Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey(17 17 (30) June 1914, Siedlce, Russian Empire - December 8, 1984, Moscow, USSR) - Soviet missile designer space technology and scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1962). Double Hero Socialist Labor(1959, 1963). Laureate of the Lenin Prize and three State Prizes of the USSR. In fact, he headed the Council of Chief Designers in 1961-1964.

Biography

Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey was born on June 30, 1914 in a family of teachers of the public school in the provincial town of Siedlce, Privislinsky Krai. Russian Empire(now Poland).

In 1937 he graduated from the Kyiv Aviation Institute, where he remained to work as a teacher.

In 1941 he began to work in Central Institute Aviation Motor Building (CIAM) in Moscow.

Since 1944, he headed the United Design Bureau 51, previously headed by N. Polikarpov, and which has become today's NPO Mashinostroeniya (Reutov, Moscow Region).

In 1952 he became a professor at Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman, in 1962 - Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Since 1974 - Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Buried at Novodevichy cemetery.

Achievements

Academician Chelomey participated in the creation of a number of engines and other important objects of rocket, space and aviation technology. Under his leadership, launch vehicles were developed (Proton is still actively used), artificial satellites Earth "Proton" and "Flight", orbital stations Almaz series, TKS manned spacecraft, etc.

V. N. Chelomei was one of the key creators of the Soviet "nuclear shield". However, one of the largest projects of the scientist - an integrated defense-offensive ocean-land-space complex - was not implemented and remained unclaimed by the Soviet and Russian defense industries.

The main works on the design and dynamics of machines, the theory of oscillations, the dynamic stability of elastic systems, the theory of servomechanisms.

Awards

twice Hero of Socialist Labor (06/26/1959; 04/28/1963)
5 Orders of Lenin (09/16/1945; 06/26/1959; 06/29/1964; 06/28/1974; 06/29/1984)
Order of the October Revolution (04/26/1971)
medals
Lenin Prize (1959)
three State Prizes of the USSR (1967, 1974, 1982)

Memory

Memory in object names

In honor of V.N. Chelomey are named:

Street in Moscow
Street and square in Reutov
Asteroid 8608, discovered by the Crimean Observatory.

Monuments and memorial plaques

In memory of V.N. Chelomey, the following were installed:

Monument on Academician Chelomey Square in Reutov.
Monument on Lefortovskaya embankment in Moscow.
Bust in the city of Baikonur in the courtyard of the International Space School named after Academician V. N. Chelomey.
Memorial plaque on the building of school number 10 in Poltava.
Bronze plaque on the facade of the building of the Kyiv Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers (now the National Aviation University).

There are also busts of the scientist at the entrance to the Moscow State Technical University. Bauman, in the central square of NPO "Mashinostroenie" in Reutov, on the grave of an academician at the Novodevichy cemetery. In addition, the Monumental Art Commission approved a proposal to install a monument to the scientist on the Alley of Space Heroes near the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow.

“... a bronze bust in the homeland of the Hero<...>was laid. The catch was that the town of Siedlce, in which Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomei was born, was by that time in Poland.<...>Bust of V.N. Chelomey was installed near the Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman in June 1984, on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the academician.<...>After the death of V.N. Chelomey, the same bust, slightly modified by [sculptor] Viktor Sonin, became the basis for the monument to V.N. Chelomey, which now stands on the territory of OAO VPK NPO Mashinostroeniya<...>opposite building number 24... Many guests of honor arrived at the opening ceremony of the monument in September 1988.<...>Vice Admiral Fyodor Novoselov and Lieutenant General of the Strategic Missile Forces Viktor Ryumkin came to the celebrations from the Ministry of Defense. Academician Leonid Sedov was present from the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Vladimir Ptetsov, OJSC VPK NPO Mashinostroeniya.

Chelomey's grave at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow

Memorial plaque in Kyiv at the place of residence (1926–1941)

Memorial plaque in Poltava at the place of study (1922–1926)

Postage stamp of Ukraine (2003)

Postage stamp of the Russian Federation (2014)

Commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia (2014)

Other forms of memorialization

Lyceum "International Space School. V. N. Chelomey, Baikonur
The medal named after V.N. Chelomey was established.
In 2003, a postage stamp of Ukraine dedicated to Chelomey was issued.
The A-320 aircraft (tail number VQ-BCN) of the Aeroflot airline was named after Chelomey.
On June 30, 2014, a Commemorative silver coin from the series "Outstanding Personalities of Russia" dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of designer V.N. Chelomey with a face value of 2 rubles was issued.

Movies

L. Mlechin. Soviet space: Four Kings (2012).
Star Wars Vladimir Chelomey. VGTRK, 2014

Chelomey, Vladimir Nikolaevich- Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey. CHELOMEY Vladimir Nikolaevich (1914 84), scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes. Under the leadership of Chelomey in the USSR, a carrier rocket and an artificial earth satellite "Proton" were developed, and some others ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Chelomey Vladimir Nikolaevich- [R. 17 (30) 6.1914, Sedlec], Soviet scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962; corresponding member 1958), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1959, 1963). Member of the CPSU since 1941. After graduating from Kyiv in 1937 ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Chelomey Vladimir Nikolaevich Encyclopedia "Aviation"

Chelomey Vladimir Nikolaevich- V. N. Chelomey Chelomey Vladimir Nikolaevich (1914-1984) - Soviet scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes and designer in the field of aviation and rocket and space technology, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962; corresponding member 1958), ... ... Encyclopedia "Aviation"

CHELOMEY Vladimir Nikolaevich- (1914 84) Russian scientist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1959, 1963). He supervised the development of the carrier rocket and the artificial Earth satellite Proton, the artificial Earth satellite Poljot, orbital stations of the … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Chelomey Vladimir Nikolaevich- (1914 1984) Soviet scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes and designer in the field of aviation and rocket and space technology, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962; corresponding member 1958), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1959, 1963). After… … Encyclopedia of technology

Chelomey, Vladimir Nikolaevich- [R. 17 (30) June 1914] owls. scientist in the field of mechanics, member corr. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1958). Member CPSU since 1941. After graduating in 1937 Kyiv. aviation in ta taught there. In 1941, 44 worked at the Central Institute of Aircraft Motors, and then in a number of other n ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Chelomey Vladimir Nikolaevich- (1914 1984), scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962), Hero of Socialist Labor (1959, 1963). He led the development of the carrier rocket and the artificial Earth satellite "Proton", an artificial Earth satellite ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Chelomey (ed. 2017), Bodrikhin Nikolai Georgievich. Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey (1914-1984) - one of the founders of Soviet rocket science and cosmonautics, an outstanding Soviet scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes, General ...

By the 103rd year of the birth of V.N. CHELOMEY

Part I

Oh, how many wonderful discoveries we have

Prepares enlightenment spirit

And experience, the son of difficult mistakes,

And genius, paradoxes friend,

And chance, God is the inventor,

And carefree creator -

Blessed genius and talent -

One is a diamond, the other is a diamond

Imagination is a daring wanderer

And admiration for the creator,

Whose messenger unknown to us

With an unrecognizable face

And in the greatest revelations,

And in fleeting insights

Judgment gave to everyone a manifestation -

Everything is achieved through work.

Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey 06/30/1914 - 12/08/1984

During the existence of the USSR empire, a very powerful institution of state secrets was developed in the state. On the one hand, this is indisputably necessary, especially considering that the USSR has been in a state of confrontation with countries that have adopted the capitalist path of development for almost the entire time of its existence. On the other hand, in conditions where a lot of attention is paid to something, there is a danger of overdevelopment of this area. The peak of the development of "secrecy" fell on 60-70 years - a period of rapid development of aviation and rocket technology in our country. Considering that a huge number of enterprises in the USSR were somehow connected with the defense industry, then one can imagine that almost everything that was connected with military equipment and technology, belonged to the "forbidden" topics. This was especially true of rocket technology. Naturally, in such a situation, there was also an excess in the desire to classify everything that could be classified. Sometimes it reached the point of absurdity. According to the stories of one of the employees of the VNIIOFI Institute, who actively collaborated with NII-1 (MIT - Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering), they repeatedly encountered the fact that under the heading "secret" they read articles translated from Western technical journals. Such a deep "classification" has one negative point - it hides from us part of our history. Of course, after a certain time, secrecy marks are removed from many topics and sections. military equipment, but it often happens that after declassification, our history, our national heritage, returns to us incompletely or in a distorted form (for one reason or another) in the memoirs and memoirs of participants in past events. Lomonosov also said that "a people that does not know its past has no future."

In this article, I would like to pay attention, without exaggeration, to a unique person of his kind, a designer of rocket and space technology, a scientist about whom much less is said than he deserves, and some of what has been said is not true. It is clear that when we talk about someone, we, one way or another, color the story with our personal attitude towards a particular person. As a result, very often the opinion about a person becomes one-sidedly negative or overly enthusiastic. But there are no ideal people in the world, therefore, without belittling in any way the merits of any of the people listed below, I would like to make an attempt to show a worthy place in our history of the development of rocket technology of the remarkable and, once again, unique designer Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey. Without delving deeply into the technical subtleties of his work, I would like first of all to show him as a person who lived and worked in certain conditions of that time, a multifaceted person, full of unique qualities, paradoxical contradictions, of which V.N. Chelomey.

The fact is that in Poltava the family settled in a house that was built by the sister of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Anna Vasilievna Gogol, at the end of the 19th century. After October revolution the granddaughter of A.S. lived in this house. Pushkin, Maria Alexandrovna Bykova, who, in turn, was the wife of N.V. Gogol, N.V. Bykov. Subsequently, the daughter of Maria Bykova came here to live, Sofia Nikolaevna Danilevskaya.

It was she who, together with her parents, became the kind and sensitive spiritual and cultural mentor of Volodya Chelomey. She was able to instill in him a love for literature, music, painting, reading to him the works of Russian classics, instilled in him a love for the classical, correct Russian language.

In 1926, the Chelomeev family moved to Kyiv, where his father found work. In Kyiv, after graduating from the 10th grade of the school, Vladimir Chelomei entered the Kyiv Automobile College. And already in the technical school, his high ability for technical sciences was manifested, which consisted, first of all, in the fact that he always got to the bottom of the process, was able to generalize many facts and state their essence in a simple, understandable language - briefly and clearly.

In 1932, after graduating from a technical school, Chelomey entered the Kyiv Polytechnical Institute to the aviation faculty, which a year later became independent, later famous as the Kyiv Aviation Institute (KAI, and now NAU).

This choice was made quite consciously - Chelomey liked the technique. Already in his first year, he, not limited to the institute program, simultaneously works as a design engineer at the Research Institute of Civil Engineering. air fleet, attends lectures on mathematics in the Kiev state university and lectures on mathematics and mechanics by an Italian scientist Tullio Levi-Civita at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

At this time, the second key moment began to form, which determined, or perhaps simply revealed, the innate talents of Vladimir Chelomey. He especially began to take an interest in the branch of mechanics called "the theory of vibrations". And here, again, Vladimir Chelomey has some of the best teachers on his way. He communicates with one of the founders of the Russian mathematical school, Academician D.A. Grave, Academician A.N. Krylov, a specialist in the field of oscillation theory I.Ya. Shtaerman, N.I. Akhizer. He had a special influence on Chelomey Ilya Yakovlevich Shtaerman, who, like Sofya Danilevskaya, instilled in him, as a teacher, a love for mathematics and mechanics, and in particular for the theory of oscillations.

Thus, the foundation of the worldview, intelligence, education and erudition of the future General Designer was laid. And, perhaps just as important, the ability to learn independently.

While still in his 3rd year, Chelomey is doing an internship at the Zaporozhye Engine Building Plant (now Motor Sich), where he was able to apply his already extensive knowledge.

At that time, the plant had a problem with the new M85 engine, which constantly broke the crankshaft. The factory engineers naturally tried to strengthen the weak link by increasing the diameter of the part. Chelomey, having spent certain calculations, on the contrary, proposed to reduce the diameter, and the problem was solved.

This example clearly showed even then his highest training as an engineer. Realizing this, representatives of the plant immediately offered him to raise professional level knowledge of enterprise engineers. Vladimir Chelomey stayed late, gave a number of lectures and took part in checking some of the calculations.

Another characteristic example tells how, after reading a book by a famous shipbuilder, academician Alexey Nikolaevich Krylov, dedicated to the vibrations of the ship's hull during movement, and finding in it some, from his point of view, inaccuracies, he went to the scientist in Leningrad. One can imagine the bewilderment and surprise of an academician, to whom a student of the institute comes without an invitation and reports on the inaccuracies of his theoretical calculations. However, Chelomey was able not only to ensure that he listened to him, but also proved his case through clear mathematical calculations, which made a proper impression on the well-known academician, who after a while called the institute himself and expressed his admiration for the student.

In the process of studying, Vladimir Chelomey regularly aroused the admiration of teachers not only with a deep understanding of the essence of the processes being explained, but also with unusual, new and elegant ways of proving some theorems and solving problems. All this speaks of the deepest understanding of the subject. So deep that already in those years it allowed him to show his personal creativity in this area, moving away from the classical examples taught at the institute. This is a very important sign that characterizes, if not genius, then very deep and Fluency subject, and, most importantly, a great desire to study this area and get real pleasure from learning and applying the knowledge gained. Without these qualities, no person can be at the forefront in any field of science, technology or art. Because only creativity can move us forward, and true creativity is possible only if a person enjoys what he does.

In 1939, Chelomey defended his dissertation at the KAI, after which he was sent to work at the Kyiv Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. main scientific activity Vladimir Nikolayevich focuses on the area of dynamic stability of elastic systems. In 1940, he became the youngest (26 years old) Stalinist scholarship holder, and began work on his doctoral dissertation at the USSR Academy of Sciences. For this, he moved to Moscow. The date of his defense was scheduled for June 1, 1941. The defense went according to plan, but the VAK (attestation commission) did not have time to complete all the documents that were lost during the war before the start of the war on June 22. As a result, Vladimir Nikolayevich had to defend his dissertation again after the war. In July 1941, Chelomey was appointed head of the department jet propulsion at CIAM (Central Institute of Aviation Motors) named after. P.I. Baranov. At TsIAM, Chelomey began work on the PuVRD, or pulsating jet engines.

it interesting fact, since information has repeatedly appeared in the press that Chelomey copied the German V-1 rockets, as Sergei Pavlovich Korolev copied the V-2. This is only partly true. The fact is that the first trial run of the engine took place in the second half of 1942, while the first V-1s fell into the hands of our army only at the very end of the war, when the city of Blizna was liberated in Poland, and later, when the main plant in Peenemünde.

Until 1944, in the USSR, the topic of rocket-propelled projectiles with PuVRD was very skeptical and they paid attention to them only when, in 1944, Germany launched the first strikes on London. Stalin turned to the people's commissar of defense with the question of who we are dealing with this issue, and then they remembered Chelomey. Back in 1943, Chelomey tested the first VCh-1 PUVRD.

Next, the VCh-2, D-3 engines and other samples were created.

The very idea and its theoretical background and verification were made, according to the memoirs of Academician A.A. Dorodnitsyn, even before the start of the war. In 1944, the government decided to create V-1-like projectiles in the USSR. For this, N.N. Polikarpov, who was then the chief designer of plant No. 51, was instructed to create a glider, and V.N. Chelomei engine for projectile aircraft. Unfortunately, in July 1944, Polikarpov died and V.N. Chelomey by order People's Commissar aviation industry A.I. Shakhurin was appointed to position of director and chief designer of plant No. 51 leaving the post at CIAM.

From that moment on, we can say that Vladimir Nikolayevich firmly entered the field of work on rocket technology. According to Chelomey himself, after samples of German rocket technology came to him, after he visited German factories with an inspection commission (in 1946), after the V-1 and its Argus engine were in detail studied, he made some changes to his design of engines and projectile aircraft. He was very respectful of the products. Werner Magnus Maximilian von Braun, but the very idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a PuVRD and rockets based on them was not borrowed from Germany and arose in parallel and independently.

The fact that the 10X projectile is very similar in appearance to the V-1 (the Chelomey engine was on 10X) is determined by the fact that there was a direct order from above to copy the V-1, as well as the V-2, as a little later, the American B-29 was also copied, which turned into the Tu-4.

Tactical and technical characteristics 10X:

Length, m - 8.312, fuselage diameter, m - 0.84, wingspan, m - 5.36
Weight, kg - 2130
Warhead weight, kg - 800
Engine - two PuVRD D-3
Thrust, kgf - 1 x 325
Maximum speed, km / h - about 600
Flight range, km - 240
Flight altitude, m - about 2000

It should be noted that all the copied products still had some differences that significantly improved their technical parameters, but in the end, none of the copied products received more or less serious development, and the designers, having “felt” foreign ideas in this way, offered their own more advanced versions. Under the leadership of V.N. Chelomey, a whole series of PuVRD was created: D-3, D-5, D-6, D-7, D-10, D-13. As an experiment, D-10 engines were installed on La-7 aircraft to increase flight speed. As a result, the flight speed increased slightly, and maneuverability decreased. That's why given application PuVRD was eventually recognized as unpromising. However, in 1947, at the air parade in Tushino, several aircraft La-7 equipped D-10s were demonstrated.

According to Chelomey's idea, the 10X, 14X and 16X projectiles could be used by hanging on carrier aircraft, which would allow them, without entering the anti-aircraft fire zone, to use them very effectively in areas. Another option was to place projectiles on submarines. The United States adopted a surface modification of the V-1 under the name JB-2 Loon. The results of research on the experience of using the V-1, for all its low pointing accuracy, indicate a fairly high efficiency. The fact is that if we calculate the number and cost of aircraft lost by Germany during the bombing of England, calculate the loss of pilot personnel, the total cost of bombs, fuel and bomber maintenance, then the V-1 turns out to be very much cheaper.

Meanwhile, the damage caused by these first "cruise missiles" turns out to be greater than that caused by the German bombing in the usual way.

Projectile 10X designed by V.N. Chelomeya

Together with the entry into the missile theme, Chelomey received the first experience of disappointments, and the first experience of conflicts, and ill-wishers. In the late forties - early fifties, active work was carried out in the USSR to create jet aircraft. In parallel with V.N. Chelomey, several design bureaus worked on the topic of projectiles at once, including OKB-155 of an outstanding designer Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan. Mikoyan and Mikhail Iosifovich Gurevich proposed the project KS-1 "Kometa" based on the MiG-15 fighter.

Its modification provided for the replacement of the cockpit and armament with an 800 kg explosive charge and a guidance system, which was developed at the SB-1 enterprise. The SB-1 enterprise was created in 1947 specifically for employment Sergo Lavrentievich Beria, who graduated from the Academy of Communications in Leningrad and was engaged in the creation of radio command guidance systems.

OKB 51 headed by V.N. Chelomey proposed aircraft shells 10X, 10XN, 10XM, 14X and 16X land, air and sea-based. The final decision of the state commission in 1953 was made in favor of KS-1 "Kometa".

This was the first and strong blow to the pride of the young designer. The blow was all the more offensive because when comparing the complex specifications, despite the many latest design solutions and the introduction of very promising guidance systems used in the KS-1, its advantage over 10X was very controversial.

The main argument of the state commission was the higher flight speed of the KS-1. Ks-1 developed a speed of up to 1060 km / h against 825 km / h for 10X and 912 km / h for 14X. But the flight weight of the KS-1 (2700kg) was more than 10X (2130kg). The flight range of the KS-1 was 90 km, and for 10X 240 km - 2,6 times more! The cost of Chelomey's missiles was 15 (!) times less than the KS-1, and was a little more than an ordinary aviation bomb. The weight of the combat charge for the KS-1 and 10X was the same - 800 kg. KS-1 had a much higher accuracy, and 10X was intended for use in areas without entering the enemy's air defense zone.

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force Marshal K.A. Vershinin, who most likely coordinated his opinion with L.P. Beria and the then Minister of Arms D.F. Ustinov, issued a verdict that 10X and 14X did not meet modern requirements for speed and accuracy. Also, as an argument, the fact that Chelomey's missiles were launched from an outdated Pe-8, and KS-1 was launched from Tu-4 and Tu-16.

TTD KS-1 "Comet"

Length, m
Height, m
Max. hull diameter, m
Wing:
- span, m
- sweep angle,
Starting weight, kg
Empty rocket weight, kg
Engine
Engine thrust, kg
Engine weight, kg
Fuel
Oil weight, kg
holder type
warhead
Warhead weight, kg
Fuse
Explosive weight, kg
Control system
GOS range, km
Autopilot
Governing bodies
Carrier speed, km/h
Launch altitude, km
Cruise altitude, m
Firing range, km
Flight speed, km/h
Carrier aircraft

8,29-8,44
2,457
1,2

4,722 (4,8-4,9)
57,5
2,735-2,737 (2,76)
1,651
TRD RD-500K
1490-1500
481
165 kg, kerosene T-1
110
beam BD-KS (Tu-4KS) and BD-187 (Tu-16KS)
high-explosive fragmentation, K-450 (hereinafter 4G52)
933-980 (1015)
contact
500
radio command with PARLGSN K-IIM
10-20
APK-5V (AP-5)
aerodynamic rudders
370-420
3000-5000
400
80-90 (130-150)
1060-1200
Tu-4KS, Tu-16KS

But it was the Air Force that provided the carrier! The reasons were clearly largely contrived. The Chelomey project was supported by the Minister of Aviation Industry of that time M.V. Khrunichev, but this was not enough. It is quite obvious that Dmitry Fyodorovich Ustinov, making a decision, he could not help but understand that in many respects - both technical and economic - OKB-51 missiles are superior to KS-1 and the army needs no less than KS-1. Nevertheless, Ustinov, most likely, had to play a trick, "cutting down" Chelomey's projects.

Without condemning D.F. Ustinov and understanding the conditions under which such often delicate political decisions had to be made, let us take this as a fact, noting only that this episode quite possibly became the beginning of a “war” between D.F. Ustinov and V.N. Chelomey, which lasted until the end of their lives.

Projectile aircraft KS-1 designed by OKB-155 A.I. Mikoyan

The result of the adoption of the KS-1 system, which later began to be used on the Tu-16, and on the basis of which the Strela, Sopka and Sopka ground systems were created FKR-1, was the disbanding of the Chelomey Design Bureau and the cessation of work on the PuVRD.

Having lost the opportunity to engage in design activities, V.N. Chelomey switched to teaching and research activities at the Moscow State Technical University. Bauman. Many of his students, who later became his colleagues in OKB-52, recalled that V.N. Chelomey differed from other teachers in many ways. He was an excellent educator and teacher with capital letter, being able to explain in a very simple language the very difficult topics of the longitudinal stability of a rocket in flight, the various vibrations and vibrations that arise in it, which can deviate it from the course and even destroy it in flight. V.N. Chelomei was always very neat and well-dressed, emphatically elegant, intelligent and always extremely polite with the audience. His artistry attracted listeners. Even those courses that were notable for not very high attendance at other lectures, Chelomei's lectures were attended by almost the entire staff. There were always many students at his lectures. But at the same time they note that he asked quite strictly. He didn't scold the students, but he didn't do concessions either. Knowledge came first. It is knowledge, and not stupid cramming, albeit very correct. More important to him was the depth of understanding of the material, the students' understanding of the essence of the physical and mechanical processes occurring in aircraft. V.N. Chelomey had the highest confidence in what he was talking about, even if he was not quite right. But at the same time, he knew how to admit mistakes. As a speaker, he always strived for maximum visibility of materials, knowing full well that his audience did not always consist of doctors of sciences and academicians, with whom it was possible to communicate at the level of formulas, only occasionally giving the necessary comments. His speeches were almost always beautifully decorated with drawings, posters, diagrams, and later photographs and film materials. He could easily get involved in a dispute with both a student and an academician. Academician E.A. Fedosov in his book “Half a century in aviation. Notes of an Academician” recalls the famous debate of S.P. Koroleva and V.N. Chelomey, where Korolev defended the idea of heavy CDs, and Chelomey, on the contrary, lighter ones: “Chelomey had obvious external advantages: he was emphatically neatly dressed - in a suit with a light shirt and tie, his report was supported by posters, which contained even infrequent then statistical data. His speech was confident, clear, with well-placed diction. Korolev, in some inexpressive dark jacket and sweater, inconsistent speech, obviously lost to him in the presentation of the material.

In fairness, it should be noted that the outstanding designer of Soviet rocket technology, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, did not have very good diction as a result of a broken jaw, which he received during torture in the NKVD during Stalinist repressions. This comparison is given to emphasize the image of Chelomey, but not to compare him with Korolev. However, many people who knew Chelomey always emphasized his manner of communication and accentuated elegance. Unfortunately, in those days, this image was not an ideal image of a Soviet person. The very productive work of V.N. Chelomey in the field of science.

After Stalin's death in 1953, V.N. Chelomey was able not only to return to his favorite design activity, but also to create his own design bureau OKB-52, which soon after its creation found its own new place in the Moscow Region Reutov, where it is today.

With the coming to power of N.S. Khrushchev's attention to rocket technology increased markedly. Unfortunately, to the detriment of the development of aviation. And again, we will not take on the role of critics of the activities of Nikita Sergeevich, since he had to resolve issues quick creation parity with the United States in nuclear warheads, and missiles, with all due respect and awareness of the need for the development of aviation technology, made it possible to achieve it much faster. And the country's budget was far from rubber. Undoubtedly, there were excesses in the criticism of aviation and caused significant harm to the field of aircraft manufacturing, but it is reckless to blame N.S. Khrushchev in the persecution of aviation "because of his love for missiles" would be a short-sighted stereotype.

During this period, V.N. Chelomey receives quite powerful support from the Navy. Having achieved a meeting with the head of the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding, Admiral P.G. Kotov, and having presented his ideas to him, not without the support of the latter, he was able to interest the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Sergei Georgievich Gorshkov.

In the absence of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in the USSR, a fundamentally new approach by V.N. Chelomeya made it possible to solve several important tasks at once. The fact is that the main potential adversary of the USSR after the start of " cold war» became the United States. Having no land border with Europe and Asia, the United States relied on a powerful aircraft carrier strike fleet. While the USSR by the beginning of 1946 had only 54 surface ships and 170 battle-worn submarines, the US Navy had 615 large surface ships and 263 submarines. Of these, about 30 are multipurpose aircraft carriers. Since 1952, the United States began to build aircraft carriers of a new type of the Forrestal class, and since 1954 - nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. Enterprise.

All of them could carry nuclear charges. The USSR could not afford a symmetrical response in the form of creating a surface fleet of similar strength. As a result, the doctrine of creating forces capable of effectively destroying aircraft carrier formations was adopted. The idea of V.N. The Chelomey deployment of cruise missiles, which had an individual guidance system on submarines, and subsequently on ships, fit perfectly into new doctrine Navy of the USSR. Of course, in this area in the USSR, work was carried out in several design bureaus, but as for heavy long-range anti-ship cruise missiles, here Vladimir Nikolayevich actually left the vast majority of competitors far behind, "taking revenge" after the failure with 10X type rockets. Moreover, his first P-5 anti-ship missiles in the first steam before the appearance of the first ballistic missiles of an acceptable range for the USSR, albeit not for long, but actually provided, if not parity in nuclear charges, then a clear understanding of the US leadership that now any attempt to use them nuclear weapon against the USSR is guaranteed to lead to disaster for the United States itself.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the P-5 rocket

The idea was that diesel submarines (project 651), which the USSR, before the advent of submarines with a nuclear reactor (project 675), could produce hundreds per year if necessary. Armed with 4 P-5 missiles, submarines in case of launch nuclear war approached the shores North America, which is essentially a "very large island", and applied nuclear strike along the coastline.

In the documentary film "Chelomey" of the series "Special Folder" the words of an employee of the Central Design Bureau (now NPO) "Mashinostroyeniye" (former OKB-52) Anatoly Blagov are quoted, who said that Chelomey's idea was to strike at the coastline and on a depth of up to 500 km (the maximum flight range of the KR P-5 at that time), cut off the United States and Canada from the outside world for many decades. Without being able to overcome the affected area, the United States and its closest ally Canada would inevitably be plunged into environmental, economic and political catastrophe and chaos. This “soft-boiled egg” strategy existed until the advent of rockets and aircraft, which could reach almost any point on the Earth.

Under the leadership of V.N. Chelomey, outstanding, unparalleled at that time, anti-ship missiles P-5, P-6, P-35, "Amethyst", "Malachite", "Granite". "Basalt", "Yakhont", "Meteorite", joint Russian-Indian "Brahmos". Some anti-ship missiles still have no analogues in their parameters. Many of them are in service with the fleet to this day. 100% of submarines equipped with anti-ship missiles use missiles designed by V.N. Chelomey and NPO Mashinostroeniya.

Designation	Complex	P-700 "Granite" 3M-45

Control system		inertial with active radar guidance
Dimensions and weight

Wingspan, m
Diameter, m
Starting weight, kg
Warhead type		high-explosive-cumulative	nuclear (500 kt)
Warhead mass, kg
Power point
sustainer engine
flight data
Speed, km/h	on high

Launch range, km
Minimum flight altitude, m
Ceiling, m

Launch of anti-ship missiles P-6 from a nuclear submarine of project 675

The uniqueness of Vladimir Nikolayevich as a designer lies in the fact that he and his OKB-52, in fact, were the only ones who successfully combined work in three directions at once - cruise missiles, intercontinental missiles and launch vehicles, satellites and satellite systems.

On his initiative, the US-K early warning system for missile launches was created, and the system of television global intelligence (TGR) was developed. All Soviet manned orbital stations, and later the international ISS, are based on the Almaz manned reconnaissance station developed at OKB-52, which was eventually launched under the name Salyut.

The design of the OPS "Almaz":

1 - antennas of the Igla docking system; 2 - solar orientation sensors; 3 - stabilization engines;

4 - vacuum container "Wind"; 5 - massmeter; 6 - water reserves "Kolos-5D";

7 - antennas of the communication system "Aurora"; 8 - SA-ZZR star camera; 9 - scientific equipment;

10 - regeneration cartridges; 11 - manipulator for servicing the special information capsule;

12 - transmitter of the manual docking system; 13 - docking station; 14 - correction engine;

15 - information descent capsule; 16 - antenna for transmitting information "Turquoise";

17 - fuel tanks; 18 - complex physical simulator; 19 - photo-television system "Pechora";

20 - long-focus camera "Agat-1"; 21 - topographic camera SA-34R;

22 - optical sight OD-4; 23 - corner laser reflector; 24 - panoramic viewing device POU-M;

25 - TV camera; 26 - infrared vertical sensor; 27 - electromechanical stabilization and rotation system.

The main parameters of the first station of the Salyut series

The number of main compartments of the station - 3 (transitional, working, modular)

The mass of the station without the Soyuz-11 transport ship, t - 18.5

The total mass of the station after docking with the ship, t - 25.6

The total length of the station after docking with the ship, m - 21.4

including the length of the orbital block of the station, m - 14.4

The volume of sealed compartments (transitional and working), m3 - 100

The maximum diameter of the station body, m - 4.15

Maximum transverse dimension (for open solar panels), m - 11

Surface area of solar panels, m2 - 42

Power supply of onboard equipment - from solar and storage batteries

The number of transmitting television cameras on board - 4

The number of windows in the working compartment of the station - 15

The number of windows in the transitional compartment of the station - 6

Continue reading on the site: For Advanced - Commanders - V.N. Chelomey. Part II

Vladimir Nikolayevich was born on June 30, 1914 in the small town of Sedlec, which is currently in Poland, and in 1914 was part of the Russian Empire. In his memoirs of 1952, Vladimir Nikolayevich himself writes that until 1917 his parents were teachers at a public school. After the revolution, her mother taught Russian language and literature, later biology, and her father worked as an engineer. After the 1917 revolution, the Chelomeev family moved to Poltava. Life in Poltava is one of the key moments in the life of young V.N. Chelomey, since at that moment his worldview, education, primarily cultural and spiritual, was formed in a certain way, which had a great influence on his entire future life. The fact is that in Poltava the family settled in a house that was built by the sister of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, Anna Vasilievna Gogol, at the end of the 19th century. After the October Revolution, the granddaughter of A.S. lived in this house. Pushkin, Maria Alexandrovna Bykova, who, in turn, was the wife of N.V. Gogol, N.V. Bykov. As a result, the daughter of Maria Bykova, Sofia Danilevskaya, came here to live. It was she who, together with her parents, became the kind and sensitive spiritual and cultural mentor of Volodya Chelomey. She was able to instill in him a love for literature, music, painting, reading to him the works of Russian classics, instilled in him a love for the classical, correct Russian language ....

In July 1941, Chelomey was appointed head of the jet propulsion department at TsIAM (Central Institute of Aviation Motor Building) named after. P.I. Baranov. At TsIAM, Chelomey began work on the PuVRD, or pulsating jet engines. This is an interesting fact, since information has repeatedly appeared in the press that Chelomey copied the German V-1 rockets, just as Sergei Pavlovich Korolev copied the V-2. This is only partly true. The fact is that the first test run of the engine took place in the second half of 1942, while the first V-1s fell into the hands of our army only at the very end of the war during the liberation of the city of Blizna in Poland and later during the capture of the main plant in Peenemünde . Until 1944, in the USSR, the topic of rocket-propelled projectiles with PuVRD was very skeptical and they paid attention to them only when, in 1944, Germany launched the first strikes on London. Stalin turned to the people's commissar of defense with the question of who we are dealing with this issue, and then they remembered Chelomey. Back in 1943, Chelomey tested the first VCh-1 PUVRD.

Pulsating jet engine D-10 designed by V.N. Chelomeya under the wings of the aircraft La-7

Rocket 10X created based on the FAU-1 with engines V.N. Chelomeya.

For the first time in the world, just 4 years after Gagarin's flight, Chelomei created a maneuvering satellite of the Polet type, on the basis of which the IS satellite destruction system was later created, which was not deployed, but, nevertheless, was put into service in 1993, after the death of Vladimir Nikolaevich. On his initiative, the US-K early warning system for missile launches was created, and the system of television global intelligence (TGR) was developed. All Soviet manned orbital stations, and later the international ISS, are based on the Almaz manned reconnaissance station developed at OKB-52, which was eventually launched under the name Salyut. Until the end of the 80s, the USSR Navy was armed with a unique system of global surveillance and target designation for Granit cruise missiles - MKRTS Legend. Work was also carried out on the reusable ships "TKS", "MP-1", "M-12", "R-1" and "R-2" "LKS". The ideas that were laid back in the 60s by Chelomey are reflected in the latest American unmanned spacecraft X-37.

Under the leadership of V.N. Chelomey developed the UR-500 heavy-class launch vehicle, better known to the general public under the name Proton, which still, despite the fact that it was created in the 60s, has been one of the most popular launch vehicles for more than 40 years worldwide. During the period of the USSR lunar program, OKB-52 developed the UR-700 rocket, which would surpass the American Saturn-5 in its characteristics. V.N. Chelomei invented a unique method of amplifying missiles using toxic liquid fuel, as a result of which such missiles can be stored in launch canisters (TLCs) filled for decades, ready for launch. Created by V.N. Chelomey ICBM UR-100 became the most massive Soviet ballistic missile of the Strategic Missile Forces, which ensured nuclear parity with the United States in the 70s. Some of its modifications are still on alert....

Launch of ICBM UR-100N UTTH

Quite often in print and documentaries there is talk that Chelomey achieved such success due to the fact that his son N.S. worked in the design bureau. Khrushchev, Sergei Nikitich Khrushchev. There is an opinion that “Chelomei immediately took to his design bureau young specialist S.N. Khrushchev. This is a very one-sided point of view. V.N. Chelomei did absolutely nothing to find such a "successful" employee. In fact, S.N. Khrushchev betrothed Chelomeya Lev Ivanovich Tkachev - the famous developer of gyroscopes used in guidance, orientation and stabilization systems aircraft. Chelomey offered him a job, and he brought S.N. Khrushchev to Chelomey. Let's not say that Vladimir Nikolayevich did not understand what the presence of such an employee in the design bureau could promise, and in the prevailing tough conditions of competition between design bureaus dealing with similar problems, he took the opportunity. Although, according to the memoirs of the daughter of V.N. Chelomeya Evgenia Talyzina, Vladimir Nikolaevich repeatedly complained at home that he did not know what the hiring of the party leader's son brought more - benefits or troubles ....

In whatever light V.N. Chelomey is his ill-wishers or envious people, it is customary to judge a person by his deeds and deeds. And in the field of anti-ship cruise missiles V.N. Chelomey made several inventions that determined the main ways of development of this area not only in our country, but throughout the world. And not only in the field of cruise missiles! He owns the invention of the TPK - a transport launch container for missiles. He owns the invention of a missile wing that folds out in flight, thanks to which the KR could be placed in compact enough containers to be placed on submarines. He applied and worked out for the KR a start from under the water. Now launch canisters and a folding wing are used almost everywhere where missiles are used.

Naturally, such successes could not but arouse, if not envy, then at least opposition from direct competitors. Direct competitors V.N. Chelomeya were certainly OKB-1 S.P. Korolev and OKB-586 M.K. Yangel ....

There were no such irreconcilable conflicts between Chelomey and Yangel, Chelomey and Korolev, as, for example, between Korolev and Yangel or Korolev and Glushko, the designer of rocket engines. There was competition, criticism, advocacy, lobbying, sometimes tough, of their interests, but there was no open hostility or hatred, disrespect. Irreconcilable enmity arose where the conflict affected personal relationships. Glushko and Korolev, being initially friends, quarreled over opposing views regarding rocket fuel. Korolev perceived both the refusal to work on the N-1 lunar rocket and the creation of Glushko engines for the Chelomey and Yangel rockets as a betrayal. Yangel and Korolev also quarreled on personal grounds. As well as Ustinov hated Chelomey, and Chelomey, apparently, had no less "warm" feelings for Ustinov, since both of them hurt the personal ambitions of each. This is a paradoxical situation, when initially people most likely did not feel negative towards each other, both were smart, educated people, but due to the confluence of many facts, they became irreconcilable enemies ....

Thanks to the tough lobbying of their interests by Korolev, the Chelomey Design Bureau was actually forced out of the "lunar program". Chelomey proposed the UR-700 missile, which would surpass the American Saturn-5 in terms of design characteristics and, most importantly, it could be created on the basis of already tested blocks and parts of the UR-500 and UR-200 missiles, while the Royal H-1 was created from scratch. AT this case Korolev made a mistake, and this rocket was almost doomed to failure from the start. Chelomey, foreseeing this due to his deeper academic knowledge, expressed his opinion on the topic of the "dead end" of the N-1 project, but they actually did not want to hear him. Korolev, and after his death in 1966 Mishin ensured that the Chelomey design bureau lost work on a spacecraft for a manned flight around the moon. And here is the opinion of Alexander Shekhoyan, deputy chief engineer for testing at the Central Design Bureau of Mashinostroeniya (now NPO Mashinostroeniya): “If Khrushchev had not been removed in 1964 and 700 hundred square meters had not been cut down, we would have been the first on the moon.”

The failure of the USSR's manned lunar program only intensified the bad relationship between Ustinov and Chelomey. Ustinov was supported by Korolev, but Korolev and Mishin were unable to realize their plans. And Ustinov perfectly understood that he also made a mistake, and that it was Chelomey who was right ....

Vladimir Nikolayevich experienced the loss of the lunar program to a much lesser extent than, for example, the story with Almazy, in which D.F. Ustinov, one might say, "recouped" for his failure in lunar program the hands of other people. Chelomei was well aware that the “lunar rally” between the USSR and the USA was exclusively the business of politicians, the competition between capitalism and socialism. It was clear that this program would not receive any development either in our country or in the United States. Mankind was not ready for large-scale exploration of other planets. But long-lived manned stations in orbit seemed to be a much more practical and feasible project that could bring real benefits to both the military and civilian industries. In the same way, Chelomey did not support the idea of creating in the USSR only the Buran reusable ship, which was created based on the ideas “we should have the same, but bigger and better.” The Space Shuttle program also, as we see today, did not find long-term use, while orbital stations arose earlier and continue to exist today. Large reusable ships were ahead of their time, there were no clear plans for these ships. But smaller ships like "TKS", "LKS" or "EPOS" could work more efficiently and cheaply for both civil and military space. And the fact that Vladimir Nikolayevich was then again, for the umpteenth time, is right, says the fact that the development of the United States new program reusable spacecraft X-37 and Space-X "Dragon".

During the collapse of the USSR, after the removal of many secrecy stamps in the press, quite a lot of criticism of "everything that was before" appeared on the wave of time. Including in relation to the military-industrial complex, although “everything that happened before” is the reason for our “today” and criticizing others, we, one way or another, criticize ourselves. At one time, Karel Capek said: "Criticism is when a critic tells the author what is wrong, and how the critic would have done if he could."

The most powerful critics of the rocket and space industry in the post-Soviet period were G.V. Kisunko, V.N. Bugaisky, L.L. Selyakov. Criticizing in general, each his own, all three subject V.N. Chelomeya. Indeed, these people have never had a respectful attitude towards V.N. Chelomey before, and if they want to criticize, there is always a reason. The question is always how to present this or that fact, such as, for example, the appearance of Sergei Khrushchev in OKB-52 or the disbandment of Myasishchev Design Bureau and the transfer of its facilities as a branch to OKB-52 Chelomey. It all depends on how the author looks at this or that fact.

But there are other facts as well. For example, the fact that for the entire time of testing products V.N. Chelomey never had a disaster. There were unsuccessful launches, there were breakdowns, failures, but people never died. The fact is that the UR-100 missiles are still in service with the strategic nuclear forces, that all our submarines, which are armed with cruise missiles to fight aircraft carriers, are armed with missiles that V.N. Chelomei or his followers. It was he who first proposed the idea of multiple warheads, but only the United States was the first to implement it. Almost all large surface ships of the Russian Navy and coastal anti-ship systems are armed with its missiles. The fact is that the Proton launch vehicle remains one of the most powerful and sought-after rockets in the world, and the international space station(ISS) contains the Zvezda module, which was created on the basis of the Almaz station, designed by the Chelomey Design Bureau.

An interesting, paradoxical fact is that on March 20, 1986, two years after the death of Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey, in the State Register scientific discoveries The USSR recorded a new discovery under the number 314 with the name "The phenomenon of an abnormally high increase in thrust in a gas ejection process with a pulsating active jet." Authors I.O. Kudrin and A.V. Kvasnikov are members of the team of authors V.N. Chelomeya, who, a few years before the opening, actually foresaw that sooner or later it would take place. And now it is very gratifying to realize that the team created by Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey, and after his death, continued to work without slowing down. Under the leadership of the closest colleague V.N. Chelomey, Herbert Aleksandrovich Efremov, who was the General Designer of NPO Mashinostroeniya from 1989 to 2007, the enterprise overcame the most difficult crisis after the collapse of the USSR. Now, under the leadership of Alexander Georgievich Leonov, who has been working with V.N. Chelomei and continues to worthily carry on its traditions, the staff of NPO Mashinostroeniya remains one of the most advanced and powerful enterprises in the rocket industry in Russia and the world.

“.... We in the USA constantly paid

Particular attention to the work of design

Bureau V.N. Chelomey because of his non-standard

and effective solutions….

William Perry. US Secretary of Defense 1994-1997

In conclusion, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the employees of NPO Mashinostroeniya:

Assistant General Director Degtyarev Anton Olegovich

Head of Department Dementieva Natalya Evgenievna

Head of Department Popov Mikhail Igorevich

for organizing, conducting interviews and providing extensive and interesting materials.

Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey(ukr. Volodymyr Mikolayovich Chelomey; June 17 (30), 1914, Sedlec, Russian Empire (now the territory of Poland) - December 8, 1984, Moscow, USSR) - Soviet scientist in the field of mechanics and control processes, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1962). Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1959, 1963).

Biography

Vladimir Nikolaevich Chelomey was born on June 30, 1914 in a family of teachers of the public school in the provincial town of Siedlce, Privislinsky region of the Russian Empire (now Poland).

In 1937 he graduated from the Kyiv Aviation Institute, where he remained to work as a teacher.

In 1941, he began working at the Central Institute of Aviation Motors (CIAM) in Moscow.

Since 1944, he headed the United Design Bureau 51, previously headed by N. Polikarpov, and which has become today's NPO Mashinostroeniya (Reutov, Moscow Region).

In 1952 he became a professor at Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman, in 1962 - Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

Since 1974 - Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Achievements

Academician Chelomey participated in the creation of a number of engines and other important objects of rocket, space and aviation technology. Under his leadership, launch vehicles (Proton is still actively used), artificial Earth satellites Proton and Polet, orbital stations of the Almaz series, a manned spacecraft TKS, etc. were developed.

V. N. Chelomei was one of the key creators of the Soviet "nuclear shield".

The main works on the design and dynamics of machines, the theory of oscillations, the dynamic stability of elastic systems, the theory of servomechanisms.

Awards

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1959, 1963).
Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1959) and three State Prizes (1967, 1974, 1982).

Memory

Memory in object names

In honor of V.N. Chelomey are named:

Street in Moscow
Street and square in Reutov
Asteroid 8608, discovered by the Crimean Observatory.

Monuments and memorial plaques

In memory of V.N. Chelomey, the following were installed:

Monument on Academician Chelomey Square in Reutov.
Monument on Lefortovskaya embankment in Moscow.
Bust in the city of Baikonur in the courtyard of the International Space School named after Academician V. N. Chelomey.
Memorial plaque on the building of school number 10 in Poltava.

Other forms of memorialization

The medal named after V.N. Chelomey was established.
In 2003, a postage stamp of Ukraine dedicated to Chelomey was issued.
The A-320 aircraft (tail number VQ-BCN) of the Aeroflot airline was named after Chelomey.
On June 30, 2014, a Commemorative silver coin from the series "Outstanding Personalities of Russia" dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of designer V.N. Chelomey with a face value of 2 rubles was issued.

Biography

Achievements

Awards

Memory

Memory in object names

Monuments and memorial plaques

Other forms of memorialization

Movies

Books

By the 103rd year of the birth of V.N. CHELOMEY

Part I

Biography

Achievements

Awards

Memory

Read also