
49. Are you tormented by vague thoughts that some misfortune will happen to you or your relatives?
50. Do you think that the mood depends on the weather?
51. Will it be difficult for you to perform on stage in front of a large number of spectators?
52. Can you lose your temper and give free rein if someone deliberately rudely annoys you?
53. Do you communicate a lot?
54. If you are disappointed by something, will you become desperate?
55. Do you like organizational work?
56. Do you persevere towards your goal, even if there are many obstacles along the way?
57. Can a movie capture you so much that tears come to your eyes?
58. Will it be difficult for you to fall asleep if you have been thinking about your future or some problem all day?
59. Did you have to use hints or copy homework from your comrades during your school years?
60. Is it difficult for you to go to the cemetery at night?
61. Do you take great care to ensure that every thing in the house is in its place?
62. Have you ever gone to bed in a good mood, and woke up in a dejected mood and remained in it for several hours?
63. Can you easily adapt to a new situation?
64. Do you have a predisposition to headaches?
65. How often do you laugh?
66. Can you be friendly to people without revealing your true feelings towards them?
67. Can you be called a lively and lively person?
68. Do you suffer a lot because of injustice?
69. Can you be called a passionate nature lover?
70. Do you have a habit of checking before going to bed or before leaving if the gas and lights are turned off, if the door is closed?
71. Are you shy?
72. Does it happen that you feel in seventh heaven, although there are no objective reasons for this?
73. Did you willingly participate in your youth in amateur art circles, in a theater circle?
74. Do you sometimes feel like looking into the distance?
75. Are you pessimistic about the future?
76. Can your mood change from supreme joy to deep sadness in a short period of time?
77. Is it easy to lift your spirits in a friendly company?
78. Do you carry anger for a long time?
79. Do you worry a lot if grief happened to another person?
80. Did you have a habit at school to copy a sheet in a notebook if you put an inkblot on it?
81. Is it possible to say that you are more distrustful and cautious than gullible?
82. How often do you have scary dreams?
83. Have you ever thought of throwing yourself against your will out of a window under an approaching train?
84. Do you become joyful in a cheerful environment?
85. Can you easily get distracted from burdensome issues and not think about them?
86. Do you find it difficult to control yourself when you get angry?
87. Do you prefer to be silent (yes), or are you talkative (no)?
88. Could you, if you had to participate in a theatrical performance, with complete penetration and reincarnation, enter the role and forget about yourself?

response form to

Surname. Name. Middle name ______________________ Age ________ (full years) Sex M F

Position _______________________________ Experience: general _______ pedagogical ______ in position _______

Date of completion ____________________________________

Key test questionnaire Shmishek Leonhard.

Each scale counts pros(positive answers to the above questions) and minuses(negative answers to the questions corresponding to the scale). Then the scores (pluses and minuses) on the scale are summed up and the result is multiplied by coefficient- each type of accentuation has its own. As a result of processing the test results, 10 indicators will be obtained, corresponding to the severity of one or another personality accentuation according to K. Leonhard.

Character accentuations

1. Demonstrativeness, hysteria x2 (the resulting valuescalesmultiply by 2)

Add (+): 7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88

Subtract (-) : 51

2. Jam, rigidity x2

+: 2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81

3. Pedantry x2

+: 4, 14, 17, 26, 39, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83

4. Unbalance, excitability x3

+: 8, 20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 74, 86

Accentuations of temperament

5. Hyperthymia x3

+: 1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77

6. Distimism x3

+: 9, 21, 43, 75, 87

7. Anxiety, timidity x3

+: 16, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82

8. Cyclothymicity x3

+: 6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84

9. Affectiveness, exaltation x6

+: 10, 32, 54, 76

10. Emotivity, lability x3

+: 3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79

Interpretation to test questionnaire Shmishek Leonhard.

The maximum score for each type of accentuation (for each scale of the questionnaire) is 24 points. The data obtained can be presented in the form of a "profile of personality accentuations":

According to some sources, a value exceeding 12 points is considered a sign of accentuation. Other reasons for the practical application of the questionnaire indicate that the sum of points in the range from 15 to 18 speaks only of a tendency towards one or another type of accentuation. And only in case of exceeding 19 points the personality is accentuated.

Thus, the conclusion about the severity of accentuation is made on the basis of the following indicators on the scales:

0-12 - the property is not expressed

13-18 - the average degree of severity of the property (tendency to one or another type of personality accentuation)

19-24 - a sign of accentuation

Description of the types of personality accentuations according to K. Leonhard

1. Demonstrative type. It is characterized by an increased ability to displace, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, deceit and pretense, aimed at embellishing his person, adventurism, artistry, and posturing. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his person, the thirst for power, praise; the prospect of being unnoticed weighs him down. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (slight mood swings) in the absence of really deep feelings, a penchant for intrigues (with an external softness of the manner of communication). There is boundless egocentrism, a thirst for admiration, sympathy, reverence, surprise. Usually the praise of others in his presence makes him particularly uncomfortable, he can not stand it. The desire for a company is usually associated with the need to feel like a leader, to occupy an exceptional position. Self-esteem is very far from objectivity. It can annoy with its self-confidence and high claims, it systematically provokes conflicts, but at the same time actively defends itself. Possessing a pathological capacity for repression, he can completely forget what he does not want to know about. It unchains him into lies. Usually lies with an innocent face, because what he says, at the moment, is the truth for him; apparently, he is not internally aware of his lie, or is aware of it very shallowly, without noticeable remorse. Able to captivate others with extraordinary thinking and actions.

2. Stuck type. He is characterized by moderate sociability, tediousness, a tendency to moralize, and taciturnity. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows alertness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and disappointments, is vulnerable, suspicious, is distinguished by vindictiveness, long experiences what happened, is not able to "easily move away" from insults. He is characterized by arrogance, often acts as the initiator of conflicts. Self-confidence, rigidity of attitudes and views, highly developed ambition often lead to the persistent assertion of his interests, which he defends with particular vigor. He strives to achieve high performance in any business that he undertakes and shows great perseverance in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affects (truthfulness, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertia in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

3. Pedantic type. It is characterized by rigidity, inertia of mental processes, difficulty in lifting, long experience of traumatic events. Rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active side. At the same time, it reacts very strongly to any manifestation of a violation of order. In the service, he behaves like a bureaucrat, presenting many formal requirements to others. Punctual, neat, pays special attention to cleanliness and order, scrupulous, conscientious, inclined to strictly follow the plan, unhurried, assiduous, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-checks, doubts about the correctness of the work performed, grumbling, formalism. Willingly yields leadership to other people.

4. Excitable type. Insufficient controllability, weakening of control over drives and urges are combined in people of this type with the power of physiological drives. He is characterized by increased impulsiveness, instinctiveness, rudeness, tediousness, gloom, anger, a tendency to rudeness and abuse, to friction and conflicts, in which he himself is an active, provocative side. Irritable, quick-tempered, often changes jobs, quarrelsome in a team. There is low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions, heaviness of actions. For him, no work becomes attractive, works only as needed, shows the same unwillingness to learn. Indifferent to the future, lives entirely in the present, wanting to extract a lot of entertainment from it. Increased impulsivity or the resulting excitation reaction is extinguished with difficulty and can be dangerous to others. He can be imperious, choosing the weakest for communication.

5. Hyperthymic type. People of this type are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes, excessive independence, a penchant for mischief, and a lack of a sense of distance in relations with others. Often spontaneously deviate from the original topic in conversation. Everywhere they make a lot of noise, they love the companies of their peers, they strive to command them. They almost always have a very good mood, good health, high vitality, often blooming appearance, good appetite, healthy sleep, a tendency to gluttony and other joys of life. These are people with increased self-esteem, cheerful, frivolous, superficial and, at the same time, businesslike, inventive, brilliant interlocutors; people who know how to entertain others, energetic, active, enterprising. A strong desire for independence can serve as a source of conflict. They are characterized by outbursts of anger, irritation, especially when they meet with strong opposition, fail. Prone to immoral acts, increased irritability, projectionism. They do not take their duties seriously enough. They can hardly endure the conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, forced loneliness.

6. Dysthymic type. People of this type are distinguished by seriousness, even depression of mood, slowness, weakness of volitional efforts. They are characterized by a pessimistic attitude towards the future, low self-esteem, as well as low contact, reticence in conversation, even silence. Such people are homebodies, individualists; society, a noisy company is usually avoided, lead a secluded life. Often gloomy, inhibited, tend to be fixed on the shady sides of life. They are conscientious, appreciate those who are friends with them and are ready to obey them, have a heightened sense of justice, as well as slow thinking.

7. Alarm type. People of this type are characterized by low contact, minor mood, timidity, fearfulness, self-doubt. Anxious children are often afraid of the dark, animals, afraid to be alone. They eschew noisy and lively peers, do not like excessively noisy games, experience a feeling of shyness and shyness, and have a hard time with tests, exams, and checks. Often embarrassed to answer in front of the class. Willingly obey the guardianship of their elders, the notations of adults can cause them remorse, guilt, tears, despair. They have an early sense of duty, responsibility, high moral and ethical requirements. They try to disguise the feeling of their own inferiority in self-affirmation through those types of activities where they can reveal their abilities to a greater extent. The resentment, sensitivity, shyness characteristic of them since childhood prevent them from getting close to those with whom they want, a particularly weak link is the reaction to the attitude of others towards them. Intolerance to ridicule, suspicion is accompanied by an inability to stand up for oneself, to defend the truth in case of unfair accusations. They rarely come into conflict with others, playing a mostly passive role in them; in conflict situations, they seek support and support. They have friendliness, self-criticism, diligence. Due to their defenselessness, they often serve as "scapegoats", targets for jokes.

8. Cyclothymic type. It is characterized by a change in hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events. Joyful events cause them to have pictures of hyperthymia: a thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, a jump in ideas; sad - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communicating with people around them also often changes. In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids. Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of hyperthymia, but then lethargy, loss of strength appear, what was previously easy, now requires exorbitant efforts. Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a drop in appetite, insomnia, or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, deep down, however, falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not ruled out. They study unevenly, make up for the omissions that have happened with difficulty, give rise to an aversion to classes. In labile cycloids, the phases of mood swings are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. "Bad" days are marked by more intense bad mood than lethargy. During the recovery period, desires are expressed to have friends, to be in the company. Mood affects self-esteem.

9. Exalted type. A striking feature of this type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure. These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much enthusiasm for others, they easily become delighted with joyful events and completely despair from sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not bring matters to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive side. They are attached to friends and relatives, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

10. Emotive type. This type is related to exalted, but its manifestations are not so violent. They are characterized by emotionality, sensitivity, anxiety, talkativeness, fearfulness, deep reactions in the area subtle feelings. The most pronounced feature is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, kindness, compassion for other people's successes. They are impressionable, tearful, take any life events more seriously than other people. Teenagers react strongly to scenes from films where someone is in danger, such scenes can cause them a strong shock that will not be forgotten for a long time and can disrupt sleep. They rarely come into conflict, they carry resentments in themselves, they do not "splash" outward. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty, diligence. They take care of nature, love to grow plants, take care of animals.

The Shmishek questionnaire is designed to determine character accentuations (features). The presence of character accentuation is not a disadvantage, but, on the contrary, a distinctive feature, a “highlight” of a person. Under favorable conditions, "hidden accentuations" do not appear, their negative features are compensated, and a person can work quite successfully. In each type of accentuation, there are positive qualities that a person can rely on when performing certain activities.
The test of K. Leonhard - N. Shmishek is a questionnaire containing 88 statements, which are grouped into 10 scales, each of which corresponds to one direction of accentuations

1 - high vitality
2 - excitability
3 - depth of emotional reactions
4 - pedantry
5 - increased anxiety
6 - mood swings
7 - demonstrative
8 - imbalance
9 - fatigue
10 - strength and expression of emotions

In parentheses is the number of accentuation, which is assigned a score for the answer "yes" or "no" depending on the key.

1. Is your mood generally cheerful and carefree?
2. Are you receptive to resentment?
3. Have you ever cried quickly?
4. Do you always consider yourself right in what you do, and you will not rest until you are convinced of this?
5. Do you consider yourself more courageous than when you were a child?
6. Can your mood change from deep joy to deep sadness?
7. Are you the center of attention in the company?
8. Do you have days when you are sullen and irritable for no good reason and do not want to talk to anyone?
9. Are you a serious person?
10. Can you get very excited?
11. Are you enterprising?
12. Do you quickly forget if someone offends you?
13. Are you a soft-hearted person?
14. Do you try to check after you put the letter in the mailbox, is it left hanging in the slot?
15. Do you always try to be conscientious in your work?
16. Did you have a fear of thunderstorms or dogs as a child?
17. Do you think other people are not demanding enough of each other?
18. Does your mood strongly depend on life events and experiences?
19. Are you always straightforward with your acquaintances?
20. Are you often depressed?
21. Have you ever had a hysterical fit or exhaustion of the nervous system?
22. Are you prone to states of intense inner restlessness or craving?
23. Do you find it difficult to sit in a chair for a long time?
24. Do you fight for your interests if someone treats you unfairly?
25. Could you kill a person?
26. Does an obliquely hanging curtain or an unevenly laid tablecloth bother you so much that you want to immediately eliminate these shortcomings?
27. Did you experience fear as a child when you were alone in the apartment?
28. Do you often have mood swings for no reason?
29. Are you always diligent in your work?
30. Can you get angry quickly?
31. Can you be recklessly cheerful?
32. Can you sometimes be completely imbued with a sense of joy?
33. Are you suitable for entertainment events?
34. Do you usually express your frank opinion to people on this or that issue?
35. Does the type of blood affect you?
36. Do you willingly engage in activities associated with great responsibility?
37. Do you tend to stand up for a person who has been treated unfairly?
38. Do you find it difficult to enter a dark basement?
39. Do you perform painstaking menial work as slowly and carefully as you do your favorite work?
40. Are you a sociable person?
41. Did you willingly recite poems at school?
42. Did you run away from home as a child?
43. Do you take life hard?
44. Have you ever had conflicts and troubles that exhausted your nerves so much that you did not go to work?
45. Can you say that you do not lose your sense of humor when you fail?
46. ​​Will you take the first step towards reconciliation if someone offends you?
47. Do you like animals?
48. Will you leave work or home if something is wrong with you there?
49. Do you have vague thoughts that some misfortune will happen to you or your relatives?
50. Do you think that the mood depends on the weather?
51. Will it be difficult for you to perform on stage in front of a large number of spectators?
52. Can you lose your temper and give free rein to your hands if someone deliberately rudely annoys you?
53. Do you communicate a lot?
54. If you are disappointed by something, will you despair?
55. Do you like managerial work?
56. Do you persevere towards your goal, even if there are many obstacles along the way?
57. Can a movie capture you so much that tears come to your eyes?
58. Will it be difficult for you to fall asleep if you have been thinking about your future or some problem all day?
59. Did you have to use hints, fairy tales or copy homework from your comrades during your school years?
60. Is it difficult for you to go to the cemetery at night?
61. Do you take great care that every thing in the house is in its place?
62. Have you had to go to bed in a good mood, and wake up in a dejected mood and stay in it for several hours?
63. Can you easily adapt to a new situation?
64. Do you have a predisposition to headaches?
65. Do you often laugh?
66. Can you be friendly with people without revealing your true attitude towards them?
67. Can you be called a lively and lively person?
68. Do you suffer a lot because of injustice?
69. Can you be called a passionate nature lover?
70. Do you have a habit of checking before going to bed or before leaving if the gas and lights are turned off, is the door closed?
71. Are you shy?
72. Does it happen that you feel like you are in seventh heaven, although there are no objective reasons for this?
73. Did you willingly participate in amateur art circles, in a theater circle in your youth?
74. Do you sometimes feel drawn to look into the distance?
75. Are you pessimistic about the future?
76. Can your mood change from supreme joy to deep anguish in a short period of time?
77. Does your mood easily rise in a friendly company?
78. Do you carry anger for a long time?
79. Do you feel strongly if grief happened to another person?
80. Did you have a habit at school to copy a sheet in a notebook if you put an inkblot on it?
81. Can you say that you are more distrustful and cautious than gullible?
82. Do you often have nightmares?
83. Have you ever had the thought against your will to throw yourself out of the window under an approaching train?
84. Do you become joyful in a cheerful environment?
85. Can you easily get distracted from burdensome issues and not think about them?
86. Do you find it difficult to control yourself if you get angry?
87. Do you prefer to be silent (yes), or are you talkative (no)?
88. Could you, if you had to participate in a theatrical performance, with complete penetration and reincarnation, enter the role and forget about yourself?

Key

If the answer to the question matches the key, the answer is assigned one point. Then the sum of points on each scale must be multiplied by the coefficient.

The maximum score after multiplication is 24. According to some sources, a value exceeding 12 points is considered a sign of accentuation. Others, on the basis of the practical application of the questionnaire, believe that the sum of points in the range from 15 to 19 speaks only of a tendency towards one or another type of accentuation. And only in case of exceeding 19 points, the character trait is accentuated. The data obtained can be presented in the form of a "personal accentuation profile".

The 10 types of accentuated personalities identified by Leonhard are divided into two groups: character accentuations (demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable) and temperament accentuations (hyperthymic, dysthymic, anxious-fearful, cyclothymic, affective, emotive).
character accents.

1. Demonstrative type.
It is characterized by an increased ability to displace, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, deceit and pretense, aimed at embellishing his person, adventurism, artistry, and posturing. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his person, the thirst for power, praise; the prospect of being unnoticed weighs him down. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (slight mood swings) in the absence of really deep feelings, a penchant for intrigues (with an external softness of the manner of communication). There is boundless egocentrism, a thirst for admiration, sympathy, reverence, surprise. Usually the praise of others in his presence makes him particularly uncomfortable, he can not stand it. The desire for a company is usually associated with the need to feel like a leader, to occupy an exceptional position. Self-esteem is very far from objectivity. It can annoy with its self-confidence and high claims, it systematically provokes conflicts, but at the same time actively defends itself. Possessing a pathological capacity for repression, he can completely forget what he does not want to know about. It unchains him into lies. Usually lies with an innocent face, because what he says, at the moment, is the truth for him; apparently, he is not internally aware of his lie, or is aware of it very shallowly, without noticeable remorse. Able to captivate others with extraordinary thinking and actions.

2. Stuck type.
He is characterized by moderate sociability, tediousness, a tendency to moralize, and taciturnity. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows alertness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and disappointments, is vulnerable, suspicious, is distinguished by vindictiveness, experiences what happened for a long time, and is not able to “easily move away” from insults. He is characterized by arrogance, often acts as the initiator of conflicts. Self-confidence, rigidity of attitudes and views, highly developed ambition often lead to the persistent assertion of his interests, which he defends with particular vigor. He strives to achieve high performance in any business that he undertakes and shows great perseverance in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affects (truthfulness, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertness in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

3. Pedantic type.
It is characterized by rigidity, inertness of mental processes, heaviness to rise, a long experience of traumatic events. Rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active side. At the same time, it reacts very strongly to any manifestation of a violation of order. In the service, he behaves like a bureaucrat, presenting many formal requirements to others. Punctual, neat, pays special attention to cleanliness and order, scrupulous, conscientious, inclined to strictly follow the plan, unhurried, diligent in performing actions, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-checks, doubts about the correctness of the work performed, grumbling, formalism . Willingly yields leadership to other people.

4. Excitable type.
Insufficient controllability, weakening of control over drives and urges are combined in people of this type with the power of physiological drives. He is characterized by increased impulsiveness, instinctiveness, rudeness, tediousness, gloom, anger, a tendency to rudeness and abuse, to friction and conflicts, in which he himself is an active, provocative side. Irritable, quick-tempered, often changes jobs, quarrelsome in a team. There is low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions, heaviness of actions. For him, no work becomes attractive, works only as needed, shows the same unwillingness to learn. Indifferent to the future, lives entirely in the present, wanting to extract a lot of entertainment from it. Increased impulsivity or the resulting excitation reaction is extinguished with difficulty and can be dangerous to others. He can be imperious, choosing the weakest for communication.

Accentuations of temperament.
5. Hyperthymic type.
People of this type are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes, excessive independence, a penchant for mischief, and a lack of a sense of distance in relations with others. Often spontaneously deviate from the original topic in conversation. Everywhere they make a lot of noise, they love the companies of their peers, they strive to command them. They almost always have a very good mood, good health, high vitality, often blooming appearance, good appetite, healthy sleep, a tendency to gluttony and other joys of life. These are people with high self-esteem, cheerful, frivolous, superficial and, at the same time, businesslike, inventive, brilliant interlocutors; people who know how to entertain others, energetic, active, enterprising. A strong desire for independence can serve as a source of conflict. They are characterized by outbursts of anger, irritation, especially when they meet with strong opposition, fail. Prone to immoral acts, increased irritability, projectionism. They do not take their duties seriously enough. They can hardly endure the conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, forced loneliness.

6. Dysthymic type.
People of this type are distinguished by seriousness, even depression of mood, slowness, weakness of volitional efforts. They are characterized by a pessimistic attitude towards the future, low self-esteem, as well as low contact, reticence in conversation, even silence. Such people are homebodies, individualists; society, a noisy company is usually avoided, lead a secluded life. Often gloomy, inhibited, tend to be fixed on the shady sides of life. They are conscientious, appreciate those who are friends with them and are ready to obey them, have a heightened sense of justice, as well as slow thinking.

7. Alarm type.
People of this type are characterized by low contact, minor mood, timidity, fearfulness, self-doubt. Anxious children are often afraid of the dark, animals, afraid to be alone. They eschew noisy and lively peers, do not like excessively noisy games, experience a feeling of shyness and shyness, and have a hard time with tests, exams, and checks. Often embarrassed to answer in front of the class. Willingly obey the guardianship of their elders, the notations of adults can cause them remorse, guilt, tears, despair. They have an early sense of duty, responsibility, high moral and ethical requirements. They try to disguise the feeling of their own inferiority in self-affirmation through those types of activities where they can reveal their abilities to a greater extent. The resentment, sensitivity, shyness characteristic of them since childhood prevent them from getting close to those with whom they want, a particularly weak link is the reaction to the attitude of others towards them. Intolerance to ridicule, suspicion is accompanied by an inability to stand up for oneself, to defend the truth in case of unfair accusations. They rarely come into conflict with others, playing a mostly passive role in them; in conflict situations, they seek support and support. They have friendliness, self-criticism, diligence. Due to their defenselessness, they often serve as "scapegoats", targets for jokes.

8. Exalted type.
A striking feature of this type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, pleasure. These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much enthusiasm for others, they are easily delighted with joyful events and in complete despair - from sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not bring matters to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive side. They are attached to friends and relatives, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

9. Emotive type.
This type is related to exalted, but its manifestations are not so violent. They are characterized by emotionality, sensitivity, anxiety, talkativeness, fearfulness, deep reactions in the field of subtle feelings. The most pronounced feature is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, kindness, rejoicing at other people's successes. They are impressionable, tearful, take any life events more seriously than other people. Teenagers react sharply to scenes from films where someone is in danger, a scene of violence can cause them a strong shock that will not be forgotten for a long time and can disrupt sleep. They rarely come into conflict, they carry resentments in themselves, they do not “splash” out. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty, diligence. They take care of nature, love to grow plants, take care of animals.

10. Cyclothymic type.
It is characterized by a change in hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events. Joyful events cause them to have pictures of hyperthymia: a thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, a jump in ideas; sad - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communicating with people around them also often changes. In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids. Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of hyperthymia, but then lethargy, loss of strength appear, what was previously easy, now requires exorbitant efforts. Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a drop in appetite, insomnia, or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, deep down, however, falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not ruled out. They study unevenly, make up for the omissions that have happened with difficulty, give rise to an aversion to classes. In labile cycloids, the phases of mood swings are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. "Bad" days are marked by more saturated bad mood than lethargy. During the recovery period, desires are expressed to have friends, to be in the company. Mood affects self-esteem.

Questionnaire Shmishek- a personal questionnaire, which is designed to diagnose the type of personality accentuation, is the implementation of a typological approach to its study. Published by H. Schmieschek in 1970.

The methodology consists of 97 questions that require a “yes” or “no” answer. Using this technique, the following 10 types of personality accentuation are determined (according to the classification of K. Leonhard):

1. Demonstrative type. It is characterized by an increased ability to displace.
2. Pedantic type. Persons of this type are characterized by increased rigidity, inertia of mental processes, inability to repress traumatic experiences.
3. Stuck type. Excessive persistence of affect is characteristic.
4. Excitable type. Increased impulsivity, weakening control over drives and impulses.
5. Hyperthymic type. Increased mood background combined with optimism and high activity.
6. Dysthymic type. Decreased mood background, pessimism, fixation of the shadow sides of life, lethargy.
7. Anxious and fearful. Tendency to fears, timidity and fearfulness.
8. Cyclothymic type. Change of hyperthymic and dysthymic phases.
9. Affectively exalted. Ease of transition from a state of delight to a state of sadness. Delight and sadness are the main concomitant states of this type.
10. Emotive type. It is related to affectively exalted, but the manifestations are not so violent. Persons of this type are particularly impressionable and sensitive.

The maximum score for each type of accentuation is 24 points. A sign of accentuation is an indicator above 12 points. The data obtained can be presented in the form of a "personal accentuation profile".

In our country, options are used for adults (adaptation of Bleicher V.M., 1973) and for children and adolescents (modification of Kruk I.V., 1975).

Theoretical basis

The theoretical basis of the questionnaire is the concept of "accentuated personalities" by K. Leonhard. In accordance with this concept, all personality traits can be divided into basic and additional. The main features are the core of the personality, they determine its development, adaptation processes, mental health. With significant severity, the main features characterize the personality as a whole. In case of impact adverse factors they can acquire a pathological character, destroying the structure of the personality. Personalities whose main features are pronounced are called accentuated by K. Leonhard. Accentuated personalities should not be regarded as pathological. This is a case of "sharpening" certain features inherent in each person. According to K. Leonhard, accentuated personalities potentially contain both the possibility of socially positive achievements and a socially negative charge.

K. Leonhard identified 10 types of accentuated personalities, which are quite arbitrarily divided into two groups: character accentuations (demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable) and temperament accentuations (hyperthymic, dysthymic, anxious-fearful, cyclothymic, affective-exalted, emotive).

Procedure

Instruction

“You will be presented with statements regarding your behavior and character. If you agree with the statement, put a “+” sign (yes) next to its number, if you disagree, a “–” sign (no). Do not think about questions for a long time, answer as it seems to you at the moment.

Results processing

The answers are counted, which coincide with the Key on each scale characterizing the accentuated feature, and separately - in terms of sincerity.

Key

Processing of results. The number of answers matching the key is multiplied by the value of the coefficient of the corresponding type of accentuation; if the obtained value exceeds 18, then this indicates the severity of this type of accentuation.

Interpretation of results

The maximum value of points scored on the scale of sincerity is 10. With a total of points not exceeding 5, we can assume that most of the answers are sincere. With a score of 6...7, the reliability of the answers is questioned. At values ​​of 8...10 points, the answers are recognized as unreliable.

The sum of points for each of the main scales is multiplied by the corresponding coefficient indicated in the Key. The maximum possible score is 24.

The result of multiplication by the coefficient is considered based on 4 levels of severity of the accentuated feature:

• low values ​​- 0 ... 6 points;
• average values ​​- 7 ... 12 points;
• values ​​above the average - 13 ... 18 points;
• high values ​​- 19 ... 24 points (accentuation).

Based on the results of processing, a profile is drawn in the form of a graph, which is the basis for subsequent analysis.

Character Profile

The general form of the graph

The analysis of the results should begin based on the general form of the graph, paying attention to how the obtained indicators are located relative to the lower and upper limits of the norm (7 ... 18 points).

Among the numerous options for the location of indicators, the following are of greatest interest.

1. All or almost all points on the graph turned out to be in the zone of low values ​​(0…6 points). In this case, there are two directions for interpreting the data. Firstly, the indicators obtained can characterize a person who by all means wants to seem socially normative, “good”, as it seems to her. Usually such people demonstrate reduced self-criticism, behave pretentiously, insincerely, sometimes they turn out to be demonstrative persons. Observing them additionally, one can come to this conclusion. In this case, the data on the character traits of the subject are unreliable, although they provided certain information. Secondly, such results can be given by a passive person who tries to be inconspicuous and does not strive for high achievements. Such a person is unlikely to become the master of his own destiny, a leader in a team, an entrepreneur or a fighter for ideas. Rather, he will plunge into mysticism, faith in God, than he will decisively change his fate. Research suggests that such people cannot withstand difficult life circumstances.
2. Most of the values ​​of accentuated character traits were at or above 19 points. In all likelihood, we have a person who is difficult to communicate with, with many “sharp” corners, but, of course, this is a bright personality. If individual features have reached 22 or more points, then there are obvious accentuations, which, as a rule, is a sign of communication problems.
3. The graphic curve has a distinct "jagged" profile - high and low readings alternate. Such a schedule is most common and requires special attention when interpreting, because individual indicators can hide both a completely adequate, “alive” person, with their own characterological advantages and disadvantages, and a person who is very problematic in communicative and educational terms.
4. Against the general “smooth” background of medium and low indicators, one pronounced value stands out, or a value that falls into the zone above the average. In this case, we can talk about a pronounced type of accentuation, or about a tendency to behave in accordance with the main characteristics of this type. A detailed description of each type is given in section 4 of this manual.
5. Against the general “smooth” background of medium and low indicators, several (2 or 3) pronounced values ​​stand out, or values ​​that fall into the zone above the average. In this case, it is necessary to refer to the description of combinations of traits.

Specific groups of indicators

When analyzing individual combinations of traits, first of all, attention should be paid to two groups of indicators.

1. Accentuations, which are based on energy-dynamic manifestations - hyperthymism, cyclothymism, demonstrativeness. If all indicators on the corresponding scales are below 7 points, then this is evidence of a lack of energy resources necessary for vigorous activity. If these indicators exceed the limits of 18 points, we are dealing with a person with powerful vitality.
2. Accentuations based on emotions and feelings are stuck, excitability, emotivity, anxiety, exaltation. If all or almost all indicators of these accentuations are below 7 points, this indicates the absence of expressive reactions to what is happening, which, as a rule, leads to low contact with others. If many of the indicated characteristics turned out to be higher than 18 points, then we are dealing with a directly opposite person, whose emotional and sensory life is so diverse that it becomes beyond the control of reason. Naturally, she has communication problems, since emotions and feelings can manifest themselves too brightly and inappropriately to situations.

Detailed characteristics of types of accentuations

stuck type

ambition, resentment, purposefulness

general description

It is characterized by a tendency to experience strong feelings for a long time: resentment, anger, fear, especially when they were not expressed in real life due to any external circumstances. These feelings may not fade or flare up with renewed vigor weeks, months, even years later. A person with this type of accentuation can also experience his successes for quite a long time and vividly. The most common reasons for getting stuck are: jealousy, envy, injustice, unrecognized initiatives or inventions.

Persistent, stubborn person, resists change, it is difficult to switch to another situation in the process of activity. He reacts sharply to injustice (real and imaginary), often shows distrust.

This type is characterized by ambition, which can manifest itself as positive trait(success is achieved by diligence), and as a negative trait (if ambition is satisfied by belittling other people or using them to your advantage).

He is distinguished by outstanding achievements in various fields, since he sincerely and enthusiastically seeks satisfaction from the implementation of his personal plans. Strives to surpass others, while he needs real respect and recognition of others, which he tries to achieve in any way.

Social adaptive traits

• high performance, endurance;
• high level of claims, high demands on oneself;
• perseverance in achieving the goal;
• commitment, the desire to do everything carefully;
• adherence to principles;
• stability of views, interests;
• the ability to defend one's position (even in situations of group pressure).

Maladaptive features

• painful pride, resentment;
• arrogance;
• arrogant attitude towards people;
• limited circle of communication;
• lack of empathy and orientation towards achieving the goals of the group;
• lust for power, "moralizing";
• unreasonable suspicion;
• vindictiveness, vindictiveness;
• a tendency to form overvalued ideas (fanaticism).

stressful situations

• situations of uncertainty;
• violation of the predicted perspective;
• expression of doubt about personal merits, ridicule;
• situations in which a stronger leader encroaches on authority and power.

Common Ways to Cope with Stress

• hostility, aggressiveness;
• manifestation of increased caution;
• self-care;
• finding the meaning of life in one's own activity, little dependent on other people.

Professional Features

Achieves high results in the chosen field (industrial, creative) activity. Has the ability to work effectively in any conditions. Differs in purposefulness, activity, high desire for professional achievements and career growth.

• recognition of merit;
• following his example;
• encouraging attachment.

Demonstrative type

artistry, manipulative

general description

Sociable and helpful person. Shows artistry, originality in thinking and actions, strives for everything bright, non-standard. It is distinguished by the ability to self-hypnosis, and as a result, the ability to influence others, including inspiring disposition and confidence in oneself.

Easily establishes contact, strives for leadership. Able to see and receive own advantages in the most adverse conditions. It is distinguished by a tendency to intrigues with external softness of communication.

For a demonstrative person, such feelings as envy and jealousy are characteristic. He often regards someone else's success as his own failure. At the same time, he can blame others for underestimating him. It can annoy others with its self-confidence, high level of claims. Systematically provokes conflicts, while actively defending himself.

A demonstrative personality needs the attention of everyone around, which she seeks to get at any cost. One of the most common ways to get attention is to present yourself and your abilities brilliantly (regardless of their actual level of development). Even if the success of such a person in an educational institution is modest, having a good memory, he can prepare for exams and make the right impression on the examiner.

Social adaptive traits

• decisiveness, courage;
• a wide circle of communication;
• friendly manner of communication;
• artistry (ability to transform);
• personal charm;
• brightness in the expression of feelings;
• the ability to infect others with the power of one's own feelings;
• developed intuition;
• the ability to empathize;
• high plasticity, switchability of mental processes;
• the ability to easily adapt to any situation;
• good self-regulation;
• good learning ability;
• the ability to transform conflict situations into mutually beneficial ones;
• high achievement motivation;
• the desire to implement the highest socially approved standards in their own activities.

Maladaptive features

• unstable self-esteem;
• reassessment of one's capabilities, claims to primacy in any situation (often unfounded);
• lack of boundaries between fiction and reality;
• adventurism (tendency to unjustified risk);
• sentimentality in the absence of deep sincere feelings (selfishness in the mask of participation);
• poorly developed ethical complex (hypocrisy, deceit, intrigue);
• tendency to manipulation (exaggeration of one's problems; imitation of acute affective reactions; use various forms blackmail: "if you don't, then I...");
• conflict;
• inability to work long and hard;
• the tendency to "dodge" from resolving urgent issues in critical situations that are relevant to the common cause.

stressful situations

• monotonous activity;
• regulated conditions of activity (including time limit);
• expressing doubts about the merits of a demonstrator;
• underestimation of merit, infringement of the right to be a "star";
• indifference;
• the possibility of revealing a psychological game or deception.

• expansion of contacts;

• change of activity;
• psychological defense (departure into illness, fantasizing, denial, repression).

Professional Features

Demonstrative personalities achieve success in those areas where the problem of operational orientation in an unpredictable situation comes first, in creative, communicative professions.

The desire for originality, external effects, combined with determination, artistry, charm makes them indispensable employees in the field of negotiations, for example, to create and maintain the company's image.

Their working life may be associated with the professions of art, not because they are very talented, but because of the prestige and constant opportunity to be seen. In addition to satisfying vanity, high fees are also very important, which are regarded as recognition of exceptional merit and talent.

AT modern conditions demonstrative personalities can be attracted, for example, by trade and intermediary activities. At the same time, you do not need to create anything yourself, only advertise the product, resell it. This ensures a fast pace of activity, the person is always in sight, can receive considerable profits.

Situations that make you the most productive

• the opportunity to put on a "show", to be on stage in broad sense this word;
• the ability to manage;
• opportunity to take care of others.

Pedantic type

accuracy, avoidance of high responsibility

general description

Differs in exaggerated adherence to a certain order. Usually rigidly follows the plan, and when it is violated, he is irritated. Resists change, as it is difficult for him to switch to something new. Attaches great importance external side of the case and the little things, requires the same from others. Such features of pedantic people are determined by their desire to constantly control the situation, attempts to subordinate circumstances beyond their control to their will.

If the behavior of a pedantic person does not go beyond reasonable limits, then this is an advantage in business matters. Solidity, clarity, completeness, conscientiousness - these are the features that help a pedantic person in his work. Pedantic scrupulousness is often expressed not only in high business qualities, but in increased concern for one's health. When moderate, this positive quality. A pedantic person is cautious, does not consume or consumes little alcohol, does not smoke.

Pedantry may not be manifested in all areas (for example, a man can “leave his wife” as a more competent one to take care of order in the house).

Social adaptive traits

• reliability, accuracy;
• strict adherence to standards;
• demanding of oneself and others;
• conscientiousness and thoroughness in performing activities;
• constant desire to learn, improve skills;
• caring, the ability to take responsibility for the health and well-being of loved ones;
• even mood.

Maladaptive features

• difficulty in making decisions;
• difficulties of adaptation in new conditions;
• formalism (gives too much importance to the external side of the matter and trifles);
• tendency to self-blame;
• indecision, fear of an accident or mistake;
• avoidance of actions (constant uncertainty, subsequent control, prudent balance turns into fruitless thoughts);
• inertia of mental processes, long experience of traumatic events.

stressful situations

• lack of clear instructions and a list of requirements;
• increased loads;
• selection conditions with a large number of alternatives;
• making and implementing decisions under time constraints;
• high responsibility for other people or the result of the work of the group;
• merit underestimation.

Common Ways to Cope with Stress

• search for regulatory information;
• rationalization;
• sickness care.

Professional Features

In conditions professional activity manifestations of pedantry are necessary, extremely valuable. Persons with developed pedantry are conscientious, accurate, subject their activities to a thorough and comprehensive analysis, and deserve high trust from management and colleagues. They do not claim leadership, they are reliable partners in business. Such people are well aware of the responsibility in relation to the work that they are entrusted with, to the place of work, which they prefer not to change for a long time or throughout their entire working life.

Despite the listed advantages of pedantic people, extreme manifestations of this type can create problems in work. Thus, striving for perfection in details, where it is not important for the case, can lead to conflicts with colleagues. In addition, such a position leads to constant internal tension, does not allow you to relax and disconnect from work problems. Before handing in work, pedantic personalities check themselves 2-3 times. The end of the working day for them does not mean the end of work. Going to bed, they ponder for a long time “how everything turned out today,” and sometimes, looking ahead, they begin to worry about tomorrow in advance.

The impossibility of doing everything as required by their conscientiousness limits the possibilities of pedantic personalities in career growth. They, as a rule, not only do not seek promotion, but even refuse when they are offered a more responsible, highly paid position. It is more acceptable for them to completely relieve themselves of responsibility for the assigned task than to try to cope with it inferiorly.

Situations that make you the most productive

• relationship stability;
• the ability to implement tasks in accordance with instructions or certain requirements of the situation.

excitable type

low self-control, impulsiveness, conflict

general description

Excitability is associated primarily with increased reactivity of the nervous system, impulsiveness, and a tendency to rash acts.

The words and actions of others, the influence of external circumstances cause such strong impressions in an excitable person that thinking does not have time to fully evaluate them and find the best response option. An excitable person has difficulty perceiving other people's thoughts, so it is often necessary to resort to long and detailed explanations in order to achieve understanding on her part.

An excitable person often expresses dissatisfaction, shows irritability, harshness and rudeness in response to criticism, to the infringement of personal interests and needs. In a state of extreme affect, an excitable person can show not only verbal, but also physical aggression, which he often regrets later. Many of these people directly state that they are not able to restrain themselves in a state of passion, others speak about it not so frankly, but they do not deny the facts themselves.

Often too excitable people are promiscuous in food and drink, often become "heroic" alcoholics, and begin sexual activity early.

Such people are often gloomy in appearance. Questions are answered very sparingly. The inability to manage oneself leads to numerous conflicts.

Social adaptive traits

• high level of claims;
• high achievement motivation;
• striving to achieve the result "here and now";
• immediacy of behavior;
• decisiveness, courage;
• desire for leadership;
• sensitivity, tenderness, attentiveness to those who need his protection, patronage, trust him (the socially expressed role of "defender of the weak", "superhero");
• conscientiousness and accuracy in emotionally favorable situations.

Maladaptive features

• low contact;
• difficulties associated with self-regulation, weakened self-control;
• aggressiveness (temper, irritability, rudeness, up to "assault", cruelty);
• ignoring ethical standards;
• conflict, uncompromisingness, quarrelsomeness in the team;
• the tendency to blame problems and failures on everyone except yourself;
• despotism in the family;
• self-confidence;
• violation of agreements (readily promise, but do not keep their word).

stressful situations

• accusations;
• opposition;
• moral and material damage;
• doubts about personal merits;
• the prospect of punishment for misdeeds;
• monotonous activity;
• the need to make a choice in the presence of many alternatives.

Common Ways to Cope with Stress

• direct verbal or non-verbal aggression;
• psychological defense (substitution - the transfer of negative reactions to a weaker object);
• physical relaxation (sport).

Professional Features

Physical work, extreme conditions, a situation of risk, a powerful breakthrough are excellent conditions for realizing the potential of this type of personality. The ability to defend one's position, to measure one's strength, to stand up for justice, to pave the way - in certain professions these are irreplaceable qualities worthy of respect.

If you ask such people about the reasons for changing jobs or professions, you will rarely hear an answer about the complexity of the job itself. Other motives are usually put forward: the boss did not want to make concessions, a colleague treats badly, low salary (not appreciated). Usually an excitable person is irritated not so much by the intensity of work as by shortcomings in its organization; frequent change of jobs is a consequence of systematic conflicts about this.

Situations that make you the most productive

• physical activity;
• work alone;
• presence of external control.

Hyperthymic type

activity, optimism, risk-taking

general description

The name of this type comes from the word "thymus" - mood, the background of which is constantly elevated: active, energetic, optimistic, with a high vitality.

Kind, responsive, carefree. Differs in talkativeness, "mental mobility", a penchant for witty antics. Due to the instability of attention and insufficient perseverance, his interests are superficial.

It does not tolerate constraint of freedom. Doesn't handle criticism well. Resourceful, able to adapt to difficulties. Stormy experiences failures, but they do not unsettle him. The rules and duties are treated lightly.

Struggling with loneliness. Indiscriminate in the choice of acquaintances. He quickly gets tired of the usual social circle, looking for new companies, easily adapts to an unfamiliar society. Strives to be the leader in the group.

His emotions are simple, natural and understandable to others. An upbeat, joyful mood is only occasionally disturbed by outbursts of irritability (for example, in a family circle where there is no distracting busy society or the restraining influence of superiors).

• optimism, vitality, vigor;
• sociability;
• initiative;
• entrepreneurial spirit, resourcefulness in non-standard, stressful situations;
• ability to inspire trust;
• developed sense of humor;
• high achievement motivation;
• independence from the opinions and assessments of others;
• openness to new information.

Maladaptive features

• excessive activity and sociability;
• impulsiveness;
• general restlessness, fussiness;
• lack of patience, perseverance;
• inability to long-term concentration of attention, instability to interference;
• dispersion in thoughts and deeds (desire to be in time for everything, combined with constant haste and delays);
• inability to single out stages in the chosen activity;
• lack of desire to bring the work started to the end;
• inclination to unjustified risk (adventurism);
• inadequate lightness in relation to life's problems;
• thoughtlessness of behavior, statements;
• violation of ethical standards (vulgarity, rudeness);
• inconstancy in interpersonal relationships;
• promiscuity in contacts;
• low discipline, irresponsibility;
• a poorly developed sense of duty and the ability to repent;
• lack of self-criticism.

stressful situations

• the uniformity of the situation;
• monotonous activity;
• limitation of motor activity;
• careful, painstaking work;
• a rigidly regulated system in the organization;
• work in conditions of activity imposed from outside;
• excessive guardianship, constant control;
• lack of rivalry;
• the need for careful analysis of information;
• the need to make responsible decisions;
• frustration of the need for self-realization;
• forced loneliness;
• activity restrictions associated with age-related changes.

Common Ways to Cope with Stress

• expansion of contacts;
• fantasizing;
• the desire to increase external stimulation (creativity, the choice of extraordinary, risky decisions, the actualization of unrealized opportunities);
• verbal aggression of an impulsive nature;
• cardinal change of activity, search for alternatives.

Professional Features

Feels great at the beginning of the organization of any business, in a new environment, in extreme situations, at risk. Motivation for activity is formed as a challenge, professional growth is determined by a high level of aspirations - it is important for such people to confirm their ability to cope with difficulties on the way to achieving a high result. The lack of material remuneration for work is compensated by a sense of self-worth, as well as the need to constantly show ingenuity and creativity.

A negative manifestation of a hyperthymic personality is the tendency to create the appearance of productive activity. She enthusiastically takes on any business, makes unthinkable plans, while not always taking care of their implementation, she can easily abandon her plans, while ignoring the established agreements.

Changing activities and places of work does not cause such a person any special difficulties, internal problems, including a sense of guilt before the “native team” and employers.

Situations that make you the most productive

• activities associated with constant communication;
• a large number of surface contacts;
• the need for operational decisions without their deep study.

Disty type

pessimism, isolation, serious attitude to life

general description

Distimism is expressed in a constant low mood, inhibition of mental and motor acts. In society, such people almost do not participate in the conversation, only occasionally insert comments after long pauses. They are characterized by timidity and indecision. A serious attitude brings to the fore subtle, lofty feelings that are incompatible with human egoism, and leads to the formation of a firm ethical position.

Social adaptive features

• serious attitude to life;
• responsibility, conscientiousness, punctuality;
• tendency to focus on exact facts;
• passion, deep knowledge of what they are interested in;
• non-standard type of thinking;
• independence in judgments, the presence of one's own position;
• developed ethical values ​​and norms;
• sense of justice;
• smooth mood background;
• the ability to work alone for long periods of time.

Maladaptive features

• pessimism;
• passivity;
• inertia, slow reactions;
• timidity, indecision;
• isolation, hermitage;
• lack of desire to support the group;
• inability to rejoice with others;
• lack of practical skills, physical dexterity;
• rudeness with loved ones.

stressful situations

• great physical and emotional stress;
• intense stimulation (sharp, loud sounds, strong lighting, noisy companies);
• the need to establish contact with new people;
• the need to quickly switch from one situation to another;
• the need to make decisions quickly;
• responsibility for other (not close) people;
• intrusion into the inner world;
• the need to implement practical plans.

Common Ways to Cope with Stress

• verbal indirect aggression;
• increasing the distance in contacts with people;
• psychological defense (fantasy, rationalization).

Professional Features

In professional activities, a dysthymic personality chooses the most energy-saving tactics, is non-conflicting, always calm, balanced, and gives the impression of an everyday philosopher.

The initiative is aimed at achieving maximum effect with minimum effort. Responsibility is determined by the job description. Activity is always individualized, isolated, predictable.

The possibility of inclusion in joint (group) work is considered on specially stipulated conditions.

Situations that make you the most productive

• work with information;
• no time limits.

Affectively labile (cyclothymic) type

periodic change of the general backgroundmoods and activities

general description

Such people are not inclined to oppose themselves to others, do not consider themselves better. As a rule, they are realistic and tolerant of the shortcomings of others. They may have sharp outbursts when they are angry, but at the same time tension and anger do not appear, quickly calming down, they do not have time to offend anyone.

During periods of recovery, they are sociable and friendly, easily meet new people and find a common language with everyone.

During a recession, the whole world can be painted in gloomy tones, from optimists they turn into pessimists, gloomily experiencing even minor failures. At such moments, cyclothymic individuals avoid any contact (do not call friends, refuse invitations to parties, try to spend time at home and alone). Difficulty falling asleep, appetite may be reduced or absent. The mood is worse in the morning, while there is a breakdown and general "lethargy".

Nevertheless, such people, as a rule, know that the recession period will end anyway, and they have ahead of them a return to hobbies and affections: life resembles a zebra - black stripes alternate with white.

Social adaptive traits

• non-standard attitude to the world, a combination of seriousness and romance;
• sociability, resourcefulness in stressful situations;
• willingness to take responsibility;
• prudence;
• the ability to inspire confidence.

Maladaptive features

• unstable self-esteem;
• outbursts of irritability;
• resentment, pickiness;
• lack of consistency, logic in making and implementing decisions;
• isolation, immersion in one's inner world;
• panic reaction to changes in one's own social position;
• tendency to self-blame;
• subjectivity of assessments.

stressful situations

• the need to communicate with a large number of people;
• regulated activities (work on assignment and on time);
• the need to maintain a high level of performance for a long time;
• change of habitual environment;
• the impossibility of implementing previously implemented programs;
• conditions of competition;
• infringement of dignity;
• separation from loved ones;
• emotional rejection by significant persons.

Common Ways to Cope with Stress

• search for new adaptive forms of behavior that allow one to realize oneself most fully and productively;
• psychological defense (rationalization, denial).

Professional Features

Cyclothymic personalities are conscientious about work and their duties, but with an elevated mood they can show frivolity and unsystematic behavior. In a period of low mood, they become apathetic and inactive, everything falls out of hand. The work they were doing with passion begins to weigh them down.

Situations that make you the most productive

• individual pace of work;
• hermit lifestyle.

Affectively exalted type

high intensity and variability of emotionalreactions, sincerity, avoidance of difficulties

general description

People of this type are distinguished by high plasticity, the speed of mental processes. They react intensely to any (even minor) events, while falling into either depression or euphoric extremes - from the darkest to the most dreamy and happy state.

Small victories cause a storm of delight, any failure can "incapacitate". Even a slight fear covers the whole nature of an exalted person, while physiological manifestations are noticeable: trembling, cold sweat, and the like.

Exaltation is more often motivated by altruistic than selfish motives. Attachment to close friends, joy for them, for their good fortune can be extremely strong.

In addition, exalted people have enthusiastic impulses that are not associated with purely personal relationships. A feeling of compassion for unfortunate people, animals can drive them to despair.

Social adaptive traits

• sociability;
• emotionality;
• good nature;
• sincerity;
• "sharp moral vision", sensitivity, willingness to help.

Maladaptive features

• dependence on a change of mood (during a conversation, it can be offended and angry without explanation and visible reasons);
• weakened self-control (irritability, irascibility, impatience);
• alarmism;
• avoiding difficulties;
• tendency to self-blame;
• the impossibility of a long-term forecast of activity;
• selfishness.

stressful situations

• responsibility, high demands;
• regulated activities, including time limits;
• monotonous activity;
• the presence of interference in activities;
• lack of communication;
• accusation of dishonorable acts;
• public indications of physical or other disabilities;
• the need for balanced assessments.

Common Ways to Cope with Stress

• verbal aggression;
• psychological defense (denial, withdrawal into illness, fantasizing).

Professional Features

Exalted features are often possessed by creative people, artists, musicians, poets.

Sincerity in expressing feelings, a subtle sense of reality, the desire to romanticize relationships give sophistication, a special meaning to the interpersonal communication of such a person in any team. However, the regulated conditions of activity, frequent and unpredictable mood swings, subjectivism and peremptory judgments of these individuals create a favorable background for the development of conflict situations and provoke panic moods.

Being an emotional and aesthetic leader in a group, an exalted personality does not show a tendency to formal leadership, and does not take responsibility.

Situations that make you the most productive

• the opportunity to have "food for the senses";
• wear and tear work.

emotive type

depth of feelings, responsiveness, resentment

general description

Deeply and for a long time experiences life impressions, episodes of mutual relations of both positive and negative content.

It is distinguished by responsiveness, humane attitude to the world, softness and warmth. He reacts more subtly to ongoing events than other people: he easily gives in to feelings of pity and compassion, faster than anyone else, he experiences a special joy from communication.

A striking feature of an emotive personality is insight. Developed intuition allows her to almost accurately determine the attitude of others around her. The response occurs immediately and openly, which is clearly expressed in facial expressions. An emotive personality easily has tears of joy and emotion. As a rule, she is deeply captured by feelings when talking about a movie, a book she likes, and this way of responding is typical for both men and women.

An emotive personality is affected only by the event itself; it cannot be “infected” with fun or a sad mood without a reason. A mental shock can have a strong impact and cause depression, and the severity of the depression corresponds to the severity of the event.

Social adaptive traits

• deep, sincere feelings;
• the ability to empathize;
• the ability to rejoice in the success of others;
• high discipline, efficiency;
• self-criticism;
• developed aesthetic taste.

Maladaptive features

• propensity to experience feelings for a long time;
• vulnerability (excessive sensitivity to criticism, painful touchiness);
• outbursts of jealousy or anger;
• suspiciousness;
• confusion in difficult situations;
• high subjectivity of assessments, "partiality".

stressful situations

• violation of ethical standards, antisocial behavior of others;
• rudeness, callousness of others;
• indifference to the emotional state;
• lack of warm emotional ties;
• illness or loss (physical and psychological) of loved ones;
• public speaking.

Common Ways to Cope with Stress

• self-regulation;
• psychological protection (rationalization, "care for the disease").

Professional Features

The depth of experiences of an emotive person is usually combined with a good awareness of personal meanings that determine all his activities. So, it is characterized by a constant desire for self-education and personal development.

Warm and kind relationships with colleagues, loyalty from superiors and general emotional comfort are also important for him. If the conditions listed above are met, such a person will not seek to find other jobs (even if there are large material benefits).

As a rule, an emotive person does not pretend to be a leader. However, the sense of duty, responsibility, emanating from his value orientations, have a great influence on others, and often become the ethical standards of the professional activities of the team in which he works.

Situations that make you the most productive

• communication in the field of arts;
• the need for subjective insight into the experiences of others;
• lack of formal restrictions in communication, activities;
• lack of external control.

Anxious-fearful (neurotic) type

a lot of fearsuncertainty, responsibility

general description

The anxious type is distinguished by a feeling of anxiety, internal tension, and is inclined to expect trouble. This type is characterized by constant doubts about the correctness of their actions and thoughts, the desire to smooth out and avoid conflicts at all costs.

Anxiety is expressed in suspiciousness, a feeling of concern, which has no visible reasons, but is caused by internal conflicts. Anxious people show increased timidity from childhood - they are afraid to fall asleep in the dark or alone, they are afraid of dogs, thunderstorms, they shun other children because they can tease them. They prefer not to defend themselves from attacks, so they often become targets for jokes or "scapegoats" in the group.

In adult life, fear consumes such a person less than a child. The people around him do not seem so threatening, so their anxiety is not so evident. But the inability to defend one's position in disputes remains, especially in situations where the opponent shows strength. Therefore, such people may experience manifestations of timidity, sometimes humility and humiliation.

In some cases, anxious people compensate for their insecurity through self-confident and even daring behavior, but such reactions most often occur only in extreme situations, when there is no way to use other ways to protect their "I".

Social adaptive traits

• high responsibility;
• obligation, performance;
• strict adherence to norms and rules;
• the ability to calculate one's own strength;
• self-criticism;
• reliability and constancy of attachments;
• benevolence.

Maladaptive features

• low self-esteem (constant self-doubt, in their judgments and actions);
• vulnerability;
• indecision;
• inability to fight back;
• low stability in stressful situations, feeling of helplessness, insecurity, powerlessness in front of external factors;
• low productivity;
• the tendency to "stick" to circumstances and people;
• tacit agreement with the unfair, but familiar course of events.

stressful situations

• unfamiliar social circle;
• the need to make decisions in conditions of lack of information, time limit;
• situations that require mobilization of efforts, endurance and self-confidence ( public performance, exams, competitions, etc.);
• unfair accusations, ridicule;
• illness or death of loved ones, talk about death;
• loneliness.

Common Ways to Cope with Stress

• all kinds of psychological defenses, including “care for the disease”.

Professional Features

Anxious people achieve great success in almost any activity due to developed criticality and the desire for constant self-improvement.

Some types of professions are directly related to the dominance of anxiety (for example, operational-search activities, sports, creative professions). Many achievements are formed in such people according to the principle of hypercompensation.

Situations that make you the most productive

• performance of simple, monotonous, predictable operations not related to emotional stress;
• clearly defined rights and obligations;
• unambiguous and favorable relationships with other people;
• rewards for success.

Description of combinations of accented features

The number of possible combinations of accentuated features exceeds the limits of standard perception. Despite this limitation, we propose to take into account the description of a number of combinations that are quite common in real life and can help in interpreting data obtained using various methods for detecting accentuations.

Combinations presented by K. Leonhard

In his book Accentuated Personalities, Leonhard gives detailed description some combinations of pronounced features, reinforcing them with examples from own practice. Below are examples of such combinations, while we have chosen only those that reveal the features of the respective personalities as fully and accessible as possible. Those who are interested in all the descriptions of Leonhard, we recommend that you refer to the work of the author.

Combinations of character traits

Demonstrativeness and Pedantry

In a state of passion, a demonstrative personality reacts with sudden actions like a "short circuit". Pedantic - on the contrary, shows exceptional slowness and indecision. A demonstrative personality forces out of consciousness strong emotions associated with issues that are difficult to respond to. psychological solution, a pedantic personality is unable to displace these emotions with all the desire. As Leonhard writes, if both those and other features were present in the human psyche, then something in between would invariably arise that would not fall under the category of accentuation.

Demonstrativeness and Stuck

Favorable personality development with such a combination of traits is observed mainly when the desire for self-assertion, which is characteristic of stuck individuals, is carried out according to a demonstrative type.

If such people achieve recognition, if they manage to find a job that not only pleases them, but also provides the opportunity to be in the spotlight, then they can be at their best for a long time. Thanks to good performance, people with this combination of traits gain prestige at work, which, in turn, is an incentive towards further achievements.

Adverse manifestations may be associated with the choice of a rigid, destructive social role. The content of the role depends on the severity of other accentuated features.

Stuck and Pedantry

AT this case the selfish tendency to get stuck is tempered by the ethical stance of the pedantic personality. The desire to achieve one's goal by any means is complemented by the awareness of one's own responsibility for what is happening and the desire not to infringe on the interests of others.

In turn, unproductive hesitation before making each decision, due to pedantry, is minimized in cases where ambitious aspirations strongly require new achievements. The work must be on top - this is the main principle of such people.

Stuck and Excitable

This combination is very dangerous, because. each of these traits individually leads to strong outbursts of affect. In the behavior of individuals with such a combination of character traits, there are cases of violence. Stuck features serve as an impetus to violence and give rise to the persistence of affect, and excitability determines the course of action, i.e. specific actions that are distinguished by recklessness and suddenness.

Combinations of character traits and temperament

Demonstrativeness and Hyperthymia

It could be assumed that the demonstrative tendency to pretense would be especially pronounced in combination with hyperthymic activity. But this assumption is valid only in relation to childhood, when the thirst for activity really entails a whole series of dishonest actions.

In adults, on the contrary, such a combination often weakens immoral manifestations. Open natures, which are mostly representatives of the hyperthymic temperament, choose direct paths. Cunning, insincerity, pretense do not fit with their attitude towards life.

Children, in comparison with adults, are less likely to inhibit motives, including dishonest ones, especially when it comes to the fulfillment of desires. In addition, children sometimes have an unbridled desire to at least express themselves in something - a kind of childish vanity. In adults, the simultaneous manifestation of such diverse properties almost never occurs.

This combination is often observed among journalists, politicians, stage actors and other public figures, for whom openness to the world, new impressions, as well as a wealth of imagination and fantasy are important.

Hyperthymia and Pedantry

Since these traits are different in nature, they appear not as compensating for each other, but as complementary and quite compatible. So, nothing will prevent hyperthym from being a good worker if he also has pedantic features. At the same time, hyperthymic features, together with pedantic ones, contribute to the advancement in the life of pre-prepared and conscientiously planned cases.

In general, a hyperthymic temperament protects a pedantic personality from obsessive fear neurosis, but not from phobias that appear from time to time, although they do not seriously affect a person’s lifestyle - obsessive fear is not acute and does not cover the personality as a whole.

Pedantry and Distimism

Perhaps, in themselves, these accentuated features would not have been so serious if one had not been strengthened at the expense of the other. Usually the combination of pedantry and dysthymia is reflected in the whole way of life. The dysthymic temperament, which is characterized by a lack of energy and activity, contributes to a pessimistic perception of life, and the tendency to obsessive reflection, characteristic of pedants, leads to depression.

This combination of traits has positive side- pedantic and at the same time dysthy people are characterized by such qualities as conscientiousness, thoughtfulness, a serious attitude to life.

Pedantry and Anxiety

One of the most important signs of each of these accentuations is fear. Therefore, if both types of accentuation are observed in one person, a summing effect is possible, which can lead to neurosis. For example, stutterers are usually either pedantic or have an anxious temperament, but most often they have a combination of both. Similar problems arise in childhood. In a child, anxiety is often associated with tension, in which articulation disorders occur, but if the child is also pedantic, he begins to intensively follow speech, which further exacerbates the violations.

In our opinion, in adults, pedantry can serve as one of the ways to overcome problems associated with anxiety. The desire to control the situation helps to cope with helplessness through concrete actions. Such, for example, as a "meticulous" clarification of the situation and the conditions for achieving success in it, careful preparation for the situation, compliance with these conditions (taking into account the time, place of events and necessary requirements). Such behavior can be observed on the part of students who come to classes on time, rarely (almost never) miss classes, diligently prepare for tests and exams and find out in as much detail as possible what and when they should do to cope with the tasks set by the teacher. .

Combinations of traits of temperament

According to Leonhard, the combination of certain properties of temperament does not give anything fundamentally new - it turns out rather mixed type accentuation, in which it is difficult to separate one temperament from another. For example, the reactions that we encounter with anxiety and emotiveness (strong perception of difficult experiences, tearfulness, etc.) can also be observed with dysthymic and cyclothymic temperaments.

If accentuation is reduced to one bright feature of temperament, then all reactions represent a single, very clear picture. When combined, the ratios of reactions become unsteady. However, new reactions do not arise. That is why it is not necessary to determine a person's behavior based on combinations of traits of different temperaments. It should also be recalled that hyperthymia and dysthymia tend to cancel each other out.

Combinations presented in the works of modern researchers

Interpretations of the combinations of accentuated features, which are given below, were obtained from the results of the study using one of the variants of the adapted G. Shmishek questionnaire. The study involved people who sought psychological counseling about professional and personal problems.

Analysis and interpretation of combinations is given based on the shape of the graph and the most pronounced indicators obtained on the scales.

To compare indicators, the relative position of the corresponding points of the graph, as well as their location relative to the zone of average values, is taken into account.

The description of pair combinations is given on the basis of 4 options:

• a combination of maximums on two scales;
• a combination of the maximum on the first scale within the pair with the minimum on the second;
• a combination of a minimum on the first scale within a pair with a maximum on the second;
• combination of two minimums.

A feature of the descriptions is the emphasis on the state of a person in a problem situation, as well as on the possible ways that he can use in order to cope with it.

Combinations of traits of temperament

These combinations are given due to the fact that little attention is paid to them in the book of K. Leonhard. However, they may be of great interest to young people in whom temperament is not yet fully integrated into the personality and may have a decisive influence on behavior. We paid special attention to combinations of such temperamental traits as hyperthymism and distimism, which, according to Leonhard, are not direct analogues of cyclothymic poles.

Combinations of cyclotimism and exaltation (because of the similar nature of these traits), as well as exaltation and emotiveness (which are often found in young age especially for girls).

Hyperthymia - Distimism

1. At the same time, high rates of hyperthymia and dysthymia indicate a situation in which (voluntarily or involuntarily) a person gives all his strength to achieve his goal. At the same time, he may show signs of overwork, doubts about the justification of the goals set and his ability to admit defeat.

If a person does not have enough resources to ask and solve these questions for himself (increase in the scale jams, downscale anxiety), there is a risk of "going into the disease".

If a person has resources for a flexible and adequate response (high scores on scales cyclotimism, emotiveness, pedantry), he can make a choice in this situation based on a conscious volitional effort (continue to achieve his goal using new means), or recognize his initial choice as erroneous.

1. High hyperthymia with low dysthymia often occurs in young people who are actively involved in communication (high scores on scales emotivity, or exaltation and demonstrativeness), as well as people who devote a lot of energy to their hobby.

When interpreting this combination, three options are possible:

• a person strives to impress, emphasizes that he “can do anything” (this option is often found in testing situations when applying for a job, as a rule, it is accompanied by low indicators of sincerity);
• a person perceives the situation as favorable, allowing him to achieve a lot without spending significant effort, while his potential is not fully realized;
• a person does not notice fatigue, ignores it, tests himself for strength (the effect of "adrenaline doping" is manifested).

To confirm the latter hypothesis, it is necessary to look for manifestations of such characteristics as gambling, a high level of selectivity of attention, high concentration on one area of ​​activity, rejection of the significance of obstacles and problem situations that are not related to the area of ​​significant area (high score on the scale jams).

1. Low hyperthymia with high dysthymia indicates a situation of illness or decline. Such a state can frighten a person, be perceived as a “little death”, actualize accusations or self-accusations.

On the other hand, this combination may correspond to behavior in which demonstrated exhaustion of one's own resources and the resources of others will be required. For the initial assessment of the real severity of the condition, one can consider scales cyclothymism and jams, for a more detailed analysis, it is necessary to involve indicators on scales emotivity and anxiety.

1. At the same time, low scores on the scales of hyperthymia and dysthymia describe the state of "blissful doing nothing", complete relaxation.

In order to confidently conclude that there is no neuroticism, it is necessary to be convinced of the situational conditionality of this combination and at least the potential readiness to move into a different, more active state, as well as the absence of indications of a depressive state characterized by a loss of meaning and lack of motivation.

In case of readiness for action, the chart should not contain extremely low indicators on the scale cyclothymism, and high - on a scale jams. In the absence of depression, there should not be extremely low indicators emotivity and prevailing against the general background of high rates anxiety.

Hyperthymia - Cyclothymia

1. At the same time high performance. With this combination, we can see activity in the search for something, but the degree of awareness of such a position, its reflexivity, as well as the area in which this search is conducted, cannot be described with acceptable accuracy.

2. High hyperthymia with low cyclothymia. The person is convinced that the path he has chosen to achieve his goal is the right one. With this combination, perseverance and purposefulness can be manifested in a person’s behavior, but at the same time, his ability to go beyond the situation, see and quickly respond to its changes is reduced.

3. Low hyperthymicity with high cyclothymicity may indicate:

• about the fact that a person has undergone recent changes in the state of a person associated with external adverse events (overwork and / or illness, dismissal from work, separation from a loved one), and he is trying to adapt to a new situation, despite the subjective evidence that these external circumstances dominate, do not allow to exercise freedom of will and choice;
• about the flexibility of response in an unfavorable situation, awareness and overcoming of one's own negative stereotypical reactions.

on both scales may indicate an internal acceptance of their weakness, in some cases - a depressive state. There is an idea of ​​the length of this state in time, the “monotonity of experience”: what was today will be tomorrow and always. Subjectively, a person resists the very idea of ​​possible changes (they are undesirable or impossible). The more heavily he evaluates his condition, the more stable it is.

Dystimity - Cyclothymnost

on these scales indicate a person's dissatisfaction with their current state. Regardless of the severity of the somatic disorder or emotional distress that is "responsible" for the increase distimity, a person perceives his condition as temporary, tries to turn the tide.

It can be assumed that the problem underlying this combination is of recent origin or (more likely) there has been a recent rethinking of the crisis situation. In the event that a person takes responsibility for what happens in his life, such a combination may indicate a likely change in role stereotypes, the attraction of new resources.

If at the same time there are signs of neuroticism, ignoring the personal component of what is happening, one can expect manifestations of aggression towards others, an attempt to “find the culprit” (low indicator emotivity, extremely low or extremely high anxiety, high scores on scales excitability and exaltation).

In any case, the situation caused by such a combination of scales indicates the presence of internal activity, which is only slightly expressed outside and has the potential for change and development.

2. High distimity with low cyclothymity may indicate that the crisis situation is perceived as inevitable, pressing. A person may experience apathy, humility before somatic disease, the accumulation of fatigue is manifested. There is a sense of doom: “it’s too late to turn back now,” “nothing can be done,” “you can’t change.”

An external resolution of the situation is expected: someone should come and say that “the roses will grow by themselves, go to the ball”, while the person continues to carry out the “program” previously set for himself. All elections have already been made, it remains to resist, to hold out (in this case, there will be high indicators on the scales emotivity and hyperthymia).

3. Low distimity with high cyclothymity indicates, first of all, high search, indicative activity. A person with this combination of indicators can have a wide circle of acquaintances, a lot of hobbies, and also look for work. In behavior, optimism (up to considerable arrogance) and “greed” for everything new are very likely to appear.

Such a profile is normal for young people who have not created their own family and have not passed the stage of professional self-determination. For older people, the same combination may indicate low satisfaction with relationships that have developed in life. Perhaps a person seeks to change jobs and in his current place works "in a slipshod manner".

When hiring, it is important to consider that such a combination of scales may indicate a lack of sincerity and unreliability of the results (the demonstrated value is enthusiasm, ease of climbing).

4 Simultaneously low rates on these scales may indicate that a person does not realize his potential, perhaps he follows the line of least resistance. In order to explain this combination, an analysis of other indicators is needed.

Cyclotimity - exaltation

1. Simultaneously high performance on these scales indicate the lability (mobility) of the nervous system. Corresponding traits mutually reinforce each other.

2. High cyclothymicity with low exaltation. In this case, it is important to pay attention to the combination of this combination with other indicators:

• high excitability associated with a lack of self-control, leads to capriciousness, harshness, possibly rudeness in behavior;
• extremely high or low scores distimity and jams(against the general background of the manifestation of accentuations), as well as a fairly accurate match of indicators hyperthymia and distimity(regardless of their magnitude relative to the average graph) may indicate a high probability of a change in behavior in the near future, or a corresponding change in the recent past;
• high performance demonstrativeness can characterize the desire to portray indifference in relation to ongoing events.

3. Low cyclothymity with high exaltation may indicate a desire to romanticize relationships between people, as well as perfectionism. At the same time, a person may be characterized by childishness, spontaneity. In his assessment of what is happening, such a person can use polar characteristics (express disgust, indignation or enthusiasm).

4 according to these scales, they emphasize the introversion of a person, restraint, external passivity. In a number of cases, there was increased self-control, a desire to give the impression of a more mature, reasonable person.

Such a combination can characterize the state of apathy, but it can also manifest itself with a positive background of mood - as "blissful doing nothing."

Emotivity - exaltation

1. Simultaneously high performance these scales reinforce the positive aspects of each of them. Human feelings are strong, deep and immediate. The behavior may show spontaneity, sincerity, deep interest in another person, some childishness. Interests in the professional sphere are less pronounced, especially if the work is not directly related to communication.

Distortions in the results associated with insufficient sincerity are more typical for women than for men.

2. High emotivity with low exaltation testifies to the desire to maintain a stable social circle, selectivity in acquaintances, the presence of stable ethical values ​​and an orientation towards mutual understanding. Due to the tendency to idealize other people, it can be difficult to establish trusting relationships.

3. Low emotivity with high exaltation can manifest itself in the desire to live in the present moment, to comprehend the fullness, the beauty of the world "here and now." Such a person is distinguished by spontaneity of behavior, good intuition, and is able to show sympathy. At the same time, his system of priorities is poorly built; in his opinions and assessments, he, as a rule, shows conformism. Emotional obligations are viewed by a person as irrational, limiting.

4. Simultaneously low rates on these scales can correspond to a number of different manifestations:

• coldness, distance, alienation are manifested in human behavior;
• a person's behavior is assessed sharply negatively by others (he can be attributed a tendency to manipulation, insincerity, etc.);
• a person shows interest to a greater extent in the professional sphere than in the sphere of relations (his values ​​​​are associated with professional or career growth, the level of claims is overestimated);
• in the past of a person there is an experience of destructive close relationships, loss of trust; own traumatic experience in the field of intimate-personal communication is rejected, the current model of behavior is seen as wiser and more successful;
• in self-assessment, a person may emphasize a combination of these traits if he has a tendency to physical aggression or lacks the skill of socially acceptable expression of negative experiences.

Combinations of anxiety with accentuated traits of temperament and character

We pay special attention to anxiety, because. she is one of the most actual problems for many people, regardless of the chosen specialty and age.

Hyperthymia - Anxiety

1. Simultaneously high performance can indicate the maximum stress of forces in a situation of danger.

With such a combination of scales, it is important to consider the quality of anxiety: whether it is rational or irrational, whether it promotes adaptation or hinders it.

To do this, it is necessary to take into account the indicators emotivity, distimity, cyclothymism, as well as excitability and jams.

In case of increased emotivity anxiety is personally colored, and its cause is most often objective and significant. A person with such a combination of traits can achieve results that from the outside look like superhuman. For example, a mother overturns a car that has hit her child.

In case of low emotivity the threatening factor can be seen as situational and external (eg, impending session, revision).

If the graph contains indicators of neuroticism (high distimacy and jamming, low cyclothymism and excitability), it is necessary to additionally test the hypothesis about the irrational nature of fear, obsession.

2. High hyperthymia with low anxiety allows us to put forward several hypotheses:

• a person does what he loves (hobby) and does not feel anxiety about his success or failure. This activity is of a kind that does not require high responsibility;
• a person is doing what he loves, he is experiencing an upswing, this business gives him self-confidence, he evaluates himself as highly successful; forecasts for the future are optimistic, while the possibility of adverse developments is ignored;
• a person is engaged in an unloved business (or something that is indifferent to him), but he is stimulated by formal requirements or some external goal (to save money for a large purchase);
• a person “hides” in activities from problems that he is not ready to solve (high distimacy and jamming, low cyclothymism and emotivity).

An example illustrating the last of the hypotheses is a person who spends days and nights at work that does not bring him satisfaction. Relatives often accuse such a person of coldness and indifference, in response to this he declares that he "does everything for the family."

3. Low hyperthymia with high anxiety indicates a problematic situation. The type of situation can be determined based on the analysis of additional scales.

If the scales are raised distimity and jams, then a person is faced with a situation in which he lacks the strength to achieve his goal. If at the same time the scale is increased cyclothymia, that is, the chance that a new resource will be used to get out of the situation:

• try to evoke sympathy and get the support of other people (in this case, the score on the scale will be increased demonstrativeness);
• try to achieve a result due to exceptional composure and accuracy, heuristics, non-standard approach (in this case, the indicator will be increased on a scale pedantry).

If scores are elevated distimity and lower scores excitability and exaltation, there is a high risk of developing depression.

distimity and emotivity, then this may be a sign of helplessness, possibly related to the disease.

If scores are elevated exaltation and/or demonstrativeness, a person can enthusiastically live the role of "sick".

4. Simultaneously low performance on scales can indicate the validity of the hypothesis about the period of relaxation, a kind of "vacation" that a person provided himself in the period between the end of one stage of work and the beginning of another. The adequacy of the assessment of such a period of life may be indicated by low indicators cyclothymism and emotivity.

The fact that a person does not want, cannot, or does not allow himself to interrupt this “vacation” may be evidenced by:

• high on the scale jams(stereotypical behavior, rigidity);
• extremely low scores excitability and exaltation(decreased interest in the events taking place around);
• low scores on the scale emotivity(feeling of meaninglessness, violation of the motivational structure).

In general, despite the fact that anxiety manifests itself at a low level, this combination may indicate a depressive state.

Distimism - Anxiety

1. Simultaneously highindicators these scales are mutually reinforcing. The situation is painted sharply negatively. There is a fear of losing control over events, and a feeling of helplessness can be expressed.

High score on the scale anxiety can be interpreted as a manifestation of a depressive state (with low rates on scales excitability and exaltation).

2. High distimism with low anxiety could mean the following:

• a person has recently completed some work, the issue that has tormented him for a long time has been resolved;
• at the moment a person is not able (and / or unwilling) to change something in his life (at the same time, the indicator should be increased cyclothymism);
• a person displaces the cause of the discomfort that he experiences and correlates it with an external cause (in the case of a lower indicator emotivity possible high risk of somatic diseases);
• the problem faced by a person is perceived as inevitable, something fatal; perhaps he is trying to find some (mystical, religious, rationalistic) explanation for what is happening in his life (at the same time, the indicator on the scale should be increased exaltation).

3. Low dysthymia with high anxiety describes the state of mobilization of all resources to achieve the goal. At the level of subjective perception, a person, as it were, agreed that he would someday rest, but now he would achieve his goal (as an option, he would avoid a specific threat). Such a person may not feel the accumulation of fatigue, make extra efforts that are necessary at the moment, but at the same time, his reflection on his own state is limited.

4. Simultaneously low performance on these scales may indicate satisfaction with one's own physical condition. With this combination, there may also be a decrease in the ability to "hear yourself." In some cases, this can lead to aggravation of problems in relations with a loved one, an increased level of criticism towards oneself at work, etc.

The combination may be the result of low sincerity in the answers to the test questions. If there are other indications of an attempt to create the impression of a person who does not have problems and does not create them for others, the test results should be considered unreliable.

Cyclic - Anxiety

1. Simultaneously high performance These scales can indicate a number of situations:

• there is situational anxiety; a person perceives the circumstances as extremely unfavorable, tries to orient himself, prepare himself for the fight, find an unexpected move leading to overcoming the obstacles that have arisen;
• the current unfavorable situation is long-term, has a constant impact, a person has exhausted or almost exhausted his resources. There may be an awareness of the situation as critical, requiring the use of a fundamentally new mode of action, a creative solution. A person faces the problem of rethinking his goals, relationships, opportunities;
• the situation is perceived by a person as extremely difficult, exhausting. It is expected that it will be resolved soon, but the fact that this outcome will be unfavorable is assessed as the most likely outcome (expectation of dismissal, divorce). In this case, there is a high risk of neuroticism. There may be emotional exhaustion, displacement of the emotional significance of events, a depressive state.

2. High cyclothymnost with low anxiety. Carelessness is possible, the perception of the situation as favorable. Behavior may show irresponsibility, violation or disregard for obligations to other people.

3. Low cyclothymism with high anxiety may indicate an inflexible, maladaptive response to a stressful situation. It is possible to subjectively exaggerate the problem or contrast the current trouble with the idealized past, one's own misfortune with general complacency. In the latter case, there is a feeling of rejection, loss, abandonment. This combination can be observed in people with depressive or obsessive conditions.

4. Simultaneously low performance on these scales, they can indicate complacency, peace and tranquility, the desire to avoid situations in which there is a significant risk. At the same time, this combination can be considered as an indication of the presence of traumatic situations and experiences in the past experience and fear of "mental pain".

In professional activities, such a person may express a desire for compromise, or, on the contrary, there may be cruelty in relationships.

Quite often there is a decrease in reflection in the area of ​​negative experiences, up to repression: "I don't want to think about it, I don't want to talk about it."

Emotivity - Anxiety

1. Simultaneously high performance

• a person adequately assesses the situation as threatening and takes an active, active position (with a decrease in demonstrativeness and hyperthymia this can manifest itself externally, for example, in the form of an open experience of grief);
• anxiety associated with a loved one; the reason for this anxiety, most often, is real and specific (serious illness, life threat, loss), but can be irrational, neurotic (increased jams, extremely high and extremely low distimity);
• anxiety manifests itself situationally, concerns events occurring outside the area of ​​​​leading activity (increase in the scale cyclothymism, reduced rates pedantry).

2. High emotivity with low anxiety indicates, first of all, a positive mood background - a person accepts the situation as it is. With repressed anxiety (extremely low values), there may be a desire to spend time with other people, avoiding loneliness.

3. Low emotivity with high anxiety It manifests itself, as a rule, when ignoring personal responsibility for the emergence of a crisis situation. The problem is perceived as external, situationally determined. The personal significance of the events taking place is denied, in cases of pronounced neuroticism, a feeling of hostility of the world, fatalism is manifested.

4. Simultaneously low rates on these scales indicate a high probability of repression or denial of significant difficulties. As compensation, such a person may be more active in work, in establishing many superficial, connections, friendly relations. With high scores on the scale distimity there is a possibility of "going into the disease."

Exaltation - Anxiety

1. Simultaneously high performance on these scales indicate a strong, negative emotional experience. At elevated values ​​on the scale h astrevaniya and low - on a scale hyperthymia perhaps a romantic, sentimental attitude.

The creative potential of such a state is quite large and can manifest itself either in a poetic or artistic image (with high scores on the demonstrativeness), or in an unusually sharp contact, which makes it possible to see the world and one's place in it in a new way.

At high rates dysthymia, cyclothymia, stuckness, hyperthymia and emotivity there is a possibility of an emotional breakdown, exhaustion, an uncontrolled hysterical state.

2. High exaltation with low anxiety indicates a positive, even upbeat background of mood: there is an expectation of a miracle that has already come into the world and is waiting for recognition, acceptance.

At low rates anxiety and emotivity against the backdrop of high performance jams and demonstrativeness there may be a desire to go into immediate, momentary experiences, obscuring the experiences that are repressed, traumatic.

3. Low exaltation with high anxiety may be a sign of an inability to spontaneously express negative experiences or a subjective prohibition on such expression. In this case, two options are possible:

• a strong, active, masculine position in a dangerous, hostile or destructive situation (with high scores on the scales hyperthymia and e motivation);
• passive, depressive position (with high scores on the scale distimity and low scores on scales hyperthymia, emotiveness, excitability).

4. Simultaneously low performance on these scales indicate the desire for peace, tranquility, inner harmony with oneself.

Stuck - Anxiety

1. Simultaneously high performance on these scales indicate the presence of an unresolved problem that has been affecting a person for a long time. In order to answer the question of how adequately a person evaluates problem situation, it is necessary to pay attention to other indicators.

With high scores cyclothymic, emotive and low or medium distimity we can talk about the adequacy of the assessment and the adaptability of behavior. In the case of the opposite picture - about rigidity, stereotypical behavior, the implementation of a destructive scenario.

It is also important to clarify which negative state present in a person - anxiety (increased hyperthymia, emotivity) or depression (increased distimacy).

2. High Stuck Low Anxiety can be considered as an indication of a person's refusal to establish contact with past traumatic experiences (the position of the "ostrich" - if I do not think about the bad, it will not come).

3. Low Stuck High Anxiety seen in people who:

• regard adverse aspects of the situation as temporary, accidental, surmountable, “atypical” for their lives (high rates cyclothymism);
• experiencing the loss or separation from a significant object, for example, leaving work, breaking up in the family (high rates cyclothymism);
• are in a depressed state, experience a loss of meaning (low scores excitability and exaltation).

4. Simultaneously low performance on these scales, they can indicate either the perception of the world as devoid of problems, safe, or ignoring negative events, avoiding situations in which one would have to face pain and suffering (both one's own and another person).

Pedantry - Anxiety

1. Simultaneously high performance on these scales can mean the following:

• a person strives to achieve a difficult, but highly significant goal. Pedantry is used as a resource, increases concentration, personal responsibility for achieving results (at the same time, increased indicators are often observed hyperthymia, emotivity, less often cyclothymism and jams);
• manifestations pedantry irrational; increased anxiety indicates an existential fear of loneliness, death (at the same time, high rates of astrevaniya, distimity, indicators e motivation and demonstrativeness, usually have lower values).

2. High pedantry with low anxiety does not lend itself to a generalized description, for interpretation it is necessary to pay attention to other indicators.

3. Low pedantry with high anxiety may indicate a panic or depressive state, emphasizing that an unfavorable situation has developed as a result of an accident, mistake, or someone's "evil will".

4. Simultaneously low performance on these scales, they can indicate a role or situational position of “freedom from responsibility”, a sense of security, impunity, or a complete lack of interest in one’s own activities, a perception of oneself as a passive, undeciding person, incapable of influencing anything.

This combination may also indicate high resistance, passive aggression (including in the analysis of industrial relations), the perception of significant, close people, colleagues as dominant, controlling, negatively inclined.

Demonstrativeness - Anxiety

1. Simultaneously high performance on these scales may indicate an attempt to draw attention to their condition, seek help.

At low scores on the scale emotivity probably the use of manipulation, an attempt to solve the problem by attracting the resources of the surrounding people.

2. High demonstrativeness with low anxiety may mean that a person is trying to convince others of his success and the absence of significant problems. The desire to show oneself from a favorable side is clearly manifested.

3. Low demonstrativeness with high anxiety can be interpreted in two ways. On the one hand, this combination may indicate the desire to "endure", solve their own problems alone, on their own.

On the other hand, with the same combination, the destruction of social skills can be noted (especially with high rates of distimity). A person feels “on the verge of a breakdown”, perhaps he is already breaking down on his loved ones, colleagues. Control over the manifestation of negative feelings is sharply reduced, manifestations of aggression and auto-aggression are likely.

4. Simultaneously low performance. This combination is rather difficult to interpret. For the analysis it is necessary to involve other indicators.

With this combination, there is often a lack of concern about how a person will look in the eyes of others.

Excitability - Anxiety

1. Simultaneously high performance on these scales indicate an acute state of anxiety associated with the expectation of a dangerous, undesirable event. Everything that happens around a person is perceived as related to the subject of concern. So, a mother, worried about the health of the child, perceives any event as confirmation of the justification of her fear: the child breathes too noisily - “this is shortness of breath”; the child breathes quietly - “is he breathing, is he having an attack?”; the child coughed - "I knew it! ..".

To assess whether the concern is justified or irrational, it is necessary to take into account the indicator on the scale jams. In order to assess the productivity of the activity, the ability to overcome the situation - the ratio between the indicators on the scales hyperthymia and distimity, as well as indicators on scales cyclothymia and pedantry.

2. High excitability with low anxiety is an indication of the subjective feeling of potentiality, openness, security of the situation.

In order to talk about the adequacy and positivity of such a profile, it is necessary that it additionally have high indicators cyclothymism and emotivity.

If there is an increase in the scale in the graph jams and downscale distimism, cyclotimism, pedantry, the hypothesis of fear of responsibility, the desire to prolong the state of one's "restlessness", carelessness, and infantilism becomes probable.

3. Low excitability with high anxiety it can be a sign of a depressive state, depression, experiencing loss, grief, on the one hand, as well as high mobilization, composure, determination to achieve the goal, on the other.

In the first case, it is important to identify the loss of interest in ongoing events, the depreciation of what is happening around. In the second case, ignoring everything that could be a hindrance, as well as what could be used for good, but which was not taken into account in a previously drawn up plan.

4. Simultaneously low performance according to these scales, they can manifest themselves in a person who perceives the situation as insignificant, does not show interest and concern about ongoing events.

In the analysis and interpretation, it is important to consider the following aspects of this combination:

• acceptance by a person of the existing situation as a given (“I am unemployed and will not find a job, there is no point in even trying”, “I am a highly paid specialist and will always find a decent job, my services will always be needed”);
• passivity, inflexibility of position;
• sufficient independence from newly emerging circumstances;
• stability of the internal state, stability of self-esteem.

Features of communication and behavior depending on the type of accentuation

Literature

1. Batarshev, A.V. Diagnosis of personality traits and accentuations. Practical guide/ A.V. Batarshev. – M.: Psychotherapy, 2006. – 288 p.
2. Kortneva, Yu. Diagnosis of actual problems / Yu. Kortneva. - M.: Institute for General Humanitarian Research, 2004. - 240 p.
3. Parshukova, L.P. Character accents: tutorial/ L.P. Parshukova, I.V. Rogue. - 2nd ed., Rev. and additional - Chelyabinsk: Publishing House of SUSU, 2007. - 84 p.

Karl Leonhard is a German psychiatrist. He received his fame for numerous studies and discoveries on the problem of schizophrenia. In addition, he compiled a classification of character accentuations in adults that is popular to this day. You, dear readers, can read about what accentuations are in the article. And in this work we will talk about a specific diagnostic technique.

Karl Leonhard singled out only 4 types of accentuated personalities. The classification is based on the principle of simultaneously highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of a person.

1. Demonstrative type. These are eternal players and actors. All life for them is a theater. They like to show off, be the center of attention, put life on display, follow an invented image, or play an allotted social role. Their actions and decisions are very reckless. Demonstrative people love risk and adventure, they rush "into the pool with their heads." Along with this, they “sin” with self-pity.
2. Pedantic type. These are responsible, conscientious people. Sometimes overly stiff, bordering on tediousness. Their nervous processes are not flexible.
3. Stuck type. Such people cling to some kind of emotion, feeling, event for a long time. That is, they remember grievances for a long time and try to take revenge, they are distrustful, jealous. Differ in persistent affective states (impressionable). At the same time, they are persistent and ambitious.
4. Excitable type. Such a person is characterized by impulsiveness, low self-control, aggressiveness. It often turns out to be prone to addictions, in particular, alcoholism. However, in moments of rest, he is ready for constructive deeds and conversations.

Hans Schmishek, a German conflictologist, identified 10 types of accentuations. Four of them coincide with Leonhard's classification. The other six types of accentuated personality identified by Shmishek were also mentioned in Leonhard's writings. But there they refer to (this is a completely different topic), and not to accentuations. I described Leonhard's accentuations above, now let's consider Shmishek's classification.

1. Hyperthymic personality. This is an outspoken optimist. Such a person easily establishes contacts with people, quickly switches from one occupation to another (not in the sense of the properties of attention, but in the sense of “not finishing what he started to the end”), that is, an addicted type. Often has high self-esteem. Differs in frivolity, unfulfillment, low discipline and self-control. It can be aggressive, conflict (often provokes), immoral.
2. Dystim personality. This is the exact opposite of the individual described above, that is, a pessimist. Justice and friendship are important to him. However, at the same time, he is closed, unsociable. Has low self-esteem. If he finds something to his liking or his person, then he goes headlong into this relationship.
3. Cycloid personality. Man of moods. Characterized by instability. Either a hyperthymic person appears before you, or a dysthymic one. That is, it combines both types described above. Accordingly, unpredictable, self-esteem is unstable. It is conflicting, but it is impossible to predict its behavior in a situation of contradiction.
4. Excitable personality. An unsociable, gloomy, boring type, often reputed to be a boor. In relationships, it is characterized by a tendency to tyranny, control, power. Conflict at work. With an emotional outburst, he is aggressive, dangerous, active in disputes. In a calm state, neat and responsible.
5. A stuck personality. Eternal parent and mentor. Likes to read morals, restrained. He sets high standards for himself and those around him, he is used to achieving the maximum. Has a heightened sense of global justice/injustice. At the same time, he is distrustful, vindictive, jealous, vulnerable. Often it is the instigator of conflicts, in which it always takes an active position. Differs in overestimated or vice versa underestimated self-esteem.
6. Pedantic personality. Executive and required type. Likes formality and "stamps". Non-conflict. If such a situation happens, then it is passive.
7. Anxious personality. Type with low self-esteem, expecting the worst. Avoids contacts, is not sure of himself. However, at the same time, he is friendly, self-critical and executive. He tries to participate in conflicts. If such a situation develops, then he chooses leaving or concessions (passive methods of solution).
8. Emotive personality. Sentimental, kind, compassionate, executive, with an exaggerated sense of duty type. Carefully selects the environment. He is friends with the elect, but deeply imbued with these relationships. In conflict, he gladly makes concessions.
9. Demonstrative personality. Strives to be a leader. He is attracted to power and fame. Can find an approach to each person. As a rule, he has a pronounced charisma, mannered. Along with this, a hypocritical and selfish person. Likes to gossip, show off, create intrigues. He gladly enters into conflicts and takes an active position there.
10. Exalted personality. Differs in excessive optimism, I would call him an optimist squared (if not more). Amorous, hypersociable and hyperactive. It differs in fleeting unpredictable drops (for example, in a fit of love from a master's shoulder, it can make an expensive gift, which after a decline in "vital energy" will regret). Easily attached to people, but always attentive to them.

Typical typical reactions

Each type of accentuation has its own way of emotional response. A study was conducted that made it possible to determine the following patterns:

1. The hyperthymic type uses positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, planning focus.
2. The stuck type tends to blame others when they fail.
3. The emotive type resorts to self-accusation and rumination.
4. The anxious type chooses to ruminate, catastrophize, and also blame others.
5. The cycloid type resorts to rumination.
6. The demonstrative type chooses positive refocusing.
7. The distimic type chooses rumination and catastrophization.
8. The remaining types do not have pronounced stereotypical ways of experiencing negative situations.

I will tell you more about the ways of emotional response (types of behavior in a negative situation) in another article.

Shmishek's technique

Hans Schmishek's technique suggests passing a questionnaire to determine the type of accentuations. The subject needs to answer 97 statements. There are only two possible answers: "Yes" and "No" (regarding how true the statement is in relation to the subject). You need to answer quickly, without delay, that is, the first thing that comes to mind.

The questions are divided into groups (types of accentuations), but in the questionnaire they are scattered. The result is evaluated according to the table (it is described which questions correspond to which type). Some statements are similar, but this is necessary in order to comprehensively cover the type. Sometimes a person is not confident in himself or is afraid to take the test. For this, a special scale "False" is assigned in the key. If it yields an unacceptable value (greater than 5), then the subject wanted to hide the true face or got confused in his own self-perception.

Leonhard-Schmishek technique

To study accentuation, another modified Shmishek technique is also used, which is based on Leonhard's classification. You can find it without problems on the Internet. They call it differently (or the name of one of the authors or two at once).

The methodology involves providing “Yes” or “No” answers to 88 questions. Answers are entered in the form (immediately represented by scales). You need to answer sincerely, the first thing that comes to mind.

An interesting fact: the Shmishek technique is often used in matters of conflict resolution. The same technique can be used to determine the conflict type (read more in the article about). As you probably noticed, when characterizing the types, I also indicated the nature of their behavior in the conflict. Thus, knowing what type is in front of you, you can use it to your advantage every minute, and especially in controversial situations. More than ever, such a skill is relevant in work and love relationships.

Thus, knowing the type of accentuated personality, one can predict her behavior. If you check yourself, then as a result you get guidelines for self-improvement.

In conclusion, I want to recommend the book by R. V. Kozyakov "Methods and techniques for diagnosing character accentuations." In it you can find both the described methods with a detailed interpretation of the results, and practical advice for each type. You can also read the work of K. Leonhard "Accentuated Personalities" (you can find a translation of the book on the Internet).

You can read about teenage accentuations (they are somewhat different). Thank you for attention! Be happy and healthy!