In the scientific literature, the issue of complete and incomplete sentences is covered inconsistently.

Incomplete is a sentence in which any member of the sentence or a group of members of the sentence is omitted, the omission of which is confirmed by the presence of dependent words of the sentence, as well as by the data of the context or situation of speech.

Types of incomplete proposals are distinguished taking into account the following factors:

Written or oral sphere of use

Monologue or dialogue

Interaction of the sentence with the context

Incomplete sentences there are:

contextual(incomplete - incomplete sentences in monologue speech; dialogue replicas - incomplete sentences in dialogical speech)

situational

Incomplete dialogue lines are very common in colloquial speech. They are usually brief and contain something new that the speaker wants to tell the interlocutor.

According to the target orientation, incomplete replicas of the dialogue can be divided into 3 groups:

Reply replies. Contain the answer to the question asked in the previous remark.

Question remarks.

Continuing remarks report something additional to what was said in the initial sentence.

Situational cues are a type of incomplete sentences for colloquial speech. They are used as full-fledged units of communication only in a certain situation. When the very situation of speech prompts the interlocutors of the concepts in question, but which are not verbally expressed as part of this remark. Goes.

Elliptical sentences.

Offers like " I am going home". In linguistic literature, the term elliptical sentences is used in different meanings:

instead of "not full offer»

denotes a kind of incomplete sentence

serves as the name of the type of sentences adjacent to incomplete ones.

Ellipsis is an abbreviation of a verb phrase in a sentence; elimination of the verbal component without replacing it in the context.

Types of elliptical sentences:

A sentence with the meaning of movement is displacement. Doer + word denoting direction, goal, final point of movement. The function of an independent member of the sentence is a pronoun, a noun in i.p., denoting a person, animal or object capable of moving. The second member is adverbs of place, nouns in ch. with a pretext in, on, or in d.p. with a pretext to

A sentence with the meaning of speech or thought. They have an object in p.p. with a pretext about or about or in v.p. with a suggestion about

A sentence with the meaning to hit, hit. Subject of action + dependent words in ch. etc. Here I am with a stick!

Sentence equivalents

This is a special grammatical tool used in communication to express agreement - disagreement, as well as emotionally expressive reactions to the speech of the interlocutor. Yes. Not! No matter how! Still would.

They do not have an independent informative meaning, but only confirm, deny or evaluate the content of the particular sentence with which they are correlated.

As sentence equivalents, they have only intonational form, but are devoid of grammatical form and are not articulating.

By value, they are divided into 3 groups:

sentence words expressed by particles with the general meaning of affirmation or negation

modal sentence words with an additional meaning of probability/guess.

Interjection words of a sentence, which are divided into: emotional-evaluative sentences, which are a reaction to a situation, a message, a question. Well?!; incentive offers; sentences that are an expression of speech etiquette.

From the point of view of completeness of the sentence structure, they are divided into full and incomplete.

Complete are called sentences in which there are all the members necessary to express a thought.

incomplete sentences are called in which any necessary in meaning and structure member of the sentence (main or secondary) is omitted.

Incomplete can be two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences.

The possibility of skipping sentence members is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the situation of speech, or from the structure of the sentence itself. Thus, the meaning of incomplete sentences is perceived based on the situation or context.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored out of context .

Walked, walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden over a bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context - the previous sentence: In a clean field, in a silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences whose missing members are restored from the situation.

Husband knocked down and wants to look at the widow's tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - the words of Leporello, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Juan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is he or Don Guan.

- Oh my goodness! And here, with this coffin!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna's reaction to the words of the protagonist " stone guest”: Don Juan confessed that he was not a monk, but “unfortunate, a victim of hopeless passion.” There is not a single word in his remark that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation, they can be approximately restored as follows: “You dare to say this here, in front of this coffin!».

May be missed:

• subject: How firmly she entered her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored according to the subject from the previous sentence: How Tatyana has changed!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on water, without any trace, without leaving descendants, without delivering to future children either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored according to the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say, he said to himself, if the police captain hadn’t arrived, I might not have been able to even look at the light of God!) (N.V. Gogol);

• addition: And so I took it! And I fought so hard! And I fed it with gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long have I, it seems, baptized you?);

• predicate: Only not to the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the yards.(M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

• several members of the proposal at once , including the grammatical basis: How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are common in complex sentences : He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder ...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Juan reminded me how you scolded me and gritted your teeth.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the subject missing in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in colloquial speech., in particular, in a dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is detailed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.

- I'm angry with my son.
- For what?
- For a bad crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

Among the dialogical sentences, there are sentences of a replica and sentences - answers to questions.

1. Quote offers are links in a common chain of successive replicas. In the replica of the dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated. The cues that begin a dialogue are usually more complete in composition and independent than subsequent ones, which are both lexically and grammatically oriented to the first cues.

For example:

- Go to the dressing.
- Will kill.
- Crawling.
- All the same, you will not be saved (Nov.-Pr.).

2. Offers-answers vary depending on the nature of the question or remark.

They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence stands out:

- Who are you?
- Passing... wandering...
- Sleep or live?
I'll look over there...(M. G.);

- What's in your knot, eagles?
"Crayfish," the tall man answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.);

They can be answers to a question that requires only confirmation or denial of what has been said:

- These are your poems in Pioneer published yesterday?
- My(S. Bar.);

- Did Nikolai Stepanych show you? asked the father.
- showed(S. Bar.);

- Maybe you need to get something? Bring?
- Do not need anything(Pan.).

Can be answers to a question with suggested answers:

- Do you like it or don't like it? he asked curtly.
“I like it,” he said. a (Pan.).

And finally, answers in the form of a counter-question with the meaning of the statement:

- How will you live?
- And what about the head, and what about the hands?(M. G.)

and answer-requests:

- I came here to propose to you.
- Sentence? To me?(Ch.).

Questions and answers are lexically and structurally so closely related to each other that they often form something similar to a single complex sentence, where the question-sentence resembles a conditional clause.

For example:

- And if during sowing they break?
- Then, as a last resort, we will make homemade(G. Nick.).

Dialogic speech, regardless of what structural types of sentences make it up, has its own patterns of construction, caused by the conditions of its formation and purpose: each replica is created in the process of direct communication and therefore has a two-way communicative orientation. Many syntactic features dialogue are connected precisely with the phenomenon of speaking, interspersed with the exchange of statements: this is conciseness, formal incompleteness, semantic and grammatical originality of the compatibility of replicas with each other, structural interdependence.

Elliptical proposals

There are sentences in Russian called elliptical(from Greek word ellipsis, which means "omission", "lack"). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and the context for understanding such sentences is not needed. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, displacement ( I - to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speech - thoughts And his wife: for rudeness, for your going words(A.T. Tvardovsky) and others.

Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, and in book styles (scientific and official business) are not used.
Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a kind of incomplete sentences, while others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete sentences and is similar to them.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

In an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, in place of the missing member (usually predicate) put a dash , if the missing member is restored from the previous part of the sentence or from the text and a pause is made at the place of the gap.

For example:

They stood opposite each other: he - confused and embarrassed, she - with an expression of challenge on her face.
However, in the absence of a pause, a dash is not put. For example: Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. Below it is a stream lighter than azure, above it is a golden ray of sun.

A dash is placed:

1. A dash is placed in place of a zero predicate in elliptical sentences, divided by a pause into two components - adverbial and subject.

For example:

They cling to each other at home. Behind them are vegetable gardens. Above the yellow straw fields, above the stubble - blue sky and white clouds(Sol.); Behind the highway - a birch forest(Boon.); In a large room on the second floor of a wooden house - long tables, over which hang kerosene lamps - "lightning" with pot-bellied glasses(Kav.).

This punctuation mark is especially stable with the structural parallelism of parts of the sentence: There are eleven horses in the yard, and in the stall there is a gray stallion, angry, heavy, busty(Boon.); A wide ravine, on one side - huts, on the other - a manor(Boon.); Ahead is a deserted September day. Ahead - lostness in this vast world of fragrant foliage, herbs, autumn wilt, calm waters, clouds, low sky(Paust.).

2. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences at the place where members of the sentence or their parts are skipped. These omissions are common in parts of a complex sentence with a parallel structure, when the omitted member is restored from the context of the first part of the sentence.

For example:

It was getting dark, and the clouds either dispersed, or now came in from three sides: on the left - almost black, with blue gaps, on the right - gray-haired, rumbling with continuous thunder, and from the west, because of the Khvoshchinsky estate, because of the slopes above the river valley , - muddy blue, in dusty stripes of rain, through which mountains of distant clouds rose pink(Boon.).

Compare the possibility of skipping a dash in everyday speech: They both spoke at once, one about cows, the other about sheep, but the words did not reach Kuzemkin's consciousness.(Bel.).

3. A dash is placed when skipping sentence members restored in the context of dialogue replicas or adjacent sentences.

For example: Do you like green onion pies? I am passion!(M. G.); In another room, the workshop of an artisan jeweler is recreated. In the third - the shepherd's hut, with all the shepherd's utensils. In the fourth - an ordinary water mill. In the fifth - the furnishings of the hut where the shepherds make cheese. In the sixth - just the atmosphere of a peasant hut. In the seventh - the furnishings of the hut, where these very chergy and halishte were woven. All of this is skillfully recreated.(Sol.).

4. A dash is placed in sentences consisting of two word forms with the meaning of the subject, object, circumstance and built according to the schemes: who - what, who - where, what - to whom, what - where, what - how, what - where, etc.

For example: All wells are in operation; The microphone has a heart!; Book - by mail; Grades - for knowledge; You - the key to the university; Following the record - an accident; Trains - "green"!; First of all, efficiency.

1. The concept of incomplete sentences.

2. Signals of incompleteness.

3. Types of incomplete sentences:

· contextual;

· situational;

elliptical.

Only structurally segmented sentences, both one-part and two-part, can be complete or incomplete. There are semantic (informational) and structural (grammatical) completeness or incompleteness. Semantic completeness is created by 3 factors:

1. situation,

2. context,

3. the general experience of the speakers.

If a sentence is taken out of context, it may not be understood by the speaker. In this case, one speaks of semantic incompleteness. For example: And this green world sang along with the little lead singer. In this sentence, we are talking about green poplar. This sentence is complete in structure, but incomplete in semantics. Another example: On the shore of desert waves he stood full of high thoughts. To understand who we are talking about, it is necessary to have a certain literary competence. In the context, the semantic incompleteness is filled.

In syntax, the term "incomplete" applies only to structurally incomplete sentences. Therefore, to distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences, it is important to take into account the factor of continuity of syntactic links and relations. Let's compare 2 sentences. South winds bring us warmth. Northern - cold. In the second sentence, there is a break in syntactic links. The word "northern" indicates the omission of the subject "winds", similarly, the addition "cold" indicates the omission of the predicate "bring". Because minor members always attached to the main. The presence of a definition always requires a defined word, the presence of a direct object - a verb-predicate. Thus, the violation of the chain of connections is a signal of incompleteness, which is reflected in the definition.

Incomplete sentences- These are proposals in which any member or group of members of the proposal that are mandatory in structure is missing. Incomplete sentences are updated to a greater extent than complete ones. In incomplete sentences, the rhematic group is most easily distinguished.

First of all, contextually incomplete sentences are distinguished, which are characterized by the omission of one or more members of the sentence indicated in the context. The soldiers walked in a column that stretched for a block. sang songs. What is ringing is not clear. May be, forest or air. Someone is holding me by the shoulder. Holds and shakes . Contextually incomplete sentences are characteristic of writing. Their use makes speech concise and dynamic, avoiding unreasonable repetitions. Incomplete sentences are especially widely used in dialogue replicas. They use the words that carry new information, that is, the topic is omitted, but the rheme is present.

So you're married! I didn't know before! How long ago?

About two years.

- On whom?

- On Larina.

In incomplete replicas, both main members are missing, their omission is restored from the context. Usually the first lines of the dialogue are complete, the rest are built based on them.

Signals of incompleteness are secondary members of the sentence. The omission of the subject is usually indicated by the presence of a definition, the omission of the predicate is usually indicated by the presence of an addition or circumstance. It is easy to qualify as incomplete sentences. in which one of the main members of the proposal is omitted, since PPPs are structurally mandatory and in this case the chain of links is broken.

1. The omission of the subject is evidenced by the presence of a definition or the very form of the predicate. For example, if the predicate is expressed by the past tense verb plural, then this sentence is incomplete. Vera and Vityakleili wallpaper. worked unanimously. The second sentence is identical in form to a one-part indefinitely personal sentence. However, according to semantics, the verb "worked" is subject-oriented, since it does not indicate an indefinite agent. Compare with an indefinitely personal sentence: His called to the blackboard. When distinguishing between such sentences, we will rely on the semantics of the verb. Sentences with a predicate expressed by a verb of 1 or 2 persons will be qualified as one-part definite-personal, since the form of the verb self-sufficiently indicates the agent. Compare: For you I trudge everywhere at random.

If the presence of a definition testifies to the omission of the subject, then it is much easier to qualify these cases as incomplete, since the violation of the chain of connections is more noticeable. For example: old the dress stops liking, when bought new. The omission of the subject is indicated by the presence of the definition "new".

2. The omission of the predicate is evidenced by the circumstances and additions that depend on it. West wind blows in the morning evenings- eastern.

3. If a minor member of the sentence is omitted, then it is more difficult to qualify the proposal as complete or incomplete, since not every minor member is structurally necessary. Let's say. The absence of a definition does not make the proposal incomplete. Incomplete are one-part sentences that do not have "mandatory" additions. For example: Is there wind? Not ( wind). What's up with the roof? Blown away by the wind. ( roof).

The context indicates the omission of the mandatory members of the proposal. All of the above examples are contextually incomplete sentences.

The second group is situationally incomplete sentences. In them, the missing members are prompted by the situation, the situation, the gesture. They are more typical for colloquial speech. For example: You are standing at a bus stop, then you shout: "It's coming!" Those present understand that there is some kind of transport. In the sentence "Coming!" the subject is omitted. Or another typical example. You meet a friend who has returned from vacation:

Excellent!

Dialogue cues are incomplete sentences. There are also proposals for literary texts if they convey colloquial speech. - How mil! - said Princess Mary, looking at the child.

Naturally, the division into situationally and contextually incomplete is somewhat arbitrary. In literary criticism, by the way, the term “consituation” is adopted, since the situation is often described in the text.

Elliptical proposals- these are sentences in which the verb-predicate is omitted, and it is not required to restore it from the context. VV Babaitseva calls them semantically complete, but structurally incomplete. For example: I - to you! The information is complete, but the structure of the sentence is incomplete, since the position of the predicate is not replaced, as evidenced by the presence of an addition. Moreover, it is impossible in principle to restore the predicate. It can be any verb of motion: I ran, I went, I came, I looked, I was sent, I go. In these constructions, a secondary member of the sentence is updated - an addition or a circumstance. Elliptical sentences have a certain stylistic coloring. Compare:

No answer. He again message :

There is no answer to the second, third letter.

You see, the verb-predicate is "not compensated" by the context.

In elliptical sentences, the verb-predicate of the following semantic groups may be absent:

1. Verbs of being, absence, existence. Outside the city is a field. In the garden - elderberry, and in Kyiv - uncle.

2. Omission of verbs of motion. Tatyana - into the forest, the bear - behind her.

3. Skipping verbs of speech. I told him about Thomas, and he told me about Yerema.

4. Impersonal elliptical sentences with a missing predicate no. No fire, no black hut. The sky is clear. Some linguists classify them as genitive sentences, and the noun in genitive case regarded as main member suggestions.

5. Nominative incentives. Syringe! Scalpel! They are also considered as incomplete elliptical sentences with an omitted predicate in the imperative mood. Compare with a typical incomplete sentence. into the corner!

One-part sentences can also be incomplete. Compare 2 designs: Close the window: see through//Close: see through. In the second construction, a direct object is omitted with a verb-predicate, and a strongly controlled verb requires an addition. In this case, the addition becomes structurally mandatory.

So, the problem of distinguishing between one-part complete sentences and two-part incomplete sentences is the most difficult in syntax simple sentence. The fact is that the same constructions can be considered either as incomplete or as one-piece. Pay attention to the verbs of the 3rd person singular and plural of the present and future tenses. For example: goes, looking like a dead man. This proposal is incomplete two-part. Omission of the subject is indicated by the presence of a personal verb and separate definition. It's getting dark . One-part complete. This sentence cannot have a subject, since the verb does not presuppose an agent. Transmit summary. Complete, one-part, indefinitely personal. The children sat down at their desks. Read. Incomplete, two-part, since the verb "read" indicates the need for a figure.

That is, those in which one of the members is omitted are often found both in colloquial and literary speech. Not only secondary, but also the main members of the sentence - the subject or the predicate - may be absent in them.

Their semantic load is easily restored both from the context (from the sentences that precede the given), and from the knowledge of the situation by the interlocutor or reader.

An example of an incomplete sentence:

Where is your brother?

Here "left" is an incomplete sentence consisting of one word. The subject is omitted in it, but it can be understood from the previous statement who exactly is being discussed (about the brother).

A certain difficulty is the distinction between incomplete and one-part sentences in which either the subject or the predicate is omitted. Here you can use the following criterion. For example, from the sentence “Berries are picked in the forest”, it is completely incomprehensible who exactly performs the action. Let's take another example: “Where are your girlfriends? "Berries are picked in the forest." The subject is omitted here, but from the context it is easy to determine who exactly performs the specified action (friends). This means that in the first case we are dealing with a one-part sentence, and in the second - with an incomplete two-part sentence, although the list of words in them is exactly the same.

It should be noted that dialogue with incomplete sentences is the most frequent, characteristic situation of their use. When studying such examples in educational practice, it is enough for a teacher to simply create in students an idea of ​​an incomplete sentence as a variety of a complete one - in contrast to one-part sentences, where one of the (mandatory!) main members is not omitted, but simply impossible. To do this, you can also compare complete and incomplete sentences. In incomplete, all members retain the same grammatical forms and functions as in full. In turn, they can also be incomplete if the word that is missing in them can be easily restored from the context:

What is your name, girl?

Incomplete sentences (examples can be found below) can be of two types, depending on how their meaning is restored: contextual or situational. Inside the first allocate:

Knowledge is power.

As for punctuation marks in incomplete sentences, dashes are often put in them. Its role in this case, as mentioned above, is to replace the missing word, usually the predicate.

I came home from class early, and my sister came late.

In this example, the dash replaces the word "came", avoiding incorrect, unnecessary repetition.

On the table are bread and fruit.

In this example, a dash is used instead of a missing predicate (an elliptical sentence).

How to distinguish incomplete sentences from complete ones? Let's try to figure it out!

Studying the topic "Complete and incomplete sentences", my students are asked to explain with examples the differences between incomplete two-part sentences and incomplete one-part sentences.

If you can find grammatical basis, you can learn to determine the type of a simple sentence by the composition of the main members.

Two-part: She didn't come home. One-part: Noon. I'm going down the road. I want to drink. No one is visible.

Let us take into account the axiom that two-part sentences are more common in book speech, and in colloquial speech, incomplete two-part sentences are preferable. They should be distinguished from one-part sentences with one main member - subject or predicate.

We give examples of complete and incomplete two-part sentences to clarify our statement.

Nobody has come here for a long time. Subject NOBODY, predicate DID NOT COME. This is a two-part proposal.

- Did anyone come here?

“He came,” I replied.

- Did not see…

The first sentence has both main members. But already in the second two-part sentence, the subject of ANYBODY is missing. The sentence has become incomplete, although its meaning is already clear. In the third sentence, you can find the circumstance FOR A LONG TIME and restore the rest of the missing words: SOMEONE COME. And finally in last sentence substitute the subject Y.

What happens? In a short dialogue, except for the first sentence, all the rest are two-part incomplete sentences.

Let's deal with now one-part sentences. You ask: “How can they be incomplete if they already consist of one main member of the sentence? What is their incompleteness? The fact of the matter is that the most necessary and only main member of the sentence is skipped!

Let's check our conclusion with examples.

- What are you carrying?

- Products.

- Nothing!

In this dialogue, the full sentence is again the first. It is one-sided, definitely personal. The rest are one-part incomplete! Let's restore the predicate from the second sentence - CARRY (what?) Products (also definitely personal). Let's add the third: Wow! GOOD (impersonal). The fourth looks like this: THERE IS NOTHING GOOD IN THIS! (an impersonal offer).

It is easy to find replica sentences; as a rule, they add something new without repeating what is already known, and are more complete in composition than all subsequent ones. Suggestions-answers depend on the nature of the question and most often carry an additional situational load, accompanied by certain gestures and facial expressions.

From the context, it is possible to restore the omitted both main and secondary members of the sentence, which are understandable even without naming. But there is a special type of sentences that do not require context - elliptical. For example: Attention! All up! What's wrong with you, Michael? Terkin - further, the author - following.

In the given examples-dialogues, we met the words-sentences. For example: Wow! Nothing! The first phrase contains an interjection expressing a certain assessment, the second is an answer that is unclear in content, something between an affirmation and a denial.

They express an affirmation or denial, give an emotional assessment or encourage action. There are several groups of such words-sentences:

Affirmative (Yes. True. Good. Okay. Of course!);

Negative (No. Not true!);

Interrogative (Huh? Well? Yes? Good?);

Estimated (Ugh! Ai-ai-ai! Lord!);

Incentives (Shh ... Ay! Syts! That's it!).

The default figure conveys some kind of understatement, it is used to interrupt the statement for one reason or another: Wait, wait, what if ... Did I ... They say that she ...

Don't confuse them with incomplete sentences!

Are there incomplete complex sentences? Yes, of course.

First example:

- What do you mean where"? Here!

– Where is it?

– Where are we going!

This dialogue presents complex sentences with the omission of the main and subordinate parts.

Second example: In one hand I held fishing rods, and in the other - a cage with crucian carp.

Here compound sentence, the second part is incomplete.

The third example: They moved in different ways: on level ground - on a wagon, uphill - on foot, downhill - jogging.

It's complicated unionless proposal, so the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete.