More than 300 million people live in South America. The population is growing very fast. The population is distinguished by a mixture of racial characteristics of people. The very complex ethnic composition of the population is explained by the history of the settlement of the mainland.

The ancient Indians came here from North America almost 20 thousand years ago. Their numerous tribes inhabited almost the entire mainland. Indian peoples created ancient civilizations. Since the 16th century, the conquest of the mainland by Europeans began. The first settlers were the Spaniards and the Portuguese, later - immigrants from other European countries (Germans, Italians, etc.). The conquest of the mainland by Europeans brought innumerable troubles to its indigenous population. The monuments of the ancient Indian civilization were destroyed and plundered, the state of the Incas was destroyed, millions of Indians perished. In the XVI- XIX centuries millions of Negro slaves were brought from Africa to work on plantations in South America. As a result of this settlement of the mainland, the mixing of the alien population with each other and with the indigenous peoples, the composition of the population acquired extraordinary complexity.

In our time, a mixed population prevails: mulattoes are descendants of marriages of Europeans with blacks, mestizos are descendants of marriages of Europeans with blacks, mestizos are descendants of marriages of Europeans with Indians, sambos are descendants of marriages of Indians with blacks. New nationalities and nations were formed, in whose life European, Indian and African (Negro) cultures are combined.

Most of the inhabitants of the continent speak Spanish, and Brazil speaks Portuguese, and some Indian languages ​​\u200b\u200bare preserved. For example, in Peru, the Quechua Indian language, along with Spanish, is state language. Indians live in almost all countries, especially in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador. By linguistic feature South America, together with Central, is called Latin America, since the majority of the population speaks languages ​​\u200b\u200bof Latin origin (Romance group).

South America is extremely unevenly populated. Most of the population lives on the coast Atlantic Ocean, in the pampas, in some areas of the Andes, where the state of the Incas once existed. More than half of the continent's population lives in cities. Three are among the ten largest cities in the world: Sao Papulo, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro. Within South America there are 14 states. Most of the countries were colonies of Spain and Portugal and achieved independence in early XIX century.

South American countries belong to the group developing countries. They differ from each other in size, geographic location, natural resources, the size and composition of the population, the degree economic development.

The largest country on the continent and in the world is Brazil, the most developed in economic terms. Countries with significant area and resources include Argentina, Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Bolivia, Uruguay. Chile also has a developed economy. Relatively recently, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago liberated themselves from colonial dependence. Until now, the possession of France remains on the mainland, its "overseas department" - Guiana. The countries of the continent are grouped by natural features. The so-called Laplat and Andean countries are distinguished.

The history of the formation of the population of the mainland

The population of South America was formed in several stages. It is divided into indigenous and adventitious. The indigenous population belongs to the Mongoloid race. Ancient tribes entered the continent about $17 thousand years ago. These were Quechua, Aymara, Incas . The latter created a powerful state in the north of the mainland (on the territory modern Peru) – inca empire . Columbus, discovering new lands, suggested that he was in India. That's why he called the locals Indians .
This name of the indigenous peoples of the New World has become entrenched in science.

The first colonizers were the Spaniards and the Portuguese. Next came the French, the Dutch, the British.

Definition 1

People of European descent but born in the colonies were called Creoles .

Europeans brought Negro slaves to work on the plantations. Thus, the population of South America combines representatives of all races of the planet. The descendants of the marriages of Europeans and Indians are called mestizos . And the descendants of the marriages of Europeans and blacks were called mulattoes , and Indians and blacks - sambo .

Remark 1

The majority of the population is made up of mixed races.

After World War II, immigrants from Germany and allied countries who fled persecution, and former prisoners of concentration camps who did not want to return to their homeland, came to South America.

Population distribution across the continent

The population of South America is distributed unevenly across the mainland. This is due to how natural factors as well as social reasons.

The bulk of the population is concentrated on the coast (especially the Atlantic). The average population density here reaches $100 $persons per $km²$. The lowest population density is in the interior of the continent - less than $1$ person per $km²$. The average population density is $20$ people/$km²$. Below are only Australia.

Modern population structure of South America

As already mentioned, the population of the mainland has a complex ethnic structure. Nations are in the process of formation. The mixture of peoples led to a mixture of customs, traditions, and religious beliefs of the population.

The barbaric attitude of the colonizers towards the Indians led to the loss of a huge layer of knowledge about the traditions and customs of the indigenous peoples of the mainland. The population of South America belongs to second type of reproduction . The level of urbanization is approximately $70$%. Today in South America there are about $40 million cities. The largest of them: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Bogotá, Lima . AT recent times the population of large cities of the continent is growing rapidly. Demographers call this process "false urbanization" , since it is not due to the proper level of development of the productive forces of society, the conditions and standard of living of the large urban population of megalopolises.

Languages ​​are dominated Portuguese and Spanish . It was these countries that captured the largest colonies in terms of area.

Political map of South America

On modern political map South America allocate $15$ states and territories . The sovereign independents are $13$.

Most of them gained political independence at the end of the $19th century. This led to higher rates of economic development in comparison with the countries of Africa and Asia.

According to the level of economic development, all countries belong to the group developing countries . Their economic and political development is influenced by the main developed countries of the modern world.

The economies of these countries are multi-layered. Reformation of the economic and political structure of countries will significantly improve the welfare of the population of the continent.

The largest states by area:

• Brazil (capital of Brasilia),
• Argentina (capital Buenos Aires)
• Peru (capital Lima)
• Chile (capital Santiago),
• Venezuela (capital - Caracas).

The largest French colony is Guiana.

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History of the peoples of the American continent before their meeting with Europeans in the 16th century. developed independently and almost without interaction with the history of the peoples of other continents. Peoples of the Americas before colonization

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The tribes of most of North and South America were at different stages of the primitive communal system, and among the peoples of Mexico, Central America and the western part of South America, class relations were already developing at that time; they created high civilizations. Spanish conquerors in the 16th century destroyed their states and culture and enslaved them.

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Peoples of South America before European conquest

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Central America - Maya, Toltecs, Olmecs, Aztecs, Quiche South America - Incas (Quechua, Aymara), Guarani, Mapuche, Shipibo, Conibo Main peoples of Central and South America

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The Fuegians were among the most backward tribes in the world. Three groups of Indians lived on the Tierra del Fuego archipelago: the Selknam (she), the Alakalufs, and the Yamana (Yagans). FIRE-EARSTERS - the common name of the Indians arch. Tierra del Fuego: alakaluf (Wellington Island), she (Tierra Tierra del Fuego) and Yagans (Navarino Island). Close to extinction. Languages ​​isolated. firemen

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The Selknam lived in the northern and eastern parts of Tierra del Fuego. They hunted the guanaco llama and collected the fruits and roots of wild plants. Their weapons were bows and arrows. On the islands of the western part of the archipelago lived

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Alakalufs, engaged in fishing and collecting shellfish. In search of food, they spent most of their lives in wooden boats, moving along the coast. Bird hunting with bows and arrows played a lesser role in their lives.

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The Yamanas lived by collecting shellfish, fishing, hunting seals and other marine animals, as well as birds. Their tools were made of bone, stone and shells. There was no stratification in the community, the oldest members of the group did not exercise power over their relatives. Special position occupied only by healers, who were credited with the ability to influence the weather and cure diseases.

Slide 10

By the time of the European invasion, the Pampas were hunters on foot. In the middle of the XVIII century, the inhabitants of the pampas (Patagonians) began to use horses for hunting. The main object of hunting and a source of food were guanacos. There were no permanent settlements among the pampas hunters; pampa indians

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AT religious beliefs Pampa Indians occupied a significant place animistic beliefs. The Patagonians peopled the world with spirits; the cult of dead relatives was especially developed.

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They lived in southern central Chile. They were engaged in agriculture and bred llamas, dressing fabrics from the wool of the llama-guanaco, pottery and silver processing. The southern tribes were engaged in hunting and fishing. The Araucanians became famous for their stubborn resistance to European conquerors for over 200 years. Araucans (Mapuche)

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The tribes of the group that lived on the territory of Eastern and Southern Brazil - Botokuda, Canella, Kayapo, Xavant, Kaingang and other smaller ones, were mainly engaged in hunting and gathering, making transitions in search of game and edible plants. Indians of Eastern Brazil

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AT initial period During European colonization, northeastern and central South America was inhabited by numerous tribes belonging to different linguistic groups, mainly Arawaks, Tupi-Guaranis, and Caribs. They were mostly engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture and lived settled lives. Indians of the Amazon and Orinoco rainforests

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For fishing, boats were built from tree bark and single-tree dugouts. Weaved nets, nets, tops and other gear. They beat the fish with a spear, shot at it with bows. The Indians of the tropical forests of South America also owe mankind the discovery of the medicinal properties of cinchona bark and the emetic root of ipecac.

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The rainforest tribes practiced slash-and-burn agriculture. Landing time was determined by the position of the stars. Women loosened the ground with knotty sticks or sticks with shoulder blades of small animals and shells planted on them. They grew cassava, corn, sweet potato, beans, tobacco, and cotton.

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Artistic creativity of the described Indian tribes was expressed in dances performed to the sounds of primitive musical instruments (horns, pipes), in games that imitated the habits of animals and birds.

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Love for jewelry was manifested in the body coloring with a complex pattern using vegetable juices and in the manufacture of elegant attire from multi-colored feathers, teeth, nuts, seeds, etc.

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The Andes region is one of the significant centers of ancient irrigated agriculture. The oldest monuments of a developed agricultural culture here date back to the 1st millennium BC. e., its beginning should be attributed to approximately 2000 years earlier. Ancient peoples of the Andes region

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Primitive farmers cultivated potatoes, and quinoa was especially widespread among cereals. The Andes region is the only one in America where animal husbandry developed. Llama and alpaca were tamed, giving wool, skins, meat, fat. The Andeans did not drink milk.

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An Indian tribe, which is essentially a union of tribes, as well as the language of this tribe. They inhabit the Amazonian selva on the territory of modern Peru. The main occupations are farming in the floodplains and fishing, making beer, servicing river transportation. shipibo-conibo

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The Shipibo-Conibo tribe is famous among other Indian tribes for its shamans, the famous Peruvian artist Pablo Amaringo came from among them.

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Chibcha, Muisca or Mosca is one of the highly developed civilizations of South America in the XII-XVI centuries. Among the cultures of ancient America, the Chibcha are on a par with the Maya, Aztecs and Incas. The Chibcha themselves called themselves Muisca, that is, "people."

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Tools of labor - axes, knives, millstones - were made from hard rocks of stone. Spears with burnt wood tips, wooden clubs, and slings served as weapons. Of the metals, only gold and its alloys with copper and silver were known. Many methods of processing gold were used: massive casting, flattening, stamping, overlay with sheets. golden raft chibcha

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The washing ceremony of the ruler of this people served as the basis for the legend of "Eldorado" (Eldorado - in Spanish "golden"), which became widespread in Europe, and "Eldorado" became synonymous with fabulous wealth. Gold items of ancient America

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Indian people living in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador. The number is about 14 million people. They make up about a third of the population in Peru and Bolivia. During the conquest of the country by the Spaniards - the most powerful of the Peruvian peoples. The Quechua culture was then at the same height as the Aztec culture in Mexico. Quechua

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They live mainly in the highlands around Lake Titicaca in western Bolivia, southern Peru and northern Chile. Part of the Aymara lives in cities, making up the majority of the mining population of Bolivia. Aymara The President of Bolivia, Evo Morales, is of Aymara origin

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Prepare a message about ancient civilization Maya, Inca and Aztec Homework

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http://ancient.astrostar.ru/mezoamerica/35796.html - Ancient gods http://www.velesova-sloboda.org/antrop/anthropological-glossary-ru.html - Anthropological illustrated explanatory dictionary http://derban. info/photo/21/ http://www.li.ru/interface/pda/?jid=1825315 - Community of South American Indians Wikipedia Information sources

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Bostanji Nazar

Presentation "Indigenous people of America and its culture" for the lesson of the surrounding world in grade 4 on the topic "Nature of the New World"

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The indigenous population of America and its culture The work was completed by: Bostanzhi Nazar, a student of 4 "A" class MBOU secondary school No. 18 in Belgorod

The indigenous population of America, which belongs to a separate Americanoid race, are the Indians. The name arose from the erroneous idea of ​​the first European navigators (Christopher Columbus and others) of the late 15th century, who considered the transatlantic lands they discovered to be India

Scientists consider Altai to be the ancestral home of the Indians, from where they came out with their colonies for many millennia (approximately 70-12 millennium BC) in New World along the so-called Bering Bridge - an ancient wide isthmus between America and Asia, on the site of which the Bering Strait is now located, in order to develop new lands.

The inhabitants of our territories gradually settled in the northern part of Eurasia, and then moved to the Western Hemisphere, where they turned into Indians.

After America was mastered, each individual tribe began to develop in its own direction. The general tendencies observed among them were as follows. The Indians of South America honored the maternal race. The inhabitants of the northern part of the continent were content with patriarchy. In the tribes of the Caribbean, there was a tendency to move towards a class society

Northern tribes The indigenous population of North America occupied the territory of present-day Canada with the USA, starting from the eternal glaciers and ending with the Gulf of Mexico. Many different cultures have developed there. In the south of North America, the tribes were considered the most developed, since the natives here were engaged in agriculture, using the method of artificial irrigation, and part-time bred livestock. North Indians, who settled the upper part of Canada, hunted caribou deer, and also fished. The northwestern tribes were engaged in fishing, as well as sea hunting. The Californian Indians were engaged in ordinary hunting and fishing. The Woodland Indians occupied the entire eastern part of the modern United States. These people were engaged in sedentary agriculture. The Indians of the Great Plains are famous hunters of wild bison.

Caribbean The indigenous population of Central America was the most developed. It was in this part of the continent that the most complex slash-and-burn and irrigated systems of agriculture developed at that time. Metallurgy began to be mastered, and the primitive communal system was already moving to a class system, turning into a slave-owning state. Among the tribes that lived in the Caribbean are the Aztecs, Mixtecs, Maya, Purépecha, Totonacs, and Zapotecs. The indigenous population of Latin America on these lands was also engaged in cattle breeding. They grew maize, legumes, sunflowers, pumpkins, agave, cocoa, and cotton. Tobacco was also grown here.

South America The indigenous population of South America was not so highly developed. The only exception can be the Inca Empire, which was located in the Andes and was inhabited by the Indians of the same name. On the territory of modern Brazil, there were tribes who were engaged in hoe-type agriculture, and also hunted local birds and mammals. The territory of Argentina was occupied by mounted guanaco hunters. In Tierra del Fuego, they were engaged in fishing.

The Inca Empire This is the greatest association of Indians that existed in the 11th-13th centuries on the territory of present-day Colombia, Peru and Chile. Before the arrival of the Europeans locals already had their own administrative division. The empire consisted of four parts, and each of them, in turn, was divided into provinces. The Inca Empire had its own statehood and laws, which were mainly presented in the form of punishments for certain atrocities. Their system of government was, most likely, despotic-totalitarian. This state also had an army, there was a certain social system, over the lower layers of which control was carried out. The main achievement of the Incas is their giant highways. The roads they built on the slopes of the Andes reached 25 thousand kilometers in length. To move around them, llamas were used as beasts of burden.

Traditions and cultural development The culture of the indigenous population of America is mainly their languages ​​of communication, many of which are still not completely decipherable. Each tribe had not just its own dialect, but its own autonomous language, which sounded only in oral speech, did not have a written language. The first alphabet in America appeared only in 1826. Up to this point, the natives of the continent used pictographic signs, and if they had to communicate with representatives of other settlements, they used gestures, body movements and facial expressions.

The tradition of making ceramics among the Indians of both North and Central and South America arose long before contact with Europeans, and local styles of ceramics were very diverse. In addition to ceramic vessels, various Indian cultures also made clay figurines, masks, and other ritual objects.

AT Central America and in the Andean region, by the time of European colonization, there was a highly developed artistic culture, destroyed by the conquerors. The art of numerous tribes that were at the stage of the primitive communal system was closely connected with everyday life and material production; it reflected the observations of hunters, fishermen and farmers, embodied their mythological ideas and the richness of ornamental fantasy.

The types of Indian dwellings are diverse: sheds, barriers, domed huts. Tonic tents made of poles, covered with branches, leaves, mats, skins. Clay or stone huts in the highlands of South America; communal dwellings - plank houses in the northwest of North America; bark-framed "longhouses" in the Great Lakes region; stone or adobe houses-villages (pueblo) in southwestern North America

Wood carving, especially rich on the northwestern coast of North America (polychrome totem and grave poles with interweaving of real and fantastic images), is also found among a number of South American tribes.

Weaving, weaving, embroidery, making ornaments from feathers, ceramic and wooden utensils and figurines were widespread. Fantastic images, rich geometric ornaments, and military and hunting scenes are known in the paintings (drawings of the Indians of the Great Plains on tips, tambourines, shields, skins bison)

Deities of the Indians Most of the tribes of North America believed that the deity is a kind of plane, which is located far in the ocean. According to their legends, their ancestors lived on this plane. And those who committed a sin or showed negligence fell off it into a gaping void. In Central America, deities were given the appearance of animals, most often birds. The wise tribes of the Incas often considered the prototypes of people who created the world and everything in it to be their gods.

Mythological aspect Initially, all fairy tales, legends and other folk writings that belonged to the Indians could tell us about their life, about life, about ways of obtaining food. These peoples sang of birds, wild mammals and predators, their brothers and parents. A little later, mythology acquired a slightly different character. The Indians have created myths about the creation of the world, which are very similar to our biblical ones. It is noteworthy that in many stories of American indigenous people there is a certain deity - the Woman with Braids. She is both the personification of life and death, food and war, earth and water. She has no name, but references to her power are found in almost all ancient Indian sources.

The contribution of the Indians to world civilization The peoples of the world adopted from the Indians the cultivation of corn (maize), potatoes, tomatoes, sunflowers, cassava, cocoa, cotton, tobacco, pepper, beans, peanuts, agave, a number of legumes, squash The spread of potatoes in Eurasia significantly reduced famine , further corn helped to create a stable fodder base for livestock. The Indians bred domestic animals, of which domestic turkey and guinea pig are now widespread. Among the birds domesticated by the Indians is the Muscovy duck.

The modern population of South America is anthropologically very diverse. It includes representatives of various races - American (the indigenous population - Indians), Caucasoid (descendants of immigrants from), Negroid (descendants of those exported from slaves), as well as numerous mixed groups - mestizos, mulattos, sambo. Racial mixing in the countries of South America is proceeding at a rapid pace, and new racial types are gradually taking shape. Before the advent of Europeans (late 15th century), various Indian tribes and peoples who spoke the languages ​​of Quechua, Arawak, Chibcha, Tupigua-Rani, and others inhabited it. The population was distributed unevenly: the high mountain valleys of the Central Andean Highlands were most densely populated, and the lowlands of the basin were weaker.

With the advent of the European conquerors (and), fundamental changes took place in the ethnic structure of the continent. Thousands of Africans were imported as slave labor to work in the Viceroyalty's mines and sugar cane plantations along the coast and northeast. In the Central Andean Highlands, the Negroes for the most part disappeared into the local population; in the other two regions, their participation in ethnic processes and their contribution to culture were great. A large population of mixed European-Negro and Negro-Indian origin has developed here.

After gaining independence, sharp changes in the ethnic composition occurred in, and due to the massive influx of immigrants from, and other European countries (they were attracted mainly for the development of national territories in the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries), as well as in and - due to immigration from (mainly from and ). Most of the modern population of South America is of mixed Indian-European origin, but in the northeast of the mainland, the population of Negro-European origin prevails. In a number of countries in South America, large Indian peoples have survived: the Quechua in Peru, and the Aymara in Bolivia, the Araucans in Chile. In addition, in the outlying regions of almost all states (for example, the northern, in Brazil, the northwest, etc.), small Indian tribes and peoples who speak their own languages ​​have also survived.

The official language of the vast majority of South American countries is Spanish, Brazil - Portuguese. Of the Indian languages, only Quechua in Peru is the second official language. It differs in great originality, where most of the population uses the Guarani Indian language, owning to one degree or another Spanish. in Guyana, official language- English, in the former Suriname - Dutch, in French Guiana - French. The majority of the believing population of South America -. Among the Indians, remnants of pre-Christian beliefs play a significant role, and among some Negroes there are remnants of African cults.