Abbreviated and compound words. Letter abbreviations, compound words and graphic abbreviations. Lesson: Compound words

Letter abbreviations, compound words and graphic abbreviations

Letter abbreviations and abbreviated words1, except for those that are generally understood and are widely used ( USSR, CPSU, trade union, university etc.), are not recommended for use in general purpose printing.

The following rules for writing compound words and abbreviations are intended primarily for special publications (for example, departmental instructions, reference books, etc.).

§ 110. Compound words of all types are written together, for example: wall newspaper, local committee, Mosodezhda.

Each component of compound words and each letter of abbreviations are written as they would be written in the corresponding full word, therefore:

a) at the border constituent parts separating marks b and b are never written, for example: shop cell, but b, as a sign of softness, written at the end of the constituent parts compound words before letters uh oh uh for example: bone scrap;

b) at the beginning of the constituent parts of compound words is never written s, for example: Pedagogical Institute, Gospolitizdat;

c) after consonants is written uh, if a word that is part of a compound word or an abbreviation begins with it, for example: Mosenergo, NEP.

§ 111. One lower case are written:

1. All compound words, for example: worker correspondent, overalls, cultural work.

2. Abbreviations read by sounds (and not by letter names) and denoting common nouns, for example: university, rono, bunker.

§ 112. Compound abbreviated words denoting the names of institutions and organizations are written with a capital letter (see § 110), for example: Gosplan, Moscow City Council.

§ 113. In single capital letters:

1. All abbreviations that read no letter names, for example: USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), MIA(Ministry of the Interior), Central Committee(Central Committee), CPSU(Communist Party Soviet Union), MTS(machine-tractor station).

2. All sound-readable abbreviations denoting such names of institutions or organizations in which at least the first word is capitalized, for example: MFA(Ministry of Foreign Affairs), TASS(Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union), UN(United Nations).

If abbreviations of this type are declined, then their endings are written in lowercase letters close to each other, without an apostrophe, for example: TASS, Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

3. Abbreviations read in one part by the names of letters, and in the other by sounds, for example: CDSA(read "tsedesa").

§ 114. In complex abbreviated proper names, composed of a shortened word and an alphabetic abbreviation, the first letter is capitalized, for example: AzSSR(Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic).

§ 115. Conditional graphic abbreviations should be distinguished from alphabetic abbreviations, which are always read in full and are abbreviated only in writing.

Graphic abbreviations (except for the standard abbreviations for metric measures) are written with dots at the place of the abbreviation and, in relation to uppercase and lowercase letters and hyphens, follow the full name, for example: s.-v.(southeastern), M-K. and. d.(Moscow-Kursk Railway).

§ 116. To common abbreviations, which do not require special explanations and can be used in any publications, with the exception of publications for a novice reader, include the following:

    i.e. - i.e. (after enumeration)
    etc. - and so on (after enumeration)
    etc. - and the like (after listing)
    and etc. - and others (after listing)
    etc. - and others (after listing)
    cm. - see (when referring, for example, to another part of the essay)
    cf. - compare (when referring, for example, to another part of the essay)
    e.g. - for example
    in. - century (when indicated by numbers of centuries, years)
    centuries - century (when indicated by numbers of centuries, years)
    G. - year (when indicated by numbers of centuries, years)
    gg. - years (when indicated by numbers of centuries, years)
    t. - volume
    tt. - then we
    n. cm. - new style
    cm. cm. - old style
    n. e. - ad
    G. - city
    region - region
    R. - river
    lake - lake
    about. - island
    gr. - citizen
    page - page
    acad. - academician
    Assoc. - docent
    prof. - Professor
    and. d. - Railway
    railroad - railway
    them. - name

When abbreviating words, you cannot abbreviate by a vowel, if it is not initial in the word, and by b; yes, the word Karelian can be abbreviated: K., Kar., Karelian, and not in the form of "ka.", "kare.", "karel.", but: about. Sakhalin.

When two identical consonants collide, the reduction should be done after the first consonant, for example: walls. calendar, gram. error(and not "stenn.", "gram."). When two or more consonants are combined, the reduction should be done after the last consonant, for example: national creation(and not "people."), Russian language(not "Russian"), arts. silk(not "art" or "art" or "art").

1 It is necessary to distinguish between 1) complex abbreviated words made up of combinations of: a) truncated words and full words (overalls); b) some truncated words ( collective farm); 2) abbreviations made up of the initial letters of the full names and divided: a) into readable by the names of the letters ( MTS); b) readable by sounds, denoted by letters ( university).

Online Spelling Guide,
pronunciation, literary editing

A Guide to Spelling and Literary Editing
Rosenthal D.E.

§ 27. Compound words and abbreviations

1. Compound abbreviated words are written with a capital letter, denoting the names of institutions and organizations, if the phrase is written in full with a capital letter, for example: Moscow City Council, Petrosoviet, Vnesheconombank, but: city council, district military commissariat and similar generic names; See also: executive committee, Profizdat.

2. An abbreviation read by the names of letters is written in capital letters, regardless of whether it is formed from own name or from a common name. For example: CIS (Commonwealth Independent States), RF ( Russian Federation), PE (emergency), CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), media (mass media).

The abbreviation, read by sounds, is written:

a) in capital letters only if it is formed in its own name, for example: UN (United Nations Organization), RIA (Russian News Agency), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), ITAR-TASS (Russian Information Telegraph Agency - Telegraph Agency of Sovereign countries) or is a NASA translation (NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration - National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA);
b) in lowercase letters only, if it is formed from a common name, for example: university (higher educational institution), AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

Note. The capitalization of the abbreviation HPP (hydroelectric power station) was fixed, also: GRES. It is written in capital letters ZhEK (housing and maintenance office), DEZ (directorate for the operation of buildings), power lines (power lines).

2. Compound abbreviated words with the meaning of a proper name, formed partly from initial sounds, partly from truncated words, are written in the first part in capital letters, in the second - in lower case, for example: NIIkhimmash (Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Engineering). But if the abbreviation is in the middle or at the end of a compound word, then it is written in lowercase letters, for example: State Property Committee.

3. In abbreviations formed from the names of letters of a foreign alphabet, the first letter of each name is capitalized, and the names themselves are connected by a hyphen, for example: BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), CNN (American television company).

Abbreviated words and abbreviations have their roots in the distant past. The first abbreviations appeared in Ancient Greece and in Ancient Rome. Any written language, sooner or later in history, comes to the reduction of frequently used forms of literature. The need to use abbreviations is justified by the reduction in the resource of writing media.

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From Antiquity to the Middle Ages

Earlier, as you know, wrote on papyrus, birch bark, clay tablets. It was quite difficult to make them. They were very expensive. That is why it was necessary to save media and write as briefly as possible.

In ancient times, we meet the first abbreviations in the Roman Empire when writing names. So, Quintus in abbreviation was the first letter "Q". In Greece, they are found not only on textual media, but also on coins.

In Rome, until the Middle Ages, an official set of abbreviations for legal terminology was used. It was called "Tyron's Badges". With these icons, you could not only save paper, but also record quickly. This was important in the passage of litigation on the forums and in court. The art of quickly writing texts using Tyrone Badges is called tachygraphy.

The Middle Ages is the heyday of the Christian religion. In theological texts in Latin, short forms of literature are also used, sacred signs and symbols are introduced. Iconography is replete with specific abbreviations. In Orthodoxy, above or below the image of a saint, there are always specific abbreviations of the Old Slavonic language, which are very difficult for an uninitiated believer to read. There were many abbreviations in medical and alchemical texts. This trend continues to this day in various fields of scientific knowledge.

Abbreviations of modernity

Usage short forms in modern life moved from writing verbal expression, colloquial speech. Speech modern man replete with compound words. In Russian, these word forms began to appear not so long ago - about 100 years ago. Massively began to introduce them and use them in the formation Soviet power in the USSR.

Abbreviations can be formed in different ways. Consider complex word abbreviations and examples:

Initial abbreviations:

  • SB - security service;
  • RSU - Rostov State University;
  • MIA - Ministry of Internal Affairs;
  • GIBDD - State Road Safety Inspectorate;
  • USA - United States of America.

Compound words based on initial sounds:

  • Youth Theater - Theater of the Young Spectator;
  • USE - Unified State Examination;
  • MOU - municipal educational institution;
  • GITIS - state institute theatrical art.

Words from root associations are the most diverse group. Compound abbreviated noun examples:

  • chief accountant - chief accountant;
  • special correspondent - special correspondent;
  • collective farm - collective farm;
  • yunnat - young naturalist;
  • battalion commander - battalion commander.

Short forms, which consist of the root of the first word and the second as a whole:

  • salary - salary;
  • registration certificate - technical passport;
  • veterinarian - veterinarian;
  • first-aid post - medical post;
  • construction industry - construction industry;
  • orphanage - orphanage.

Mixed abbreviations - may consist of the root of the first word and the first letters of the rest of the word form. Here are the most famous:

  • gorono (sometimes they write gorONO) - the city department of public education;
  • district (or district ONO) - district department of public education.

Declension of compound words in Russian

Many words of this group cannot be declined. For example, initial abbreviations are not declined: LLC, PAO, etc. Those abbreviations in which the reference word has a feminine or neuter gender: hydroelectric power station.

In the case of using the declension, the abbreviation should always be written in capital letters, and the declension itself should be indicated in one piece in lowercase letters: TYUZY, SBshniki.

There are many more abbreviations in Russian than in other languages. In some industries, special rules for writing such words are formed. For example, all research papers (diploma, dissertation) are written and checked for compliance with a special GOST (7.0.12−2011). By the way, "GOST" is a state standard.

Abbreviations and abbreviations greatly simplify speech, as well as writing complex names and names. At the same time, in order not to be an amateur and to understand speech in which there are many such forms, it is imperative to know the decoding and meaning of these stable short expressions. Sentences with compound words can be difficult. People of Soviet hardening understand this terminology much better than the current generation of youth. The speech and consciousness of Soviet people were permeated with various in short words. Modern speech is gradually getting rid of the Soviet legacy.

1. An abbreviated word denoting the name of institutions or organizations is written with a capital letter if the phrase in its entirety is written with a capital letter: State Council, Minvodkhoz, Profizdat.

2. The abbreviation, read by the names of the letters, is written in one capital letters, regardless of whether it is formed on behalf of its own or common noun: CIS (Union of Independent States), CSO (Central Statistical Office), RTS (repair and technical station), PE (emergency incident).

3. The abbreviation, read by sounds, is written:

1) in one capital letters, if it is formed on behalf of its own: UN (United Nations Organization);

2) in lowercase letters only, if it is formed in the name of a common noun: university (higher educational institution), rono (district department of public education), ors (work supply department).

Note. The abbreviations were written in capital letters: hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station), state district power station, housing office (housing and maintenance office).

4. In complex abbreviated words with the meaning of a proper name, formed partly from initial sounds, partly from truncated words, the first part is written in capital letters, and the second in lower case: VNIIstroydormash(All-Russian Research Institute of Road Engineering), NIIkhimmash (Research Institute of Chemical Engineering).

But if the abbreviation is in the middle or at the end of a compound word, then it is written in lowercase letters: Promtransniiproekt, Giprodornii.

5. Abbreviations formed from the names of letters of a foreign alphabet are written with a capital letter, and all the names of the letters are connected by a hyphen: BBC (English radio station), CIA (American intelligence), CNN (American broadcasting company).

Compound words are a type of abbreviations that are formed by the initial elements of each name. Simply put, if you add the first few letters of each word in the phrase “local committee”, you get “local committee”. This is one way to reduce long titles, which was widely used in the USSR and remains popular to this day.

What are complexly abbreviated samizdat, cultural enlightenment, the Ministry of Defense, Gosstandartmetrologiya, social security, collective farm, educational program.

There are several rules that determine how certain compound words are written and used.

Spelling

  • All compound words are written together. Examples: local committee, wall newspaper, Mosodezhda.
  • Each part of the resulting word is written in the same way as it would be written in the original word. Thus, the letters "b" and "b" cannot stand between these parts. On the other hand, soft sign it is written at the end of the part if it is followed by the letter “a”, “o”, “u”, “e” (for example, costutil).
  • At the beginning of the second part, “s” is not written: Gospolitizdat, pedagogical institute.
  • "E" after consonants is written only if the original word begins with it: Mosenergo, NEP.

Lowercase and uppercase letters

  • Compound abbreviated words are always written in small letters, if the first abbreviated word is not a proper name: rabkor, cultural work, overalls.
  • Abbreviations that are read not by the names of letters, but by sounds, are written in small letters: rono, university, bunker.
  • If compound words mean a name, then they are written with capital letter: Moscow City Council, Oblgaz.

Writing abbreviations

An abbreviation is similar to compound words, but, unlike them, is formed only by the first letters of each constituent element. For example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

  • If the entire abbreviation is read by the names of the letters, then it is written in capital letters: USSR, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Central Committee, MTS, CPSU.
  • The entire abbreviation is written in capital letters if it denotes the name of the organization. For example: EEC Society), MFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), UN (United Nations Organization).
  • If the abbreviation can be inclined, then its ending is written in small letters: MFA, TASS.
  • If one part of the abbreviation is read by sounds, and the other by letters, then the whole word is written in capitals: CDSA (read "tse-de-sa").
  • If a proper name is abbreviated, and at the same time one of the words is truncated to several letters, and the rest to one, then only the first letter is written in capital: AzSSR.

Usage in literature

Almost all compound words are intended for use in oral speech and not in literature. But there are a few that can be used in all literature, except for those intended for novice readers:

  • etc. - the like
  • etc. - others
  • others - others
  • see - see
  • i.e. - i.e.
  • etc. - so on
  • cf. - compare
  • year - year
  • gg. - of the year
  • e.g. - for example
  • in. - century
  • Art. Art. - old style
  • t. - volume
  • centuries - centuries
  • tt. - volumes
  • region - region
  • n. e. - ad
  • lake - lake
  • city ​​- city
  • R. - river
  • and. e. - railway
  • n. Art. - new style
  • Assoc. - docent
  • acad. - academician
  • prof. - Professor
  • page - page
  • them. - name
  • gr. - citizen

Other words are abbreviated according to several rules:

  • It is impossible to abbreviate by a vowel and by "b": Karelian - "k.", "Kar.", but not "ka.", "kare.", "Karel.".
  • When reducing, you need to do after the first of them: wall - “wall.”, grammatical - “gram.”. If several different consonants coincide, the reverse rule applies: the reduction is made to the last consonant. For example, folk - “folk”, Russian - “Russian”, artificial - “art”.

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