During the classes
I. Checking homework
Prettier, cakes, blinds, plumbing, electricity, at the same time, solicit, call, started, inform, facilitate, uncork.
b) Explain lexical meaning words:
Ignore- intentionally not to notice, not to want to know, not to take into account - ignore the facts.
Paradoxical- incredible, being a paradox (strange opinion, at odds with the generally accepted) - paradoxical behavior.
Correct - polite, impeccable - correct comment.
Facsimile - accurate reproduction of the manuscript, document, signature - facsimile of the signature.
II. Learning new material
a) problem situation
Explain why in a sentence a comma must be placed before the conjunction “and”:
I can't pity you
And I carefully carry my cross ... A. Blok
Explanation of students: In order to prevent a punctuation error in a complex sentence, one must be able to “see” one-part sentences as part of a complex sentence.
III. Fixing the topic
1. Work at the blackboard.
Write down a stanza from A. Blok's poem:
Night, street, lamp, pharmacy,
A meaningless and dim light.
Live at least a quarter of a century -
Everything will be like this. There is no exit.
2. Teacher's question.
How many sentences are in this stanza?
Underline the grammar in each sentence.
a) Night, street, lamp, pharmacy, meaningless and dull light.
b) Live at least a quarter of a century all it will be so.
c) Exodus No.
How are these offers different?
What is the difference between one-part and two-part sentences?
How do one-part sentences differ from two-part incomplete sentences?
Work with the table in "Theoretical Notebooks".
(“Theoretical notebooks” is the conventional name for notebooks where students write down the rules, studied definitions, terms, vocabulary words, etc. (starting from the 5th grade)).
Recall the types of one-part sentences (students refer to the table).
| Offer types | main member of the proposal | The form | Example |
| denominative | Subject | Noun in I.p. | The beauty! Spring. |
| Definitely personal | Predicate | A verb in the form of the indicative and imperative mood of 1 or 2 persons of the present and future tenses. | I love you, Petra creation! |
| Vaguely personal | Predicate | 3rd person verb plural present and future time. | In Siberia, they do not like fever and haste. |
| Generalized-personal | Predicate | The action refers to a generalized person | If you like to ride - love to carry sleds. |
| Impersonal | Predicate | Impersonal verb Infinitive Personal verb in the meaning of the impersonal. short form communion. The word NO, the form of the verb BE |
It's getting light. Bad kids should be punished. The forest buzzed, rustled, stirred. |
Teacher's question: what types of single-part sentences are divided into?
d) Commented letter. (Write down sentences, explain the types of one-part sentences)
I hear a bell.
Spring in the field. A. Blok. "I hear the bells"
Student explanation:
I hear a bell.
(The sentence is one-part, because it has one main member of the sentence - the predicate, expressed by the present personal verb of the 1st person singular. This is definitely a personal sentence.)
In field Spring.
(The sentence is one-part, because it has one main member of the sentence - the subject, expressed by the noun in I.p. This is a nominal sentence.)
2. hard
us It was
under the blizzards
Winter is cold sleep
… A. Blok “It was hard for us…”
Student explanation:
The offer is one-part, because it has one main member of the sentence - the predicate, expressed by the verb in the form of the neuter gender of the past tense (it was), the infinitive (to sleep) and the word of state (hard). This is an impersonal offer.
e) Explanatory dictation with a grammar task.
Write down sentences, emphasize grammatical foundations, indicate the types of one-component sentences.
1. Tell me something. (Definitely personal)
2. A little dawned. (impersonal)
3. Be a great thunderstorm! (impersonal)
4. Tears of grief will not help. (generalized-personal)
5. I know that you are joking - but still I believe. (Definitely personal)
6. Rain over the station. (named)
e) Graphic dictation with verification.
Determine the type of one-part sentences. Write your answer in letters using symbols.
H - denominative
op-l - definitely personal
n-l - indefinitely linear
b - impersonal
l - personal
ob-l - generalized-personal
(The teacher reads the sentences, the students by ear determine the type of a single-component sentence and make a record. See answer)
- No war.
- It was damp and cold.
- Spring.
- Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
- Come here quickly!
- Do not rush.
- Newspapers have not been delivered yet.
- Slanting rain lashed the glass.
- Come back, bow to the fish!
- I love the storm in early May.
lv. Summarizing.
Independent work.
Determine the type of one-part sentences.
1 option
A) Now bison are not only guarded, but also bred.
B) At the entrance to the estate is always crowded.
C) We had to turn off the highway and drive along country roads.
D) a terrible crack ...
E) Both masts and all sails were blown off.
E) I see, I see a lunar meadow through the foliage of thick willows.
Option 2
A) Once in our yard they rinsed the laundry and left the trough.
B) Having taken off your head, do not cry for your hair.
C) I want to enroll in the swimming section.
D) It's spring.
D) At night it blows cold from the ground.
E) migratory birds are put on marking rings on their paws.
V. Homework.
From the collection “Typical test tasks. Unified State Examination - 2008.” Puchkova L.I. perform option 1-10 task B4.
References
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by R.I. Avanesov, Moscow, “ Russian language”, 1989
- Ozhegov S.I. “Dictionary of the Russian language”, Moscow, “Russian language”, 1991
- Concise Dictionary foreign words edited by I.V. Lekhin and professor F.N. Petrov, Moscow, 1950
- A. Blok “Poems. Poems”, Moscow, “Sovremennik”, 1987
- Babaitseva V.V., Maksimov L.Yu. "Modern Russian language" in 3 parts, Moscow, "Enlightenment", 1987
- A.G. Narushevich “Methods of preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language: lesson planning, lesson organization, exercise system”, Moscow, Pedagogical University “September first”, 2007
The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's evening.
Types of one-part sentences
| Main member expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal suggestions | ||
| Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences | ||
| The verb-predicate in the form of the plural of the third person (in the past tense and the conditional mood the verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Somebody knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal offers | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). |
Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
a) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow melts; |
| 2) Composite nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) Composite verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) to me sorry to leave with you; |
a) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) Compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - short passive participle past tense singular, neuter. |
Closed . |
The store is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with the intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone be silent! |
Everyone be quiet. |
| 2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Denominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form genitive will change to the nominative case (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. AT infinitive sentences person is motivated to take action Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).
In this case, we can talk about one-component and at the same time incomplete sentence(with the predicate omitted).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.
Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (where?) around the corner; I- (where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.
Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that correlate with the predicate. If there are such additions in the proposal ( I- (for whom?) behind you), then it is more expedient to analyze these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I am walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Specify those grammatical features the main member, which allow the proposal to be attributed to this type of one-component sentences.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.
Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.
With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).
The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).
Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).
The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
soft moonlight(stagnant).
The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
One-part sentences are suggestions, grammatical basis which consists of one main member, and this one main member is enough for a complete verbal expression of thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete".
Main member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone constitutes the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in its meaning and ways of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except nominal) approaches the predicate, and the main member of nominal sentences - with the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes nominal sentences.
Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.
Definitely personal suggestions
Definitely personal suggestions - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (the main member) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.
The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal offers can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.
For example: I do not ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin); What are you laughing at? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Do not look forward to happy days presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); In the depths Siberian ores keep proud patience (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence, including the subject in the sentence. me, you, we or you.
The sufficiency of one principal term is due here morphological properties predicate: the verb forms of the 1st and 2nd person with their endings clearly indicate a well-defined person. Subject I, you, we, you turn out to be informatively redundant.
We use one-component sentences more often when it is necessary to pay attention to the action, and not to the person who performs this action.
Indefinitely personal sentences
- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such proposals is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.
For example: They say in the village that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol); An elephant was led through the streets ... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It's nothing that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing (L. Oshanin).
The specific meaning of the figure in indefinite personal sentences in that it actually exists, but is not named in the grammatical basis.
The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively solving the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: This book was brought to me; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.
Indefinitely personal sentences most often have minor members in their composition, i.e. indefinite sentences are usually widespread.
As part of indefinite personal sentences two groups are used minor members: 1) Circumstances of place and time that usually characterize the actor indirectly: hall sang. In the next class make noise. Often in youth strive someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: Us invited into the room; him here glad; Now hiswill lead here (M. Gorky).
When these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences are incomplete two-part with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late in the evening.
Generalized personal offers
Generalized personal offers occupy a special place among single-component sentences. This is explained by generalized personal sentences do not have their own forms, and thus, the main criterion for their selection is a semantic feature.
The meaning of generalization can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what rus sky does not love fast driving (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Looking for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal offer); You can't command the heart (proverb)(definitely personal proposal).
Generalized-personal only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the generalizing characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have- we do not store, having lost- crying (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); Having removed their heads, they do not cry over their hair (proverb).
The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You surrender involuntarily to the power of the surrounding cheerful nature (N. Nekrasov); ... In a rare girl you will meet such simplicity and natural freedom of sight, word, deed (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf on someone else’s mouth (proverb).
In contrast to the outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the form of the 2nd person, in sentences of generalized personal never talks about the specific actions of the interlocutor, the subject of the action is thought in such sentences in a generalized way, like any person.
impersonal proposals
impersonal proposals - These are one-part sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal proposals is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases, when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn't sleep; He's cold); condition environment (It gets dark; Pulls with freshness);"the state of affairs" (Bad with shots; Experiments should not be postponed) etc.
The main term can be expressed:
1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It's dawning!.. Ah, how soon the night has passed / (A. Griboyedov); It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);
2) shape neuter: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);
3) word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form It was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you, obedient, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no beast stronger than a cat (I. Krylov);
5) a combination of the word category state(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know not to laugh, then- then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);
6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); At I have not been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);
7) infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); Long sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin)
Name sentences
denominations (nominative) suggestions - these are single-component sentences in which the existence, being of objects or phenomena is affirmed. Grammatical basis nominal proposals consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member nominal proposals expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running around, bows, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).
Meaning nominal proposals consists in the assertion of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. That's why nominal sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods, they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate It was or will be: autumn(name offer). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).
There are three main varieties nominal proposals.
1. Being: Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).
2. Index; they include pointing particles here, here, there, there, there: Here is the place where their house stands; Here is a willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).
3. Estimated existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, well: Siege! Attack! Evil waves, like thieves climb through the windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! Frost is crackling ... (A. Pushkin).
feature nominal proposals is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine big picture describing the situation or events.
Most often nominal sentences are used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in remarks of dramatic works: Rocks blackened from sunburn ... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and in the middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).
In Russian, there are two groups of syntactic units, divided by the presence or absence of a subject or predicate in them: two-part and one-part sentences. How many main members are in such constructions, and what types of one-part sentences are there (table with examples)? This article will tell.
Concept definition
A one-part sentence is a complete speech statement, where the grammatical basis has only a subject or only a predicate.
For example: “Shall we buy products in the store?”. Analyzing the offer parsing, you can see that the main member there is the predicate - “we will buy”, expressed by the verb, and the secondary ones are the addition of “products” and the circumstance “in the store”, expressed by nouns.
There is no subject in this sentence, but you can easily pick it up: “Will we buy products in the store?”. You can substitute here only the pronoun "we" - 1 person singular.
In this case, the subject was not specifically removed, but it is simply missing.
Important! One-part sentences should not be confused with a two-part incomplete sentence with a missing subject.
For example: “The trees grew tall, slender. They rustled in the wind with their green foliage. Determine the type of one-part sentence. Or is it still two-part?
In this example, without context, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the second sentence, so it is a two-part incomplete sentence with a missing subject.
Types of one-part sentences (table with examples)
So. The easiest way is to put the types of one-part sentences in a table with hint examples:
What is the difference between them from each other? It is worth considering in more detail.
Denominative or nominative sentences
The following syntactic constructions are called denominative or nominative sentences. Everything is pretty simple. One main member of a one-part sentence is the subject, expressed by a noun. It always stands in such complete speech utterances in the nominative case.
In such a syntactic unit there are no and cannot be secondary members, for example, additions or circumstances, since they relate to the predicate, it is from him that a question will be asked to such members of the sentence.
In nominative sentences, only a definition can be used, since it always refers to the subject.
For example: "Morning. Summer day. Winter."
In all these sentences there is only a subject, the predicate is not provided there.
In addition to the noun, nominal sentences there may be a phrase in which one noun is in the nominative case, and the second in the genitive case.
For example: "Time of warmth and sun. Songs of fun and joy."
One-part definite-personal sentences
In these syntactic constructions, there is only a predicate in 1 and 2 litres. units and many others. h. The predicate is in the indicative or imperative mood depending on the person and is expressed by the verb.
These constructions are always called one-part definite-personal sentences, since the grammatical basis is equal to one main member of the sentence.
For example:
- "I go up the stairs, look out the windows."
- "Shall we play together?"
- "Give me, please, this piece of cake!".
- "Do me a favor."
Indefinitely personal sentences
The following syntactic units also contain a predicate expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural. The predicate can be in the past or future tense, and also have an indicative or subjunctive (conditional) mood.
For example:
- "I was told from the cancellation of lessons."
- "Give me a discount at this store!"
- "Let them first tell about all the nuances of the work!".
In these constructions, it is possible to pick up only the personal pronoun "they" and substitute it for the subject.
Generalized personal sentences
Such syntactic units of speech are a real alloy of definitely and indefinitely personal speech statements, however, in generalized personal sentences, the predicate has a generalized, not a specific meaning. That is why this type of one-piece constructions is used most often in proverbs and sayings, where it is impossible to make a reference to a specific person.
For example:
- "If you love the tops, love the roots."
- "You can't even catch a fish out of a pond without work."
- "Seven times measure cut once".
impersonal proposals
These sentences are a separate and very interesting type - they do not and cannot have a subject, therefore only one predicate remains, which can be expressed in various categories:
- A verb without a face: "Dawn." "Evening". "It was getting dark."
- A verb that used to be personal, but then turned into an impersonal form: "My nose itches." "He can't sleep at all." "It got dark in the distance."
- A category of state, or an impersonal predicative word: "It was quiet in the garden." "Very sad at heart." "Stuffy and hot."
- The negative particle “neither” or the negative word “no”: “You have no conscience!”. "Not a star in the sky."
Infinitive sentences
The last category of one-component sentences also has in its grammatical basis only the predicate, expressed by the infinitive - the initial form of the verb. The infinitive is very easy to recognize - it answers the questions "what to do / what to do?".
This part of speech has neither a number nor a person, since it is immutable.
- "You don't have to listen to anyone!"
- "Why lie on the beach for a long time under the scorching sun?".
- "Why not dance at the party?"
To easily remember the types of one-part sentences (a table with examples), it is best to learn which main member is missing in them. If this is a predicate, then you have a nominative sentence, etc.
Thus, one-part sentences are a special kind of syntactic constructions, the grammatical basis of which has only one main member. Subject or predicate. In addition, there are several types of one-part sentences. Each of them uses either only the subject in the nominative case, or only the predicate in different persons and numbers.
One-part sentences are called impersonal, the main member of which names a process or state that is independent of the active agent (or a sign that is independent of its carrier). For example: dawn; I can not sleep; It's cold outside.
The semantic basis of impersonal sentences is the absence of an active agent (or carrier of a feature), since an indication of the agent (or carrier of a feature) in the sentence can still be, however, in such a form that does not allow a grammatical subject. Wed examples: I sing easily and I sing easily. In an impersonal sentence I sing easily there is an indication of actor(to me), however, the form of the verb-predicate does not allow the nominative case and the action is presented as proceeding independently of the agent. - The street is dark and It is dark outside. In a two-part sentence The street is dark the carrier of the sign (street) is indicated, and in the impersonal It is dark outside the attribute appears as existing without regard to its carrier, and the attribute somewhat changes its quality: it passes into a state.
In impersonal sentences (as opposed to two-part sentences), the predicative sign does not depend on the subject, although it correlates with it. Formally, this is expressed in inadmissibility in impersonal sentences of the form of the nominative case: main member of impersonal sentences fundamentally incompatible with nominative case. Incompatibility the main member of an impersonal sentence with the form of the nominative case is the main and common formal feature of impersonal sentences.
Semantic types of impersonal sentences
Verbal impersonalproposals are divided into three groups:
As the main member of the impersonal sentence is usedimpersonal verbs
(no suffix -sya and with the suffix - Xia): dawn, drizzle, shiver, feel sick; unwell, sleeping, wanting, getting dark, dozing etc. These verbs have the grammatical form of the 3rd person singular. numbers, and in the past tense - the form cf. kind of unit numbers: dawn - dawn, shiver - shiver, dusk - dusk etc. Verbs are not allowed to be used with them. noun or pronouns in them. case.
- the action occurs independently of the actor, i.e. the semantics of such verbs is incompatible with the notion of an active agent.
Impersonal verbs can mean:
– the state of nature, the environment: It was colder than in the morning(G.); It was already getting dark when the troops arrived at the place of lodging for the night. (L.T.); He was shivering and breaking (L. T.);
- obligation, necessity and other modal shades (such a verb is most often used with an infinitive): She could talk more calmly about her fate and what she had to do.(P.); I miss your tenderness, you miss my care(Thorn.).
2. As the main member of the impersonal sentence is usedpersonal verb in impersonal usage. These verbs freeze in the form of the third person singular or in the form of the neuter gender. Wed: The air is fresh.–It's fresher outside; The wind howls.–Howls in the pipe; The sun warmed the earth.–Warm at noon.
Personal verbs can mean:
- the state of nature, natural phenomena and the state of the environment: Quiet a little at night(Gonch.);Snow fell less often, a little lighter(Leon.);Creaked, whistled and howled in the forest(Ill.);
My ears are blocked(Gr.);It's still pounding in my head(G.);Pavel Vasilyevich even took his breath away(M.-Sib.);
- sensory perceptions : From the hut breathed dampness(L.);... Strong, stuffy smell of ink and paints(Ch.);
- actions of mythical, unreal power: I haven't been lucky forever(N.);...He was carried into ancient world, and he talked about the Aegina marbles(T.);
- an action performed by an indirect subject : And the wind finally knocked down the tree(Cr.);The stars were shrouded in mist(A.N. T.);
3. The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressedshort passive participle with suffix - n-, -en- or -t-.
– the value of the state is transmitted as a result of the completed action: Tushin's battery was forgotten(L. T.); Already sent in pursuit(P.);
- In cases where the participle has a modal meaning, the predicate necessarily includes the infinitive: Why was I meant to die, just as now I am meant to live?(Yu. Germ.).
4. Adverbs impersonalsuggestions are presented in modern Russian primarily by sentences with impersonal predicative words as the main member. These are "state-meaning adverbs", the category of state: easy, fun, comfortable, ashamed; sorry, hunting, lack of time, it's time. Can be a form of comparative degree: It's getting warmer(Shuksh.).
Impersonal sentences with state category words on-aboutmay mean:
– the state of nature or the environment: The room gets quiet(M. G.);Look, it's too late, it's cold(L.);
- mental or physical state Living creatures: Why is it so painful and so difficult for me?(L.);You are a little cold(T.);I am ashamed of your congratulations, I am afraid of your proud words!(Bruce); Such sentences as part of the predicate often have an adjoining infinitive: It's good to swim at night on the river(M. G.);
- visual or auditory perception: For a long time, neither the sound of a bell, nor the sound of wheels on a flinty road was heard.(L.);
- the meaning of obligation, necessity, possibility and other modal shades are conveyed by special words ( need, need etc.) in combination with the infinitive: I have to go to the commandant(L.);
Impersonal sentences with impersonal predicative words morphologically coinciding with nouns ( sin, shame, disgrace, horror, pity, it's time, time, leisure, laziness, hunting, reluctance), in combination with the infinitive denote:
- assessment of the action from the moral and ethical side: Laughing at old age is a sin(Gr.);
- the emotional state of a person: And to tell the truth I was sorry(Fet);
- obligation in relation to the time of the action: I had a good friend– where better to be–Yes, everything happened, we didn’t have time to talk to him(Sim.); modal-volitional shades: I would love to dance(A.N.T.).
Among the impersonal sentences, a peculiar group stands out impersonally genitiveproposals, whose structural feature is:
- the presence of a negative word in combination with the genitive case. For example, a negative word no, no: There is no longer any position in society, nor the former honor, nor the right to invite to visit(Ch.);
- impersonal form of verbs to be, to become, to appear with negation: There was not a penny, but suddenly Altyn(last);There was a hoarse dull barking, but even the dog did not seem to(T.);
– a noun in the genitive case with the negation of neither: Not a sound!.. And you see the blue dome of the sky...(N.);No letters, no news. No matter how you ask them, they forgot(Sim.);
- negative pronouns nothing, no one and etc.: - It looks like someone is there... –no one(Ch.).
Infinitive sentences
The main member of a one-part sentence can be expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action that is possible or impossible, necessary, inevitable.
Infinitive sentences cannot contain an impersonal verb or an impersonal predicative word, since if they are present, the infinitive takes a dependent position, being an adjoining part of the main member of the impersonal sentence. Wed: I want to go to Crimea(impersonal sentence, infinitive depends on the verb want). - To go to the Crimea!(infinitive sentence, infinitive in independent position).
The semantic specificity of infinitive sentences is their designation of a potential action, i.e. an action that is destined to take place, which is desirable or undesirable, possible or impossible, necessary, expedient or inappropriate, etc. In some classifications, such proposals are combined with impersonal ones. Indeed, they have a common syntactic feature of being subjectless, incompatibility of the main member-infinitive with the nominative case.
Infinitive sentences have different modal meanings:
- obligation, necessity, possibility and impossibility, inevitability of action, etc.: Can't see face to face(Ec.); Friends do not count with us(Pinch);
- the meaning of motivation to action, command, command: Canes, umbrellas and suitcases are not to be placed!; Do not lean on the handrails! –Be silent!–thundered the forester and stepped twice(T.);
- the impulse can be addressed to the subject of speech itself: Tomorrow or, if circumstances permit, tonight we will meet with the command
- infinitive sentences with an interrogative particle whether convey an indecisive assumption, a doubt: What, why don't I get out?
– infinitive sentences with a particle would acquire the value of desirability: Would you like to live here until autumn(Ch.);
- particle would often combined in infinitive sentences with particles only, only, even if etc. In such sentences, the meaning of desirability is conveyed more mildly: Just to sleep(Fet); ... If only with one eye to look at Moscow!(Ch.);
- infinitive sentences are synonymous with impersonal sentences with modal impersonal-predicative words must, must not, must, must and others. They are more expressive, concise, and tense. Hey, Azamat, don't blow your head off!(L.); They shouldn't listen to this speech (Sim.).
- Structurally, such impersonal sentences differ from infinitive ones in that the modal meanings in them are transmitted lexically (in words need, need, need etc.), while in infinitive sentences, modal meanings are contained in the very form of the infinitive and in the general intonation of the sentence. Wed: You need to get busy. - You should do business!
