Exactly 315 years have passed since Emperor Peter I founded the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences in Moscow.
It gave rise to the emergence of the entire naval education in the country and was able to meet the needs of the fleet in qualified personnel in the 18th century.
the site tells how education was built at the school, where Peter the Great himself selected pupils.
Tower training
The creation of an institution for the training of qualified maritime personnel was of great importance at the beginning of the 18th century. This was dictated, among other things, by the needs of the Northern War. Peter I sought to create a modern and strong fleet for the needs of the empire. He needed naval officers, which at that time were prepared from the nobles abroad, which was very expensive for the treasury. Then the question arose about the training of personnel in the country.
Peter the Great thought about creating a school during his trip to Europe, but the order to open a mathematical and navigational school in the workshops of the Linen Yard in Kadashevskaya Sloboda was issued only in January 1701. However, these premises were not adapted for conducting astronomical observations, so already in June the educational institution moved to the premises of the Sukharev Tower, now destroyed. The boyar Fyodor Golovin headed the school at that time.
Northern War: Ezel battle. Alexey Bogolyubov. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
The pupils of the institution were not only sailors. Graduates were hired as engineers, surveyors, builders, gunners, teachers, shipbuilders and metallurgists. Here, according to the decree of the king, the children of townspeople of all classes, except for serfs, were accepted. The arrivals, who were supposed to be from 12 to 17 years old, were examined by Peter I himself. The emperor sent the rich and capable to the guards or study abroad, and assigned the rest to the Navigation School. Later, the age of recruits was increased to 20 years. The school was predominantly filled with children of the lower classes, but there were students and noble families. Here, for example, the princes Volkonsky, Dolgorukov, Prozorovsky and Sheremetyev were trained. School students were called midshipmen - future officers of the Russian army and navy.
For absenteeism - death
A few years before the opening of the School of Navigation, Peter I brought from Europe a mathematics teacher, professor at Aberdeen University, Andrew Farvarson. With him came to Russia and other English teachers. For four years they eked out a miserable existence, but then, when the school opened, they were settled in the building of the Sukharev Tower.
Sukharev tower - the bride of Ivan the Great and the home of the sorcerer. Photo: Public Domain / F. Benois. Engraving. 1846
There were four teachers at the school - three foreigners: Farvarson, who taught children mathematics, astronomy and marine sciences, Stefan Gwin and Richard Grace, who specialized in navigational sciences and fencing, and one Russian - Leonty Magnitsky. The latter taught the midshipmen literacy, writing, and arithmetic. He was also fluent in Greek, Latin, Italian and German, and possessed an extensive store of information on astronomy and navigation.
Magnitsky, despite the fact that he was the person on whom the entire educational process rested, received less than his overseas colleagues, who even allowed themselves to oversleep classes. The Russian teacher remained in Moscow the only one of the four teachers when the school was transferred to St. Petersburg in 1715. Magnitsky then took former students as his assistants.
Practice has established that children of the lower classes and ranks (not nobles) passed only the first two stages of education, that is, the program of ordinary Russian and digital schools. And then they were sent as clerks to various officials or to study the specialties of the admiralty artisans, assistant architects, pharmacists, doctors. The children of the nobility went further and studied special marine sciences, and then they were sent from land-based Moscow across the sea or to Kronstadt for compulsory practice on sea ships, shipyards, and road construction.
Some students could complete the school course in four years, but there were cases that for some this process was delayed as much as 13 years. Because of the Northern War with the Swedes, young navigators were immediately sent to warships Baltic squadron.
In general, the life and customs of the Navgiatsk school are described in Nina Sorotkina's novel "Three from the Navigational School", which was later used as a basis for the well-known Russian multi-part film "Midshipmen - forward!".
Frame from the film "Midshipmen, forward!", 1987 Photo: Frame from the film
The institution was famous for its severe discipline, since Peter the Great considered the training of personnel here to be a matter of special national importance. The holidays were small, and I had to work up to 10 hours a day. Some of the students lived in the school building.
The course of the classes was followed not only by the teacher, but also by the present "uncle" with a whip. He could use it for extraneous conversations or in the event that a slob interferes with a neighbor on the bench. For any violation of the students were punished with rods, usually on Saturdays after the bath. Walking was severely fined. The student who did not pay was put up in the schoolyard and publicly flogged until relatives or comrades contributed money. The parents of a truant could have their property confiscated.
There was a death penalty for running away from school. Relatives for applying for the release of their children from school were threatened with hard labor. For incorrigible poor progress in the sciences, students were given into soldiers, sailors; sometimes they were sent to hard labor.
Transfer to St. Petersburg
The first graduation of the school took place in 1705. It was completed by 64 people. Until 1716, 1,200 people graduated from the institution. Many of them distinguished themselves in the Northern War, participated in numerous expeditions, and compiled nautical charts of the maritime possessions returned to the country. The students of the school were the hydrograph Fyodor Ivanovich Soymonov and the author of the first economic and geographical description of Russia, Ivan Kirillovich Kirillov.
A memorial sign in honor of Leonty Filippovich Magnitsky, installed at the location of the former Patriarchal Sloboda in the city of Ostashkov. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Among the graduates of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences are Admiral Nikolai Fyodorovich Golovin (son of Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin, who headed the School of Navigation), Admiral Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov, navigators and discoverers of new lands, the first Russian polar explorers and travelers Alexei Ilyich Chirikov, Fedor Fedorovich Luzhin, Mikhail Spiridonovich Gvozdev, Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin, Ivan Mikhailovich Evreinov, Stepan Gavrilovich Malygin, Alexei Ivanovich Skuratov, a prominent figure in education Nikolai Gavrilovich Kurganov and many other prominent figures.
Already after the education reform, in 1715, the senior nautical classes of the school were transferred from Moscow to St. Petersburg, where they were transformed into the Naval Academy. By that time, the city on the Neva had assumed the functions of the capital - almost all shipbuilding was concentrated in it, the Baltic Fleet was based.
The two junior classes remained in Moscow, the Navigation School was a preparatory educational institution for further education cadets of the Naval Academy. In December 1752, the institution founded by Peter I was closed.
The School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, the first specialized technical educational institution in Russia and the second in Europe with basic mathematical training. Created by the Decree of Peter I in 1701, from 1702 it occupied the premises of the Sukharev Tower in Moscow. Until 1706 it was controlled from the Armory, later by Order navy and the Admiralty Board. In 1715 it was divided into the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg and N.sh. in Moscow (operated until 1752). The school taught A.D. Farvarson, L.F. Magnitsky, graduates of the London Royal School of Mathematics S. Gwin and R. Grace. School students received support from the treasury, most of the students were children of townspeople aged 14 to 20 years. The training cycle included three levels: arithmetic, higher mathematics and practical navigation. For further specialization, graduates were sent for practice in maritime affairs to the fleet, for geodetic and architectural and construction work. By decree of 1714, graduates of N.sh. were also sent as teachers to digital schools. Especially for N.sh. printed study guides: "Arithmetic" Magnitsky (1703), "Tables of logarithms and sines" Farvarson, Gwin and Magnitsky (1704). From the 10s. 18th century N.sh. gradually acquired the features of a closed estate educational institution(special decrees set a percentage for the nobles). (B.M. Bim-Bad "Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary". M., 2002, p.156) See also Primary education
Great Definition
Incomplete definition ↓
SCHOOL OF NAVIGATION
School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences, the first in Russia and the second in Europe specialized tech. uch. institution with basic mathematics. preparation. Created by the Decree of Peter I in 1701, from 1702 it occupied the premises of the Sukharev Tower in Moscow. Until 1706, it was controlled from the Armory, later by the Order of the Navy and the Admiralty Board. In 1715 it was divided into the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg, where Art. students and most of the teachers, and N. sh. in Moscow, where Math. training was in effect until 1752.
Peter I, during his first trip abroad, adopted in England into Russian. the service of the first teachers of N. sh .: A. D. Farvarson, navigation instructors - graduates of the London Royal Mathematics. schools of S. Gwin (1683-1720) and R. Grace (1681-1711). In 1701, L. F. Magnitsky, who was in charge of all adm. school affairs.
The first enrollment of students was 200 people; by the time of separation in N. sh. there were 500 people who received maintenance "from the treasury" (which depended on academic performance and the level of education). Most of the students were children of townspeople (clerks, townspeople, clergy) aged 14 to 20 years. Uch. the cycle included three levels: arithmetic, higher mathematics with elements of geometry, trigonometry, astronomy and physics. geography, practical navigation. Pupils went through the entire cycle of training, mainly in three years.
For further specialization, graduates who received basic training in N. sh. were sent for practice in maritime affairs to the fleet (in Russia and abroad - for the first time in 1706 - about 30 people, later up to 50 people annually), to geodetic ( laying roads, "measuring" plans and "land maps") and architecturally builds. work. By decree of 1714, graduates of N. sh. were also sent as teachers to provincial digital schools. With the organization in Moscow of new prof. uch. institutions (Artillery, Engineering School), the students of the latter were early. math. training at the Sukharev tower.
Especially for N. sh. for the first time in Russian history. education, printed textbooks were prepared. manuals: "Arithmetic" by Magnitsky (1703), "Tables of logarithms and sines" by Farvarson, Gwin and Magnitsky (1714), handwritten textbooks were also used. The students received practical skills in drawing and using navigational and geodetic. tools (as part of N. sh. there was a tool workshop). In 1702-03), the Sukharev Tower was specially completed for the needs of the school: in one of the chambers, students who did not have housing lived, in the others, apart from the classrooms, there were “chambers” for the so-called. foreign teachers.
The surviving information testifies to high level performance and relates, the stability of the composition of students. Pupils were not only fined for absenteeism, but also encouraged with payments of maintenance in advance. Lump sum allowances were issued to students "on occasion" (in connection with a fire, the birth of children, the construction of a house, etc.). Best students helped in the organization of process; there was a post of elder.
Incomplete definition ↓
The cadet corps, as indicated in the Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, originally arose in Prussia. In 1659, schools were established there to prepare noble children for military service, and in the same year the first cadet school was established for noble children military service. In 1716 King Frederick I of Prussia formed a company of cadets in Berlin. In the Prussian likeness, cadet corps arose in France, Denmark and a number of other European countries.
Pupils of cadet schools began to be called cadets. The word "cadet" comes from the French "cadet", which means junior, minor. So called in pre-revolutionary France before being promoted to officers, young nobles enrolled in military service. From France, the name "cadet" passed to all European states.
Cadets appeared in Russia simultaneously with the establishment cadet corps in 1731. The appearance of the first cadet corps in Russia was preceded by the creation by Peter I of specialized military noble schools, and primarily navigation, artillery and engineering.
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL AND NAVIGATIONAL SCIENCES
On January 14, 1701, by decree of Peter I, the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was created.
The school was ordered to accept the sons of "noble, clerk, clerk, from the houses of boyars and other ranks" from 12 to 17 years of age; later they began to accept 20-year-olds, "you need not only to sail, but also artillery and engineering."
The set of students was defined as 500 people, and those who had more than five peasant households were kept at their own expense, all the rest received "feed money".
The school curriculum consisted of Russian literacy, artillery, geometry and trigonometry, with practical applications to geodesy and navigation; taught and "rapier science". Pupils from the lower classes were taught only literacy and arithmetic and were appointed at the end of school as clerks, assistant architects and to various positions in the admiralty; students from the nobility at the end of the full course of study were released into the fleet, engineers, artillery, conductors to the quartermaster general and to architectural affairs. They should have received further knowledge already in the service itself.
Prepared at school primary teachers, which were sent to the provinces, for teaching mathematics at bishops' houses and monasteries, in admiralty and digital schools.
With the establishment of the Naval Academy in St. Petersburg in 1715, the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences lost its significance as an independent institution and turned into only a preparatory institution for this academy.
ENGINEERING SCHOOLS
The first Military Engineering School was created by the personal Decree of Peter I on January 16, 1712 in Moscow. At first, 23 students studied in it, but on November 19, 1713, by the Decree of the Senate, it was ordered “to recruit 77 more people to this school, from all ranks of people, also from court children, behind whom there are up to 50 households; and teach engineering so that they can absorb the teachings.”
In 1719, on March 17, an Engineering company was established in St. Petersburg under the command of engineer-colonel Coulomb, to which it was ordered to transfer from the Moscow Engineering School all the available number of students, their engineering teachers with their tools and other property. At the St. Petersburg Engineering School, they taught arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry and fortification, and the basics of hydraulics. The acquired knowledge was consolidated in practical classes. Those who successfully completed the course of sciences received the rank of conductors in the engineering team or were transferred as sergeants and corporals to an engineering company. Poorly successful people entered there as simple miners and rose in ranks only when they proved their perfect knowledge of their business. This rule also applied to conductors who were not promoted to warrant officers if they were carelessly conducting practical exercises.
Conductors released from school applied their knowledge in the construction of fortifications, the construction and repair of fortresses.
Lazy and incapable students were to be expelled from the engineering school and sent to ordinary miners. For example, in 1727, 12 people were expelled from the engineering school to be miners.
In 1728, at the engineering school, the set of students from 150 people was reduced to 60; total number they again increased to the original figure due to the opening of a new engineering school in Moscow by 60 and an increase in the number of students in the St. Petersburg school to 90 people.
Since 1756, the St. Petersburg Engineering School came under the special jurisdiction of engineer-general Avraam Petrovich Gannibal. The School of Engineering was located initially on the Moscow side, then from 1733 - at the Engineering Yard, which belonged to Count Burkhard Christoph (Christopher Antonovich) Minich. There was also a regimental church, a drawing room, an archive, a model chamber, a school, a hospital, a guard room, a prisoner's room, and living quarters at the end of the courtyard, in which teachers, conductors, and, since 1734, students of the school were placed.
ARTILLERY SCHOOLS
The first artillery schools arose at the beginning of the 18th century. along with engineering. Of the earliest, a school is known that has existed since 1698 under the bombardier company of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The bombardment company itself was established in 1695 by Peter I. Two years later, setting off on a trip to Europe, he "sent to be trained several people close to him and his fellow bombardiers." It was they who later became the teachers of the first artillery school, established under the Artillery Regiment in March 1712 under the command of Major General Ginter. It was recruited from the soldiers of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments. It taught arithmetic, geometry, the beginnings of trigonometry, fortification (field fortifications, attacking fortresses) and artillery (building scales, drawing carriages and guns, preparing gunpowder, shooting rules). Theoretical material was consolidated in practical classes. Students who successfully completed their studies at school received the title of scorer, which opened the way for them to promotion in the Guards or field artillery. If there were vacancies, they were promoted to officers.
In 1721, by the highest registered decree of March 13, a special school for 30 people was founded in St. Petersburg, in which artillerymen in the service were trained; On May 20, 1730, another artillery school for 60 people was also established in St. Petersburg to train clerical and regimental clerks and sons of “craftsmen and other artillery servants aged 7 to 15 years”, which later received the name of the Artillery Arithmetic School. It was located on the Foundry against the Artillery Yard. The head of the school was the Junker Bayonet Voronov, and from 1733 Borisov from the Moscow Artillery School.
In 1735, a drawing and artillery school for 30 noble and officer children was opened in St. Petersburg. In it, they were taught mainly mathematical sciences and artillery and released as non-commissioned officers in the artillery. From October 10, after the approval of a single staff, the school became known as the St. Petersburg Artillery School. It consisted of two departments: one (for 60 people) trained clerks and artisans from "Pushkar" children, the other - for 30 people, mainly from noble and officer children - was intended for teaching mathematical sciences and artillery art and released non-commissioned officers into artillery. The newly created school was divided into 3 classes. Pupils of the 3rd grade were taught arithmetic, 2nd grade - geometry and trigonometry, scale, drawings of guns and mortars with their accessories. In the first grade, "other artillery sciences and drawings" were studied.
Since 1737, the arithmetic school became a preparatory school for entering the artillery. In the artillery school, as well as in the engineering school, supernumerary students from fairly well-to-do families with more than 20 households were admitted. In addition to the set, it was also allowed to recruit the sons of poor nobles who did not have any means and received maintenance from the treasury.
Artillery and engineering schools were under the command of the Feldzeugmeister General, who successively were Count B.-K. Minich, Prince of Hesse-Homburg, Prince V. A. Repnin and since 1756 - Count P. I. Shuvalov.
JOINT ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERING SCHOOL
It was formed by the decision of General Feldzeugmeister Count P. I. Shuvalov on August 22, 1758 on the basis of the merger of the St. Petersburg Engineering and Artillery schools. For this purpose, the Artillery School was transferred to the St. Petersburg side, to the Engineering Yard, where, as already mentioned, since 1733 the Engineering School was located. Captain Mikhail Ivanovich Mordvinov, who previously headed the School of Engineering, was approved as the immediate head of the United Artillery and Engineering School.
In 1759, under the United Artillery and School of Engineering the 2nd branch was opened, which received the name of the United Soldiers' School, formed from the Arithmetic School (for soldiers' children) and transferred from the St. Petersburg Fortress of the Engineering School for children of engineering servants. The number of pupils from the nobles who made up the 1st department of the Artillery and Engineering School was determined at 135 people: 75 from the Engineering School, 60 from the Artillery School.
At the same time, special persons from the Office of the Main Artillery and Fortification were appointed to monitor the schools - curators of the schools: Engineering - General Engineer A.P. Gannibal, Artillery - Lieutenant General I.F. Glebov.
The training ground on the Vyborg side, created at the direction of A.P. Gannibal back in 1753, was transferred to the school to show fortification works to engineering students. On the training ground, the senior students of the United School were to perform the duties of non-commissioned officers, corporals and enlisted men; along with them, all the minors were sent to the teachings, so that they, "noting the teachings, would themselves learn, looking at the elders."
The educational process at school was also improved: the practical orientation of the lessons was strengthened, teaching was introduced German language, the volume of hours for military sciences and mathematics was increased, a library, a museum and a printing house were founded, an infirmary was established.
The United School was staffed by the best teachers of the Artillery and Engineering Schools: I. A. Velyashev-Volintsev, Ya. P. Kozelsky, I. F. Kartmazov and others.
In the United Artillery and Engineering School in 1759-1761 he studied and at the same time taught arithmetic and geometry at the United Soldiers' School, the future commander Field Marshal Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the military schools created by Peter I. They have become the cornerstone of the foundation science education Russian artillerymen, naval sailors and engineers, although due to the limited training period, which fluctuated mainly from two to four years, they could not give young nobles a complete and versatile general education and at the proper level to prepare them for military service in officer positions. It is for this reason that for a long time military schools released only non-commissioned officers and conductors into the troops, who, in turn, replenished and improved professional knowledge at the place of service. Because of this, pupils of schools had a weak liberal education left much to be desired and their physical preparation. The short period of training also did not allow to fully give the future officers a “military leaven”, more purposefully educate them in the spirit of following military traditions, regulations, and the army way of life. But most of all, it was not satisfying that the number of school graduates no longer corresponded to the growing needs of the army in officer cadres.
For the above reasons, it became necessary to create new military educational institutions of a closed type with a longer period of study than in military schools - cadet corps.
navigation school
School lessons. Fragment of an engraving of the 18th century.
The Sretensky Gates of the Earthen City, having ceased to be the premises for the archery guards, were in a state of uncertainty of their fate. Their solid and extensive premises were clearly redundant for modern guard duty. The building needed to find a new use, which was found in 1701.
Especially clearly and acutely, the need to organize educational institutions of the European type in Russia, Peter I realized during a trip abroad Western Europe in 1697-1698. Abroad, he had the opportunity to observe the setting of education there. Colonel Yakov Vilimovich Bruce, who accompanied him on this journey, became his leader and adviser in this matter.
At the mention of this name, first of all, lines from Pushkin's Poltava come to mind. Peter at the beginning of the Poltava battle appears in front of the regiments:
And he rushed in front of the shelves,
Mighty and joyful, like a fight,
He devoured the field with his eyes.
A crowd followed him
These nestlings of Petrov's nest
In the changes of the lot of the earth,
In the writings of statehood and war
His comrades, sons:
And noble Sheremetev,
And Bruce, and Bour, and Repnin,
And happiness is a rootless minion,
Semi-ruler.
At Poltava, Bruce commanded artillery, which decided the fate of the battle.
Bruce was one of the closest people around Peter. Some writings about Bruce say that he was in the amusing troops - and hence his acquaintance with the king. But it's not. Bruce became known to Peter later, in 1689, when he, a lieutenant of the Butyrsky soldier's regiment, decisively took the side of the tsar in his confrontation with Tsarevna Sophia, came to him with his regiment in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
Bruce belonged to an ancient Scottish royal family that ruled Scotland in the 14th century. His father Vilim Bruce went to Russia under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, served as an officer, participated in hostilities, was granted estates and the rank of colonel for his service.
Yakov Vilimovich was born in Moscow in 1669 in the German Quarter. He got good home education, 17 years old entered the military service as a cavalry cornet, participated in the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689, for the second he received the rank of lieutenant. In 1693 he was granted the rank of captain and in the same year accompanied Peter on his trip to Arkhangelsk, where the tsar intended to establish shipyards and build a fortress. Since that time, close cooperation between Bruce and Peter began in various fields.
Bruce was an outstanding encyclopedic scientist - mathematician, astronomer, physicist, he studied medicine, mineralogy and many other sciences, was a talented artillery commander, fortification engineer, performed diplomatic missions, had the rank of General Feldzeugmeister (chief of all artillery), held high state positions of senator, president of the Berg and Manufacture colleges.
In 1721, Bruce was granted the title of "Count of Russia". (The title of earl existed in European countries, serving in the Russian service, persons who had this title retained it. Having introduced the title of count in Russia, Peter I emphasized his domestic origin with the remarkable addition of “Russian”.) Peter I repeatedly spoke about his merits, but compared to other “chicks of Petrov’s nest”, Bruce received incomparably less awards, ranks and estates. Apparently, because he cared about the “Russian benefit” more than about his own benefit.
While in England, Peter and Bruce discussed the practical issues of organizing a vocational school, mainly to train specialists for the fleet. It was there that Bruce introduced to the tsar, recommending Henry Farvarson, a well-known scientist and teacher, professor of mathematics and astronomy at the University of Aberdeen, for teaching in Russia, who agreed to enter the Russian service. Several other foreign scientists and teachers were also invited, who left for Russia in 1698.
Upon returning home, Peter at first intended to transform the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, but after a conversation with Patriarch Adrian, he abandoned the idea of \u200b\u200buniting future priests, officers, shipbuilders, doctors, artists, lawyers in one audience, no matter how attractive the utopian plan seemed, so that "from the school in all sorts of needs, people prudently studying would go into the church service and into the civil service, to fight, to know the structure and doctoral medical art.
The outbreak of the Northern War and the creation of the fleet made Peter, first of all, think about organizing an educational institution that trained people fit for naval service.
On January 14, 1701, Peter issued a decree on the foundation in Moscow of the first Russian naval, or, as the tsar said, "Admiralty" school. The decree said: “It is by personal command of the great sovereign to be Mathematical and Navigational, that is, nautical cunning of the sciences of teaching. In the teachers of those sciences, to be born in England: Mathematical - to Andrei Danilov Farkhvarson, Navigatskaya - to Stepan Gvyn and the knight Gryz; and to know those sciences for everyone in supplying the management of the Armory to the boyar Fedor Alekseevich Golovin and his comrades, and seeing those sciences for teaching to elect voluntarily those who want, others even more so under duress, and to inflict daily food on the poor in feeding ... "
The appointed teachers examined the premises allocated for the school - and abandoned it: it was impossible to conduct practical classes in astronomy and geodesy there. “It is impossible to teach those sciences to students in that courtyard,” said Farvarson, “in order that that courtyard was built on a low place, but the court needs to be de those sciences for the sake of looking at the horizon in perfection on a high place.”
Then the Sretensky Gate tower was proposed for the school, the upper tier of which rose 100 meters above the level of the Moscow River and it was possible to arrange an observatory there.
Four months later, in April, a new decree followed, satisfying Farvarson's requirements: "The Sretenskaya tower in Zemlyanoy Gorod, on which there is a fighting clock, should be taken with any ward building and with the land belonging to it under the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences." With this decree, a new and, perhaps, the brightest period began in the history of the Sretensky Gates, which is confirmed by the fact that the very name of the Sretensky Gates was soon replaced by a new one - the School of Navigation. Adapting the Sretensky Gate building for a school, M.I. Choglokov built a third floor over the chambers of the second tier, to the right and left of the pillar, in which classrooms and a large hall, called the Rapier, were arranged for fencing and gymnastics. It also hosted various meetings and staged performances.
An astronomical observatory was set up in the upper tier of the tower, where the astronomical instruments brought by Farvarson, a telescope, a clock and a library were placed. The students were settled partly in the school itself, partly in inns in the neighboring Pankratievskaya and Meshchanskaya settlements.
Peter assumed that boyar, noble, officer children would study at the Navigation School. True, he foresaw that many parents would not want to give their children to study voluntarily, so he ordered them to be written down "with compulsion." But some of the boyars, not wanting to send their sons to dangerous naval service in order to circumvent the royal order, hastened to send them to the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Upon learning of this, Peter became angry and, with a soldier's escort, sent the boyar undergrowths to St. Petersburg under construction for hard work - to hammer piles. The intercession of Admiral Apraksin saved the undergrowth from the royal wrath, and they were soon sent to study abroad.
Yakov Bruce took a great part in the creation of the Navigation School. Since, as Snegirev writes, “Peter entrusted him with all matters related to the physical and mathematical sciences, then, probably, this mathematician arranged the Sukharev School, which was later entrusted to the Scotsman Farvarson.” In any case, the teaching programs must have been created with significant input from Bruce and Peter himself.
The full course of the Navigation School consisted of three stages, called classes. In the lower, or Russian, class, they taught literacy and elementary arithmetic; second class - digital- included mathematics, physics, history, eloquence and other subjects; the higher ones nautical or nautical classes provided specialized knowledge. The term of study depended on the success of the student, usually it was 6–8 years.
Encouragement measures for good teaching were determined: “skillful”, that is, those who have time, give five altyns (15 kopecks) “to feed” a day, and others a hryvnia (10 kopecks) and less, “having considered the art of teaching every once in a while”.
Money came from the treasury for books, paper, pens and for feeding the students. (True, the money did not always arrive on time, and school leaders were forced to turn to the authorities with requests and exhortations. For example, something like this: “If there is a school, then money is needed to maintain it, and , because of begging and hunger, many wickedness come from schoolchildren.")
From the pantry of Ivan the Great, where he had once been removed from the palace, they took out and handed over to the School of Navigation a large copper globe, once brought as a gift to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich by the embassy of the States General of Holland. For schoolchildren, a dress code was introduced in the French manner: a caftan, a camisole, a shirt, stockings, shoes and a hat; older pupils, in addition, relied on a sword.
Teachers could conduct classes in Latin and Western European languages - English, German, French - they did not know Russian. The students who, according to the program, were to learn these languages, knew only Russian so far. This circumstance jeopardized the possibility learning activities navigation school.
And then they remembered Leonty Magnitsky, a Russian teacher who taught children in some Moscow noble and boyar houses. Since the teachers for the Navigation school were appointed by the tsar himself, he was “written” about Magnitsky. Peter appointed Leonty Magnitsky as a teacher at the Mathematical School, and also ordered him to compose and publish in Russian a textbook on arithmetic, geometry and navigation. The king understood what great importance has a textbook. In 1708 he edited Bruce's translation from german book"Geometry", made amendments "in many places" and gave it a new name, providing it with a Russian translation of the term: "Geometry, Slavonic land surveying." Peter believed that the information provided in the textbook should be concise and to the point. When translating, he demanded to reduce lengths and extraneous reasoning, “...because,” he wrote, “the Germans used to fill their books with many stories worthless only to make them seem great, which, apart from the deed itself and a short conversation before any prophetic conversation, should not be translated.”
Karion Istomin. "The book of love is a sign in an honest marriage." A handwritten book with miniatures presented by the author to Peter I on the occasion of his marriage. Sheet 13. "Book reading tastes sweet." Sheet 17. "The army to observe." Image of Tsarevich Peter with amusing
So Magnitsky took up the post of teacher at the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences and received an order for work, which became the main business of his life. While teaching at the Navigational School, Magnitsky wrote the required textbook in a year and a half. Having become a teacher at the Navigation School, Magnitsky gave all his strength and all his time to his students. His English colleagues treated the service carelessly, were late for classes, forcing students to wait for them for hours, sometimes did not show up for classes at all, and Magnitsky often had to replace them, so that he had the main job of teaching and educating school students.
Peter I was impatient, he demanded a quick result in everything, it seemed to him that the students of the Navigation School “under the guise of teaching” were playing for time and getting money for nothing; in a special decree, he demanded that such batogs be punished and written off as sailors. Magnitsky spoke out against the tsar's decree, which, of course, required great courage (it was not for nothing that his contemporary poet and academician V.K. Trediakovsky called him "a conscientious and unflattering person"), and compiled an interesting reference table for the tsar (modern readers need to keep in mind that the word "lazy" in the 18th century also meant "slow", in this case - "slower thinking").
“A diligent one will learn arithmetic in 10 months, and a lazy one in a year,” Magnitsky wrote, “a diligent one will learn geometry at 6, a lazy one at 8 months, a diligent one at 2, and a lazy one at 3 months. And you can’t learn less than those years.”
The contemporaries also remembered Magnitsky's sharp word about royal haste: "To teach arithmetic is not to cut your beard." Subsequently, Magnitsky was appointed head of the Navigation School and remained in this position until his death in 1739.
Peter I, seeing that the nobility and boyar minors were not enough to fill all the officer vacancies, allowed the raznochintsy to be admitted to school, that is, children of all classes, except for serfs. Meanwhile, the school was already well known, and the number of its students increased year by year. The clerk of the Armory Chamber, Kurbatov, who was in charge of its affairs, reported to the authorities: “And now, many of all ranks people have recognized that science as a sweetness, they send their children to those schools, while others themselves are undersized and Reitar (soldier’s) children and young clerks from orders themselves come willingly no small amount."
Students of the Navigation School, except for studying scientific disciplines received a broader education. They were taught "polites", that is, behavior in society, the rudiments of military art, fencing - it was not for nothing that the school had a special Rapier Hall.
Literature and the arts were not forgotten in the course of education at the Navigation School. Young navigators composed verses, studied music, their choir was invited to court festivities. The German actors ordered by Peter I from Danzig made up a theater troupe from the students of the school, which presented secular comedies in the Rapier Hall. These comedies were also visited by the king and his entourage. The actors of the Navigation school, according to legend, once allowed themselves to play a trick on the king and threw out the “German thing”. Announcing that they had prepared some kind of unprecedented and unheard of spectacle, they gathered a lot of spectators to the theater, and Peter and his associates came to see it. When the audience in ceremonial uniforms, decorated with orders and ribbons, sat down, a boy came out on stage in front of the closed curtain, hung a large sheet of paper on it, on which there was a large inscription: “April 1st,” and ran away with a loud laugh. The audience began to resent, but Peter stood up and, calming the society, said: "This is theatrical liberty."
The tradition of organizing amateur theatrical performances in the Sukharev Tower continued even after the Navigation School was transferred to St. Petersburg. Snegirev, who collected Moscow oral traditions for his work, writes: “Old-timers also recall that during the reign of Catherine II, the children of Moscow clerks played various comedies on the Sukharev Tower in the Rapier Chamber.”
The navigation school produced specialists for the fleet and the army: navigators, surveyors, builders, cartographers. Those who did not complete their full training went to the clerks and clerks of the lower ranks. A special position that students of the Navigation School received was the position of a teacher in provincial mathematical schools to teach arithmetic and geometry to children of the nobility. By his decree of January 20, 1714, Peter I obliged the children of the nobility to study in these schools of "tsyfir and geometry", and until they learned, they were forbidden to marry. And the priests were forbidden to marry them without the “permission”, that is, permission, from a school teacher. The reaction to this decree was the immortal statement of Mitrofanushka: “I don’t want to study, I want to get married!”
Youths in the school. Engraving from the Bryusov Calendar, 1709
The schoolchildren settled in the Sukharev tower, which was not intended for housing during construction, froze to such an extent in winter that they decided to write a petition to the tsar himself: decent who are astronomical problems, we study the Euclidean Element, in which there are twelve people in the upper chamber, and in that chamber it is bad to bake, it is impossible to heat, so now winter time is coming and it is impossible to live here for the cold from winter. In 1715, the upper classes of the Navigation School were transferred to St. Petersburg to the Naval Academy, which was opened there. Only the junior, preparatory classes remained in Moscow, so the Navigation School was called the Tsifirnaya School.
J.-B. Arnoux. View of the Sukharev tower. Color engraving from the 1840s
In January 1731, Mikhail Lomonosov came to Moscow to “study the sciences” and, as his fellow countryman Vasily Varfolomeev told him, “got stuck on the Sukharev Tower to study arithmetic,” but soon, since “science seemed not enough for him” at the Digital School, he left for Slavic Greek-Latin Academy... Despite the relatively short period of existence, the Moscow Navigational School played a big role in the spread of education in Russia, in the history of the Russian fleet and navigation. There are many famous names among its graduates: Admiral N. F. Golovin, founder of Russian cartography I. K. Kirillov, famous explorers Severa G. S. Malygin, D. L. Ovtsyn, S. I. Chelyuskin, captain-commander A. I. Chirikov, the first European to describe the northwestern shores of America, academician, mechanic, inventor A. K. Nartov and others .
The architect Ivan Michurin, who built a number of remarkable churches and civil structures in Moscow, was a graduate of the Navigational School, which, unfortunately, has not survived to our time. The last to be lost was the Pyatnitskaya Church on Pyatnitskaya Street, demolished in 1934, now in its place is the lobby of the Novokuznetskaya metro station. Michurin in 1739, with a team of surveyors from the Navigation School, drew up the first geodetic plan of Moscow, the nature and amount of information of which is revealed by its full title: “Drawing of the location of the capital city of Moscow, in which not only the Kremlin, Kitai-Gorod, White City and Zemlyanoy Gorod, but also all the gates, streets, imperial houses and public buildings, cathedral and parish churches, monasteries, bishops' and other farmsteads, rivers, ponds, gardens and other noble places located in it.
Formed by the transformation of a state educational institution secondary school-boarding school No. 66 of the Western educational district by order of the Moscow Committee of Education No. 398 of 07/07/2000. The "Navigation School" traces its lineage to the school of mathematical and navigational sciences, founded by Peter I in 1701.
The educational building has all the conditions for the implementation curricula. The curriculum of the "Navigation School" is based on the Moscow basic curriculum of cadet boarding schools, taking into account additional educational programs.
There are 22 classrooms, the cabinet "Fundamentals of Life Safety" is combined with the "Fundamentals of Military Service" and "Fundamentals of Medical Training", the cabinet "Initial Marine Training" (trains yacht helmsmen), the cabinet of the marine training complex "Navigation Bridge", the cabinet of physics, biology room, history room, chemistry room, other rooms and a library with a reading room (the school is 100% equipped with textbooks).
Recruitment to KSI "Navigation School"
Admission from 5th grade
Recruitment to the KSI "Navigation School" is carried out on the basis of the Charter of the State Educational Institution of the KSI "Navigation School", the Model Regulations on the Cadet School and the Cadet Boarding School, approved by Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. Moscow “On the procedure for admitting children to the fifth grades of cadet boarding schools in the Western District”, the Order on the KSI “Navigation School” “On organizing the admission of pupils to the cadet boarding school “Navigation School”.
For admission to KSI "Navigation School" you must:
1. Visit Day open doors which is traditionally held annually in March.
2. During the work of the selection committee, express a desire to enter the "Navigation School" and receive requests to medical dispensaries, ODN OVD and KDNiZP to form a set of documents according to the list.
3. With a set of documents, come with the child to undergo a psychological interview and pedagogical interviews in the Russian language and mathematics, passing standards in physical education.
4. The selection committee conducts a set of children from among the candidates who have submitted documents and passed interviews.
5. The list of children enrolled in the KSI "Navigation School" is approved by the Western District Education Department of the Moscow Department of Education.
The working week begins with a solemn formation on the parade ground at 8:00 am. Classes start at 8:45 am. The duration of the lessons is 45 minutes. Circle work, sports sections, classroom and school-wide events are held on weekdays from 14.30.
The boarding school operates on a six-day working week, organization of training in class-lesson form.
Our pupils are trained, spend their leisure time in conditions where everything necessary is done for them. Educational process the school is organized in equipped classrooms, in accordance with the implemented educational programs and curriculum The created conditions make it possible to ensure high-quality training of pupils according to the program of not only a general education school, but also to adapt them to military conditions. After all, along with a certificate of secondary education, cadets also receive military training.
Regulations for the organization of entrance examinations for applicants to the 5th, 6th and 7th grades of cadet boarding schools subordinate to the Department of Education of the City of Moscow
1. Entrance tests in the form of testing are carried out for those entering the 5th, 6th and 7th grades of state budget educational institutions cadet boarding schools into two equivalent streams:
March 25, 2014 in mathematics and March 27, 2014 in Russian.
For students who did not take part in the tests in the first stream:
- April 08, 2014 in mathematics and April 10, 2014 in Russian.
Test start time 10.00. Duration - 45 minutes for each discipline.
