The Chinese language is one of the oldest on the planet. In the course of its development, it went through many transformations that gave rise to 10 modern dialects. When learning Chinese, the hieroglyphic script and tones are especially difficult for European speakers.

However, everything is not so scary: despite the fact that the largest Chinese dictionary contains more than 85,000 hieroglyphs, for comfortable reading of newspapers and modern literature, knowledge of 2-3 thousand hieroglyphs is enough. So let's talk about how to learn Chinese independently, what resources to use and what mistakes it is important to avoid in the course of training.

The most difficult thing in Chinese: tones, characters and dialects

When learning Chinese, you will experience three main difficulties: understanding the dependence of syllables on tone, the need to write in hieroglyphs, and a collision with dramatically different dialects. There is no need to be afraid of this - you need to put up with it and you need to win it.

Let's start with tones. In Chinese, there are 4 tones that suggest a change in voice pitch, and affect the designation of a particular syllable:

1. Tone 1 must be pronounced oblong and monotonous.
2. Tone 2 is pronounced as a question that caused strong and sharp surprise.
3. Tone 3 is pronounced oblong and monotonous like the first, but has an accent on the first and last letter of the spoken word.
4. Tone 4 must be pronounced in the affirmative, sharply and quite loudly.

Different tones are different syllables, they should not be confused. If you order soup (tāng) in a restaurant and make a mistake with the tonality, then sweets (táng) may well be brought to you instead.

Accordingly, it will not be possible to do without knowledge of tones. Fortunately, to study them, you do not need to have a unique ear for music - if you are able to distinguish a question from an order or a statement, then there should be no problems with mastering the tones.

The second difficulty is hieroglyphs. There are more than 85 thousand of them in the Chinese language, however, most of the signs are found only in fiction and on the pages of ancient treatises. In fact, the hieroglyphic minimum of the graduate high school Chinese is 3,500 characters - more than enough to write and read Chinese normally.

It is more difficult with writing and memorizing: it is impossible to recognize the sound of a hieroglyph by its appearance, it is not related to pronunciation. It is important to learn graphemes that make sense. That is, the hieroglyph de facto is a constructor, in which there are features that add up to graphemes. The latter form a whole sign. There is no need to think that a hieroglyph is a picture denoting a word, since it is impossible to remember the pictures for denoting each word.

Another difficulty is dialects. If you are thinking about how to learn Chinese from scratch at home, then try not to make the main mistake and start learning one of the minor dialects. Remember that in China there are 10 dialect groups that are radically different from each other. You should be interested in Putonghua, the normative Chinese language spoken by speakers of different dialects.

These recommendations will be useful for both beginners and students who have already mastered the basics. They are compiled by linguists, teachers, natives and people who have themselves succeeded in learning from scratch. Take the recommendations into account to understand how to quickly learn Chinese without the help of a tutor.

Work on the tones

At the beginning of training, you will not notice the rise or fall of your voice. Therefore, try to pronounce the words slowly and somewhat exaggeratedly - if you need a low tone, then let it be the most strict bass, and if it is high, then pull it out like an opera soloist. Over time, the tones will smooth out, but you will achieve a natural amplitude for the Chinese.

Practice three connections

You cannot look at a hieroglyph and read it like letters in Russian or English words. Each sign has three separate parts - pronunciation, meaning and spelling. In this case, spelling is not related to pronunciation. You will have to work out all three connections. The easiest way to understand is that a hieroglyph is a constructor consisting of graphemes. In this case, words usually consist of a pair of hieroglyphs, respectively, there are much fewer signs than words.

Learn graphemes

A hieroglyph may consist of one, two, three or more graphemes. There are not so many of them - most often 100-110 pieces are used. Try to teach those who met 2-3 times. Then you can add hieroglyphs from them - you no longer have to remember them as pictures associated with certain words. Remember that with understanding the structure of hieroglyphs comes awareness of the logic of the language.

Learn to write characters with your hand

Your hands are so accustomed to rounded monograms that they need more practice to write hieroglyphs. You will have to use the same prescriptions that you once had in primary school. It is convenient to take a tracing paper, put it on top of clearly printed hieroglyphs and trace them over and over again. It will take a lot of practice - try to devote time to this every day. The bigger, the better.

Strive for maximum accuracy

When writing hieroglyphs, it is important to observe the types of features, their proportions, hooks and intersections. On the early stages you do not know what outlines of the hieroglyph can be changed. Everything is by analogy with the Russian language: the letter “A” can be written in a dozen options, but we will still understand that it is “A”, but with hieroglyphs this will not work right away. Therefore, try to write them as accurately as possible, because one wrong line and now the sign means a completely different part of the word.

Learn grammar

If you hear the opinion that there is no grammar in Chinese or that it is not necessary to learn it, know that this is not so. It is, albeit simpler than in Russian and English. Words here practically do not change, there are no conjugations and declensions. However, grammar will help you start speaking correctly and understand the logic of the language.

Don't try to fool the time

It is impossible to learn Chinese in 3 months, you can only memorize a few standard phrases to order the right dish in a cafe or explain to a taxi driver where you need to go. However, it will take at least one and a half to two years to study to the intermediate level. Don't rush, but don't delay either. Remember that you can learn the basics of a language and start speaking it in a year and a half, or you can take decades to complete 10 lessons for beginners.

Learn short texts by heart

In the process of learning a foreign language, we try to send to the subconscious the vocabulary and grammatical structures that we have learned consciously. When you memorize texts, over time you form a sense of the language and involve the very subconscious. The purpose of the study, accordingly, is not the memorization of the text itself, but the development of this very feeling.

Do not try to memorize all the hieroglyphs

Remember that the hieroglyphic minimum of a decently educated Chinese is 3,500 characters - this is the indicator you should strive for. This will be quite enough for normal speaking, reading and understanding the speech of native speakers. At the initial stages, it is worth focusing on the signs that are used most often - use thematic selections of the most used hieroglyphs.

Train your ear

You start learning with slow pronunciation of words, so you may not understand Chinese television announcers - they speak very quickly, and even familiar words in their speech will merge into a continuous, unfamiliar canvas for you. Therefore, it is necessary to train your ear - use thematic training in applications or listening on learning sites to learn how to understand the fast speech of native speakers.

What mistakes should a beginner avoid?

The most common mistake is to start learning Chinese just because it is “in trend”. Stories that China will soon take over the entire economic world are too utopian. Therefore, you must have a more specific motivation, be aware of the benefits of training for you. Otherwise, you will quickly burn out and lose interest in learning the language - you will stagnate in one lesson for months and simply do not want to move on. Solution: Look for real motivation to learn.

Other common mistakes to avoid:

1. Mindless memorization of hieroglyphs in the dictionary.
2. An attempt to learn a language in 1 year using fluent methods.
3. Inattention to the development of tones.
4. Refusal to write hieroglyphs by hand.
5. Excessive emphasis on reading and writing, ignoring speaking.

If you want to understand how to learn Chinese at home, look at the experience of people who have already done it. They all say with one voice: you can learn a language only if you speak it regularly.

Therefore, it makes sense to work not only on replenishment vocabulary, studying grammar and memorizing hieroglyphs - it is necessary to train pronunciation as much as possible and speak with native speakers. Finding natives online is not difficult at all - be sure to make friends with an interlocutor from China who can help you during the training and will correct your mistakes, correct pronunciation and tone of words.

15 Best Resources for Learning Chinese

When learning Chinese on your own, the quantity and quality of the selected manuals, services and courses with which you will learn plays a special role. That is why it is not recommended to limit yourself to selections and ratings - subscribe to thematic groups in in social networks, find links to useful resources on forums, compare and analyze. Your task is to find as many sources as possible. useful information with which you will be comfortable to work. We will present to your attention the 15 most popular resources.

TOP 15 resources for self-study Chinese at home:

1. Yabla is a handy table of all used syllables with audio for each tone.
2. Pinyinpractice is a fun game to practice your tone and pronunciation with.
3. Forvo is a popular service where you can listen to the pronunciation of any word of interest, recorded by a native speaker.
4. Hellotalk is a mobile application that makes it easy to find conversation partners who are native Chinese speakers.
5. Linedict is a service that suggests the order of writing strokes in hieroglyphs.

Chinese from scratch

I am very glad that my posts are useful to you and we are together. In this post, I want to not just tell something new about the Chinese language or how to learn it, but to answer the most FAQ, which are asked to me by newcomers-Sinologists. The answers to the questions below will be useful to those who are just thinking about plunging into the mysterious and fascinating world China. So, learn Chinese from scratch!

Although Chinese is one of the most complex languages world, but, in my opinion, quite real to study. Here at least compare it with the Russian language, with its cases, declensions, as well as our favorite “no, I don’t know.” How can it be easy, but, nevertheless, most of us are fluent in it.

I also want to dispel the myth that to learn Chinese you need to have perfect pitch and incredible graphic memory. No, it doesn `t need. Naturally, having these talents, you will need less time to learn the language, but everything will work out without them.

The difficulty of the Chinese language lies in the presence of hieroglyphs and keys. But it will only be difficult at first. With due diligence and a responsible attitude, you will soon cope with them.

How long does it take to learn Chinese?

It all depends on how and where we learn Chinese from scratch, as well as how often. The fact is that you can reach the average level of knowledge in a year or two, but only if you fully dedicate yourself to study. If you attend courses or a tutor only twice a week, then this period will increase to an indefinite size.

To make it more clear, let me give you an example. If we learn Chinese from scratch, without particularly straining, then in two years it is quite possible to learn one and a half thousand hieroglyphs. It is important that not words, but hieroglyphs, because you can make any word from them. This amount will be quite enough to communicate with the Chinese, discuss everyday topics and even capture some professional ones.

Is it possible to learn Chinese in two weeks, a month or three months?

There are many different tutorials that are full of titles “Chinese in two weeks”, “Learning Chinese from scratch in three months” and others. Is it possible to learn Chinese in such a time frame? Yes, but you will only be proficient in a few phrases. If you are satisfied with knowing only the words in order to say hello, get to know each other, tell at least about yourself or just explain where to go, then you are here. If your intentions are more serious, then be prepared to devote more than one year to study.

How many letters are in the Chinese alphabet?

When we learn Chinese from scratch, we draw parallels with our native language to find similarities. This is the only way I can explain the presence of such a question, because in Chinese there are no letters, only graphic elements. It is they who add up to a hieroglyph and together carry a semantic load. There are a little more than 200 such elements in Chinese. In order to learn how to read and compose hieroglyphs, you will need to learn the meaning of all graphic elements. All hieroglyphs are built according to a clear structure, this greatly facilitates the process of memorization.

Chinese linguists created a phonetic alphabet called pinyin. This alphabet is based on Latin, therefore it is understandable to a student in any country in the world. However, they should not get carried away, because it was created only for the entry level.

So, we decide where, by what method and with whom we learn Chinese from scratch and forward! After all, it is not as scary as it seems, and the result will not only benefit you, but also reinforce your self-esteem, because you will know one of the most difficult languages ​​in the world!

The best solution is, of course, to go to China to learn Chinese from scratch. The language environment, native speakers around, a well-thought-out and excellent learning program - all this will save you a lot of time and money. Paid courses in your country only at first glance seem cheaper than studying in China. I myself, having spent more than 50,000 rubles a year on a tutor, still do not understand why I did it. if I completed the same program at the University of China in less than a month.

As the saying goes: if you wish, you can learn Chinese overnight. Well, in 12 hours you, of course, are unlikely to master it, but in a month, with complete immersion in the environment, it is quite likely. Do you want to become a sinologist? We will gladly assist you. and we will select the best program for you.

Title: Self-instruction manual for modern Chinese.

Here is a self-instruction manual for Chinese - one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. The advantage of the Self-Teacher is the completeness of information and the availability of presentation for beginners to learn Chinese. With some effort, but in a reasonable time, you will learn how to have conversations on everyday topics and read simple Chinese texts, which will allow you to feel quite comfortable in the Chinese language environment.
The tutorial is equipped with a language course.

The Chinese self-instruction manual is intended for a wide range of readers. This publication is designed as a guide for beginners in the study of Chinese by schoolchildren, students, teachers and other interested people. The tutorial consists of a theoretical part, conversational lessons and educational texts.
When learning any language, special attention must be paid to pronunciation, Chinese is no exception. The main difficulty of Chinese pronunciation is the abundance of palatal and aspiratory sounds unusual for us and the presence of tones. The Chinese language is very melodic, so the presence of musical abilities and hearing greatly facilitates the process of mastering Chinese pronunciation, however, even in the absence of special musical talents, but subject to systematic study and listening to audio materials, it is quite possible to master Chinese phonetics. Another difficulty of the Chinese language is hieroglyphic writing (“Chinese writing”), which is extremely difficult for people who are accustomed to alphabetic writing. The hieroglyphics section contains a table of Chinese keys, the study and memorization of which is essential in order to learn how to read and write Chinese. One of the most better ways memorization of Chinese characters is the practice of calligraphy and the systematic writing of characters and their individual elements (see the corresponding section).

Content
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION TO CHINESE
Pronunciation
Chinese phonetic alphabet
tones
Tone Changes Hieroglyphics
Rules for writing hieroglyphs
Key table Grammar
Parts of speech
Order of words in a sentence
Grammatical constructions
SPEAKING PRACTICE
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3. Age. A family
Lesson 4 Language
Lesson 5 Weather
Lesson 6 Score
Lesson 7 Food
Lesson 8
Lesson 9
Lesson 10
Lesson 11
Answers to the exercises
LEARNING TEXTS with grammar comments
Text I. Sincere Concern
Text 2. Shanhaiguan
Text 3. The Peasant and the Snake (parable)
Text 4. Da Yu controls the elements (parable)
Text 5. Excursion to Xiangshan
Text 6. Letter
Text 7. At a sports festival
Text 8. Yugong moves mountains (parable)
Text 9. Purse
Text 10
APPS
Application No. 1
Grammar Overview
grammar test
Answers to the grammar test
Application No. 2
Minimum vocabulary
Application No. 3
Chinese syllable table
Correspondence table of Russian and Chinese transcriptions (according to Palladium)
Application No. 4
Table of hieroglyphic keys (radicals)
Application No. 5
Chinese calligraphy

Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Self-instruction manual of modern Chinese. Shenshina M.A. 2006 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

Download zip
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The decision to start learning a new language can be caused by both professional necessity and the desire to keep up with the trends of the times. If in the last century or the century before last, knowledge of French or German was the standard for educated person, then today English confidently holds the palm. But a new player appeared on the arena, who began to gradually crowd out his competitors. His name is Chinese.

The Chinese language, despite its complexity, in last years confidently increases the number of its "subscribers". Every year more and more foreigners move to China to live, work, and learn the language. This is, of course, not related to great culture or the eventful history of China, but with its economy. China's new economic miracle, which became a magnet for laid-off workers around the world in the crisis year of 2008, made many inquisitive minds turn their eyes to it and ask the question: "Should I learn Chinese?"

In order to understand whether it is worth taking up Chinese or not, you need to answer yourself two questions:

1. Why do I need Chinese?
2. How much time am I willing to spend on it?

Motives for learning Chinese can be very different.

1. Expand your horizons, learn something new.
2. learn one more foreign language(for a tick, for a resume, to raise self-esteem).
3. Learn the culture of China, read philosophical treatises and ancient Chinese poetry in the original language.
4. Watch movies by Jackie Chan, Jet Li and Bruce Lee in original voice acting.
5. Do business with China.
6. Enter a Chinese university.
7. Emigrate with family to China.
8. I would like to learn some language, but somehow I am not attracted to European ones.
9. I would like to learn how to communicate at the household level with my Chinese fellow students.

At this stage, the most important thing is to determine for yourself your motives. From their understanding, the content of the wording "learn Chinese" will change. All of the above reasons for learning Chinese will require you to various techniques training and different quantity time, so it is worth clarifying the picture in advance.

Determine your goals in learning Chinese

1. In the case of learning Chinese "for fun", it will be enough to sign up for some courses and listen to podcasts, ask Chinese friends to teach hieroglyphs. At this level, a peppy dialogue with a Chinese in the spirit of "Hi, how are you?" can even be considered the finishing point in learning Chinese.
2. If a person wants to learn a language for show or to feel cooler, everything here is somehow very blurry. How to determine the "ceiling" and the goal? Free reading of the morning papers? Reading fiction without a dictionary? Or understanding TV news and casual conversations with a Chinese political scientist? If you do not define your goal in learning Chinese, then the feeling of saturation and completeness will never come. With this approach, you can learn a language all your life, but never reach the goal (because there is none!).
3. If a person wants, for example, to read in the original Nobel laureate Mo Yan or other Chinese literature, then the emphasis should be on written Chinese. If the goal is to read, then oral Chinese with its pronunciation and listening can be safely relegated to the background, freeing up time for sayings, phraseological units, artsy literary words and the history of China.
4. In order to watch Chinese films in the original language, you need good listening skills and knowledge of the language. Spoken Chinese will still be important, especially pronunciation, because good listening is possible only if a person speaks well. Watching movies requires a thorough preparation of a Chinese speaker, and the only indulgence it gives is that you can stop the movie and look at an unfamiliar word (which cannot be done during a conversation). For those who want to watch Chinese films in their original language, it is also advisable to decide on the genre of the movie. For laconic action films, a more everyday vocabulary is suitable, which can be mastered in a relatively short time, while in historical epics you will have to sip such pretentious constructions and archaic words that you will have to spend several years to understand at least half of the film.
5. For businessmen, everything is pretty straight forward. Here you need a good spoken Chinese (even with a relatively bad pronunciation), the ability to understand Chinese numerals and operate them, knowledge of terminology in the field of logistics and understanding of the specifics of doing business with China. Even if you are not going to negotiate with the Chinese on your own, but plan to hire a professional translator for this purpose, it still makes sense to train in Chinese. Firstly, you will generally understand the essence of what your interpreter and partner are talking about, and secondly, you will easily do without the services of an interpreter in China, which is not very suitable for foreigners.
6. If you plan to enter a university in China, then the sight will need to be taken for change HSK(Similar to TOEFL for Chinese). To do this, you will need to train in the HSK test, which can take a relatively short time. Two of my smart girlfriends took HSK levels 8–9 (out of 12) without even leaving for the Middle Kingdom. But to enter the university, having passed the HSK level 4–6, is one thing, but studying there on an equal basis with the Chinese is quite another. In order to read handwritten hieroglyphs on the board and understand the non-standard pronunciation of Chinese teachers, one passed HSK will not be enough. This is why many applicants enroll in training courses 1–2 years long. And even this preparation is often not enough. So you should be aware that higher education in China, this is a multi-year epic that will require the full return of time and effort over several years.
7. In the case of emigration to the Middle Kingdom, everything is quite simple. Your task is to master the basics of Chinese, which will make your comfortable life possible. The good news is that once you master Chinese at some level, you no longer need to spend time maintaining it - your level will be consistently low.
8. If you just want to learn a foreign language, for example, to improve your memory, then Chinese is not the best choice, because this language requires a lot more time and effort than, for example, Spanish or even German. You can’t take it in a hurry: for a minimum advancement in Chinese, you will need at least 3-4 hours of classes per day. If you study less, then you will not feel progress, which means that the desire to learn the language will gradually disappear.
9. To communicate with Chinese friends, you still have to sweat a lot and invest at least long months of intensive training. As I said before, there is no quick start in Chinese, so the naive “How do you say this in Chinese?” nothing sensible to learn will not work.

Once you've decided on your motivation for learning Chinese, it's time to answer your second question (about time).

Am I willing to spend x number of hours a day learning Chinese for x number of months/years? In answering this question, it may turn out that your appetite for Chinese is not commensurate with the time you are willing to spend on it. For example, if you want to learn Chinese to watch movies, but you only have 1-2 hours of Chinese a day, then this dubious undertaking can drag on for years without producing any tangible results.

The main difficulty of Chinese lies in the hieroglyphs, of which there are thousands. And not all of them are as simple and logical to remember as, for example, 人 (rén - person), where you can really see a long-legged walking man. Or, for example, 口 (kǒu - mouth) which looks like a mouth. Having learned these two hieroglyphs, the student will be pleasantly surprised to learn that these two hieroglyphs together - 人口 (renkǒu) means "population". How logical!

But these simple characters, which Chinese children begin to understand even before they master the skill of walking, are like a drop in the ocean that you drink in the first months of learning Chinese. I won’t talk about tone, pronunciation, vocabulary and other pitfalls in learning Chinese now - this is a topic for a separate article.

Pitfalls in learning Chinese

The main trap of Chinese is that, having overcome the first threshold in the form of basic hieroglyphs, more or less tone pronunciation and, at the very least, listening, a person, with due diligence and provided that he lives in China, will show tangible progress in learning Chinese, and it will seem to him that it will always be so. This first period of "take-off" can last a year or two. Every next six months it will seem that it remains to push a little, that another half a year - and Chinese is yours. But somewhere in the third year, for some reason, it turns out that learning Chinese is becoming more and more difficult.

Usually, after 3–5 years, sinologists begin to mow down the awareness of their position. Someone goes into a binge, realizing that the burden turned out to be unbearable, someone leaves the Celestial Empire in tears, someone is looking for new meanings for their stay in China, and someone pumps themselves up with a horse dose of optimism and continues this unequal battle. Only the most resilient survive, and they become half-Chinese with their Eastern mindset and traditions.

Another "pleasant" surprise in Chinese is that while in China, you will very rarely hear good, quality Mandarin ( official language Celestial). In the vast and densely populated China, there are hundreds (if not thousands) of local dialects that leave their mark on the pronunciation of the inhabitants of the Celestial Empire. In all the 5 years that I spent in China, I met at most a dozen Chinese people who spoke pure Chinese, and they worked on TV. Even my Chinese teacher was not without sin: she pronounced the sound th where the sound s should have been.

A good illustration of how different Mandarin can sound is an episode from one show where even the host speaks good but not quite standard Mandarin with a southern flavor, and now and then uses the sound “dz” instead of “j”.

At the time of participating in this TV show, I studied Chinese for about 2.5 years, and for the first year and a half I studied an average of 8 hours a day.

For the time it takes to reach good level in Chinese (by the way, a very vague concept), you could high level learn 2-3 European languages. Therefore, before you “dive” into Chinese, you should first weigh the pros and cons and figure out if the game is worth the candle.

Chinese self-instruction manual

This article will be useful to those who decide to learn Chinese on their own and, accordingly, are looking for the best Chinese language tutorial for beginners. In fact, on the Internet you can find a lot of literature on the Chinese language for any level of knowledge. But it's more likely to confuse than help. Indeed, for those who are just starting to learn the language, many of the nuances and variety of methods for learning the Chinese language are unknown.

I advise you to definitely look at various forums where students with experience will talk about how to choose a Chinese language tutorial for beginners. I, in turn, want to tell you about a few of the main and most popular publications.

Practical course of the Chinese language of Kondrashevsky A.F.

This Chinese language tutorial for beginners is considered almost the most popular in Russia. The fact is that the publication of this manual is regularly updated and improved, according to the latest requirements. The main task of the textbook is to lay the basic knowledge of the student. As for the content of this course, it consists mainly of texts and dialogues regarding the daily life and life of China. Thus, by studying this tutorial, you will not only gain basic knowledge of the Chinese language, but also general idea about the culture, traditions and even history of China.

Kondrashevsky's textbook is written in an easy and understandable language even for a schoolboy. The basic rules of grammar and pronunciation are explained in a simple way. Thanks to this manual, you can really master the basic knowledge on your own.

It is known that in Chinese it is very important to learn to speak with the correct tonality. With this in mind, the author has prepared an audio CD that accompanies each edition " Practical Course Chinese". The disc includes all the textbook materials, namely texts and dialogues, and is recorded exclusively by native speakers, so you don’t have to worry about the correct pronunciation.

Self-instruction manual of the Chinese language for beginners Kondrashevsky A.F. also contains the basic hieroglyphs, which are necessary at the first steps of learning the language.

Generally tutorial compiled competently and for people, so I can safely advise it to you.

"Fundamentals of the Chinese language" by T.P. Zadoenko, H. Shuin

As for me, this textbook is the second most popular Chinese language tutorial for beginners. This manual is written in a more strict language, some even consider it boring, but we are still doing a serious job, so the textbook should be taken seriously. It contains materials on vocabulary, grammar, phonetics and, of course, Chinese hieroglyphics in accordance with modern requirements. The highlight of the manual is learning rhythm, which you will not find in any other textbook. Otherwise, the structure of the tutorial is the most ordinary: the main course, at the end of which is a dictionary, index and answers to assignments.

Milena Karpova "Manual of Chinese"

First, I would like to say a few words about the author of this manual. Milena Karpova is a Chinese tutor and author of many scientific papers with great experience. Given this, her textbook came out convenient and understandable to everyone. All material is chewed simply utterly. Karpova's Chinese self-instruction manual for beginners also includes an audio CD, which she recorded herself. Each lesson in this textbook contains exercises, assignments and even recipes that allow you to use all types of memory and reduce the time of studying the material.

I want to repeat once again that there is a lot of literature for learning Chinese on the Internet, therefore, when choosing a manual, rely on personal requirements and wishes regarding the presentation of material, disclosure and consolidation.