Questions at the beginning of a paragraph
Question. In what centuries did estate-representative institutions form in England and France? What reasons contributed to their creation? What influence did these institutions have on the political life of the states, on the position of the estates?
Class-representative institutions were formed in England in the second half of the 13th century. (in 1265 Simon de Montfort convened the first unicameral parliament, and from 1295 Edward I began to convene parliament regularly), and in France at the beginning of the 14th century. (in 1302 the States General were convened). The reason in England was the struggle of the king and the barons, the latter fought to preserve their liberties, and the king needed a body that would approve the introduction of new taxes. In France, the king also needed additional money, for the collection of which the king needed the consent of the estates. These bodies to a certain extent limited the power of the king, forced him to listen to the opinion of the estates, especially the higher ones.
Questions in a paragraph
Question. Find on the engraving and name the attributes of royalty.
Crown, scepter, orb, sword
Questions at the end of the paragraph
Question 1. Write out the terms: a) characterizing political power; b) denoting various public authorities.
A) Absolutism is a form of government in which unlimited power belongs to the monarch. Mercantilism - economic policy
B) Parliament, states general, Cortes - representative authorities; Council of the North, Council of Wales - territorial bodies of state power that controlled individual territories; Privy Council - the central administrative and executive authority that determined domestic and foreign policy; Star Chamber - judicial body
Question 2. Write down in a notebook the main features of absolute royal power.
Large feudal lords lost their independence (chivalric detachments were disbanded, the castles of the aristocracy were demolished);
The liberties of large cities are limited;
Separate territories of the kingdom lost their independence (for example: the duchies of Normandy and Burgundy in France, the northern counties in England);
The king governs the entire territory of the country with the help of officials and the appointment of territorial authorities (for example, the Council of the North in England);
The role of representative bodies has decreased (Parliament, the General States gather less frequently, for example, Elizabeth I only convened Parliament 13 times in 45 years of her reign);
The idea spread that the power of the king comes from God, so it cannot be limited by anything: the monarch was considered the vicar of Christ on earth;
Judicial power was concentrated in the royal courts.
Question 3. As in the conditions of absolutism were organized by the army, tax and economic policy?
Army. The kings, striving for unlimited power, disbanded the feudal detachments of knights and created a regular mercenary army.
Taxes. Taxes were divided into two types: direct (tax on land and property and poll tax) and indirect (on salt). Taxes were paid by everyone except the upper classes.
Economy. In modern times, the doctrine of mercantilism dominated the economy, which proceeded from the fact that the basis of wealth is the abundance of valuable metals, so the state tried its best to support trade on the principle: export more goods than import
Tasks for the paragraph
Question 1. Prepare an oral story "The King and Parliament" using the text of the paragraph, additional literature and Internet resources.
Parliaments arose in the era of the High Middle Ages. Parliaments expressed the opinion of all estates on the most important issues of the kingdom, primarily on tax issues. For example, in England the king could not impose new taxes without the encouragement of Parliament. The kings guaranteed the rights and privileges of the parliaments. But as the royal power increased, the monarchs began to be burdened by estate representations. The kings, who increasingly concentrated power in their hands, sought to get rid of parliaments or reduce their role in the life of the kingdom. But the kings could not immediately stop the centuries-old tradition. Therefore, in England, the Tudors in the XVI showed diplomacy and continued to convene Parliament, but less and less often. In the 17th century the new Stuart dynasty tried to free itself to a large extent from the influence of Parliament: the kings did not even hide their opinion about the rights of Parliament, which could not limit the divine right of the king in governing the country. In France, the kings succeeded in stopping the regular convocation of the Estates-General from 1614 to 1789.
Question 2. Explain the ways in which absolute monarchs exercised control over the local and judicial authorities.
Control over the local and judicial authorities was carried out through the transfer of functions to the royal courts and officials. This undermined and weakened the power of local feudal lords. To combat the rebellious nobility, central bodies were created, such as the Star Chamber in England, which monitored the administration of justice.
Question 3. What role did religion play in strengthening royal power?
Religion made it possible to substantiate the divine origin of the power of the monarch, to inspire the idea that the king is God's anointed. The church played an important role in the life of a person of that time, so the monarchs used church authority to strengthen their power. For example, during church services, priests prayed for the health and well-being of the monarch.
Question 4. Think up and depict the emblem of absolute royal power. Prepare an electronic presentation of your work.
You can take the image of a lion, which symbolizes strength and greatness. It is no coincidence that the lion is considered the king of the beasts.
Features of the fief system, due to the conquest of the military-political dominance of the central government, determined the formation of new powers of the crown, significant strengthening the state position of royal power.
In addition to the powers transferred from the Anglo-Saxon ancient monarchy to land grants (now free from the consent of the Hutans) and to legislation, the Norman kings during the 11th - 12th centuries. secured significant new rights. The king became the bearer of the highest military power: the fief militia-militia was in the position of the king's squad, he single-handedly determined the time of convocation and the number of militias; in this respect, the ancient rights of the Anglo-Saxon kings as commander were also revived on a new basis. The judicial supremacy of the king was established - not only in the form of rights to his own royal court, but also to determine all judges in the kingdom in general, to review decisions of lower courts, even those related to communal traditions. The administrative and police supremacy of the crown became especially significant: the authorities conducted mandatory censuses and audits of lands and population, prohibited or restricted the movement of the population for these purposes, on behalf of the crown offenders were taken on bail, which freed them temporarily or permanently from liability , representatives of the king began to take part in the investigation of crimes on the ground, and from the XIII century. there were commissions of inquiry under the authority of the vice-count (a commissioner appointed by the king). The financial rights of the crown appeared already as an organizer of state taxation: the Normans introduced direct taxes, the king had the right to special fees from his vassals, the right to redemption from military service, to customs fees; additional income to the crown was provided by income from royal domains and from nationwide forests (this was also recognized as a royal prerogative), from minting coins. Finally, there was dominance over the church (in place of the former patronage of the Anglo-Saxon times): the kings approved church decrees, the land ownership of the church was transferred only as royal grants, from which the clergy were obliged to carry out military service and other duties.
Under the first Norman kings revived feudal assemblies(gatherings of Whitans), however, they became irregular and more numerous (at one of the meetings of the 11th century, all the landowners of England were present - up to 60 thousand people), their significance for the authorities was small. played an incomparably greater role royal court(curia regis). Here was the true center of the military, judicial, police, financial and ecclesiastical supremacy in the country, despite the fact that its institutionalization was still weak. The court also existed as a collection of vassals close to the king, as court congresses (it was believed that the laws of the country could change only with the consent of the representatives of the country); from the 12th century non-periodically operates the General Council of the king, consisting of 20 - 36 of his closest servants and stewards. Courtyard to the middle of the XII century. became the central administrative body of the country. The only stable institution in its composition so far was only the treasury of two departments: Accounts and Reception. The Treasury was located in a special hall of the Palace of Westminster. It was headed by a permanent treasurer who had professional officials at his disposal. At the court there were special judicial commissions, where royal justice was administered. Finally, from instructions to the persons of the royal court, special management functions gradually began to take shape - both palace and national. Among such persons, the first place belonged to the general governor, or justiciar of all England. The affairs of the court were in charge of the seneschal and the mayor, and other court ranks and ranks arose. The Lord 1st Chamberlain ruled the royal household.
Hosted on ref.rf
The command of the permanent part of the army was given to the constable; in addition, there was also the title of Marshal of England. Diplomatic and special administrative affairs were led by the chancellor, usually from among the clergy. Other officials or institutions periodically arose and disappeared (for example, the Chamber of the ʼʼʼʼʼʼ in the 12th century to collect revenues), whose administrative powers also stemmed mainly from the domain rights of the king. Many offices and institutions traced their origins to the Frankish monarchy and the Duchy of Normandy. Local government was also subordinated to the central government. The position of ealdorman (earl) turned into a supreme viceroy or military ranᴦ. The main burden of local government (in the counties) passed to the vice-count, or sheriff; he was both the military administrator of the king, and the chairman of the local justice, and the police officer, and the administrator of domain possessions.
Strengthening royal power. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Strengthening royal power." 2017, 2018.
Social life in the city in the XIV century. Social life in the city in the 14th century. The inability of the guild leveling regulations to contain the process of property and social stratification became apparent already in the 13th century. This process becomes even more noticeable in the XIV century, causing significant ... [read more] .
1. Completion of the unification of France. The war caused great damage to the economy of the country. Hundreds of villages were burned, many cities were deserted, many people died. But gradually life recovered. Lands abandoned during the war were again plowed up; in fruitful ... .
Successes of the centralization process
By the beginning of the 14th century, the process of centralization was coming to an end in France. It is based on the formation of estate representation in the state while maintaining the monarchical form of government. The form of the monarchy could be estate or feudal.
By this time there is an increase in the territorial possessions of the royal domain.
Definition 1
The royal domain is the hereditary possession of the French king. The basis of the royal domain is the personal possessions of Hugh Capet in Ile-de-France and Orleans. In XIV, the royal domain includes the lands of petty knights who swore allegiance to the king. When a centralized state is formed, the entire territory of the country is considered a domain.
The long-term struggle for the territories of the English and French kings ended in victory for the latter. The French court extended its right:
- in 1308-1309 to Languedoc (County of Toulouse), most of Aquitaine, areas along the Dordogne and Garonne rivers;
- in 1285 to Navarre.
The British left only the coast of the Biscay Sea.
In 1284, the county of Champagne was ceded to France. Reason: King Philip IV to marry the only daughter and heiress of the Count of Champagne, Countess Jeanne I. In 1307, the rich trading and craft city of Lyon, located in the center of the country, became the royal domain. Thus, by the beginning of the 14th century, three-quarters of the lands of the kingdom were already under the rule of the French king.
King's aspirations
Owning most of the territories in the state, the king seeks to turn the population of the entire country into his subjects. He wishes to become the supreme sovereign in the kingdom. Philip IV begins to strengthen his position with the destruction of the existing hierarchy of feudal relations. The feudal ladder prevented the strengthening of royal power. Therefore, the king establishes ties with the rear-vassals directly, bypassing intermediate steps.
The next direction on the way to the goal: the strengthening of the royal court and the introduction of a single tax on the entire French people. Thus, the peasantry, which is in land or personal dependence on secular and church feudal lords, finds itself in the sphere of political activity of the royal court.
The results of the transformations of Philip IV
Remark 1
Philip IV laid the foundations for a strong royal power in France. Under him, the role of the royal court and the Parisian parliament is changing. The King's Court becomes the highest court. The judicial powers of secular and ecclesiastical feudal lords were reduced. The same fate befell the city courts.
By the middle of the 14th century, the parliament turns into a permanent body. The number of members of the Parisian parliament is strictly fixed - 100 people. These are advisers, prosecutors and lawyers. The main goal of his activity was to smooth out local customs, their subordination to the developed national law.
The tax system is undergoing changes to generate more revenue for the royal treasury. Philip IV introduced an indirect tax, which the people called bad. They were taxed on all goods sold in the country. The king could also use direct robberies. For example, he reduced the proportion of precious metal in coins. This earned him the nickname of the counterfeiter. The king took out his wrath several times on Jewish usurers. He expelled them from the state, and confiscated their property in favor of the treasury. The king would then allow them to return to France after paying a substantial fee. Philip IV demanded loans from free cities for state needs. But he didn't repay the debt. So he ruined the city treasury and subordinated the management of the city to his own official. By depriving the city of communal liberties, the king strengthened his power.
The Norman Conquest laid the foundation for a centralized state in England. William the Conqueror confiscated land from a significant part of the Anglo-Saxon nobility and transferred it as fiefs to his associates. But their lands did not represent compact possessions, but were scattered throughout the country. In addition, all feudal lords, both large and small, were declared direct vassals of the king and were supposed to bring him homage. The king retained huge domain estates, which amounted to about a seventh of all cultivated land in the country. The entire territory of the state was controlled by the king through sheriffs, royal officials who had mainly administrative and fiscal powers (powers to collect taxes).
Further strengthening of royal power in England was associated with the reforms of King Henry II. As a result of the military reform, the obligatory service of the king's vassals for their fief was replaced by "shield money", which made it possible for the king to maintain mercenary detachments that obey him implicitly. The judicial reform expanded the powers of the royal court: the king's traveling judges could deal with criminal offenses, and cases related to land ownership, for a fee, could be considered in the royal court with the participation of jurors. Under the forestry reform, all forests in England were declared the property of the king.
Thus, by the end of the XII century. in England, the main features of a centralized state were formed.
Royal power under the Capetian dynasty
In France, royal power in the X century. was extremely weak. After the death in 987 of the last representative of the Carolingian dynasty, Louis V the Lazy, the French nobility elected Count Hugo Capet of Paris as the new king of France, who became the founder of the new French royal dynasty - Capetians. However, in fact, only the royal domain, located between Paris and Orleans (Ile-de-France), was subordinate to him. But even on the territory of the domain, there were possessions of small vassals of the king, who behaved very independently and often showed their disobedience to the king.
However, compared with his vassals, even the most powerful, the king had a number of significant advantages. He was a suzerain, by virtue of which he had the right to confiscate the fief if the holder did not fulfill his vassal obligations, the pre-emptive right to buy a fief, and the right to attach fiefs left without heirs to his domain. To expand their domain lands, the Capetians also actively used the marriage policy: they sought to marry their sons to the heirs of large feudal estates. The king, having passed the rite of coronation, became a sovereign, that is, a ruler who towered over the entire feudal system, since his power was consecrated by the Divine will.
Rite of coronation
Capetians, starting with the second representative of this dynasty Robert II the Pious(996-1081), developed a complex, elaborately thought-out coronation rite, aimed at emphasizing the sacred nature of their power. They were crowned only in Reims, the city where Clovis was baptized, and the sacred oil - myrrh - was taken for the coronation from a special bottle brought, according to legend, from heaven by a dove during the baptism of Clovis. Therefore, the rite of anointing to the kingdom gave the king in the eyes of the people special qualities that distinguish him from mere mortals. So, according to legend, the king, by the laying on of his hands, could heal dangerous diseases, for example, scrofula.
Strengthening of royal power in the XII-XV centuries
Skillfully using all their advantages, the French kings, starting from Louis VI Tolstoy(1108-1137), steadily increased their power and by the beginning of the XIV century. took it to a whole new level.
Under Philip II (1180-1223), the position of a judge (balli) was introduced, which had investigative powers on the territory of the royal domain.
At Saint Louis IX(1226-1270) the territory of the domain, which had sharply expanded in previous years due to the confiscation of a number of English possessions and the lands of the county of Toulouse, was divided into administrative districts - bailages. Since that time, the balls carried out legal proceedings on behalf of the king, collected taxes and monitored the execution of royal decrees. Saint Louis IX introduced a single monetary system on the territory of the domain. material from the site
By the time of the reign Philip IVbeautiful(1285-1314) the territory of the domain was three-fourths of the kingdom. At this time, the king's advisers put forward the idea that the king is the emperor in his kingdom, that is, his power is not limited by any customs, and his will has the force of law.
The victory in the Hundred Years War further strengthened the power of the king in France: all the lands taken from the English king entered the royal domain, and the national identity that originated in France precisely during the years of confrontation with England made the king a symbol of national unity.
At Louis XI(1461-1483) and Charles VIII(1483-1498) the unification of France was completed.
Strengthening the royal
power in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Absolutism in Europe
LESSON PLAN
Absolutism
One king - one country
Restriction of the role of estate representation bodies
State centralization
1. Formation of centralized states
At the beginning of the New Age, large states appeared on the territory of Europe.
How is it different from the Middle Ages?
England
France
Spain
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Russian state
1. Absolutism
"Born subjects must obey" - the meaning of absolutism. Absolutism is a form of government in which supreme power is unlimitedly vested in one person - the monarch.
Absolutism took shape at the end of the 15th - 16th centuries.
Creation of a nationwide administrative apparatus, a permanent professional army, a state tax system, a unified state legislation and administrative structure, a unified state economic policy, etc.
2. One king - one country
WHAT DOES THIS STATEMENT MEAN?
2. One king - one country
After the end of the Hundred Years War in France, the old rights of the provinces (Normandy, Burgundy, etc.) were liquidated, they lost their independence and came under the authority of the king. In England, the king subjugated the remote northern counties and Wales to his power (the Council of the North and the Council of Wales were created).
To prevent the beginning of new feudal strife, lands were taken away from the old recalcitrant and wayward nobility, castles were destroyed, detachments of feudal lords were disbanded. Restrictions on freedoms also affected the cities that defended their ancient rights.
2. One king - one country
During the period of absolutism, the organs of class representation (the English Parliament, the Spanish Cortes, the French States General) lose their significance. Kings seek to get rid of their influence.
During the 37 years of the reign of Henry VIII, Parliament met only 21 times, and during the 45 years of the reign of his daughter Elizabeth - 13 times. The kings could not get rid of parliament altogether, but they significantly limited their influence, thereby strengthening their absolute power.
3. Limitation of the role of estate representation bodies
James I Stuart (1603-1625), who ascended the English throne after Elizabeth (1603-1625), struggled with parliament throughout his reign, limiting its role in every possible way.
James I believed that Parliament harms the affairs of government. In his speech to Parliament in 1604, the king declared that he was the sovereign master of the whole country: “I am the head, and the island is my body, I am the shepherd, and the island is my flock.”
James I Stuart
Slide #10
3. Limitation of the role of estate representation bodies
In France, absolute monarchy began to take shape by the 16th century. King Francis I of Valois (1515-1547) single-handedly made all the most important decisions, on his decrees he wrote: "For we like it." The States General in France did not become a permanent body, but met only in case of great need, by decision of the king. From 1614 to 1789 the Estates General never met.
Francis I of Valois
Slide #11
4. Centralization of the state
In England, the central administrative and executive body was the Privy Council, whose members were appointed by the king. In France, there was a council under the king, which was considered the government, but its members were also appointed by the king and carried out his will. The members of this government were princes of the blood, high spiritual ranks, financiers, lawyers, but there was a personal rule of the king in the country.
French
Estates General
in 1614
Slide #12
4. Centralization of the state
In England, most of the court cases were handled by two royal courts. The Star Chamber oversaw justice and rebellious nobles. Locally, there were elected justices of the peace (from the old aristocracy and the new nobility), but they were elected under the control of the government and the Privy Council.
English lawyer of the 16th century.
Slide #13
4. Centralization of the state
In France, the restriction of royal power was the highest judicial bodies in the provinces - parliaments. They could appeal court and government decisions. The kings were in sharp conflict with the parliaments. King Louis XIV, in a dispute with the Parlement of Paris, said: "The state is me!"
Louis XIV
Slide #14
4. Centralization of the state
The administration of the country in both England and France was carried out by officials. The positions of officials were inherited, bought. Personal dignity did not play a role - it was important to have money. Most officials did not receive payment from the state, but lived at the expense of the population (gifts, offerings, bribes).
Slide #15
2. Monarchy and nobility
In the emerging centralized states, this principle does not suit the monarchs. They strive for the complete subjugation of all classes of society.
To this end, the feudal lords are gradually deprived of their privileges and influence. Kings take on the service of the nobles (a new estate, the position of which depends entirely on its service to the king)
The old aristocracy - the feudal lords (dukes, earls, barons, marquises, baronets) strongly oppose these attempts.
Slide #16
3. Absolutism
Monarchs are striving for the maximum possible centralization of control, the concentration of all the levers of power in their own hands - ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.
Slide #17
3. Absolutism
To substantiate the claims of the king, the theory of ROYAL SOVEREIGNTY is put forward, the king does not share his authority and power with anyone.
The king unites in his hands all branches of power EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIAL decided all the main issues of domestic and foreign policy
sun king
Slide #18
3. "Bureaucratic" monarchy
Open p.79 and read the section "Bureaucratic" Monarchy"
1. What is bureaucracy? What functions does it perform?
2. Why did the kings have to endure the stubbornness and red tape of government officials?
3. What was the result of the strengthening of the bureaucracy in France?
Slide #19
4. Aristocratic opposition
Henry of Navarre
France became a model of absolutism. Henry IV restored religious peace by acting as supreme judge.
In 1610 he was killed by a religious fanatic. Power passed into the hands of Marie de Medici. Catholic aristocrats demanded the restoration of all their privileges. The "Trouble" began, which lasted 10 years.
