Event: the capture by the people of the royal fortress of Bastille
king louis sixteenth
Outcome: start of the French Revolution
Event:"Night of Miracles" Meeting of the first in the history of France, the people's Constituent Assembly.
What political forces were in power: king louis sixteenth
Outcome: declared equality of all citizens before the law. The privileges of the clergy and nobles were abolished. The church tithe, which all citizens had previously paid to the church, was abolished. Later, the nobility was abolished in general and the first ever democratic "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" was adopted.
Event: march of the people to Versailles. The king was forcibly taken out of the Palace of Versailles and settled in Paris.
What political forces were in power: formally - the king, but in fact - the revolutionaries
Outcome: The absolute monarchy was replaced by a constitutional one. Now it was not the people who did what the king wanted, but the king carried out the will of the Constituent Assembly
Event: Deposition of King Louis by the Paris Commune
What political forces were in power: The Paris Commune of insurgents-revolutionaries. Basically, these are guardsmen, soldiers and ordinary citizens.
Outcome: Prussia, protecting the king, started a war with France. The king is imprisoned.
Event: France proclaimed a republic
What political forces were in power: French National Convention (Girondins).
Outcome: The monarchy in the country has been abolished altogether
Event: execution of Louis XVI in Paris
What political forces were in power: National Convention (Girondins)
Outcome: France is at war with several European powers defending the monarchy: Prussia, England, Spain.
Event: Jacobin uprising
What political forces were in power: Girondins and Montagnards
Outcome: a split among the revolutionaries, the coming to power of the Jacobins and Montagnards. The beginning of the cruel revolutionary terror population. The Girondins were executed. All material goods were taken away from citizens in the interests of the revolution and war.
Event: execution of Queen Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI
What political forces were in power: Jacobin National Convention and the Paris Commune
Outcome: destroyed another "enemy of the revolution"
Event: Thermidorian revolution. A split among the leadership of the revolutionaries. The Commune, with arms in hand, took the side of Robespierre against other Jacobins.
What political forces were in power: The Paris Commune and the National Convention.
Outcome: Robespierre was defeated and executed along with his supporters. Parisian Commune fell. The revolution weakened, and the Jacobins themselves began to be persecuted.
Event: Coup of 18 Brumaire
What political forces were in power: Directory
Outcome: End of the French Revolution. The victory of the military monarchy in the person of Napoleon Bonaparte, who proclaimed the power of the Provisional Government in the person of three consuls, one of whom was himself. Later, he will take power single-handedly into his own hands.
Sealine - tours to France
History of France (key dates)
1st century BC – 3rd century ADActive Romanization of southern Gaul - cities are being built (many public buildings: baths, theaters, temples), aqueducts. Remains of Roman structures still remain today.
4th century
The city of Burdigala (modern Bordeaux) is famous for its higher education (the study of Greek and Latin literature, rhetoric)
5th century
There were more than 100 cities in Gaul. Under pressure from the Germanic tribes of the Suebi, Burgundians and Franks, the Roman troops withdrew from the border along the Rhine, leaving part of Gaul to the Germans. The Visigoths occupied Aquitaine from the Loire to the Garonne and founded the Kingdom of Toulouse.
Around 450
Under the onslaught of the Anglo-Saxons, part of the Briton tribes moved from the British Isles to the Armorica Peninsula (modern Brittany), the ethnic identity of this province is still preserved.
451
Invasion of the Huns. Roman troops and Frankish squads defeated the Huns of Attila in the battle on the Catalaunian fields, near Troyes.
5th century, last quarter
The Visigoths captured Gascony, Provence and almost all of Spain, as well as central regions(modern. Take, Limousine and Auvergne). In the valleys of the Saone and Rhone, the Burgundians founded the kingdom of Burgundy.
482 year
The northern regions from the Loire to the Somme and the Meuse were subjugated by the tribal union of the Franks. The ruler of the Franks, Holdwig, founded the Frankish state of the Merovingians. The Franks retained the Roman cities and administration.
496
The Franks converted to Christianity according to the Roman rite, which provided them with the support of the Pope of Rome against the rest of the Germanic tribes who professed Arianism.
6th century, beginning
The first edition of the Salic Truth was created - a code of laws, which included the norms of unwritten (customary) law and the norms of early feudal law. For the Gallo-Roman population, the norms of Roman law are preserved.
511 year
Holdwig died. The Frankish state crumbled into the inheritances of his sons.
6th century, middle
The Franks established their dominance by subjugating the Visigoths and Burgundians. The Frankish state of the Merovingians was formed. Under the influence of the Germans, feudal land ownership began to take shape in Gaul.
6th century, end - 7th century, beginning
During internecine wars four parts of the Frankish state took shape: Neustria (in the northwest, with a center in Paris and a predominantly Halo-Roman population), Burgundy (in the east), Aquitaine (in the southwest) and Austrasia (the northeastern part of Gaul, settled by the eastern Franks later became part of Germany).
687
Mayor Pepin II (administrator of the royal domain, appointed by the king) concentrated in his hands the real power in the Frankish state.
732 year
Battle of Poitiers. The Frankish Major Karl Martel (nickname means "hammer") defeated the Arabs, stopping their advance into the interior of the country.
737 year
Charles Martell seized power in the Frankish state.
751
Pepin III the Short exiled the last Merovingian king to a monastery and founded the new Carolingian dynasty.
768-789 years
Charlemagne (742-814) became King of France. Under him, global transformations were carried out within the state, for example, an administrative reform: a court, a palace court, and an office were created to manage the empire. Active foreign policy(creation of border stamps, for example Spanish, Breion). Charles became famous as a patron of the arts. The flowering of culture under him was called the "Carolingian Renaissance". Schools were opened at all the monasteries of the Frankish state.
800 year
The state of the Franks turned into a huge "Holy Roman Empire", covering the western part of Germany, all of France and the northern part of Italy, headed by Emperor Charlemagne. Under the influence of a higher Gallo-Romance culture, the Franks assimilated, lost their language, assimilating the Gallo-Romance speech and enriching it with Germanic words. Official language Frankish Roman state.
842
Exchange of "Oaths" (the first document on French) between kings Charles the Bald and Louis the German.
843
Treaty of Verdun - section Frankish Empire, the separation of the West Frankish state, which became known as France.
9th century, middle
Norman raids on France. Not only coastal cities were devastated, but also settlements inland, including Paris. The Normans captured part of France at the mouth of the Seine and founded the duchy of Normandy (911).
10th century
France was divided into counties and duchies.
X-XII centuries
Romanesque style in architecture.
910
Abbey of Cluny founded.
987
End of the Carolingian dynasty. Count Hugh Capet of Paris is elected King of France. The beginning of the reign of the Capetian dynasty (ruled until 1328). The royal domain included lands along the Seine and Loire with Paris and Orleans.
1060-1108 years
Philip I. The struggle of the cities of the communes with the lords became a means of strengthening royalty. As they joined the royal domain, duchies and counties became provinces.
1095
Pope Urban II called at the Council of Clermont to "liberate the Holy Sepulcher"
1096-1099 years
I Crusade. It consisted of two parts - the campaign of the poor (from central and northern France and western Germany) under the leadership of Pierre of Amiens (The Hermit) along the pilgrimage route - along the Rhine and Danube to Constantinople. At the same time, the first Jewish pogroms in the history of medieval Europe took place. At the end of 1096, detachments of feudal lords moved from Lorraine, Normandy, southern France and Italy. In the east, the crusaders created a number of states: the Jerusalem state and its vassal counties - Tripoli and Edessa, the principality of Antioch.
Around 1143
In the south of France, between Toulouse and Albi, the heresy of the Cathars (from the Greek "pure") spread. The Cathars rejected all Catholic dogmas, submission to the state, demanded the confiscation of church lands, which attracted the nobility to them. They created their own church organization.
1147
The Muslims conquered Edessa, which was the reason for the II Crusade led by Louis VII and German Emperor Conrad III (ended without result). Louis VII divorced Alleonora of Aquetaine, Henry II Plantagenet, Count of Anjou married her.
1154
Henry II Plantagenet became king of England and almost 2/3 of France. Normandy, Aquitaine, Anjou, Maine, Poitou fell under his rule and cut off access to the sea to the royal domain. There was an instant conflict between England and France.
1209-1228
The kings and knights of Northern France, taking advantage of the spread of the Albigensian (Cathars and Waldenses) heresy in the south, subjected the southern regions with a higher economic and cultural standard of living to a terrible defeat and annexed the County of Toulouse (Languedoc) to the royal domain.
Around 1226
The Inquisition was organized in Toulouse.
1226-1270 years
Louis IX Saint.
1248-1254 years
Saint Louis IX led the VII Crusade to Egypt, where he was captured and ransomed for a huge sum.
1270
Louis IX gathered the VIII Crusade, but having reached Tunis, he died of the plague, like most of the knights.
1285 - 1314
Philip IV Handsome.
1302
"Bruges Matins". In the city of Bruges, the French garrison was cut out, stationed here during the struggle for the County of Flanders. In response, Philip IV the Handsome led his knights to Flanders. A “Battle of the Spurs” took place, during which the Flanders weavers killed the knights, removed their golden spurs (the distinction of a knighthood and hung them in the church. The States General was convened - a class assembly to vote taxes. The first estate was the clergy, the second was the nobility, the third was the bourgeois (citizens, taxable estate).
1306
Philip IV the Beautiful confiscated the property of the Jews (mainly usurers) and expelled them from France, but then allowed them to return (this happened more than once during his reign).
1307
The order of the Templars, to whom the king owed huge sums, was defeated. Many members of the order were executed, some were expelled, and the colossal property of the order was confiscated. The master of the order, Jacques de Molay, cursed the king and his offspring at the stake. In 1312, the pope dissolved the order.
1328-1350
Philip VI the beginning of the reign of the Valois dynasty, a side branch of the Capetians (until 1589).
1337-1453 years
Hundred Years War with England.
1380-1422 years
Large feudal lords ruled on behalf of Charles VI, who suffered from bouts of insanity.
1413
Confrontation under King Charles VI of two parties - Armagnacs and Burgundians. Revolts in Paris, convocation of the Estates General, resumption of the Hundred Years' War.
1420
Duke of Burgundy switched sides English king. Occupation of Paris.
1422-1461
Governing body Charles VII.
1429
Joan of Arc persuaded the indecisive and weak Charles VII to entrust her with an army to lift the siege of Orleans, and when this succeeded, she went with Charles VII to Reims for his coronation in Reims Cathedral, the traditional place for the coronation of French kings.
1430
In the battle with the British at Compiègne, Jeanne with a detachment had to retreat to the city gates, but they remained locked. The Burgundians captured her and sold her to the British. The court sentenced Jeanne to death, and in 1431 she was burned at the stake in Rouen. In 1456, all charges were dropped from Jeanne, and she became a national heroine. In the twentieth century, the Catholic Church canonized her.
1439
Charles VII declared the independence of the French Church from the Pope.
1453
Charles VII conquered Bordeaux, ending the Hundred Years' War. The British lost all continental possessions, except for the city of Calais.
1461-1483 years
Louis XI. A skilled diplomat, he did not like war and bequeathed to his son to remember: "He who does not know how to pretend, he does not know how to manage." Crafts and trade revived. Embryos have arisen economic policy mercantilism, which is based on a positive trade balance. Louis XI encouraged the development of industry (in particular, he forced Lyon to produce silk fabrics and organize fairs, which quickly overshadowed those in Geneva).
1477
Accession of Burgundy to the royal possessions after the death of Charles the Bold, the last Duke of Burgundy.
1483-1498
Reign of Charles VIII.
1515-1547
Reign of Francis I.
1534
The Jesuit order "Society of Jesus" was founded to fight the Reformation.
1559
King Henry II died during the tournament. His wife Catherine de Medici became regent under the minor under the minor Francis II, then under Charles IX.
1562-1592
Religious Wars. A war began (1562) between Catholics and Huguenots (Protestants, followers of Calvin. Most often they were townspeople and nobles of the south of France). Internal migration has led to the blurring of regional differences.
1589
A Dominican monk killed Henry III, the last king of the Valois dynasty.
1589-1610
Henry IV of Bourbon. The beginning of the reign of the Bourbon dynasty (until 1792 and in 1814-1830). The integrity of the country was restored according to the principle of uniting "all lands where French is spoken."
1598
Edict of Nantes. The Catholic religion is recognized as dominant in France. Established freedom of Protestant worship. Catholics and Protestants are equal in rights.
1610
The Catholic fanatic Ravaillac killed Henry IV, under which religious peace was established, the state of finance and government improved. Louis XIII (1601-1643), son of Henry IV and Marie de Medici, ascended the throne. During the years of the regency of M. Medici, the country was actually ruled by her favorite, the Italian adventurer Concino Concini (involved in the assassination of the king), whom she made Marquis d'Ancor and Marshal of France.
1617
The favorite of Louis XIII, the Duke of Luynes, persuaded the king to remove Concini. Killed, and his wife was accused of witchcraft and burned at the stake, Luin appropriated their huge fortune and achieved the expulsion of Marie Medici.
1618-1648
Thirty Years' War. France helped the Protestants in Germany in the fight against the Habsburgs.
1624-1642
Reign of Richelieu under Louis XIII. Richelieu contributed to the strengthening of the absolute monarchy and actually created centralized state France.
1631
The first French newspaper "GAZETTE DE FRANCE" is founded.
1635
Richelieu founded the French Academy.
1648
As a result of the Thirty Years' War, France occupied a dominant position in central Europe.
1659
The marriage of the future Louis XIV with the Spanish Infanta Maria Theresa put an end to the long feud between the two royal houses.
1664
Colbert founded the West Indies and New East Indies Campaigns.
1665
Jean-Baptiste Colbert is appointed Comptroller General of France's finances. Pursuing a policy of mercantilism, he stabilized the financial system and ensured economic growth.
1669
The construction of the Palace of Versailles began.
1685
Cancellation of the Edict of Nantes on the freedom of Protestant worship, the flight of the Huguenots.
1701-1714
War for Spanish inheritance: Austria, Holland, Habsburg Empire against France and Bavaria. Philip V (grandson of Louis XIV) became King of Spain. France lost part of the American possessions.
XVIII century of enlightenment
1715
After the death of Louis XIV, his great-grandson Louis XV became king (until 1774). The country is heavily devastated: "1/10 of the inhabitants are begging, and 1/2 do not have the opportunity to give alms."
1733
War with Austria and Russia for the Polish inheritance.
1774-1793 years
Reign of Louis XVI.
1781
Report of the Minister of Finance on the appalling state of the country's budget.
1788
The Treasury has declared bankruptcy.
1789-1794
The French Revolution.
1789
After a 175-year break, the States General convened. A month and a half later, the third estate proclaimed itself the National Assembly - this became the prologue of the Great French Revolution. The bourgeois demanded equality before the law, the abolition of tax privileges.
1789
Summer. Peasant uprisings, the abolition of feudal duties. Political clubs arose in Paris, from which political parties were formed. Nationalization of church property to reduce the budget deficit. On August 26, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted.
1790
Church reform, abolition of hereditary nobility, adoption of the first constitution.
1791
The failed flight of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette from Paris. Aggravation of relations between radical and moderate deputies of the National Assembly. The Jacobins, led by Robespierre, demanded that the king be punished and that a republic be proclaimed.
1791 end
In Europe, interventions were being prepared against revolutionary France.
1792 August 10
The storming of the royal palace of the Tuileries, the overthrow of the monarchy (the king and his family are imprisoned).
1793 April 6-June 2
1793, April 6-June 2, the Committee of Public Safety came to power. The main government body of the Jacobins, headed by Danton.
1794
The Jacobin bloc split into right and left: the Dantonists (Danton) and the Héberists (Hébert).
1794 mara
The Héberists opposed the government and were executed (Hébert and Chaumet).
1794 April
Danton, Desmoulins and other Dantonists (supporters of radical measures who opposed terror) were executed.
1794 July 26
Thermidorian revolution. The Jacobin club is closed, Robespierre and Saint-Just are arrested and executed without trial. New constitution.
1794 October
Ecole Normal is established - educational institution for teacher training.
1795
The Institute of France, the highest science Center countries.
1796
Napoleon's campaign in Italy, the defeat of the Austrian troops.
1798
The Egyptian campaign of Napoleon, the capture of Malta, the victory of Admiral Nelson at Abikur. Napoleon returned to France.
1799
Napoleon carried out a military coup. Under the new constitution, power passes to three consuls. Napoleon is the first consul.
1802
Napoleon appointed consul for life. Amnesty for emigrants, economic reforms started.
1804
Napoleon proclaimed emperor, restored nobility, strengthened state power, enacted the Civil Code (Napoleon Code).
1805
The defeat of the Austro-Russian troops at Austerlitz ended the war with the third anti-French coalition.
1807
Peace of Tilsit - Russian-French rapprochement. French hegemony in Europe. The first meeting between Napoleon and Alexander I.
1812 Napoleon's campaign in Russia, the capture of Moscow, the death of the French army in Russia.
1813
French troops expelled from Spain. Strengthened anti-French coalition. Battle of Leipzig - "Battle of the Nations", the defeat of Napoleon.
April 1814
Allied troops (England, Austria, Prussia and Russia) occupied Paris. The provisional government announced the deposition of Napoleon, he was left the title of emperor and exiled to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean. After the abdication of Napoleon, Louis XVIII (brother of the executed king) received power. Civil liberties and the Napoleonic Code were preserved in the country. The Treaty of Paris is relatively soft conditions for France, which lost the war.
1815
"Napoleon's Hundred Days": Napoleon's landing on the southern coast of France, march on Paris. Louis XVIII fled. Empire restored. The battle of Waterloo ended in the defeat of Napoleon, a link to the island of St. Helena. Restoration of the monarchy. The Second Treaty of Paris tough conditions, compared with the first (1814).
1821
Death of Napoleon.
1824
Under the Constitutional Charter granted by the King, France became a constitutional monarchy. The national flag is the white banner of the Bourbons.
1830 July - August
July Revolution, abdication of Charles X of Bourbon. The Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Pens elected Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orleans, as king. The flag of France became tricolor. The revolution was not as bloody as great revolution, but covered Belgium, Poland, Germany, Italy, Switzerland.
1840
The ashes of Napoleon were transported to Paris.
February 1848
A new revolution has begun. Fighting in Paris, the Tuileries Palace captured, Prime Minister Guizot resigned, Louis-Philippe abdicated. Republic proclaimed. Decree on the right to work, Decree on the organization of national workshops.
1848
The victory of the Republicans in the elections to the National (Constituent) Assembly.
1848 February 10
The constitution of the second republic was adopted. Louis Napoleon (Napoleon I's nephew) became President of France.
1849
Elections to the Legislative Assembly. The victory of the monarchists over the republicans.
1850
Law on the transfer of public education to the clergy.
1851
Disbanded the National Assembly. Louis Napoloen is endowed with dictatorial powers, censorship has been introduced.
1852
Louis Napoleon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. Second Empire (until 1870).
1870
France declared war on Prussia. Battle of Sedan, Napoleon III surrendered, abdicated. Paris is surrounded by Prussian troops.
1871
The capitulation of Paris, the signing of peace on very unfavorable terms for France.
1871, March 18-May 16
Parisian Commune. Power passed to the Central Committee of the National Guard. The Cabinet of Ministers and the army fled to Versailles.
1871
The commune was defeated by German and French troops. 25 thousand people died.
1871 August
The National Assembly elected Thiers President of the French Republic.
1875
Constitution of the Third Republic.
1894
President assassinated (since 1887). The rise of revolutionary anarchism.
1895
The Lumière brothers invented the cinematograph
From the Caroline Empire in the Middle Ages, the "Kingdom of France" stands out. The Middle Ages bring decentralization to the country. The power of the princes in the XI century reaches its climax. Since 987 Hugh Capet founded the Capetian dynasty. The Capetian rule opens the gates for religious wars. The king's vassals seize territories outside France. The most significant was the Norman conquest of England by William I the Conqueror. The Battle of Hastings was immortalized in the Bayeux Tapestry.
Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) does a lot for his country. Thanks to Philip II, the University of Paris is founded, the construction of the Cathedral continues Notre Dame of Paris. He begins the construction of the Louvre. In the time of Philip, it was a castle-fortress.
At the end of the XII century, the economy of France slowly begins to rise, industry develops, centralization of power takes place, which allowed the country to defeat England and complete the unification of its lands. In the 12th-13th centuries, a number of architectural structures were built, which became national monuments France. One of them - Reims Cathedral - a vivid example of Gothic architecture. In 1239 Saint Louis brought the Crown of Thorns from Venice. To store this relic, the Saint-Chapelle chapel is being built.
With the death of the last descendant of the Capetians, a conflict between the houses of the Valois and the Plantagenets for the succession to the throne began.
The Valois family on the throne of the French Empire (1328-1589)
During this period, the military actions of the country occupy a central place. The Hundred Years War begins. King Edward III of England after the death of Charles IV decides to seize the French throne by force. France is a loser: the battle of Poitiers deprives the country of the colors of chivalry, King John the Good is taken prisoner.
France is at an impasse: no army, no king, no money. The entire burden of the situation that has arisen falls on the shoulders of ordinary Frenchmen. The people have risen: Paris is in revolt, Jacquerie. The uprisings were suppressed. The British decide to take Orleans to open the way to the south of France.
The Virgin of Orleans, Joan of Arc, leads the French army and in 1429 defeats the British near Orleans. She convinced the Dauphin to undergo a coronation ceremony in the cathedral in the Rhine under the name of Charles VII. After 2 years in Rouen, Jeanne dies at the stake in agony. The French people dedicated more than one architectural structure of this courageous girl... For example, the statue of Jeanne is also located in the Sacré-Coeur Basilica, which is located on the hill of Montmartre.
Only in 1453 did the confrontation of the dynasties end with the victory of the Valois, which strengthened the French monarchy. For a long and painful 116 years, the struggle between the two powers for territory and the throne lasted. France becomes a colonial empire, powerful and strong. In the second half of the XVIII century, the country will lose its positions on all counts.
From Louis to Louis
In the meantime, in the XV - XVII centuries kings replace each other, ruling the country by virtue of their capabilities and abilities. Under Louis XI (1461-1483), the country expanded its territory, science and art flourished, medicine developed, and the post office started working again. It is he who makes the famous and formidable dungeon - the Bastille - out of the fortress.
He is replaced by Louis XII (1498-1515), then the reins of government of the country are with Francis I (1515-1547). Under him, a beautiful Renaissance palace was built in the vicinity of Fontainebleau. Soon the palace was overgrown with buildings around, and a whole city was formed. The palace is decorated with three gardens: the Grand Parterre, the English Garden and Diana's Garden.
The next ruler of the country was Henry II (1547-1559), who became famous for increasing taxes. His life was cut short on the Place des Vosges during a tournament in 1559.
Under his son, Francis II, the Huguenots protest against taxation. The reign of Charles IX (1560-1574) plunges the country into religious wars. In fact, the power was in the hands of Catherine de Medici (it was she who became one of the mistresses of the "Ladies' Castle" - the Chenonceau castle on the Cher River), in which Catholics and Protestants already openly expressed their intransigence towards each other.
Ten wars have passed in three decades. The most terrible page in them was the Bartholomew night from August 23 to 24, 1572, the mass extermination of the Huguenots on the day of St. Bartholomew. One of the best historical television series is “Queen Margo”, where these events are colorfully and authentically shown.
Brief history of France
The ancestors of the modern French people were Germanic tribes Franks living on the banks of the Rhine in the 3rd century. However, the history of the French territory began much earlier, in the prehistoric period. Studies have shown that Pithecanthropes inhabited the lands of Gaul about 1 million years ago. Over time, they were replaced by homo sapiens, that is, the ancestors modern man. There is practically no information about this period.
The Celtic period in France began around the 10th century BC. and spread over several centuries. In the II century BC. the Roman era began. Since the Romans called the Celts Gauls, the country began to be called Gaul. Gaul occupied vast territories, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. With the advent of the Romans came into use Latin language and the Roman way of life, but the Celtic culture and art survived.
In the middle of the 5th century, the power of the Roman governors weakened, the Early Middle Ages began. During this period, France broke up into dozens of petty kingdoms. The Burgundians ruled in the Rhine region, the Franks in the north, and Roman dominion still remained in the east. Unity in the country was achieved only under Charles I. This ruler was called the Great during his lifetime. AT 800 year he was elected emperor of the Roman Empire. Unfortunately, after his death, his descendants began to fight for the inheritance, which greatly weakened Western Europe.
From the XII century, the Late Middle Ages began - a controversial era for the French people. On the one hand, it was the heyday of art, poetry, architecture, and on the other hand, serious crises were observed. So, in the XIV century, plague epidemics broke out everywhere, the Hundred Years War with England began. However, the strife in the country after this war did not end. During the reign of the Valois dynasty, clashes began between Catholics and Huguenots, ending with Bartholomew's Night August 24, 1572. That night, about 30 thousand people died in the massacre of the Huguenots.
After the Valois, the Bourbons came to power. The first king of this dynasty was Henry IV. (1589-1610). During his reign, a law on religious tolerance was passed. Cardinal Richelieu, who had actual power during the time of Louis XIII, did a lot for the good of the country. He managed to raise the prestige of France in Europe. The following rulers significantly weakened the country's economy with wars and thoughtless entertainment. As a result, a revolution began in the country, the result of which was a coup. 1799 of the year. From that moment began the period of Napoleon's reign. After several successful and then unsuccessful military campaigns, he was overthrown.
FROM 1814 year began the period of restoration of the monarchy. First, Louis XVIII came to power, then Charles X, and after him Louis-Philippe d'Orleans. In the middle of the 19th century, another revolution took place, after which power passed to the Provisional Government. Such a change of rulers took place until France received the status of a republic for the fifth time and appointed General de Gaulle as president. (1959-1969). It was he who was involved in the liberation of the country from the German invaders and the restoration of the economic balance.
see also: All short stories states, cities, events
History abstracts
Flag of France
Coat of arms of France
France, the official name of the French Republic. France is a country in the west of mainland Eurasia in Western Europe.
The capital of France is the city of Paris. In the west, France is washed by Atlantic Ocean with its constituent seas, bays and straits. To the west by the Bay of Biscay, to the northwest by the Celtic Sea, to the north by the English Channel. In the south, the French shores are washed by the warm Mediterranean Sea. The territory of France is 547,030 sq. km, with overseas and dependent territories 674,685 sq. km. France ranks 48th in the world by area, 3rd in Europe and 1st in Western Europe. In the south-west, France borders on Spain and Andorra, in the east on Monaco, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium.
In the north, France, divided by the English Channel, borders on Great Britain. Administratively, France is divided into the metropolis (the continental part of the state), and overseas possessions and dependent territories belonging to France.
Administrative divisions of France:
- 18 regions with 5 overseas territories
- 101 departments, of which five are overseas
- 336 counties
- 2074 cantons
- 36,658 communes
- The three largest French communes - Paris, Marseille and Lyon, in turn, are divided into 45 municipal or city districts.
The cities of Paris have 20 arrondissements, Marseille 16, and Lyon 9 arrondissements.
Paris as the capital of France is a separate department and consists of a single commune.
The overseas regions of France (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion, Mayotte) consist of a single department.
The island of Corsica, which is also a separate region, includes 2 departments and has a special status of an administrative-territorial entity, which differs from other regions of the metropolis (continental France). It has independent governing bodies that are not subordinate to the center.
In 2003, a referendum on the unification of the 2 departments of Corsica failed. All these regions are part of the European Union.
Regions of continental (Metropolis) France:
- New Aquitaine - Bordeaux
- Brittany — Rennes
- Burgundy - Franche-Comte - Dijon
- Normandy - Rouen
- Ile-de-France — Paris
- Corsica - Ajaccio
- Occitania - Toulouse
- Grand Est — Strasbourg
- Hauts-de-France — Lille
- Auvergne - Rhone - Alps - Lyon
- Lands of the Loire - Nantes
- Provence - Alpes - Cote d'Azur - Marseille
- Center - Loire Valley - Orleans
Overseas regions:
- Guadeloupe - Basse-Terre
- Guiana — Cayenne
- Martinique — Fort-de-France
- Reunion - Saint-Denis
- Mayotte - Mamoudzu
France highly developed European country With high level life of the population has succeeded and is one of the world leaders in the economic, scientific and technical, industrial, educational and humanitarian fields of activity.
France is of great political and economic importance both in the world and in Europe. In Europe, France has the second economy after Germany. France is a nuclear power with both nuclear capabilities and means of delivery nuclear weapons. France is a member of the UN and is one of the five permanent members of the UN with veto power. France, with its advanced economy, is also one of the most important members of the EU.
France is also a space power, which has its own spaceport in French Guiana, from which it launches its rockets.
Also in French Guiana, in joint cooperation with Russia, an additional Russian-French launch complex is being built for joint launches. Russian missiles. Along with all the scientific and technical, industrial and political and economic achievements, France has unique cultural, historical values of world significance accumulated over many millennia of the development of European civilization.
France has given the world many great names in all fields of human activity.
Many world-famous museums and libraries in France contain world masterpieces of painting, sculpture, music and literature from all over the world. The Louvre alone is worth something with its priceless collections of world culture. France is also a world tourist power. Hundreds of millions of tourists visit French attractions every year. Probably, there is not a single tourist who would not be photographed against the background eiffel tower, which is both a national treasure and calling card France.
France is also famous for its Cote d'Azur on the Mediterranean coast with its unique resorts that annually attract tens of millions of tourists from all over the world to pamper their bodies under the warm gentle sun.
Also in France there are many natural attractions both on the coast and in the central and mountainous regions of the country.
Brief history of France
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History of France. France: main historical events
People inhabited the territory of France even, presumably, 1.8 million years ago.
In France, since the Paleolithic era, there are many cave paintings. The first colony in France was founded by the Greeks in 600 BC.
in the city then called Massalia, now called Marseille.
The spread of the Celtic tribes of the Gauls into France took place between the fifth and third centuries BC, during which much of the borders of modern France were delineated.
This territory was then known as Gaul, and its inhabitants, the Gauls, were at enmity with the Romans until the Romans captured the southern part of their country (Provence) in 125 BC.
The Franks, an ancient German pagan tribe, from which the name "France" appeared, settled in Gaul, and later conquered it, dividing the territory into four regions for their sons Frankish king Clovis I. These kingdoms were subsequently united by Charles I the Great.
France played an important role during crusades between 1095 and 1291.
Between 1337 and 1453, a series of conflicts took place between France and England, called the "Hundred Years' War", after which there were several civil wars, called the "front", at the same time there was a war with Spain, between 1635 and 1659.
During the time of European exploration, France founded a colony in the New World.
Led by Louis XV Seven Years' War(1756-1763) in the New World ended with the loss of the territories of New France, and their conquest by Britain. As a result, France became the main ally of the American colonists during the American Revolution fighting for independence from Britain, which eventually led to the Peace of Paris in 1783.
Between 1789 and 1799, the Great French Revolution took place, culminating in the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, as a result of which absolute monarchy ended in France and a constitutional monarchy appeared.
French revolutionary wars began in 1792, the same year France became a republic. King Louis XVI was executed in 1793 for treason, as was his wife, Marie Antoinette.
In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte came to power in the Republic, who later became emperor.
The French Empire began to conquer Europe, under the leadership of Napoleon, until his defeat in 1815.
During the nineteenth century, France became the second largest colonial power of all time, with colonies in North America, South-East Asia, North, West, and Central Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands.
Many of these colonies are still part of the French Republic. France played an important role in both World War I and World War II, and was a founding member of NATO in 1949.
History of France
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Quiz question:
What is informal name France? Answer options: Main RepublicFirst RepublicSecond RepublicFifth Republic
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How did France originate?
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To the north of Languedoc stretched the country that the barbarian Franks conquered in ancient times - it was called Francia or France.
In the 8th century, the Franks were the first to create heavy knightly cavalry, and great emperor Charles subjugated half of Europe - but the weak successors of Charles could not restrain the willfulness of the knights.
Cheat Sheet: History of France in Modern Times
The once mighty state broke up into countless duchies, counties, baronies, and each owner of the castle considered himself the master of the district and master over the life and death of his peasants. Castles, formerly log towers, in the 12th century turned into stone fortresses with double walls, moats and drawbridges; over each castle towered an iron weather vane with the coat of arms of the owner - and France had more than ten thousand such owners.
Seniors fought among themselves, burned other people's villages, robbed on the roads; in times of relative peace, according to the old custom, they met in conventions and installed kings on the throne. In 987, they elected Duke Hugh Capet, ruler of the Ile-de-France, a region stretching from Paris to Orleans, as king of the Franks.
Hugh Capet was not the master even in his duchy, and his successors had to start with the subordination of local barons, who considered themselves fully entitled to fight with the “king of the Franks”.
Nevertheless, the Capetians managed to keep the crown: they made it a rule during the life of the king to gather congresses of the nobility for the coronation of the heir - and the nobility did not oppose this, because they did not take the royal title seriously.
By the beginning of the 12th century, the kings had brought order to their "domain", Ile-de-France, destroyed many castles and expelled the recalcitrant barons.
Bishops of neighboring regions began to turn to them for help: the church had long tried to stop private wars and establish "God's peace" - now it has acquired a strong ally, the king. Local councils imposed excommunication on the barons ruining the district and called against them the royal soldiers, who moved siege towers to the walls of the castles and smashed the gates with battering rams.
Cities, seeking to free themselves from the power of the lords, also sought an alliance with the king; with the permission of the king, they proclaimed themselves communes and paid a lot of money for their support. Money, in turn, made it possible to hire soldiers - after all, the word "soldier" comes from a coin - "soldo"; mercenary crossbowmen and mounted "sergeants" were much more disciplined than vassal knights, whose service lasted only forty days a year.
HISTORY OF THE STATE AND THE LAW OF FRANCE IN MODERN TIMES
plan
French state of the early period of the revolution of the 18th century
Gironde republic
Jacobin Republic
Thermal Republic
Legal monarchy
Another republic
Other empires
Rehabilitation of the Republic
The Paris Commune in 1871
Third Republic
The French state of the early period of the revolution of the 18th century.
The beginning of the revolution.
The root, the deep cause of the revolution, was the contradiction between the forces of production and the feudal coefficients of production that prevailed in the country that reached its peak. Feudalism could no longer ensure their further growth and objectively transform into their inhibition. People felt this primarily in connection with the intensification of feudal oppression.
Even the majority of industrialists, merchants and merchants were not satisfied with their situation.
Significant taxes and duties were applied, mainly related to the upkeep of the royal court and privileged possession.
Brief history of France by dates for schoolchildren. For short and only important events
The government repeatedly carried out the so-called "pressed sponges": the entrepreneur grew up without forgery, mostly illegally, thrown into prison and released only after he gave them a large ransom.
The domestic market was extremely narrow for the industry, since the farmer (most of the country's population) hardly bought manufactured goods. A large number of internal customs hindered trade. The production of products was hampered by the rules of trade.
Foreign trade, especially colonial trade, was artificially concentrated in the hands of a small group of privileged merchants who shared their income with the aristocratic nobility.
Most of the nobility and the high priest tried to keep existing system. The main weapon of its defense, not without reason, can be seen in the feudal absolutist state.
Meanwhile, the country has matured in understanding the need for profound changes. For them, it is also ready to the bourgeoisie, economically and politically the most influential and most organized and, no less important, educated social group in the protefedalističnem movement.
At that time in France, the bourgeoisie began to call bankers, tax tax farmers, manufacturers, merchants and even big businessmen; Before the bourgeoisie, the bourgeois were indigenous peoples. Mainly due to financial and other support, the most famous works bourgeois ideologists of the Enlightenment - the theoretical thinkers of the movement, who were the subject of criticism of the feudal vision in the world of writing - absolutist arbitrariness, class privileges, medieval superstition and obscurantism.
Enlightened people, on the contrary, are a reactionary ideology with a new political perspective, which, they wrote, meets the requirements of a universal and timeless reason and justice. They studied the experience of the revolution in the Netherlands, England, the USA, including the practice of state building in these countries. Their views on a number of issues differed, but were generally united - in the need for serious state and legal reforms on a democratic basis.
In 1788
France was hit by a deep economic crisis. Due to the subsequent sharpening of the harvest, famine was threatened by farmers and poor cities in most countries. Production was limited and thousands of city workers lost their jobs. Rural upheavals began, which soon spread to the cities. What was new about these events was that the soldiers in several places refused to act against the people.
The transformation of the general states into a constitutional assembly.
In a situation where, according to one of the ministers, "there is no obedience and cannot be persuaded by the army", the government was forced to refuse concessions. He announced the convocation of the general states, which had not been formed for more than 150 years.
In the opinion of the ruling circles, countries should help the monarchies overcome financial difficulties by accepting new taxes. But other hopes are connected with the "third property" of common states, which offered to implement important changes in the social and national system France.
Mandates for their deputies - representatives of the great bourgeoisie - need to limit royal tyranny, introduce the right to approve the budget, supervise its implementation, establish strict laws in the activities of administrative bodies and courts, eliminate guild rules, improve the difficult situation of farmers and others.
In May 1789 the General Staff was opened. The ruling circles, who tried to maintain a pro-government majority, demanded that the old voting order be observed - each class has one vote.
Representatives of the third property did not agree with this. They demanded that meetings not be held separately in the classroom, but that decisions be taken by majority vote. members of the Third Estate. Only in this way can they count on the success of their efforts, since the number is equal to the number of members of the privileged classes, and they hope (later events showed that they do not mind) in support of some members of the privileged classes (the liberal nobility and the lower clergy).
In response to the government's refusal, new order voting members of the "third property" in June 1789, which was adopted by the National Assembly, a month later - in the Constituent Assembly, which, on behalf of the French people, demanded the right to repeal the old laws and adopt a new one.
The king and nobles decided to dissolve the assembly. At Versailles, where the meeting took place, troops were assembled. It seemed that the government did not interfere with finding out what was planned.
The Constitutional Assembly saved the people. When Paris knew about the imminent massacre with the anti-feudal movement, the people in Paris rose to an armed revolt. Most of the soldiers soon went over to their side, and almost all of Paris was in the hands of the rebels.
On July 14, they attacked the royal fortress - a prison in the Bastille. Bastille Day was, in fact, the birthday of the new France and is now celebrated as a national holiday.
A constitutional monarchy. The revolution that began in Paris soon took over the whole country. The rebels were excommunicated from royal officials, farmers refused to fulfill feudal duties. In many provincial towns, old local authorities were abolished.
The vast majority of the forces were in obedience to the royal generals. The soldiers didn't want to shoot people.
Those at the top of the "Third Estate" (big bourgeoisie), dominated the Constituent Assembly (i.e., the capital), we used the popular conquest movement political power and on the ground. new local communities were created - municipalities, where the richest person from the "third estate" played the main role.
At the same time, the bourgeoisie began to create their own armed forces.
It was announced the recruitment of the national guard - the territorial militia. Each national guard had to buy expensive weapons and equipment at its own expense, which blocked access to the national guard for all affected citizens.
The great bourgeoisie financed the acquisition of weapons, training, etc. In the National Guard, it appointed its people to command posts. The head of the national guard was Marquez M. J-Lafayette, a participant in the North American Revolutionary War, which supports the moderate reforms that were very popular in the country at the time.
As a result, the country ended up in the hands of a political group that objectively represented the interests of wealthy bourgeois and liberal nobles.
Its leaders - the Marquis Lafayette - Abbé Sieys, the scientist, astronomer Bailly, the sociologist A. Barnave, A. Lamet, and especially Count Mirabeau - a brilliant speaker, but an unscrupulous politician - did not demand the complete elimination of the old system. Their ideal was a constitutional monarchy, which is why they were called constitutionalists.
Them political activity was based on attempts to reach agreement with the nobility on the basis of mutual concessions.
"The abolition of feudalism". At the Constitutional Assembly, the "abolition of feudalism" was solemnly proclaimed. However, the publication of this Act (August 1789) showed that the basic demands of the farmers had not been met. This is due to the abolition of relatively small so-called personal feudal rights (a favor, the right to a "dead hand", the exclusive right to hunt, etc.). With a free rejection of them, he easily agreed, especially since they were actually lost - the farmers ignored them from the first days of the revolution.
Everything else: land rights and actual payments and benefits associated with agriculture, preserved, the land belongs to the seigneur.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 On August 26, 1789, the constituent assembly adopted the most important document of the revolution, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Compiled as a program of the revolution, according to the plan of the creators, they contribute to the world of people, while maintaining "brotherly unity."
At the same time, its content largely depends on the specifics of a particular historical moment that the state is going through.
At that time, the political forces in the revolutionary camp did not run away, and the interest in the victory of the revolution was predetermined by the general direction of its anti-factional struggle. Some revolutionaries and their ideologists still believed in the possibility of an immediate triumph of the ideals of freedom, equality and fraternity. However, many wanted to see the Declaration as a set of abstract principles that society should strive for, but not necessarily for immediate implementation. "The objectives of the Declaration," said one of its leading deputies, Dupont, in his speech before the Constitutional Assembly, to express the truth for all time and people.
Does that mean what if it was contrary to that part of the constitution that would be acceptable to us? “It is important that this statement does not contradict the ruling majority, but at the time of the adoption of the declaration, it gives an exception in case of its most progressive provisions.
