Rono is a kind of abbreviation. Genus of indeclinable nouns, indeclinable geographical names. Type of abbreviations. How to decline abbreviations

Word abbreviation translated into Russian from Italian as "reduction". From the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, this word was used in its original, etymological meaning, as evidenced, for example, by the interpretation of this word in the dictionary of Florenty Pavlenkov: abbreviation- "abbreviation in writing and printing" Dictionary foreign words, which became part of the Russian language in 1907 .. However, today only nouns formed from truncated segments of words are called abbreviations ( chief accountant, commander in chief, permanent representative, Rospechat), from the initial sounds of several words ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ITAR-TASS, MKAD) or from the names of their initial letters ( FSB, MIA, RSL).

Abbreviation- this is the addition of two or more words and their subsequent reduction: unified + state + exam = USE; chief + accountant = chief accountant. The words obtained as a result of abbreviation are called abbreviations or compound words.

There are the following types of abbreviations according to the method of formation:

abbreviations formed from the initial letters of each word (initial abbreviations): USE-Single State exam; Russian Railways-Russian railways ; OSAGO - compulsory motor third party liability insurance.
Abbreviations formed from a combination of the initial parts of words: Commander-in-Chief, Ministry of Health;
abbreviations mixed type, consisting of both initial parts of words and initial letters: social security, KAMAZ, GLONASS;
Abbreviations consisting of a combination of the initial part of the word with the whole word: office equipment, Sberbank, Rospechat; head of the department, platoon commander, manager, Ministry of Education and Science;
Abbreviations consisting of a combination of the beginning of the first word with the beginning and end of the second, or only with the end of the second: moped(motorcycle-bike), destroyer(destroyer).

Grammatical difficulties are associated with the definition of the gender of initial abbreviations.

· Genus letter initial abbreviation(read by the names of the letters) depends on the reference word in the decoding of the abbreviation: Moscow State University(university) accepted new students; ECtHR(court) spoke out; CIS(commonwealth) took the initiative; ROC(church) called for an end to the bloodshed.
· Genus sound initial abbreviation (read "by syllables") depends not only on the gender of the reference word, but also on the external phonetic appearance of the abbreviation, more precisely, on its ending. So, if the abbreviation ends in a consonant, then it can agree on the masculine gender, despite the fact that the reference word belongs to the feminine or neuter gender. Moreover, in some cases, agreement on the masculine gender is the only possible one. For example, only male the words university(although institution), MFA(although ministry), marriage registry(although record). In some cases, fluctuations are observed: for example, MKAD- masculine in colloquial speech, female in stylistically neutral contexts. In some cases, masculine agreement is not possible: HPP, CHP - nouns are only feminine.
· Genus foreign abbreviation determined by the key word in Russian transcription : FIFA (Federation) made a decision; CERN (center) conducted research. However, in some cases, the external phonetic appearance of the word can influence the generic affiliation. For example, the abbreviation NATO is used as a masculine noun (as a result of the influence of the combination with the words alliance, bloc, treaty), feminine (according to the key word organization) and neuter (according to phonetic appearance, compare with other words in -O: coat, subway, cinema). The UNESCO abbreviation experiences fluctuations in gender (the phonetic appearance suggests the middle gender, and the key word organization- female).

So the abbreviation is an abbreviation compound words. There are some difficulties in determining the kind of abbreviations. So, the gender of some abbreviations is determined regardless of what gender the reference word is. In general, the type of abbreviations is determined precisely by the type of the key word in the decoding of the abbreviation.

How to determine the gender of nouns?

The correct definition of the gender of nouns allows you to avoid mistakes in their agreement with verbs in the past tense ( the coffee is cold or cooled down) and adjectives ( delicious coffee or tasty).

Since most often the grammatical gender of nouns does not correlate directly with lexical meaning words, whether a noun belongs to the masculine, neuter or feminine gender has to be memorized (memorized). This is most difficult for those who study Russian as a foreign language.

For native speakers of Russian as a native language, difficulties with determining the grammatical gender arise with the following types of words:

the most extensive group is indeclinable borrowed nouns: coffee, cocoa, Bordeaux, whiskey, brandy, boa, brie, slang, euro, Esperanto;
foreign geographical names: Monaco, Limpopo, Tokyo, Helsinki, Tartu, Capri, Chile, Yellow River;
abbreviations: UN, UNESCO, NATO, CIS, PRO, VAK, TASS, GLONASS.
some nouns ending in -Л in the form im. n. (doubts arise whether to refer these words to the second or third declension): tulle, callus, polish, roofing felt, valve.
nouns, plural form h. which usually denotes a pair of shoes: shoes, boots, slippers, sandals etc.
compound nouns.

Let's take a closer look at each of these types of words.

1. Gender of indeclinable borrowed nouns

Majority indeclinable nouns, outwardly similar to inflected nouns of the middle gender (such as sea and window), belong to the middle gender: fragrant cocoa, aged Bordeaux, heady chardonnay, hot cappuccino, locomotive depot, new coat, wicker planter.

Word coffee strict literary norm prescribes to use as a masculine noun: strong coffee is already cold. However, in a relaxed oral speech neuter agreement is acceptable: the coffee is cold.

It should be noted that there are many exceptions to this rule related to the influence of various analogies (such as the presence of a commonly used inflected Russian synonym; the possibility of substituting an inflected word denoting a generic concept, etc.). So, the words are masculine Euro(because most of the names of monetary units are masculine, cf.: dollar, ruble, pound, franc, tugrik...), brie, suluguni(influence of the generic concept cheese), sirocco(word influence wind), penalty(influence of the Russian synonym penalty kick). The words are feminine avenue(cf. the outside), kohlrabi(cabbage), salami(sausage), etc.

Some words can be used in the form of two genders. Such words include, for example, nouns that outwardly resemble inflected nouns in the plural form. hours: aged whiskey and aged whiskey; armenian brandy and armenian brandy. Therefore, in all doubtful cases, to determine the generic affiliation of a word, one should refer to the dictionaries of the Russian language.

2. Genus of foreigners geographical names

Most often, the gender of such names is determined by the generic word: distant (principality) Monaco, wide (river) Limpopo, densely populated (city) Tokyo. If two different generic words can be used, then agreement options are possible: independent (state) Haiti, independent (country) Haiti, distant (island) Haiti, beautiful (city) Brescia and beautiful (province) Brescia.

In some cases, the gender of a noun is established by tradition, so a dictionary check is required.

3. Genus of compound words (abbreviations)

The genus of abbreviations is usually determined by the key word in the decoding of the abbreviation or by the generic word: NATO (alliance) decided, Moscow State University (university) accepted new students, CIS (commonwealth) took the initiative, UNESCO (organization) declared 2009 the Year of Gogol.

More information about the correct use of abbreviations in the text can be found in the article How to use abbreviations correctly.

4. Gender of nouns ending in -Л

The second declension and the masculine gender include, in particular, the words: aerosol, polish, lampoon, vaudeville, quantile, quartile, endgame, tulle, tar paper, flat.

The third declension and feminine gender include words such as mezzanine, corn, rosin, vacuole, triol.

Generic affiliation and belonging to the second or third declension is checked in such cases in dictionary order. For example, you can use the dictionaries in the "Word Check" section on our portal.

5. Names of shoes and paired items

It should be remembered:

And also: gaiters - one gaiter, leggings - one gaiter, sideburns - one sideburn, leggings - one leggings.

BUT: golfs - one golf, rails - one rail, adjustments - one adjustment.

In addition, there is a two-gender noun high fur boots. If in many h. the stress falls on the end of the word (high fur boots, -o c), then the singular form is one oz. If in many h. the stress falls on the stem ( at nta), form them. p. units h. - at nta.

6. Compound nouns

Grammar

How to use abbreviations correctly?

What is the difference between an abbreviation and an abbreviation?

Word abbreviation translated into Russian from Italian as "abbreviation" (abbreviatura, from Latin brevis "short"), from the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century this word was used in its original, etymological meaning, as evidenced, for example, by the interpretation of this word in the Florentine dictionary Pavlenkov: abbreviation- "abbreviation in writing and printing" (Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. 1907). However, today only nouns formed from truncated segments of words are called abbreviations ( chief accountant, commander in chief, permanent representative, Rospechat), from the initial sounds of several words (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ITAR-TASS, MKAD) or from the names of their initial letters (FSB, MVD, RSL).

How are words shortened?

There are several ways to abbreviate words: abbreviation, graphic abbreviation and word truncation.

Graphic abbreviation It is a way of shorthand for words. It is used to save time that must be spent writing and space on the sheet. At graphic reduction letters or syllables are skipped in a word (a gap is indicated by a dot, dash or slash). The word is written briefly, but pronounced in full: kg - kilogram; pr-in - production; and. about. - acting; billion - billion; Rostov n/a – Rostov-on-Don.

truncation is the formation of a new word by discarding the final part of the original word. Truncated words are often used in colloquial speech: specialist - specialist, fan - fan, teacher - teacher.

How are abbreviations formed?

There are the following types of abbreviations according to the method of formation:

abbreviations formed from the initial letters of each word (initial abbreviations): USE - Unified State Examination; RZD - Russian Railways; OSAGO– compulsory motor third party liability insurance.

abbreviations formed from a combination of the initial parts of words: Commander-in-Chief, Ministry of Health;

abbreviations of a mixed type, consisting of both initial parts of words and initial letters: social security, KAMAZ, GLONASS;

abbreviations consisting of a combination of the initial part of the word with the whole word: office equipment, Sberbank, Rospechat;head of the department, platoon commander, manager, Ministry of Education and Science;

abbreviations consisting of a combination of the beginning of the first word with the beginning and end of the second, or only with the end of the second: moped(motorcycle-bike), destroyer(destroyer).

How are the abbreviations pronounced?

Difficulties arise with the pronunciation of initial abbreviations (formed from the initial letters of each word). Such abbreviations can be read by letter names, by syllables, as well as in a mixed way.

If the initial abbreviation contains only letters denoting consonant sounds, then such an abbreviation is read by the names of its constituent letters: USSR[es-es-es-er], NTV[en-te-ve], ROC[er-pe-tse].

If the abbreviation contains letters denoting vowel sounds, then such abbreviations can be read “by syllables”, like ordinary words: MFA[mid], university[university], GUM[hum], Moscow Art Theater[mkhat], USE, MAPRYAL [ma-pr "al]. However, if the vowel sound in the abbreviation is final or initial, then the abbreviation is usually read by the names of the letters: Moscow State University[em-ge-woo], MDA[em-de-a], USP[u-te-pe], computer[e-ve-em], ABS [a-be-es]. But: mass media[mass media], SKA[ska].

Some abbreviations are read partly “by syllables”, partly by letter names: traffic police[gi-be-de-de].

When pronouncing a number of abbreviations, colloquial names of letters are used: [ne] instead of [en], [se] instead of [es], [fe] instead of [ef], etc.: AtoN[es-ne-o], USA[se-she-a], FBI[fe-be-er]. Moreover, instead of the name of the letter [el], in abbreviations they always pronounce [el]: ZhZL[zhe-ze-el], NHL[en-ha-el], Komsomol[ve-el-ka-es-em].

How to pronounce Germany and USA?

Originally an abbreviation Germany read by the names of the letters: [ef-er-ge]. But since the letter F colloquially pronounced as [fe], which is explained by economy speech means, in particular, articulatory laws (and our “linguistic laziness”, as K. S. Gorbachevich believes), today the pronunciation of the FRG is fixed as [fe-er-ge], cf.: FSB [fe-es-be] and [ef -es-be].

Behind the abbreviation USA according to tradition, the pronunciation [se-she-a] was fixed: it is spelled, but not in the way it is customary in literary language, as well as letters FROM[es] and W[sha] is called colloquially.

Where to put the accent in the abbreviation?

When pronouncing initial abbreviations the stress usually falls on the last syllable: USE, GIA, FIFA, EI RTs, FANO. If the abbreviation is pronounced by the names of the letters, then this syllable is usually the name of the last letter of the abbreviation: housing and communal services [zhe-ka-ha], microwave [es-ve-che], VDNH [ve-de-en-ha], OLRS[o-el-er-e s].

Stress in foreign abbreviations that do not have a verbatim interpretation must be checked in a dictionary: ON TO, UNE SCO.

How to write abbreviations?

Initial abbreviations written in capital letters: UN, MFA, RF. Dots or spaces between letters are not put, but a space is used between two independently used abbreviations: IRYa RAS, MFA RF.

Words formed from initial abbreviations by adding suffixes are written lower case: text message(from SMS),kaveenshchik(from KVN), traffic cop(from GAI), foreign ministry(from MFA). Otherwise, uppercase letters are preserved: mini-KVN, SMS-mailing.

Abbreviation university It is customary to write in lowercase letters. Variant spelling - at the abbreviation MARRIAGE REGISTRY (marriage registry).

Compound words formed from segments of words, are written in lowercase letters: special forces, secretary of state, chief accountant. At the same time, the abbreviated names of institutions and organizations are written with a capital letter, if their full name is written with a capital letter: Sberbank, Rospechat, Ministry of Education and Science.

Writing mixed abbreviations(formed from combinations of initials and word segments) should be checked in a dictionary, since their spelling is not uniform: KamAZ, GLONASS, IAEA, social security.

How to write foreign language abbreviations?

Foreign abbreviations can be transmitted in the Russian text in Latin (the same as in the source language) and letters of the Russian alphabet. Further - about how to write foreign language abbreviations in Russian.

If the abbreviation is read "by syllables" (like a normal word), then it is written in capital letters: NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) , UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), CERN(European Center for Nuclear Research) , FIFA(International Federation of Football Associations), FIA(International Automobile Federation) , FIDE(International Chess Federation).

If the abbreviation is read by foreign names of letters, then it is written in lowercase letters, using hyphens: iq. Abbreviated proper names begin with capital letter: BBC, CNN, IBC.

Foreign-language abbreviations can turn into independent common nouns in Russian, which are written in lowercase letters without hyphens: PR(from PR - public relations), HR(HR - human resources), DJ, VJ, Dividi.

How to determine the gender of an abbreviation?

Grammatical difficulties are associated with the definition of the gender of initial abbreviations.

Genus letter initial abbreviation(read by the names of the letters) depends on the reference word in the decoding of the abbreviation: Moscow State University(university) accepted new students; ECtHR(court) spoke out; CIS(commonwealth) took the initiative; ROC(church) called for an end to the bloodshed.

Genus sound initial abbreviation(read “by syllables”) depends not only on the gender of the reference word, but also on the external phonetic appearance of the abbreviation, more precisely, on its ending. So, if the abbreviation ends in a consonant, then it can agree on the masculine gender, despite the fact that the reference word belongs to the feminine or neuter gender. Moreover, in some cases, agreement on the masculine gender is the only possible one. For example, only masculine words university(although institution), MFA(although ministry), marriage registry(although record). In some cases, fluctuations are observed: for example, MKAD- masculine in colloquial speech, feminine in stylistically neutral contexts. In some cases, masculine agreement is not possible: HPP, CHP - nouns are only feminine. The generic affiliation of such abbreviations should be consulted in dictionaries.

Genus foreign abbreviation is determined by the key word in Russian transcription: FIFA (federation) made a decision; CERN (center) conducted research. However, in some cases, the external phonetic appearance of the word can influence the generic affiliation. For example, the abbreviation NATO is used as a masculine noun (as a result of the influence of the combination with the words alliance, bloc, treaty), feminine (according to the key word organization) and neuter (according to phonetic appearance, compare with other words in -O: coat, subway, cinema). The UNESCO abbreviation experiences fluctuations in gender (the phonetic appearance suggests the middle gender, and the key word organization- female).

When should abbreviations be inflected?

Grammar difficulties associated with declension sound initial abbreviations with a masculine reference word: at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or at the Foreign Ministry? At the Moscow Art Theater or at the Moscow art theatre? Civil Registry Officer or MARRIAGE REGISTRY? Made according to GOST or according to GOST? CERN Research or CERN?

"Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language" by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich and L. P. Katlinskaya (Moscow, 2008) recommends inflecting abbreviations VAK, GOST, Moscow Art Theater, VGIK, Youth Theater, AIDS, OMON. Other abbreviations in strict business writing are not declined. In colloquial speech, declension is possible: traffic jam on the Moscow Ring Road, an employee of the registry office.

When should abbreviations not be used?

Abbreviations and abbreviations should save not only space on the page, but also the reader's time. Therefore, abbreviations in the text are acceptable if the reader does not often have to refer to additional reference sources to decipher them.

It is undesirable to use little-known, uncommon abbreviations and abbreviations if the text is addressed to the general reader. It is necessary to distinguish between generally accepted (understandable to the general reader) and special (understandable to specialists) abbreviations and abbreviations.

L. A. Baranova. Dictionary of abbreviations of foreign origin. M., 2009.

§1.1. gender of nouns

Gender of inflected nouns

Each noun in Russian belongs to one of three genders: table, sparrow(male gender), a pen, notebook(feminine gender), window, field(middle gender).

How do we define and express the gender of a noun?

The gender of a noun (except for its case ending) is indicated by:

a) adjective forms: bigoh table, redand I a pen, wideoh window;

b) verb forms: boy chital book; girl studieda language.

Many words are difficult to determine gender. These include nouns:

a) masculine: roofing felt, tulle, shoe, report card, curtain, commentary, correction, vegetable, epaulette, rail, piano, sanatorium, dispensary, hall, slang;

b) feminine: parcel, sideburn, shoe, slipper, sheet, callus, clearing, price;

c) neuter: towel, jam, scarecrow, tentacle.

Remember these words! Using them in any other way is a gross violation of the norm!

Bigeneric forms

Is the gender of a noun always unique? Not! For some names there are bigeneric forms. This is explained:

a) tradition aviary - aviarya , cuff - cuffa , banknotes - banknotesa ;

b) the existence of different styles of speech, in particular colloquial and scientific (professional terminology): dahlia(colloquial speech) - dahliaa (nerd term), keys(technical term) - keysa (music term).

These examples show that the problem of determining the gender of nouns is far from being as simple as it seems!

Gender of indeclinable nouns

An even greater difficulty is the question of determining the gender of indeclinable names ( coffee, ecu, kangaroo, flamingo, salami). His decision is closely related to everyday speech practice. How to say correctly: strong coffee or strong coffee? scotch whiskey or scotch whisky?

To determine the gender of indeclinable names, you need to know the following rule:

Inanimate names (objects) belong to the middle class: strongoh whiskey, ironoh alibi, goldoh necklace, redoh cap, shortoh summary, freshher meringue.

Exceptions : a) masculine: coffee, penalty, ecu; b) feminine: kohlrabi, salami, avenue. Phrase examples: blackth coffee, clearuy penalty, finnishand I salami, wideand I avenue.

However, it should be remembered that in a living language, processes often occur that violate (change) the norms fixed in the book. Yes, the word coffee according to the rule refers to the masculine gender (the form in the XIX century - coffee), but in colloquial speech today it is also used in the form of the middle gender. Both forms are considered valid: Give me please,one coffee (one coffee).

All animate names (faces) belong to one or another genus depending on the sex of the person:

a) masculine: militaryth attache, talentedth maestro, stingyoh rentier, oarsth entertainer;

b) feminine: youngand I miss, livedand I madam, unknownand I lady;

c) variants of the genus: my protege -my protege, our incognito -our incognita.

Genus and sex of animals

How to designate the genus and sex of animals?

Towards inclined noun this problem can be solved in different ways. One solution is to replace the existing masculine noun with a feminine noun of a different root: bull - cow, ram - sheep, rooster - chicken. But there are a number of words that do not name the sex of the animals they designate at all: cat, fox, shark, monkey or ant, raccoon, parrot, badger. How to determine the gender of animals in this case? Definitely, probably, you can’t answer this question (this and cat, and fox, one side; ant, raccoon, badger- with another).

How to designate the genus indeclinable nouns that name animals? Such animal names include:

a) to the masculine gender: smalluy pony, manualoh kangaroo, rosesth flamingo, wilduy dingo;

b) to the feminine gender only when designating a female animal: kangaroo carrieda cub in a bag; cockatoo breda chicks.

Of course, the gender of indeclinable names is indicated here only by adjectives and verbs adjacent to them. The names themselves change and form pairs (as elephant - elephant) are not capable.

Gender of nouns denoting professions, positions

We encounter the need to express the gender of a noun when naming people by their profession or position: technician, judge, lawyer, engineer etc. Difficulties arise primarily when these names refer to women. To determine the gender of nouns of this group, there are the following rules.

1. The names themselves: technician, judge, lawyer, engineer, doctor, geologist, associate professor, professor, rector etc. - retain the masculine form: rector Gryaznova, director Petrov, doctor Ivanova.

2. What about forms on -Ha and - sha? Most of these forms: doctor, director, secretary, hairdresser, lifter, librarian- are not normative and are colloquial.

3. There are literary paired forms (male and female) for a number of names, and they are actively used in speech:

In general, there are quite a lot of suffixes that can turn a "male" name of a person into the name of a female person in the Russian language. This and -k(a): student - student, and -sh(a): hero of the day - hero of the day, and -in(i): count - countess, and -ess(a): poet - poetess, and zero suffix: husband - spouse. The difficulty lies in the fact that these suffixes are attached randomly, and therefore the formation of words with the meaning "female person" does not fit into clear rules.

But in the official business style (official documents), preference is always given to masculine forms: laboratory assistant Petrova was enrolled in the position from 01.0.2003.(also: salesman Belova,correspondent Ivanova).

What gender does an adjective get when given a name director or engineer? The adjective (and pronoun) with the noun of this group takes the form of the masculine: mainth engineer Kruglov,our judge Terekhova, precinctsth doctor Gorin, scientificth head Somov,my director Lazarev. But the verb with the noun of the group under consideration is used in the feminine: Petrov's secretary issueda help. Krymov's accountant signeda statement. Rector Gryaznova concludeda treaty.

Thus, the syntax of a sentence containing the names of the group "profession - position" might look like this: My supervisor (Somova) made comments; Our commercial director (Potapova) signed the documents; My local doctor (Gorina) opened the bulletin.

It is interesting!

The need to indicate that it is a woman who occupies a certain position or has a certain profession reflects the social order that life has placed on the language. Indeed, in the 19th century most positions and specialties belonged exclusively to men. In such a situation, one word, usually masculine, was enough to designate the corresponding person. (And when Famusov - the hero of Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" - intends " at the widow's, at the doctor's, to baptize", then we are talking about the widow of a doctor, and not about a woman who is a doctor by profession.) But when in the 20th century. women began to actively occupy those positions, to receive those specialties that used to be exclusively male, it became necessary to call women in such positions or with such specialties somehow in a special way. So the language mobilized all its resources for this: 1) in the form of compound words ( female director, female secretary, 2) in the form of endings of agreed words ( secretary saida , our dispatcher stateda ) and, of course, 3) as suffixes ( headprostrate a).

The use of suffixes often led to the indistinguishability of nouns denoting women by the position (or profession) of the husband and by their own position (or profession). words today doctor, engineer, professor passed into the category of vernacular and more often serve to refer to wives.

Gender of nouns-abbreviations

In Russian, abbreviations are widespread - abbreviated letter names. They read either

a) spelled: FA, Moscow State University, UN, IMF, FSB;

b) in full syllable: TASS, Moscow Art Theater, CMEA, MFA.

How to determine the gender of an abbreviation? The genus of abbreviations is determined by the genus of the main (leading) word:

Moscow State University Moscow Stateuniversity - husband. genus;

FA Z Financialacademy - wives. genus;

UN Z Organization united nations- wives. genus;

ORT Ž All-RussianTV - cf. genus.

Syntactically, the gender of the abbreviation is expressed by the form of the verb: FA accepteda students(academy); IMF highlightl funds(fund); ORTabout last news(TV).

Abbreviations-Exceptions

Some abbreviations, when used for a long time, received the form of the gender not according to the gender of the main word, but according to their external appearance, i.e. abbreviations ending in a consonant became masculine. This happened with the following abbreviations, which can be considered exceptions to the rule:

university- husband. genus: The university accepted students(although according to the rule: university institution of higher education cf. genus);

ZhEK- husband. genus: ZhEK gathered tenants(although according to the rule: ZhEK housing maintenance office female genus);

HAC- husband. genus: VAK approved this candidacy(although according to the rule: HAC Higher Attestation Commission female genus).

Variant abbreviations

The following forms are considered as variant today:

TASS(agency) reported / TASS informed("TASS is authorized to report" - the title of the feature film)

UNESCO(organization) arose / UNESCO arose.

Genus of media names

The names of mass media (newspapers and magazines), like any other names, can be:

1) declinable ("Izvestia", in "Izvestia");

2) indeclinable ("Moscow News" [MoscowNews]).

Syntactically gender and number inclined the names of this group are expressed in the verb form: "Kommersant" publishedl article; "Moskovsky Komsomolets" deniedG this information; Moskovskaya Pravda posteda

Total found: 9

What kind of abbreviation for TOS (territorial public self-government), for example, TOS "Mirny" continued its work, logically, of the middle, because. self-management, but it begs the male.

As a general rule, the genus abb reviature in initial period its formation and use in the literary language is determined by the type of the reference word of the full name. Therefore, it is now preferable to use the abbreviation TOC as a neuter word: TOS "Mirny" continued...

And here are the possible options. After all, the genus of sound initial abbreviation depends not only on the gender of the reference word, but also on the external phonetic appearance of the abbreviation, more precisely, on its ending. If the abbreviation ends in a consonant, then it is very often fixed over time as a masculine abbreviation. For example, in modern Russian, only masculine abbreviations university(although institution), MFA(although ministry), marriage registry(although record). This phenomenon is inherent in many abbreviations of wide and long-term use. Very likely over time CBT will also be taken as a masculine word.


	Question No. 270904

Explain why you made the abbreviation BAD in the dictionary FEMALE - after all, the readable abbreviation often becomes MALE (university, BAM, TASS, CEC, MFA). If I want to use a diminutive, it would be m.r. - badik. Still, it's strange to hear a useful dietary supplement. Maybe f.r. -- this is mistake?