In this chapter:

§one. The main members of the sentence are subject and predicate

Subject

The subject is main member sentence independent of the other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions I.p.: who? what?

In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.

How is the subject expressed?

The subject can be a word or phrase.

Most often the subject is expressed:

1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, me and my girlfriend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. One of the guests covered the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most of the students coped with the control;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.

Predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject that is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers different questions: what does the object do? what happens to him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.

The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.

grammatical meaning- this is a generalized meaning of the sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:

• reality-irreality,
• time.

reality-irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.

• Verbs in the indicative mood are typical for statements that reflect the real situation: It's raining., It's getting light.
• Verbs in the imperative and in the conditional mood are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! If only it didn't rain today!

Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by the verb forms of the present, past and future tense.

Simple and compound predicate

The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.

Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by the verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.

He knows the verses by heart.

indicative mood, present. time

He knew the verses by heart.

indicative mood, past time

He will learn the verses by heart.

indicative mood, bud. time

You will memorize these verses.

imperative mood

In a circle, you would learn poems by heart.

conditional mood

Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate, in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one they are expressed in different words. For example:

Suddenly, the baby stopped singing and started laughing.

Stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh are called action, while expressing the lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started

Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:

He finished working.

I want to help you.

Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:

1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;

2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obligated, intends.

In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

If the auxiliary word is short adjective, then it is used with a link. The link is the verb to be. Here are the relevant past tense examples:

I was so glad to meet you!

In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the link is zero, for example:

I'm so glad to meet you!

In the future tense, the link to be is put in the future tense. Example:

I will be glad to meet you.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.

1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the link is zero: She is beautiful.

2. Linking verbs to become, to become, to become, to be, to be considered, to seem, to be called, to appear: The house from afar seemed like a point.

3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned tired from work., Mother sat thoughtful, sad.

In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:

Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymous: Mother was thoughtful, sad.

He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.

With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transmitted. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.

Combinations of a linking verb with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also act along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:

1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,

2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,

3) numeral: Twice two four.,

4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody, he will become everything ("International"),

5) communion: The composition turned out to be lost., The daughter was finally cured.,

6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right., The trousers turned out to be just right.

The nominal part can contain not only separate words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:

She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.

You can’t say: She ran in with a face., She sat with her eyes., Because phrases with a cheerful face and thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What members of the proposal are considered the main ones?

   • subject and object
   • definition, circumstance and addition
   • subject and predicate

2. Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: head, sick, in love?

3. Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?

4. What is the subject of the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and successfully pass it.?

   • any
   • any of you

5. What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of the sentence?

   • reality - unreality and time
   • type and time

6. Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?

7. Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?

8. I can't help you.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

9. What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always taken seriously.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

10. What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?

    • simple verb
    • compound verb
    • compound nominal

Predicate along with the subject is an element grammatical basis suggestions. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or sign, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the subject? what is the subject? what is he? who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - a noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.

The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verbal and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific language material. Consider the types of predicates, briefly characterize each of them and follow the implementation with an example.

1. Simple verbal predicate.

This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would come early and others. Most often, this type is remembered according to the formula: one word in the predicate, which means that the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates, which include 2, 3 or even more words. For example:

He will be for a long time recall about the past(the future is complex).

Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative mood).

He went out of his mind (phraseologism).

They are waited, waited and did not wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).

Springs waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).

Get offended don't get offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).

I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).

2. Compound verb predicate.

This predicate is built according to the scheme: auxiliary+ infinitive. All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more.

He wants to enroll in the Institute.

I long could not with them meet.

You must learn.

He was a lover of fun.

I was unable to think about it.

Note that phase verbs most often act as an auxiliary element (those that denote the phase of action - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).

3. Composite nominal predicate.

Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb to be, but other links can also be found. The nominal part is expressed by an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.

Weather was good.

The book is true friend.

He has character harder become.

Grass bevelled.

Evening quiet.

Error was present.

Two by two - four.

This notebook my.

As you can see, determining the type of predicate is a simple task, you only need to know the material confidently and 100% and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.

site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

Predicate, consisting of a nominal part and a linking verb is called a compound nominal predicate.
The linking verb to be is the most commonly used. A link in a sentence can be omitted.

Compound nominal predicate, which is abbreviated as SIS, consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part - the link expresses the grammatical meaning;
b) the main part - the nominal part expresses the lexical meaning.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

Nominal part compound predicate is expressed:
adjective name.
Let's give an example: the road was bad;

noun.
Let's give an example: a dog is a true friend;

The comparative degree of an adjective.
Let's give an example: her hair is longer than her shoulders;

Brief turnover passive communion.
Let's give an example: food is eaten;

Short adjective.
Let's give an example: the morning is fresh;

Adverb.
Let's give an example: the error was obvious;

Numerical name.
Let's give an example: five five - twenty five;

Pronoun.
Let's give an example: this book is yours;

Syntactically complete phrase.
Let's give an example: she fell face down in the mud;

Link type by value:
Grammatical connective - expresses only grammatical meaning (time, mood), has no lexical meaning.

Typical verbs:
Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the connective to be is usually in the zero form ("zero connective"): the absence of a connective indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

Here are some examples:
She was a teacher.
She will be a teacher.
She is a teacher.
She was a waitress.
She will be a waitress.
She is a waitress.
She is a waitress.
Lyricism is the highest manifestation of art.

Link type by value:
Semi-significant copula - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).

Typical verbs:
a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become;
b) preservation of the sign: stay;
c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be;
d) assessment of the sign from the point of view of reality: to appear, to appear, to be presented, to be considered, to be known;
e) the name of the sign: to be called, to be called, to be revered.

Here are some examples:
He became ill.
He remained sick.
He was sick every autumn.
He got sick.
He was considered sick.
He seemed sick.
He is sick.
He was said to be sick.
They were called sick.

Link type by value:
Significant copula - verb with full lexical meaning(one can act as a predicate).

Typical verbs:
a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand;
b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander;
c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.

Here are some examples:
She sat tired.
He left angry.
He returned upset.
He lived as a hermit.
He was born happy.
He died a hero.

Among the predicates in the Russian language, three types (or types) are usually distinguished. These are simple verbal, compound verbal and compound nominal predicates. In this article, we will talk about the latter.

Features of the compound nominal predicate

As the name implies, this predicate is compound, that is, it consists of several parts. One of them performs predominantly or even exclusively grammatical role, the second expresses the main meaning of the predicate. It is easy to guess that it is usually expressed by some nominal part of speech, that is, one in the name of which there is the word "name": a noun, an adjective, a numeral. However, everything is not so simple.

Ways of expressing the grammatical part

The grammatical part of the compound nominal predicate is the linking verb "to be". Some other verbs, “semi-links” can play the same role: seem, become, etc.

The verb "to be" is in the required grammatical form. For example, he will be cheerful, he was cheerful. It is not customary to write in the present tense in Russian "he is cheerful". Zero binding is used. In the Romano-Germanic languages, the link is preserved. Compare: He is cheerful. – He is merry

The verb "to be" can be not only a link, but also an independent simple verb predicate (for example, I will soon have a bicycle.). It is not difficult to distinguish them, it is enough to put the sentence in the present tense, because the link "to be" is not used in the present tense, while in the position of the predicate the verb, of course, is preserved. Compare:

Ways of expressing the nominal part

The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by different parts of speech, and by no means only by names. The table below shows examples of compound nominal predicates expressed in different ways.

Way of expressing the nominal part	Example
Noun	Moscow is the capital of Russia.
Adjective	He is cheerful. He oars.
Numeral	My favorite number is seven.
Participle	He was appointed headman.
Pronoun	The topic was different.
	The dress fits her.
Infinitive	My dream is to see the sea.
Phraseologism	He's not fish, not meat.
Syntactically indivisible combinations	young man was tall.

Syntactically indivisible combinations are one long predicate, since not a single word can be torn off from them without loss of meaning. Let's say, in our last example, it is impossible to say that "the young man was tall" - this makes no sense.

Please note that the same word in different sentences can perform different functions. For example, the word "happy" in our example, the predicate, and in the sentence “We liked the funny clown." - definition.