Location, time,
members
Major Decisions
Tehran conference
November-December 1943
Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt
Declaration on joint action in the war against Nazi Germany
The issue of opening a second front in Europe has been resolved
Treaty on the territorial structure of post-war Europe:
The Baltics are recognized as part of the USSR
USSR surrendered part of East Prussia
Restored independent Poland within the pre-war borders
Austrian and Hungarian independence declared
The USSR promised to declare war on Japan no later than three months after the end of
military operations in Europe
The decision on the future structure of Germany has been postponed
Yalta Conference
February 1945
Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt
Defeat plan and conditions agreed unconditional surrender Germany
The issue of dividing defeated Germany into four occupation zones has been resolved: British,
American, Soviet and French.
The demand of the USSR for reparations from Germany in the amount of 10 billion dollars (50%
from all of us)
The main principles of politics in the post-war world were outlined, it was decided to convene the Constituent
conference for the development of the UN Charter, in which the USSR received three seats - for the RSFSR,
Ukraine and Belarus
The right of the USSR to influence the situation in countries was confirmed of Eastern Europe: in Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia
The USSR confirmed its promise to enter the war with Japan and received the consent of the allies to
annexation of the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin
Potsdam (Berlin)
conference
July-August 1945 Stalin,
Truman, Churchill, then
Attlee is the new Prime Minister
The question of the quadripartite occupation of Germany and the administration of Berlin has been resolved
Resolved the issue of reparations from Germany in favor of the USSR in the form of industrial equipment
Principles of demilitarization, denazification, democratization and demonopolization developed
Germany (plan 4D)
International Military Tribunal established to try top Nazi military personnel
criminals
The western border of Poland was determined (the transfer of part of German territory to it up to the line of rivers
Oder - Western Neisse)
East Prussia with the city of Koenigsberg was transferred to the USSR
Political regime
Liquidation of T-bills
Strengthening the autocracy of Stalin
Transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR into the Council of Ministers of the USSR,
people's commissariats - to the ministries
Strengthening the positions of the administrative-repressive
apparatus
The growing role of the CPSU (b) (since 1952 - the CPSU) in life
societies
A new round of political repression:
"Leningrad business"
"The Case of Shakhurin-Novikov"
"Doctors' Case"
"Mingrelian case"
"The Case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee"
Development of the draft of the third program of the CPSU (b)
The needs and hopes of different segments of the population in
democratization public life
Change in state-church relations
Struggle for power among Stalin's entourage
Economic sphere
IV five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national
economy (1946-1950)
Famine of 1846
Restoration work and new industrial
construction
Monetary reform and the abolition of the card system
(December 1947)
Labor heroism of the Soviet people
Increasing liability for infringement
state and collective farm property
Restoration of the destroyed collective farms, MTS and state farms
Use in the national economy of labor
prisoners and special prisoners
Creation of collective farms in the western regions of Ukraine and
Belarus, in the Baltic republics.
Preservation of administrative-command methods
management of the economy Education and science. Cultural development
Restoration and strengthening of the material and technical base of culture
Decrees of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks 1946-1948 on the issue
literature and art
Completion of the transition to a universal seven-year
learning
Campaign against "bourgeois cosmopolitanism" in
science and culture
Development of forms of evening and correspondence education
higher
Discussions on philosophy, linguistics and political
savings
Achievements of scientists in creation nuclear weapons and
rocket technology
Promotion of the benefits of socialism (genuine and imaginary)
in fiction
Strengthening party-state control over
cultural development
Foreign policy
Potsdam Conference of the Heads of the Three Great Powers
Formation of the world socialist system
The split of Europe
Assistance in the creation of regimes of "people's
democracy"
The emergence of confrontation between two world socio-political systems: socialism and capitalism
Bilateral treaties of friendship and mutual assistance
Beginning of the Cold War
Creation of the Cominformburo
Ideologization of international relations
Organization of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(CMEA), 1949
World Peace Movement
Soviet-Yugoslav conflict
emergence anti-Hitler coalition was due to the objective need to unite the efforts of states and peoples in a just struggle against the aggressors who enslaved many states of Europe and Asia in the first years of the war and threatened the freedom and progressive development of all mankind. The main core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the three great powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. The contribution of its individual participants to the defeat of the enemy was very different. The decisive force of the coalition was the Soviet Union, which played a major role in achieving victory. The contribution of the United States and Great Britain also played a significant role in this.
During the war years, three conferences were held with the participation of heads of government: Tehran in 1943, Crimean (Yalta) and Berlin (Potsdam) in 1945. At the first two, the USSR, the USA and England were represented by I. Stalin, F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill, at the Berlinskaya - I.V. Stalin, G. Truman and W. Churchill.
The Tehran Conference began on November 28, 1943. It was decided that the Allied landings in northern France would take place in May 1944. The Soviet Union undertook to time the major offensive of the Red Army by that time. The conference discussed the problems of the post-war structure of Germany, ensuring security in the future through the United Nations. Stalin on behalf Soviet Union gave an obligation after the defeat of Germany to join the struggle against her ally Japan.
In February 1945 in Yalta, the "big three" gathered in the same composition as in Tehran. The atmosphere of the coming victory, as it were, overshadowed the differences and the desire of each side to strengthen its position in the post-war world. Real agreements were reached on many issues. These included, first of all, the coordination of the principles of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany: the elimination of such institutions as the Nazi Party, the repressive apparatus of the Hitler regime, the dissolution of the armed forces, the establishment of control over the German military industry, the punishment of war criminals.
The adopted "Declaration on a Liberated Europe" provided for a coordinated policy in the liberated European countries. An important achievement of the conference was the decision to establish the International Organization of the United Nations. The question of the participation of the Soviet Union in the war with Japan was also resolved.
A little more than two months after the signing of Germany's surrender, the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain met again in Potsdam. Potsdam succeeded in agreeing on a number of positions and adopting decisions that, if consistently implemented, could ensure the peaceful development of Europe for many years to come. The parties decided not to temporarily create a centralized German government, but to exercise supreme power in Germany by the forces of a control council consisting of the commanders-in-chief of the occupying forces of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, and also France, which was allocated a special zone of occupation. The conference participants agreed on the establishment of an international military tribunal for the main war criminals, which began its activities in November 1945. The historical significance of the anti-Hitler coalition lies in the fact that within its framework, for the first time in history, political and military cooperation between states belonging to different socio-economic systems was ensured in the name of the highest universal interests. A historical precedent was created, which was of great importance for the future development of international relations, and at the same time the correctness of the idea of a collective rebuff to the aggressors was confirmed.
The first conference of the "Big Three" during the years of the Second World War - the leaders of three countries: F. D. Roosevelt (USA), W. Churchill (Great Britain) and J. V. Stalin (USSR), held in Tehran on November 28 - December 1, 1943 of the year.
The conference was called upon to develop a final strategy for the struggle against Germany and its allies. The main issue was the opening of a second front in Western Europe.
In addition, the contours of the post-war structure of the world were outlined, unity of views was achieved on issues of ensuring international security and lasting peace, questions were discussed about the beginning of the war between the USSR and Japan after the defeat of fascist Germany, and the right was assigned to the Soviet Union as an indemnity to annex to itself after the victory part of East Prussia.
The "Declaration on Iran" was adopted, in which the participants declared "their desire to preserve the full independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran."
The results of the Tehran Conference testify to the possibility of military and political cooperation between states with different social order in solving international problems. The conference contributed to the strengthening of the anti-Hitler coalition.
Yalta (Crimean) Conference of the Allied Powers
One of the meetings of the leaders of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, dedicated to the establishment of the post-war world order. The conference was held at the Livadia Palace in Yalta, in the Crimea from 4 to 11 February 1945.
By that time, the collapse of Nazism was no longer in doubt, and victory over Germany was only a matter of time - as a result of powerful offensive strikes Soviet troops hostilities were transferred to German territory, and the war entered its final stage.
The fate of Japan also did not raise any special questions, since the United States already controlled almost all Pacific Ocean. The Allies understood that they had a unique chance to manage the history of Europe in their own way, since for the first time in history, almost all of Europe was in the hands of only three states.
All decisions of Yalta, in general, concerned two problems:
First, it was necessary to carry out new state borders in territory recently occupied by the Third Reich. At the same time, it was necessary to establish unofficial, but generally recognized by all parties, demarcation lines between the spheres of influence of the allies - a matter that had already begun in Tehran.
Secondly, the allies were well aware that after the disappearance of a common enemy, the forced unification of the West and the USSR would lose all meaning, and therefore it was necessary to create procedures to guarantee the immutability of the dividing lines drawn on the world map.
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin managed to find mutual language on almost every issue. Poland sharply decreased and moved to the west and north. A fundamental decision was made on the occupation and division of Germany into occupation zones and on the allocation of France to its own zone.
In Yalta, the idea of a new League of Nations was launched. The Allies needed an interstate organization capable of preventing attempts to change the established boundaries of spheres of influence. It was at the conferences in Tehran and Yalta that the ideology of the United Nations (UN) was formed.
It was agreed that the principle of the unanimity of the great powers - permanent members of the Security Council with the right of veto - would be the basis of the UN's activities in resolving cardinal issues of ensuring peace.
The decisions of the Yalta Conference largely predetermined the post-war structure of Europe and the world for almost fifty years, until the collapse of the socialist system in the late 80s and early 90s. The UN has become a symbol and formal guarantor of the post-war world order, an authoritative and sometimes even quite effective organization in resolving interstate problems.
Potsdam conference
The third and last meeting of the "big three" of the anti-Hitler coalition. took place in Potsdam at the Cecilienhof Palace from July 17 to August 2, 1945.
The decisive place on the agenda was occupied by the German question. The heads of the three powers agreed to implement a coordinated policy during the occupation of Germany. The three powers confirmed that "German militarism and Nazism will be eradicated" so that Germany would never again threaten her neighbors or the preservation of world peace.
The nature of relations in the "Big Three" changed dramatically after the death in April 1945 of Roosevelt. At the very first plenary session, the question of Poland came up again. The Soviet delegation defended the western Polish border along the Oder-Neisse rivers. Truman reproached Stalin for the fact that he had already handed over these areas to the Poles without waiting for the peace conference, as agreed at Yalta.
Also at the Potsdam Conference, Stalin confirmed his commitment to declare war on Japan no later than three months after the surrender of Germany. The Allies also signed the Potsdam Declaration demanding Japan's unconditional surrender.
The Potsdam Conference resolved the most urgent questions of the post-war system. It became clear that the European order would be built on confrontational principles.
Tehran - Yalta - Potsdam
All three conferences were held under the enormous influence of Stalin on the leaders of the allies ...
V. Firsov
When all questions about the venue international conference were settled, on November 22, 1943, Stalin left for Tehran by letter train No. 501, which proceeded through Stalingrad towards Baku. In his armored twelve-wheeled spring car there were all the basic amenities for personal work, meetings and recreation.
It must be said that with the outbreak of war, letter trains acquired a new meaning. German aviation then dominated the sky, and therefore the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR forbade members of the Politburo to travel long distances by air. The only way to travel was by rail.
Alla Kuzminichna, the daughter of the chief railroad letterer, State Security Colonel Kuzma Pavlovich Lukin, told the author of these words that, according to her father, he provided for Stalin's trip to Tehran.
- Alla Kuzminichna, father, having retired, and then retired, did not leave memoirs?
- You know, dad tried to write memoirs, took up the pen more than once, but either he didn’t have enough strength, or the desire quickly faded each time. So he never finished his writing.
Have you read these notes yourself?
- Oh sure…
– What are they about?
- There were some memories about working with special trains in general and about preparing a letter train for the trip of our government delegation to Tehran.
– Of course, I remember the main details. The case with this letter train developed as follows. In November 1942, my father found two locomotive drivers for his needs, it seems they were called Victor Lion and Nikolai Kudryavkin. He picked them up to work in the transport department of the Main Directorate of Security of the NKVD. The duties of the newly minted security guards included ensuring the safety of the movement of lettered trains of the “A” series.
The essence of their work was as follows:
– inspection of locomotives,
– replacement of the locomotive with a new steam locomotive in case of detection of malfunctions along the route,
- control over the implementation of the necessary instructions by the locomotive crew, and so on.
The Stalinist writer began his historical mission at the end of 1943. Then preparations were underway for the Tehran Conference. My father and his assistants, Lion and Kudryavkin, were directly involved in preparing the train for departure. Few people know about this.
- And what did your father write about the composition itself? What did he look like? What number was he?
- I'll start answering with the last question: the number is unknown to me, or it was not mentioned in my father's notes, or flew out of my head.
The train included several saloon cars, a security car, a staff car with a separate compartment for the train commandant and other employees, a garage car for two cars, a restaurant car, rather it was a dining room and a food warehouse car.
- What was the Stalinist saloon car like?
- At first glance, it practically did not differ from the usual one, but it did not have one vestibule. It was used, due to which the interior was noticeably lengthened. The car was fully armored, and therefore heavier by as much as twenty tons. It was furnished very modestly and state-of-the-art: a table, chairs, armchairs, a shower compartment and a bathroom.
- How many steam locomotives went on this noble trip?
- Three, I think. The first and third were at the distance of the haul from the main one. The second locomotive pulled the train.
- Did your father write anything about the problems of passing the train?
Well, there was one problem.
- At one of the stations near Moscow, I don’t remember the name, the train stopped. The roar of German bombers was heard in the sky. According to my father, everyone froze, holding their breath in anticipation of the bombing. On the selector, the commandant of the train gave the command that no one should get out of the car. Silent and anti-aircraft guns on the platforms. A flock of aerial predators passed by without noticing the train. He, too, was in disguise. If the Fritz knew who was on the train...
- Probably, they would have bombed the train?
- I think the anti-aircraft gunners would drive the Germans away. A whole battery stood on the platforms. But worse could happen...
In the memoirs of Air Chief Marshal Alexander Evgenyevich Golovanov, there is a mention of the flight of the head of state and the delegation to Tehran by two aircraft, which he personally prepared for the flight.
So, Stalin with his small retinue left Moscow by train. We reached Baku, and there two C-47 planes were waiting for them, which were supposed to deliver passengers to Tehran.
At the airport, the Moscow guests were met by Air Force Commander A.A. Novikov and commander of long-range aviation A.E. Golovanov. Novikov reported that two cars had been prepared for the main delegation. One will be led by Colonel-General Golovanov, the other by Colonel Grachev.
– And how, when and with what will you bring in the foreign ministers? Stalin suddenly asked
- In half an hour, two more planes with employees of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will fly after us.
What air cover? Stalin asked.
“Three nines of fighters,” answered the commander-in-chief.
And then suddenly asked:
What plane would you like to fly on?
- Hmm, colonel generals rarely fly planes, skills are lost, we'd better fly with a colonel. I invite you to come with me, comrades Molotov, Voroshilov, Beria and Shtemenko.
It should be noted that Grachev was the best pilot in the country and Beria's personal pilot. Then all of them will suffer to varying degrees from the vindictive and voluntaristic will of Khrushchev, after the death of the Master of the Kremlin.
With the dead body of the leader, the evil satrap-politician "fought excellently." Beria, Merkulov, Abakumov and a dozen other state security officers were executed. Molotov and Voroshilov were thrown out of the country's leadership. Shtemenko and Grachev demoted. Sudoplatov was sentenced to 15 years in the Vladimir Central. Zhukov vilely framed his leg ...
So, it is known that the plane with Stalin was led by the chief pilot of Beria, Colonel Viktor Georgievich Grachev.
This is how the letter “A” S.M. covered the arrival in Baku. Shtemenko in his book "The General Staff during the War":
« ... By the evening we arrived in Baku. Here everyone, except for me, got into cars and left somewhere. I slept on the train. At 7 o'clock in the morning they called for me, and we went to the airfield. There were several Douglas C-47 twin-engine propeller-driven aircraft on the airfield. By the way, the most reliable cars in the world. The Americans built over 13,000 of them.
One of them was walking by the commander of the Long-Range Aviation A.E. Golovanov. At another plane, I noticed a pilot V.G. Grachev. At eight o'clock, I.V. arrived at the airfield. Stalin.
Novikov reported to him that two planes had been prepared for immediate departure: one of them would be flown by Colonel-General Golovanov, the other by Colonel Grachev...
A.A. Novikov invited the Supreme Commander-in-Chief to Golovanov's plane. He at first seemed to accept this invitation, but after taking a few steps, he suddenly stopped.
“Colonel generals rarely fly planes,” Stalin said, “we’d better fly with a colonel.
And turned towards Grachev. Molotov and Voroshilov followed him.
“Shtemenko will also fly with us, and on the way he will report on the situation,” Stalin said, already climbing the ladder. - As they say, we combine the useful with the pleasant.
I didn't keep myself waiting.
The second plane flew A.Ya. Vyshinsky, several employees of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs and security ... "
Not just folded political situation in the United States around the idea of President F. Roosevelt to open a Second Front in Europe and participate in the Big Three negotiations on the post-war reconstruction of the world.
Underwater reefs now and then met along the course of the ship, the administration of Franklin Roosevelt. Despite his enormous authority in the country, the so-called "constructive" opposition in the face of business financial circles did everything possible to prevent the American president from meeting with Stalin, leaving for a meeting in Tehran and holding an international conference there.
1943 Year greatest events on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War: Stalingrad, Kursk Bulge, forcing the Dnieper and the liberation of Kyiv.
The reverse of the Second World War was made, the movement to the West began. The accumulated experience, the help of the allies, the deployed power of domestic production, all this said that the Red Lava could no longer be stopped.
Only two years have passed since Reza Shah fled from Tehran. Undoubtedly, against the background of the victories of Russian weapons, an unprecedented rise in public life took place in Iran. Political gatherings, manifestations, rallies and demonstrations continually shook cities, villages and auls. These processes became a social phenomenon. Strengthened trade union organizations. Waves rolled on the periphery peasant uprisings. All these events forced the government to embark on the path of seeking radical reforms. But it made only some concessions and with only one goal - to introduce ordinary people astray. The stake of the "new" leaders was now placed not so much on the Germans as on the Americans, and through them on strengthening the punitive apparatus.
Iranian Interior Minister Khosrow Khawar recalled his recent consultant, Mr. John Benton, and, with the consent of Prime Minister Ali Forughi, asked an American police and gendarme specialist to come to Tehran. "Hawk" American foreign policy there was no need to call, he was eager to go to Iran, where, in his understanding, "the British and Russians were in full charge." He "productively" advised the police and gendarmes even under the old Shah.
Soon he arrived in Tehran.
The next day, Benton met with US envoy to Iran Louis Dreyfus. They talked about the situation on the fronts of the German-Soviet war, about the relationship of the allies, about the situation in Iran, which was of particular interest to him. But the diplomat was clearly restrained on the latter issue. However, Jon teased him on this very issue.
“Mr. Benton, you will soon know everything. Your help as a police specialist may not be needed,” the ambassador noted. - I'll tell you one little secret - the sympathy of the local population is on the side of the Russians. Amazing people! How many have survived! And how they fight, the whole world knows. Stalingrad and the Kursk Bulge - these two clubs stunned the Nazis.
- What, they are fighting here just as successfully?
- Successfully? Hm…” The ambassador rolled the hexagon of a pencil across the lacquered surface of the table. - I also thought that demonstrations and rallies were the business of the Russians, but then I was convinced of this
- I have long argued that the president is mistaken in flirting with the Russians. He will soon realize his mistake. And how does the neighbor of the Russians, Sir Krepps, behave?
- The British ambassador has good relations with Soviet diplomats - good neighborly. They are neighbors, they live across the street.
Benton realized that he could not split and turn the envoy against the president.
The next day, he met with Iran's chief police officer, Khosrow Khawar. The old friends embraced, clapped their hands on their backs, kissed their cheeks diplomatically.
- Well, you give, stopped the process, did not change at all. Probably, wives warm young bodies well, not otherwise.
- You're right, John, I have them beauties, hardworking, caring, - after these words, he took his friend by the arms and dragged him to the female half of the house. - But you passed. aged.
- Deeds, deeds! They are like dogs all the time chasing, but I do not run away from them, but fight with them. There is no dishonorable deed, and only inaction is shameful.
Soon they were with the owner's wives.
- I brought you dear guest from distant America.
Oh, John Benton!
– Johnny!
Mr Benton!
All three wives recognized an old acquaintance and friend of their husband, an American who had visited their house more than once in the past.
After dinner, the host invited the American to play billiards. They went into a spacious billiard room, in the middle of which stood a table covered with green cloth.
“Smash it,” suggested Khosrov Khovar.
- This will be my first blow to the Russians!
- Come on, come on, come on...
John took the cue, took aim and hit the point of the triangle made of balls. They scattered with a roar, but not a single one hit the pocket. Everything seemed to stick to the sides. After that, John smiled sourly like a snake.
– Ha-ha-ha. And I'll hit the British.
The owner took aim and immediately with a klapshtos - a blow to the center of the cue ball, which was tightly pressed against the board not far from the middle pocket, drove him exactly where he planned.
“This is my first blow against the rapacious Englishmen,” Khosrov Khavar laughed loudly…
In the first ten days of November, a major shareholder and one of the members of the board of the Denavar Company, Mr. Seypoll, arrived in the Iranian capital from New York, who met with Benton that evening.
All of Tehran fell silent after a noisy day, immersed in silence and darkness. Quietly and monotonously, the bronze disk of the long pendulum of a floor chronometer, faded from time, minted seconds. Every hour he beat off the time leaving forever with a loud bell ringing.
Two leather armchairs, a table between them, on it is a coffee utensil, a box of marshmallows, a vase of fruit and a bottle of cognac already half drunk.
The conversation was frank. And the more the fragrant and strong drink decreased in the bottle, the more tongues were untied.
Have you met Louis? Seypoll asked Benton.
Yes, but you can't talk to him.
What did he say about the Russians?
- They are behaving normally. The sympathies of the Iranians are on their side. They are firmly and firmly established in the north of the country. They're friendly with the British,” John reported.
- Well, now you can forget about the Mazandaran oil. Only the shah could give us concessions for northern oil. How about the Germans? Seypoll suddenly turned the subject sharply.
“I think they got scared. Soviet counterintelligence is represented here by large forces. Her power is felt. She works closely with the British. In general, I stopped understanding Roosevelt's politics. He makes us shell out more,” Benton fumed.
What are you talking about, John?
– About Lend-Lease going through Iran.
- Yes, I see you are not a politician, but an oak policeman. Don't you understand that there is a war going on. We help the Russians. And this help is not for thanks, it is, first of all, a profitable business. As for Dreyfus' assessment of the quality of the fight on the fronts, I agree with the diplomat - the Russians are fighting well, - Seypoll suddenly turned around.
“I'll tell you what. Well, let them fight. Let them kill each other. And don't get into this fight. That's when one soldier remains in Germany and in Soviet Russia, then you can take them with your bare hands, without opening any second front in Europe, Benton was angry.
- As for the second front, this is still a myth. There is no information about its opening yet. Businessmen from Wall Street will do everything possible to delay its opening. The meat grinder at the fronts will turn more than one Soviet division into grinding, into minced meat. Then we'll see who gets the oil wealth of northern Iran.
- Who will come out of this war the strongest. To us, and only to us, hands will reach out for help. You'll see in time...
"So you think we'll be in that role?"
- Absolutely. We have everything for this.
So, the "Small Three" began to act against the "Big Three".
But suddenly a bomb exploded. The US envoy to Iran, Louis Dreyfus, invited Benton and, in great secrecy, informed him of the forthcoming Tehran conference of representative delegations of three countries: the USA, the USSR and Great Britain, headed by Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill.
“You are instructed to develop a plan of measures to ensure reliable protection of the conference of high leaders of the three powers,” the head of the US embassy ordered a police official.
They met at the chief's villa. John told him about the secret information he received about the Big Three conference.
“Does sick Roosevelt want to shake his body across the ocean?” Saypoll expressed his doubts. - And then, it's dangerous to dangle in a motorcade around the city. The negotiation center will be visible on the territory of the embassies of the USSR, English nearby, - and then I thought to myself, - I don’t think that they will discuss the issue of opening a second front.
And suddenly Benton could not resist a caustic remark:
– And you assured me that the second front is a myth. Roosevelt and Churchill would open a second front, and Stalin would open a third front here.
Thus, Seypoll's naivety was ridiculed, although Benton had no targeted objections to his boss's line of reasoning.
Suddenly Seypoll got up from the table, took a cigar out of the box, professionally cut it and lit it. A club of bluish smoke from the first deep puff when lighting up, released from the nostrils and mouth, enveloped the head. The space was filled with the noble smell of expensive Havana tobacco. He was again pulled in the direction of surprise by the ambassador's information:
- Yes, Roosevelt has gone crazy, America will not forgive him for this step. Why, why is the support of the Bolsheviks needed now? The old man goes crazy, polio broke him, and he wished to jump across the ocean. Doesn't he feel sorry for our soldiers?
“You see, we agreed with you,” Benton stated calmly.
And in the evening, the personal plane of the General Director of the Denavar Company, Senator Roy Loring, landed at the Tehran airfield. It was surprising that no one invited Mr. Loring to a conference of three powers. He even arrived before the president himself.
At the airfield, Roy Loring hurriedly told newspaper reporters who surrounded him that he had arrived in Tehran solely on issues of the oil company he headed. Nevertheless, by the end of the next day, Loring invited Seypoll and Benton to his residence.
Started a conversation from afar.
“America was amazed by a series of victories of Soviet weapons,” the owner muttered angrily and grumblingly, frowningly and displeasedly. – The victory at Stalingrad strikingly changed the balance of forces at the front. And then the failures of the Germans in the Kursk Bulge and the North Caucasus. Recently, the Soviets crossed the Dnieper, liberated Kyiv and the rod to the West. Now is the time to help Hitler, not the Russians! And you and I, the “constructive” opposition, must do something that corrupt diplomats cannot organize. And our president and the British prime minister are rushing to hold a conference here. Stalin, of course, will be happy. Gotta rip it off!
- How? the two guests yelled in unison.
- At least start a fight, preferably with a shootout and casualties, between Soviet soldiers and our or British. Are there such forces?
“Of course, they are,” Benton, an expert on police adventures and provocations, hastened to assure.
– Where can they be? Through whom can we solve this important task for America today?
- Through Khosrov Khavar. He became adept at fighting the democratic opposition.
- For example?
- Organize a drunken brawl.
- Accepted. This is just the beginning. Prepare this action, - commanded a low-browed, bug-eyed businessman. He got up, stretched out his plump hands, overgrown with black wool, finished his coffee and turned to the guests, “and now leave me alone, I want to rest after such a marathon flight ...
Information about a fight, clearly inspired by the opponents of the Tehran Conference, between the British and Americans, with the participation of our patrol service in localizing this conflict, was received through secret channels by a SMERSH representative, Lieutenant Colonel Nikolai Grigoryevich Kravchenko, who informed the head of the 2nd Directorate of the NKGB, Lieutenant General Pyotr Vasilyevich Fedotov. Along the chain, information reached Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria. What and how did he report on this subject to I.V. Stalin and what his reaction was, we, unfortunately, are not given to know.
One can only assume that the action plans of the so-called American "constructive" opposition or the "small three" were intercepted as a result of operational and technical measures. And then they were extinguished at the initial phases of their manifestations. There have been many such collisions. The American "moles" were digging under the disruption of the conference.
Naturally, both the President of the United States and his guards were informed in advance by our side. In particular, about the plans to disrupt the conference by the "fifth column", consisting of the business circles of New York and Washington.
This gesture of goodwill on our part was later highly appreciated by Roosevelt.
Realizing their inconsistency and inability to "stir up" the situation around the Big Three conference, soon another - the "small three" in the person of Benton, Seypoll and Loring departed across the ocean slurping and goofing around.
Now they had one goal, so that upon arrival they would begin to drive a wave of next claims to the president’s policy, starting with the fact that he stopped negotiations at the Soviet embassy for the entire time - in “captivity of the NKVD” and solidarity with Stalin to accelerate the opening of the second front by the allies ...
But the Tehran Conference (November 28 - December 1, 1943) took place despite the American "hawks" and the plans of the Nazi secret services to eliminate or steal the "Big Three" - Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill. All the tasks that Stalin set himself at this conference were resolved in favor of the USSR.
The Soviet leader dictated the will. His authority was so high that Roosevelt willingly responded to the offer of the Soviet side for security reasons to live on the territory of the Soviet Embassy for the duration of the conference. The American president was most interested in meeting with Stalin. He wanted to spend more time with the leader of Soviet Russia without Churchill in order to find out the position of the USSR on the war with Japan. Therefore, Roosevelt perceived the Tehran Conference not as a meeting of three, but as a meeting of "two and a half". He considered Churchill to be "half".
Neither Stalin nor Roosevelt liked Churchill. It seems that on the basis of dislike for Churchill there was a rapprochement between Roosevelt and Stalin.
At this conference, at the insistence of Stalin, the exact date for the opening of a second front by the allies in France was set and the “Balkan strategy” proposed by Great Britain was rejected.
The real ways of granting independence to Iran were discussed, the beginning of the solution of the Polish question was laid, and the contours of the post-war order of the world were outlined.
Upon the return of the Soviet delegation to Moscow at a meeting of the Headquarters, Stalin did not disclose any special details on the Tehran Conference. He only remarked briefly:
- Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference gave a firm word to start broad operations in France in 1944. I think he will keep his word. Well, if it doesn’t hold back, we will have enough of our own strength to finish off Nazi Germany.
Churchill was very much afraid of this moment.
The Yalta Conference (February 4-11, 1945) was held at the Livadia (White) Palace in Yalta with the leaders of the same three countries as at the Tehran Conference. This was the second meeting of the leaders of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, it was also the last conference of the "Big Three" in the pre-nuclear era.
The war ended in favor of the allies, so it was necessary to draw new state borders on the territory that had recently been occupied by the Wehrmacht troops.
In addition, it was necessary to establish demarcation lines generally recognized by all parties between the spheres of influence of the allies and to create procedures after the victory over Germany that would guarantee the immutability of the dividing lines drawn on the world map.
On the Polish question, Stalin in the Crimea managed to get the allies to agree to the creation of a new government in Poland itself - the "Provisional Government of National Unity."
The participants in the Yalta Conference stated that their main goal is the destruction of German militarism and Nazism - the main paradigm of the growth of German fascism.
The issue of German reparations was also resolved. The Allies agreed to give 50% of them to the USSR, while the USA and England got 25% each. This is also the merit of Stalin and the members of his delegation.
In exchange for entering the war with Japan, 2-3 months after the end of the war in Europe, the USSR received the Kuril Islands and South Sakhalin, lost back in the years Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905
It was at the Yalta Conference that the ideology for the creation of the United Nations (UN) was formed. It was Stalin who secured the consent of the partners to include not only the USSR among the founders and members of the UN, but also, as the most affected by the war, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR.
The bipolar world created in Yalta and the division of Europe into east and west survived for almost half a century. The Yalta system collapsed only with the treacherous collapse of the USSR.
The Potsdam Conference (July 17 - August 2, 1945) was held at the Cecilienhof Palace in Germany. This time, the Big Three was headed by I. Stalin, G. Trumpzn and W. Churchill, and on July 28, K. Attlee, who replaced him as prime minister.
G.K. took part in the Potsdam Conference as military advisers to Stalin. Zhukov and N.G. Kuznetsov. The Soviet delegation to Germany was delivered by a train not with steam locomotive traction, but with diesel locomotive. The British delegation arrived by plane, the American sailed on the Quincy cruiser to the coast of France, and from there reached Berlin on the U.S. President's Sacred Cow plane.
This was the third and last meeting of the "big three" of the anti-Hitler coalition, at which the allies proclaimed the so-called. the principle of "five D" - denazification, demilitarization, democratization, decentralization and decartelization while maintaining the unity of Germany, but with the creation of a new configuration of the Berlin state.
On the eve of the conference, the first test of a nuclear weapon took place. Truman did not fail to brag to Stalin that America "now has a weapon of extraordinary destructive power."
Stalin only smiled in response, from which Truman concluded from the words of Churchill that “ soviet leader understood nothing". No, Stalin understood everything well and was privy to the intricacies of the developments of both the Mankhet project and Kurchatov's allied research.
At the conference, the meeting participants signed a declaration demanding Japan's unconditional surrender. On August 8, after the conference, the USSR joined the declaration, declaring war on Tokyo.
In Potsdam, many contradictions between yesterday's allies in the anti-Hitler coalition emerged, which soon led to the Cold War.
From the book Hand of Moscow - notes of the head of Soviet intelligence author From the book Romance of the Sky author Tikhomolov Boris ErmilovichTehran Having crossed the mountains, we began to descend into a desert valley scorched by the sun with a rare web of country paths and roads, with small villages scattered here and there. Caravans were gathering dust, camel caravans were moving. Well, just like ours, in some deaf
From the book Heaven on Fire author Tikhomolov Boris ErmilovichTehran Having crossed the mountains, we began to descend into a desert valley scorched by the sun, with a rare web of country paths and roads, with small villages scattered here and there. Caravans were gathering dust, camel caravans were moving. Well, just like ours, in some remote corner
From the book And again into battle author Meroño FranciscoBaku - Tehran A small airfield. The pilots are in the cockpit. Helmets fastened, parachutes put on. The glasses are raised to the forehead. Preparedness number one. As in previous days, the first squadron took up duty after the second, and everything seems to be calm. However, Colonel Evdokimenko,
From the book Memorable. Book One author Gromyko Andrey AndreevichChapter IV TEHERAN - YALTA - POTSDAM What happened in Tehran. Question about Poland. after Tehran. in the Livadia Palace. Roles are defined and distributed. The USSR will fulfill the promise. Again the Polish question. Results of Yalta. About Stalin at conferences. History of one directive. A great victory in
From the book This is Us, Lord, Before Thee... author Polskaya Evgenia BorisovnaFinally, Potsdam As soon as Nazi Germany was defeated, the question of summing up the results of the war and convening a new conference of the leaders of the three allied powers for this purpose arose on a practical plane. Of course, all three capitals after Yalta were preparing for such a
From the book of memories author Tsvetaeva Anastasia Ivanovna1. Potsdam and Berlin If in the second half of the war in Berlin, and other German cities, you did not know how to get where you German they didn’t own it, it was worth it only in a human street stream, in a tram car, in the subway (there were almost no buses - everyone was at war) loudly
From the book Hand of Moscow. Exploration from heyday to collapse author Shebarshin Leonid VladimirovichCHAPTER 2. YALTA. DISTRICT. WEBER FAMILY. ARRIVAL OF VOLODY TSVETAEV. ERLANGER PARK. MOVING TO YELPATIEVSKY'S COTTAGE. YALTA-DARSANOVSKAYA. OUR HOUSEHOLDER AND BOARDERS. NIKONOVS The wide spreading right side of Yalta was called the District. There we settled in the dacha of old Weber, called
From the book In the Shadow of Katyn author Svyanevich StanislavTEHRAN The buildings of the old embassies in Tehran, those that existed before the Second World War, are hidden in the depths of spacious parks, behind blank brick walls. Tall plane trees and pine trees, which survived more than one Iranian turmoil, cast a thick, cozy shadow on neat lawns,
From Marlene Dietrich author Nadezhdin Nikolay YakovlevichChapter VI The road to Tehran In July 1942, it became known that, having not even spent a year in his post, Kot was leaving him and that a new ambassador would be appointed. I do not know the reasons for this decision, but almost immediately after my arrival in Kuibyshev, I realized that neither Kot not happy with his post, nor the Soviet
From the book Hand of Moscow author Shebarshin Leonid Vladimirovich49. Tehran 1943 Any politician could envy Marlene's connections. Any doors opened before her, even those that kept secrets of state importance ... At the end of November 1943, Dietrich received a call from Washington and was invited to a meeting at the White House. The actress, of course, right there
From the book SMERSH in Tehran author Tereshchenko Anatoly StepanovichTehran The buildings of the old embassies in Tehran, those that existed before the Second World War, are hidden in the depths of spacious parks, behind blank brick walls. Tall plane trees and pine trees, which survived more than one Iranian turmoil, cast a thick, cozy shadow on neat lawns,
From the book Stalin. One leader's life author Khlevnyuk Oleg VitalievichTEHERAN-43 Stalin was confident that the Allies would agree to hold a conference in Tehran. His arguments were strong. Therefore, in the autumn of 1943, to coordinate the actions of special services, on the eve of the preparations for the conference on Lubyanka, a meeting was held in house number 2
From the book Admiral of the Soviet Union author Kuznetsov Nikolai GerasimovichVictory steps. Crimea, Berlin, Potsdam, Manchuria The entry of the huge Red Army into Germany was a long-awaited and joyful event for the Soviet people and the leader. The enemy was to be finished off "in his own lair". The hour of final reckoning has come. So natural and
From the book Red Monarch: Stalin and War author Montefiore Simon Jonathan SebagPotsdam In the first half of June 1945, the Chief of the General Staff, General of the Army A. I. Antonov, told me by telephone that I should prepare for a trip to Berlin. On July 14, still dark, our plane took off from the runway of the Central Airfield and headed west. In 1936 with
From the author's bookTehran. Roosevelt and Stalin On November 26, 1943, Colonel-General Golovanov, who was to be Stalin's personal pilot, arrived in Kuntsevo. This is where it should have started long haul to Persia. There was a scream at the cottage. Stalin decided to give Beria a good beating. Behind the dressing
