The emergence of speech in humans, the formation of sounds is possible thanks to the speech apparatus. The speech apparatus is a set of coordinated organs that help form the voice, regulate it and form it into meaningful expressions. Thus, the human speech apparatus implies all the elements that are directly involved in the work of creating sounds - the articulatory apparatus, including the central nervous system, the respiratory organs - the lungs and bronchi, throat and larynx, oral cavities and nasal cavities.

The structure of the human speech apparatus, that is, its structure, is divided into two sections - the central and peripheral sections. The central link is the human brain with its synapses and nerves. The central speech apparatus also includes the higher parts of the central nervous system. The peripheral department, which is also the executive department, is a whole community of body elements that provide the formation of voice and speech. Further, according to the structure, the peripheral section of the speech apparatus is divided into three subsections:

Voice formation

In every language on our planet, there is a specific number of sounds that create an acoustic image of the language. Sound finds meaning only in the scheme of sentences, helps to distinguish one letter from another. This sound is called the phoneme of the language. All sounds of the language differ in articulatory features, that is, their difference comes from the formation of sounds in the human speech apparatus. And by acoustic features - by differences in sound.

• respiratory, otherwise energy - includes the lungs, bronchi, trachea and throat;
• the voice-forming department, otherwise the generator - the larynx along with the sound cords and muscles;
• sound-forming, otherwise resonant - the cavity of the oropharynx and nose.

The work of these departments of the speech apparatus in full symbiosis can only occur through the central control of speech and voice-forming processes. This suggests that the respiratory process, articulatory mechanism and sound formation are completely controlled by the human nervous system. Its impact extends to peripheral processes:

• the functioning of the respiratory organs regulates the power of the sound of the voice;
• the functioning of the oral cavity is responsible for the formation of vowels and consonants and for the difference in the articulation process during their formation;
• the nose section provides adjustment of the overtones of the sound.

In the formation of the voice, the central speech apparatus occupies a key place. The jaw and lips of a person, the palate and epiglottis, the pharynx and lungs are all involved in the process. The air current leaving the body, passing further through the larynx and passing through the mouth and nose, is the source of sound. On its way, the air passes through the vocal cords. If they are relaxed, then the sound is not formed and passes freely. If they are close and tense - the air, when passing through, creates vibration. The result of this process is sound. And then, during the work of the movable organs of the oral cavity, the direct formation of letters and words occurs.

Structural components of speech

Responsible for the speech function:

1. The center of sensory speech is the perception of speech sounds, based on the sound-distinctive system of the language, Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for this process.
2. The center of motor speech - Broca's area is responsible for it, thanks to it, the reproduction of sounds, words and phrases is possible.

In this regard, in clinical psychology there is the concept of impressive speech, in other words, the understanding and presentation of oral and written speech. There is also the concept of expressive speech - one that is spoken aloud with the accompaniment of a certain tempo, rhythm, emotions.

In the process of speech formation, each person should have a clear idea of ​​the following subsystems of the native language:

• phonetics (what syllables, sound combinations can be, their correct structure and combination);
• syntax (understanding exactly how the relationship and combinations between words occur);
• vocabulary (knowledge of the vocabulary of the language)
• semantics (the ability to understand the meaning of words long before acquiring pronunciation skills);
• pragmatics (relations between sign systems and those who use them).

The phonological component of the language means knowledge of the semantic units of the language (phonemes). Physically, speech sounds can be divided into noises (consonants) and tones (vowels). Any language is based on a certain distinguishing feature, if you change one of them, then the meaning of the word will change dramatically. The main semantic distinguishing features include deafness and sonority, softness and hardness, as well as impact and unstressedness. It is these features that are the basis of the phonemes of the language system. Each language assumes a different number of semantic units, as a rule, from 11 to 141.

The Russian language involves the use of 42 phonemes, in particular, 6 vowels and 36 consonants.

It has been scientifically proven that any healthy infant in the first year of life has the ability to reproduce 75 different shortest sound units, in other words, it can learn any language. But, most often, children, at the initial stages of their development, are in only one language environment, so over time they lose the ability to reproduce sounds that do not belong to their native Russian language.

Diagnosis of problems with the speech apparatus

Assimilation of the norms of the native language occurs by copying what a person hears. And all parents have different attitudes to the problems of speech development in their children. Some begin to sound the alarm when a child at the age of two does not use extended phrases for communication, others are more careless and may stubbornly not notice that the child's functioning of the speech apparatus is impaired.

The presence of problems largely depends on how well the human speech apparatus is formed. It is important that each department involved in the formation of the voice functions fully and accurately.

The grounds for violations can be many factors, since the structure of the human speech apparatus is a very structurally complex scheme. But there are only three main reasons:

• incorrect use of the organs of speech;
• structural disorders of speech organs or tissues;
• problems with the parts of the nervous system that provide the process of reproducing sounds and voices.

Speech developmental delay (SRR) means a quantitative underdevelopment of the vocabulary, lack of expressive speech development or the absence of phrasal speech by the age of 2 and coherent speech by the age of 3 in children. With a deficit of voice functions, communication is limited, the amount of speech information received from the outside world decreases, which can further lead to serious problems with reading and writing.

Such children need a consultation with a pediatric neuropathologist, a pediatric otolaryngologist, a speech therapist, and a psychologist to select the amount of corrective assistance.

Knowing the structure of the speech apparatus and its functions will help you pay attention to deviations from the norm in time and increase the chance for a quick and complete correction of the pathology.

Sound

Sound is a type of energy perceived by the ear. It occurs due to vibrations in a solid, liquid and gaseous medium, which propagate in the form of waves.

We are accustomed to thinking that sound travels only in the air, but in reality it is also perceived through another medium. For example, if we put our head in a bath, we will hear what is happening in the room, because water and other liquids are good conductors of sound. And noisy neighbors bother us because their loud voices are heard through the floor and walls - solid substances.

The emergence of sound

It is not difficult to extract the sound by hitting with two objects - for example, pot lids. They begin to sound, so when we strike, we transfer energy to them, causing them to vibrate (vibrate quickly). Vibrating, the object alternately - either compresses or liquefies the surrounding air. Therefore, the air pressure around it rises and falls. These weak vibrations in the air create sound waves. They reach our eardrums and we hear the sound.

Air vibrations

Sound is produced by subtle changes in air pressure. When someone is talking next to us, it causes the air pressure to rise, then fall by about 0.01 percent of normal. We feel the same pressure when we put a piece of paper on our palm. The air vibrates, causing the thin membrane in the ear, called the eardrum, to vibrate. That is why we perceive air vibrations as sound. But our hearing does not pick up all vibrations. Firstly, the oscillation must be strong enough for us to pick up, and secondly, not too fast or too slow—in other words, it must have a certain frequency.

sound propagation

Sound waves propagate from a vibrating side object. The further away the sound source is from us, the more energy the waves spend on their way, and therefore the sound becomes quieter. From hard surfaces, such as glass and stone walls, the waves are reflected, generating an echo. If the person who is talking is in the same room as us, the sound of her voice reaches our ears both directly and reflected off the walls, floor and ceiling. If the room is large, a loud echo occurs, this phenomenon is called reverberation.

Volume

The harder we hit the object, the more vigorously it vibrates, creating perceptible changes in air pressure, which means that the sound becomes louder. Our ear can perceive pressure drops in a very wide range. People with acute hearing can feel a drop that is millions of times less than atmospheric pressure; the sound of such a volume is created by a hairpin that has fallen to the floor. At the other extreme, a one-fifth of atmospheric pressure is the kind of noise that a jackhammer creates.

Frequency

Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz). Our ear only perceives sounds in the range of 16 to 20,000 Hz. The car signal has a frequency of 200 Hz, a high female voice hits notes up to 1200 Hz, and a low male bass can reach 60 Hz. Sounds with frequencies up to 16 Hz are called infrasound, and with a frequency of 2 x 10 ^ 4 - 10 ^ 9 - ultrasound.

Sound speed

Sound travels through air at a speed of about 1,224 kilometers per hour. "As the temperature or pressure of the air decreases, the speed of sound decreases." In rarefied cold air at a height of 11 kilometers, the speed of sound is about 1,000 kilometers per hour. "The speed of sound in water is much higher, than in the air (about 5,400 kilometers per hour).

Voice occurs when air from the lungs passes through the vocal cords.” The pitch of the voice depends on how fast the cords vibrate. The movement of air, then fills the lungs, then goes out, controls the diaphragm. The muscles of the tongue and lips make sounds that make connections understandable.” The cavities of the nose, larynx, and chest help to amplify sound through resonance.

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How does the sound appear.

We hear a huge number of different sounds every second - the noise of cars, the voices of people, the rustling of leaves .... Even those that we do not pay attention to. Now we will tell you how the sound appears...

All sounds are formed as a result of vibrations (vibrations), i.e. very fast movements of particles of objects back and forth. In air, sound propagates in the form of waves (no, not sea, but air). Our ears perceive sound waves passing through the air around us. Sound can also propagate in other gases, as well as in liquids and solids. Therefore, sounds are heard under water.

But in space, where there is no air, astronauts cannot communicate without a walkie-talkie. Although if they touch helmets, they can hear each other. Since the air inside the helmet, together with the touch of solid bodies, creates a dense environment through which sound waves can pass.

Sometimes sound waves bounce off solid surfaces and bounce back. This phenomenon, observed in caves, long corridors and mountains, for example, is called an echo.

If you pluck a guitar string, it vibrates very quickly, producing sound waves. Lightly touching a sounding string with your finger, you will feel its vibrations. And if you press your finger harder, the vibration will stop and the sound will stop. The vibrations of the guitar strings, propagating in the form of sound waves, cause the air to vibrate, thus making a sound.

The speed of sound is about 1225 km/h. That's 30 times faster than a distance runner, but almost a million times slower than the speed of light! Sounds are loud and quiet. The stronger the vibrations, the larger the sound waves and the louder the sound. Loudness is measured in decibels. A leaf, quietly falling to the ground, produces a rustle of 10 decibels. The roar of the engine of a jet aircraft taking off reaches 120 decibels.

In addition, sounds are divided into high and low. A large trumpet (meaning a musical instrument) sounds lower than a small whistle. A huge tiger basses low, and a mouse squeaks thinly and high. This is due to the fact that they produce different vibrations. The higher the vibration speed, the higher the sound.

Dogs hear both higher and lower sounds than humans. Bats and dolphins can reproduce and hear very high sounds - ultrasound - and use this ability to navigate in space. Man does not have the ability to hear ultrasounds.

In noisy environments, for example, people wear headphones to dampen the effects of the sound. This is because loud noise can cause pain and even deafness if it goes on for too long.