1.Full offers -
Incomplete offers -
1. In dialogic speech.
elliptical
Incomplete offers.
1.Full offers - sentences in which there are all the main and secondary members of the sentence necessary for understanding the meaning.
Incomplete offers - sentences in which individual members may be omitted - main or secondary.
Missing members of a sentence can be easily restored from a previous context or situation. Incomplete sentences are found:
1. In dialogic speech.
2. In context (A light flashed at the turn of the river. Flashed brightly, strongly.)
Incomplete can be both two-part and one-part common and non-common sentences:
You understand me? (two-part, common, complete) - I understand. (two-part, non-common, incomplete).
Punctuation marks in incomplete sentences.
1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): Around the month - pale circles.
In the absence of a pause, the dash is not put: Again at the hour of the night clouds above the earth.
2. A dash is placed in elliptical sentences, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear division into two parts: To the Motherland - our inspired work.
3. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence that is part of complex sentence when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: They stood opposite each other: Oleg - confused and embarrassed, Nina - with an expression of challenge on her face. Petya went to the theater, and Sasha went to the cinema.
4. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member of the sentence is omitted or even without a pass: Money disappears, work remains.
3. There are bright stars in the sky.
3.Sentence words.
Incentive and emotional-evaluative (interjection): Come on. Ida. Ai. Hey, hey.
4.Mini test.
A) 5 B) 4 C) 7 D) 6 E) 8
2. Give a description of the proposals. Where necessary, place punctuation marks.
1. Vera ran out of the garden onto the balcony, followed by Sergei jumping three steps.
2. The Mironovites sailed here on a self-propelled barge. Landed on the shore.
3. There are bright stars in the sky.
4. Every young worker has a secondary education.
5. One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms.
3.Sentence words. Can be used in dialogue. Are divided into:
Affirmative: Yes. Of course. Maybe.
Negative: No. Not at all.
Incentive and emotional-evaluative (interjection): Come on. Ida. Ai. Hey, hey.
4.Mini test.
1. Define an incomplete sentence.
A) The happiness of noble minds is to see contentment around.
B) On the table is an open volume of poems presented to you.
c) The greatest book is the book of life.
D) Honesty and accuracy are twins.
E) The true purpose of man is to live, not to exist.
2. In the sentence, on that side of it that faces the sea, the waves threw chips of algae mud and the stone hung with them seems to be tied to a narrow sandy strip separating the sea from the mountains. need to put:
A) 7 commas B) 9 commas C) 8 commas
D) 6 commas E) 6 commas and a dash.
3. Indicate the number of missing commas in the sentence: The hazel grouse immediately fluttered all over, flew at us in the air, but suddenly soared in fright, turned to the side in a hurry, touched a branch and quickly, quickly working with its wings, disappeared into the forest dusk.
A) 5 B) 4 C) 7 D) 6 E) 8
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In the scientific literature, the issue of complete and incomplete sentences is covered inconsistently.
Incomplete is a sentence in which any member of the sentence or a group of members of the sentence is omitted, the omission of which is confirmed by the presence of dependent words of the sentence, as well as by the data of the context or situation of speech.
Types of incomplete proposals are distinguished taking into account the following factors:
Written or oral sphere of use
Monologue or dialogue
Interaction of the sentence with the context
Incomplete sentences are:
contextual(incomplete - incomplete sentences in monologue speech; dialogue replicas - incomplete sentences in dialogic speech)
situational
Incomplete dialogue lines are very common in colloquial speech. They are usually brief and contain something new that the speaker wants to tell the interlocutor.
According to the target orientation, incomplete replicas of the dialogue can be divided into 3 groups:
Reply replies. Contain the answer to the question asked in the previous remark.
Question remarks.
Continuing remarks report something additional to what was said in the initial sentence.
Situational cues are a type of incomplete sentences for colloquial speech. They are used as full-fledged units of communication only in a certain situation. When the very situation of speech prompts the interlocutors of the concepts in question, but which are not verbally expressed as part of this remark. Goes.
Elliptical sentences.
Offers like " I am going home". In linguistic literature, the term elliptical sentences is used in different meanings:
instead of the term "incomplete sentence"
denotes a kind of incomplete sentence
serves as the name of the type of sentences adjacent to incomplete ones.
Ellipsis is an abbreviation of a verb phrase in a sentence; elimination of the verbal component without replacing it in the context.
Types of elliptical sentences:
A sentence with the meaning of movement is displacement. Doer + word denoting direction, goal, final point of movement. The function of an independent member of the sentence is a pronoun, a noun in i.p., denoting a person, animal or object capable of moving. The second member is adverbs of place, nouns in ch. with a pretext in, on, or in d.p. with a pretext to
A sentence with the meaning of speech or thought. They have an object in p.p. with a pretext about or about or in v.p. with a suggestion about
A sentence with the meaning to hit, hit. Subject of action + dependent words in ch. etc. Here I am with a stick!
Sentence equivalents
This is a special grammatical tool used in communication to express agreement - disagreement, as well as emotionally expressive reactions to the speech of the interlocutor. Yes. Not! No matter how! Still would.
They do not have an independent informative meaning, but only confirm, deny or evaluate the content of the particular sentence with which they are correlated.
As sentence equivalents, they have only intonational form, but are devoid of grammatical form and are not articulating.
By value, they are divided into 3 groups:
sentence words expressed by particles with the general meaning of affirmation or negation
modal sentence words with an additional meaning of probability/guess.
Interjection words of a sentence, which are divided into: emotional-evaluative sentences, which are a reaction to a situation, a message, a question. Well?!; incentive offers; sentences that are an expression of speech etiquette.
1. All simple sentencesAccording to the presence of members, the proposals are divided into two types: complete and incomplete.
- Sentences in which no members are omitted - full: The sun was sinking towards the west.
- Incomplete sentences are sentences in which the necessary member of the sentence is missing - main or secondary: Do you want to eat? - Will!(the meaning of the second sentence without the previous phrase is not clear).
Signs of an incomplete offer:
- the missing member of the sentence is easily restored, thanks to the previous sentences (by context) or the general situation of speech;
- an incomplete sentence is always a variant of a complete sentence;
- the omission of a sentence member is necessarily confirmed by the presence in it of words dependent on this member, as well as by the context or situation of speech.
2. Complete and incomplete sentences are often confused with two-part and one-part sentences.
But the latter belong to a different classification simple sentences- by the nature of the grammatical basis.
- Bipartite Sentences are sentences that have both a subject and a predicate: dissuaded by the grove golden birch cheerful language.
- One-piece sentences are sentences in which there is only one main member(or subject or predicate), and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence: Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves.
3. How to distinguish complete and incomplete sentences from two-part and one-part sentences?
Reasoning pattern (on the example of a sentence in bold) :
— Do you feel pain now?
- now very small...
1. Let's find out: the sentence " Now very small... » — complete orincomplete?
The reader understands from the context that in the sentence "Now a very small...»
- missing words feel and pain;
- besides, there is a word small, which can only refer to the word pain;
- these missing words can be restored full version suggestions: Now I feel very little pain...;
- Finally, it is not in vain that the previous sentence is given "Do you feel pain now?", we take information from it to restore the missing members of the sentence.
Thus, the proposal Now very small... ”, indeed, incomplete, because this is a sentence that omits the necessary members of the sentence, which are easily restored, thanks to the previous sentence (“Do you feel pain now?”).
2. Find out: this proposal " Now very small...» — two-part orone-part?
Need to find grammatical basis(if there is both a subject and a predicate, then the sentence is two-part; if there is either only a subject or only a predicate, then the sentence is one-part).
- It should be remembered that when parsing by members of a sentence take into account not only those words that are available, but also those that are implied and necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence.
Yes, we have an offer Now very small...", but should consider its full version "Now I feel very little pain...".
- It has a predicate feel(verb of the 1st person of the indicative mood);
- the subject is absent, it is restored only in meaning - by selecting the right pronoun for the given verb-predicate: I feel(pronoun of the 1st person). There are no signs of an incomplete sentence here (see the paragraph “Signs of an incomplete sentence” above).
We conclude that the proposal Now very small..." single-component, because it has only the predicate.
3. General conclusion: sentence " Now very small...» incomplete, one-component.
Additionally on Guenon:
The difference between an incomplete sentence and one-part sentences is described in detail. The definition of elliptic sentences is given. The conditions for setting a dash in an incomplete sentence are listed. An exercise on a topic followed by a check.
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OK Incomplete sentences are sentences in which a member of the sentence is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning of this sentence, which is easy to restore from the previous context or from the situation
The omitted members of the sentence can be restored by the participants of the communication from the knowledge of the situation referred to in the sentence. For example, if at a bus stop one of the passengers, looking at the road, says: “Coming! ", the rest of the passengers will easily restore the missing subject: The bus is coming.
Missing sentence members can be restored from the previous context. Such contextually incomplete sentences are very common in dialogues. For example: - Is your company assigned to the forest tomorrow? asked Prince Poltoratsky. - My. (L. Tolstoy). Poltoratsky's reply is an incomplete sentence in which the subject, predicate, circumstance of place and circumstance of time are omitted (cf .: My company is assigned to the forest tomorrow).
OK Out of the situation. On the bus stop: -Going? (Is the bus coming?) From the previous context. -What is your name? -Sasha. (My name is Sasha.)
Incomplete constructions are common in complex sentences: Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing (Pushkin). The second part of the complex unionless proposal(I - to nothing) is an incomplete sentence in which the predicate is omitted (cf .: I am not obedient to anything).
Note! Incomplete sentences and one-part sentences are different phenomena. In one-part sentences, one of the main members of the sentence is missing; the meaning of the sentence is clear to us even without this member. Moreover, the structure of the sentence itself (the absence of a subject or predicate, the form of a single main member) has a certain meaning. For example, the form plural The verb-predicate in an indefinitely personal sentence conveys the following content: the subject of the action is unknown (they knocked on the door), not important (He was wounded near Kursk) or hiding (I was told a lot about you yesterday). In an incomplete sentence, any member of the sentence (one or more) can be omitted. If we consider such a sentence out of context or situation, then its meaning will remain incomprehensible to us (cf. out of context: Mine; I - nothing).
OK incomplete one-piece 1. One of the main PE is missing 1. Any PE may be missing 2. The meaning of the sentence is clear even without the missing PE 2. Out of context and situation, the meaning of such a sentence is not clear.
In Russian, there is one kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even out of context, situations: Behind the back is a forest. To the right and to the left are swamps (Peskov). These are the so-called "elliptic sentences". They usually have a subject and a minor member - a circumstance or addition. The predicate is missing, and we often cannot tell which predicate is missing. Wed: Behind the back is / located / a forest is visible. And yet, most scientists consider such sentences to be structurally incomplete, since the secondary member of the sentence (adverb or object) refers to the predicate, and the predicate is not represented in the sentence.
OK Elliptic sentences This is a kind of incomplete sentences in which the missing member is not restored and is not prompted by the situation, the previous context. Moreover, the "missing" members are not required to reveal the meaning of the sentence. Such sentences are understandable even out of context, situations: Behind the back is a forest. Right and left - swamps
OK Pay attention! Elliptic incomplete sentences should be distinguished: a) from one-part denominatives (Forest) and b) from two-part ones - with a compound nominal predicate, a pronounced indirect case of a noun or an adverb with a zero connective (All trees in silver). To distinguish between these constructions, it is necessary to take into account the following: 1) one-part denominative sentences cannot contain circumstances, since the circumstance is always associated with the predicate. Among minor members in nominal sentences the most typical are coordinated and inconsistent definitions. spring forest; Entrance to the hall; 2) The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate- a noun or adverb in a two-part full sentence indicates a sign-state. Compare: All trees are in silver. All trees are silver.
OK Punctuation marks in an incomplete sentence Omitting a member within a sentence in oral speech may be marked by a pause, in place of which a dash is put on the letter: Behind the back is a forest. To the right and to the left - swamps (Peskov); Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing (Pushkin).
OK Most regularly, a dash is placed in the following cases: in an elliptical sentence containing a subject and a circumstance of a place, an addition, - only if there is a pause in oral speech: Outside the night window - fog (Block); in an elliptical sentence - with parallelism (uniformity of sentence members, word order, forms of expression, etc.) of structures or their parts: Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert (Fedin);
in incomplete sentences built according to the scheme: nouns in the accusative and dative cases (with the omission of the subject and predicate) with a clear intonational division of the sentence into parts: For skiers - a good track; Youth - jobs; Young families - benefits; in an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex sentence, when the omitted member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase - only if there is a pause: The nights have become blacker, the days are cloudier (in the second part, a bunch of steel is restored).
Fill in the missing dashes in the sentences. Justify the punctuation marks. Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad. Our job is to obey, not to criticize. The land below seemed like a sea, and the mountains like huge, petrified waves. The task of the artist is to resist suffering with all his strength, with all his talent. I love the sky, grass, horses, most of all the sea.
Let's check 1. Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i - pretty bad (incomplete sentence, predicate omitted; parallelism of constructions). 2. Our job is to obey, not to criticize (subject - noun in I. p., predicate - infinitive, zero connective). 3. The earth below seemed like a sea, and the mountains like huge, petrified waves (incomplete sentence, omitted SIS link; parallelism of constructions). 4. The artist's job is to resist suffering with all his strength, with all his talent (subject - noun in I. p., predicate - infinitive, zero connective). 5. I love the sky, grass, horses, most of all - the sea (the second part of a complex non-union sentence is an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate I love).
6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl's face. 7. Through the black huge branches of larch silver stars. 8. He won’t get up soon, and will he even get up at all? 9. The river turned blue and the sky turned blue. 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly during the day: one in the morning, another in the evening, a third at noon.
Let's check 6. When I was walking to the tram, on the way I tried to remember the girl's face (the main part complex sentence- an incomplete sentence with the subject omitted). 7. Through the black huge branches of larches - silver stars (an incomplete sentence with an omitted predicate is visible). 8. He won’t get up soon, and will he even get up at all? (the second part of the compound sentence is an incomplete sentence with the subject omitted he; there is no pause, so there is no dash). 9. The river turned blue, and the sky turned blue (in the second sentence, the link became omitted; parallelism in the constructions of full and incomplete sentences). 10. And the color of these fields changes endlessly throughout the day: in the morning - one, in the evening - another, at noon - the third (in a complex sentence, the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete, elliptical (subject and adverb of time); the part of the subject is also omitted - color; parallelism of constructions of incomplete sentences).
11. Who is looking for something, and the mother is always affectionate. 12. A tree is precious by its fruits, but a man by his deeds. 13. In big people I love modesty, and in small people I like my own dignity. 14. The business of the bakery was going very well, personally mine is getting worse. 15. Turkin further. Author following.
Let's check 11. Who is looking for something, and the mother is always affectionate (in the second part of the complex sentence, the predicate is looking for is omitted). 12. A tree is expensive with its fruits, and a person with deeds (the second part of the complex sentence is incomplete, the predicate is omitted; the parallelism of the constructions of complete and incomplete sentences). 13. In big people I love modesty, and in small people I love my own dignity (the second part of the complex sentence is incomplete; the predicate I love and the addition in people are omitted; the parallelism of constructions of full and incomplete sentences). 14. The affairs of the bakery were going very well, personally mine was getting worse (the second part of the complex sentence is incomplete; the subject of the case and the predicate were omitted; the parallelism of the constructions of the complete and incomplete sentences). 15. Terkin - further. The author follows (incomplete elliptical sentences consisting of subjects and circumstances; in oral speech there is a pause between the circumstance and the subject, in writing - a dash).
The concept of an incomplete sentence.
Types of incomplete sentences. Contextual and situational incomplete sentences .
Elliptical proposals
Incomplete sentences in dialogic speech
1. The concept of an incomplete sentence
In Russian, taking into account the structure of the sentence, incomplete sentences.
Incomplete is called a sentence characterized by incomplete grammatical structure. Those or other members formally organizing it (main or secondary) without naming are clear from the context or speech situation.
The functioning of incomplete sentences is associated with the patterns of text construction. For example, in a sentence: This juice is needed for linden, that for lily of the valley, that for pine, and that for ferns or wild raspberries. (Kuprin). Only 1st part This is the juice Linden needs characterized by the completeness of the grammatical structure, and all the rest are incomplete, the omission of the main members in them - juice is needed due to the context, i.e. their presence in the 1st part of the sentence. The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of these sentences is manifested in the use of words in the function of dependent members: the form of definition that (m.r., singular, I.p.) is due to the form of the unnamed juice, addendum form lily of the valley, pine, fern, raspberry (D.p.)- unnamed control predicate needed. Thus, despite their absence, these members participate in the formation of incomplete sentences.
Incomplete sentences in their structure are of the same types as complete sentences. They can be common and non-common, two-part and, as some linguists believe, one-part. But we take as a basis the point of view of linguists who believe that all one-part sentences are complete.
Single-component and incomplete sentences are completely different concepts. Incomplete sentences have missing members in their structure, one-part sentences do not have any one main member at all. In incomplete terms, missing members are usually restored. This can't be done in one piece. In addition, in incomplete sentences, not only main members, but also secondary ones can be omitted. Several members can be omitted at once, for example:
1) Hereroads first timedivided b: 2) one went up the river, 3) the other is somewhere to the right. (The 3rd sentence is incomplete, the predicate is missing.)
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences. Correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. It is they who point to the "empty" positions of the omitted members of the sentence.
In this respect, incomplete sentences differ from unsaid sentences, which are interrupted for one reason or another by statements, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won't work like that...(B. Paul); - I'm, mother. Am I... People say that she...(B. Paul.).
