What in Ancient Russia called polyudem:
collection of tribute by the prince from the lands subject to him
Which of the events happened later than all the others:
the beginning of the codification of ancient Russian laws
In ancient Russia, the tax in favor of the church was called:
tithe
The Code of Laws of Ancient Russia was called:
Russian Truth
The Baptism of Russia took place in:
"Lessons" and "graveyards" to collect tribute from the tribes were established:
Princess Olga
Formation Old Russian state refers to:
Novgorod and Kyiv were united by the prince:
Prophetic Oleg
According to the Norman theory, in education Kievan Rus played the main role:
The Old Russian state was formed in:
Russia finally breaks up into separate principalities after death:
Mstislav the Great
The ancient Russian state broke up into ... feudal centers:
The period of feudal fragmentation in Russiathis is:
XII - XIII centuries
The period of feudal fragmentation was a time for Russian lands:
economic and cultural upsurge
Church land ownership begins to take shape in:
middle of the 12th century
The first mention of Moscow refers to:
The city did not have its own princely dynasty:
Novgorod
The conditional holding of land by a feudal lord was called:
estate
The ancestral possessions of the boyars in Russia were called:
Kievan Rus was replaced by a form of political structure called:
Feudal fragmentation
Whichof the events happened before all the others:
Neva battle
Representatives of the khans of the Golden Horde in Russia were called:
The period of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia (years):
The right to reign was given by those received in the Horde:
The state of the Mongol-Tatars, which established a yoke overRussian lands, called:
Golden Horde
The battle on the Kalka River ended:
the defeat of the Russian army
The annual tribute established for the Russian lands by the Golden Horde was called:
The result of the campaign of Khan Batu to Russia in 1237 - 1238. became:
the ruin of a significant part of the northeastern lands
"Battle on the Ice" took place in:
1223 is the year:
Battles on the Kalka River
The idea of a policy of despotic centralization belonged to:
Ivan Kalita
The feudal war took place during the reign of:
Basil II
The right of the Moscow Grand Dukes to inherit the great Vladimir reign was recognized by the Golden Horde for:
Dmitry Donskoy
How many stages are distinguished in the unification of Russian lands inXIV– beginningXVIcentury:
Moscow became the church center of the Russian lands under the prince:
Ivan Kalita
The political unification of the Russian lands around Moscow ends in:
The Battle of Kulikovo took place in:
The founder of the Moscow princely dynasty is:
Daniel Alexandrovich
The main rival of Moscow in the struggle for the Vladimir Grand Duchy in the first halfXIVin. It was:
Tver Principality
In 1382, the Mongol Khan captured Moscow:
Tokhtamysh
The system was called localism:
appointments to public office
The accession of Novgorod to the Moscow principality occurred during:
The system of orders appeared in Russia with:
"Standing on the Ugra River" in 1480, ended:
retreat of the Horde troops
The concept of "Moscow - the third Rome" was put forward by:
monk Philotheus
St. George's Day was set in:
Sudebnik of 1497
The double-headed eagle became the Russian coat of arms in:
1472 under Ivan III
The new name of the Moscow state - Russia, along with the term Rus began to be used:
from the end of the 15th century
The term for the transition of peasants from one feudal lord to another, according to the Sudebnik of IvanIII(1497), was:
A week before and a week after St. George's Day
Boyars-feeders
The governors sent from Moscow to manage the counties were called:
Zemsky Sobor is:
deliberative authority
The policy of Ivan the Terrible, aimed at strengthening the autocracy and fighting the separatism of the boyars, was called:
Oprichnina
The Rurik dynasty ended with death:
Fedor Ivanovich
The period of the history of Russia at the borderXVI- XVIIcenturies was named:
Time of Troubles
At the beginningXVIIin. impostors sought to take the Russian throne under the name:
False Dmitry
The result of Ivan's foreign policyIVIt was:
conquest of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates
The first Zemsky Sobors were convened in:
Initially, the word "oprichnina" meant:
share of property allocated to the widowed princess
The first among the Moscow princes to the kingdom was married:
Ivan the Terrible
The leaders of the second militia, which liberated Moscow from the Polish interventionists, were:
Minin, Pozharsky
The legal registration of serfdom took place in:
Patriarch -idea creator"The priesthood is above the kingdom":
The semi-privileged estates were:
Indicate the year with which the beginning of the Romanov Dynasty is associated:
The reform of Patriarch Nikon of the following provisions includes:
replacement of a double-fingered sign of the cross with a triple-fingered one
Schism in Russian Orthodox Church happened in:
“The rebellious age of the quietest king” was called by contemporaries of the reign:
Alexey Mikhailovich
The Council Code is:
code of laws
The opponents of the church reform of Patriarch Nikon are called:
Old Believers
Enterprises that appeared in Russia inXVIIin. and were based on the division of labor and handicraft technology, were called:
Manufactory
Russia became an empire in:
The period of Russian history, called "Bironism" was associated with:
Anna Ivanovna
Which war resulted in Russia gaining access to the Baltic Sea?
Northern (1700 - 1721)
The main tax on taxable estates, introduced by PeterIat the beginningXVIIIin. was called:
poll tax
According to the Table of Ranks adopted in 1722, career advancement depended on:
personal merit
Petersburg became the capital of Russia in:
Peter the Great established:
colleges
The new authority created by PeterI, was called:
The peculiarity of the development of manufactory in Russia inXVIIIin.:
Almost no free labor
Russian periodhistory from 1725 to 1762 was named:
The era of palace coups
The secularization of church lands is associated with rule:
Catherine II
"Novorossia" - lands that became part of Russia:
Azov-Black Sea coast
The emancipation of the peasants is associated with:
"Charter to the cities":
consolidated the class structure of the population of the city
Catherine's domestic policyIIwas called:
Enlightened absolutism
Which of the named groups of the population in Russia at the beginningXIXcenturies belonged to the privileged classes:
clergy
In what century did Russia become a Black Sea power?
The privileged class in Russia, whose economic dominance was based on land ownership, is:
This event took place during the reign of CatherineII:
"Pugachevism"
Date that refers to the reign of CatherineII:
The main legal code of Russia inXIX– beginningXXcenturies:
Code of laws Russian Empire
Improving the system of public administration under NicholasILed to:
strengthening autocratic power and bureaucratization of management
Which of the following commanders participated in the Patriotic War of 1812:
P.I. Bagration
Decembrist revolt
ATXIXin. in Russia, the form of government was:
autocratic monarchy
In 1853-1856.
freedmen
The work of a serf on the land of the landowner in the first halfXIXin. was called:
The system of peasant land use in Russia is called:
community system
The industrial revolution that took place in Russia in the middleXIXc. is associated with:
Replacing manual labor with machine
The Crimean War took place:
Peasants who redeemed themselves for freedom, freed from serfdom in accordance with the decree of 1803, were called:
Identify the features characteristic of the modernization carried out by AlexanderII:
reforms were carried out "from above"
cash ransom for temporarily obligated peasants
The temporarily obligated position of the peasants was characterized by:
statutory rates of corvée or dues
Jurors, lawyers, judicial investigators are introduced in Russia with:
Alexander II
The era of "great reforms" is called the reign of:
Alexander II
As a result of the reform of 1861, serfs received:
freedom from slavery
Carrying out reforms 1860 - 1870 in Russia:
contributed to the transition from a traditional society to an industrial one
The abolition of serfdom, the implementation of military, judicial, zemstvo reforms belong to the reign of:
Alexander II
"Redemption payments", "segments" - these concepts refer to:
peasant reform of 1861
Serfdom was abolished in:
At the beginningXXcentury, the Russian Empire ranked first in the world in:
growth rate of national income
"Work question" at the endXIXcentury included a set of problems, including the need to:
development of labor legislation
Emperor, who in Russian history was called the "Peacemaker":
Alexander III
The era of counter-reforms in Russia is the period from:
1882 - early 1890
Rogues are:
intellectuals from different walks of life
In Russia at the endXIXin. a rich peasant who used the labor of impoverished fellow villagers was called:
The labor of the peasants freed from serfdom, on the land of the landlord for the land they rented from the landowner, was called:
share-cropping
The followers of the theory of Lavrov, Bakunin, Tkachev, who carried out the propaganda of socialist ideas among the peasants, were called:
populists
The teachings of Karl Marx (Marxism) formed the ideological basis:
Russian social democracy
The agrarian system in Russia at the beginningXXin. (until 1905) was characterized by:
peasant lack of land
The leading party of the Russian bourgeoisie at the beginningXXin.:
Creation of the State Duma in Russia at the beginningXXin. was an important step along the way:
introduction of a democratic electoral system
In Russia in 1905 - 1907.happened:
creation of the State Duma
The legal activity of political parties in Russia was allowed in:
Economic reforms in Russia at the endXIXin. have been associated with:
At the beginningXXcenturies, the subjects of the Russian Empire in official documents were divided into groups according to ... the principle.
class
formation of political parties
The first Soviets of Workers' Deputies were created in 1905 in:
Ivanovo-Voznesensk
The Union of the Russian People, which arose in 1905, characterized the demand:
preservation of autocracy
The event of the revolution of 1905 - 1907, which occurred later than others:
The agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin is characterized by:
resettlement of peasants in the Urals
Agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin:
left unfinished
World War I started at:
Russia's allies in the Entente were:
England, France
The essence of Stolypin agrarian reform consisted in:
community destruction
How many State Dumas were elected in Russia before February 1917:
The agrarian reform of P. Stolypin provided for:
free exit of peasants from the community
P.A. Stolypin in 1906 proposed to introduce in Russia:
courts-martial to punish participants in the revolutionary movement
The socialist party in Russia was the party:
At the beginning of the First World War, Russia was in alliances:
In the first weeks after the Bolsheviks took power in October 1917, the party was banned:
The provisional government, created during the days of the February Revolution, declared that all pressing Russian problems would be solved:
Constituent Assembly
Order No. 1 issued by the Council suggested:
introduce elected committees in the army and navy
On theIIThe All-Russian Congress of Soviets in October 1917 decided to:
proclamation Soviet power
The concept of "Bolshevism" includes the recognition of:
Socialist revolution as the main form of struggle
The central direction in the activities of the Bolsheviks after 1917 was nationalization, which included:
transfer of all types of private property into the hands of the state
Decrees on peace and land were adopted:
II Congress of Soviets
Russia was proclaimed a republic:
Council of People's Commissars, All-Russian Central Executive Committee
liquidation of the monarchy
The first bodies of Soviet power, formed onIICongress of Soviets is:
The consequences of the February Revolution include:
The policy of "war communism" is characterized by:
natural wages
"Red Guard attack on capital", undertaken by the Bolsheviks in 1917-1918. meant:
accelerated nationalization of large, medium and small enterprises
The main issue during the civil war was:
power and property
The policy of "war communism" is characterized by the introduction:
surplus appropriations
To held in Soviet Russia 1918-1920. the policy of "war communism" includes:
universal labor service
The basis of the White movement during the years of the civil war was:
officers and cadets of the tsarist army
Among the listed events of the civil war, the most recent was:
breakthrough defense P.N. Wrangel on the Perekop Isthmus
The slogan "For Soviets without parties!" nominated in 1921 by the participants:
Kronstadt uprising of sailors and workers
The internal policy of the Bolshevik government in the period from the summer of 1918 to the beginning of 1921. was called:
war communism
In the first years of Soviet power in Russia, the following events took place:
Civil War
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was created in:
In what year did the uprising of sailors and workers in Kronstadt take place in Soviet Russia:
The main prerequisite for the formation of the USSR was:
Soviet victory in the Civil War
One of the important steps in the transition to peaceful life after civil war in Russia there was a decision about:
replacement of the surplus with the tax in kind
The first Constitution of the USSR was adopted in:
The New Economic Policy was carried out:
from 1921 to 1928
During the years of the NEP:
many small, medium-sized enterprises have become private
The main opponent of Stalin in the Central Committee in the 20s was:
The Constitution of 1924 of the USSR proclaimed:
Federation of Republics
The transition to the NEP (new economic policy) was caused by:
the dissatisfaction of the peasants with the surplus appropriation
The essence of collectivization in the 1930s. in the USSR was:
nationalization of agriculture
The personality cult of I.V. Stalin in the 1930s led to:
destruction of civil rights and freedoms of the population
The establishment of a totalitarian regime in the USSR in the 1930s was associated with:
lack of political culture of the population
Political life of the USSR in the 1930s. was characterized by:
massive political repression
The concept of "great change" is associated with:
completion of industrialization and collectivization
Among the results of industrialization in the USSR in the 1930s. applied:
achievement of the USSR economic independence
The command-administrative system that developed in the USSR in the 1930s was characterized by:
non-economic management methods
GULAG is an abbreviation for:
NKVD camp administration
For the USSR in the 1930s. was typical:
variety of opinions in public life
destruction of oppositions within the CPSU (b)
The USSR was created as a federation of union republics based on the following principles:
voluntariness and equality
According to the plans of the Nazi leadership, the consequence of the implementation of the "Plan Barbarossa" was to be:
the transformation of the USSR into a German colony
One of the reasons severe lesions The Red Army in the first months of the Great Patriotic War is:
attempt by the Red Army to move to offensive actions instead of defense
An important consequence of the Battle of Moscow was that:
The German plan for a "blitzkrieg" was thwarted
Name one of the reasons for the failures of the Red Armyduring the first months of the Great Patriotic War:
destruction by the NKVD in 1937-1938. senior commanders of the Red Army
CompletionIIworld war associated with:
surrender of Japan
An event that took place in 1941:
Battle of Moscow
An important reason for the failure of the German offensive plan in the Battle of Kursk in 1943 was:
Soviet artillery preemptive strike
German plan " lightning war» against the USSR was finally buried after:
defeat of German troops near Moscow
Completion of a radical change in the Great Patriotic War is associated with:
Battle of Kursk
During the years of the Great Patriotic War for the development of the economy was characterized by:
labor mobilization of the population
The state system that existed in the USSR in 1930-1980 and characterized by tight control over all areas of public life, is called:
totalitarianism
Which of the following statesmen is associated with the beginning of the Cold War:
W. Churchill, I. Stalin
Our country has returned to the pre-war economic model of the 1930s because:
the pre-war model of the economy proved its high mobilization capabilities
The existence of a one-party system in the USSR was one of the signs:
totalitarian regime
What sphere of the national economy developed in the USSR in the first years after the end of the Great Patriotic War at the fastest pace:
heavy industry
After graduationIIworld war transition from the anti-fascist coalition, because:
The reason for the resumption of political repression by the Stalinist leadership in the postwar years was:
Specify the reason for the rapid recovery of the economy of the USSR after the Second World War:
the enthusiasm and dedication of the Soviet people
The consequences of World War II were:
expansion of the influence of the USSR
the war against fascism intensified ideological differences between countries
return to the pre-war totalitarian model of development with an atmosphere of fear and autocracy
The totalitarian regime is:
full state control over all spheres of life
Rehabilitation carried out in the USSR in the 1950s - 1980s. - this is:
restoration of the honorable name and civil rights of unjustly convicted people
privatization
On theXXCongress of the CPSU was:
Stalin's personality cult exposed
In what year was the first flight into space in the history of mankind carried out:
The main reason for the removal of N.S. Khrushev from power was:
an attempt to reform the state-party apparatus
Which of the following provisions were contained in the report of N.S. Khrushchev "On the cult of personality and its consequences":
Stalin took credit for all the victories in the war
In international relations, the name used to mark the border between the "Western" and "Eastern" blocs was:
"iron curtain"
The start date of the "thaw" period in the USSR is:
The initiator of the development of virgin lands was:
N.S. Khrushchev
The main reason for the failure of economic reform in the mid-1960s. was that the reform did not:
touched the foundations economic system USSR
Economic reforms under the leadership of N.S. Khrushchev were held in the USSR during the period:
The last Constitution of the USSR was adopted in:
Soviet troops in the 1980s participated in the fighting in:
Afghanistan
During the leadership of L.I. Brezhnev, the main attention in the economy was paid to:
defense industry
The economic reform of 1965 assumed:
use of the principles of material interest
The stagnation of the economic system in the USSR occurs when:
L. Brezhnev
The dissident movement in the USSR was called:
activities of groups and individuals who do not share the dominant ideology
The basis of the economic system of the USSR in the 70s was:
dominance of state property
The end of the process of detente in the 1970s. was marked:
the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
The decrease in tension in relations between the East, West, the USA, their allies and the USSR, the countries of Eastern Europe in the first half of the 1970s. was called:
discharge
The system of international relations, characterized by a balance of approximately equal forces between two competing blocs of states, is called:
bipolar
Specify the years of perestroika:
1985 - 1991
The consequences of the restructuring policy were:
strengthening of power in the center and locally
Indicate the main reason for the transition of the USSR in the mid-1980s to the policy of perestroika:
protracted economic and political crisis
The concept of new political thinking in international relations was put forward by:
M.S. Gorbachev
An attempt to remove the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev from power was undertaken in 1991:
members of the State Committee for the State of Emergency
The consequences of the perestroika policy in the USSR were:
exacerbation of interethnic relations
The agreement on the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 was signed by the heads of:
Russia, Belarus, Ukraine
The last General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU was:
Gorbachev
The policy initiated by M.S. Gorbachev in the second half of the 80s, was called:
Thaw
perestroika
The collapse of the USSR took place in:
In the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993 and in the Constitutions of the Soviet period, an article was created on the recognition of:
right to education
The State Duma did not exist in Russia in:
1985 - 1991
Conducted in Russia in the early 1990s. the transfer or sale into private ownership of a number of state-owned enterprises is called:
Conducted in Russia in the early 1990s. the government of E.T. Gaidar called economic policy:
transition to a market economy
According to the 1993 Constitution, Russia is a state:
federal
How did E.T. Gaidar decide to start the economic reform in January 1992:
with price liberalization
Russian Parliament of the endXXcentury was called:
Federal Assembly
In 1991, 1996, 2000 The Presidents of the Russian Federation took office as a result of:
popular elections
The transfer of military-industrial enterprises to a reduction in the output of military products and an increase in the output of consumer goods was called:
conversion
Discipline "National history"
List of topics
Kievan Rus and its place in history
Russian lands at the beginning of the XII - the first half of the XIII century. political fragmentation.
The struggle of Russian lands with foreign conquerors in the XIII century.
The rise of Moscow and the beginning of the unification of Russian lands.
Formation of a unified Russian state.
Ivan IV and the formation of Russian autocracy.
Strengthening of autocracy in the XVII century.
The transforming activity of Peter the Great. Formation of the Russian Empire.
Noble-serf empire of the 18th century.
Russia in the first half of the 19th century.
The era of great reforms of the 60s - 70s. XIX century in Russia. Ideas and their implementation.
Revolutionary and liberal movement in the second half of the 19th century. - the beginning of the XX century. Crisis of autocracy.
Political struggle and autocracy in the revolution of 1905-1907.
post-revolutionary Russia. (1907–1917).
1917 Change of political regimes.
Civil war and foreign intervention.
Soviet society in the 20s.
USSR in the late 20s - 30s.
USSR in World War II (1939 - 1945).
Socio-economic and political problems post-war period. Strengthening of the totalitarian system (1946 - 1952).
Thaw. Attempts to reform the totalitarian system (1953 - 1964).
USSR in the mid-60s - mid-80s.
USSR in the period of "perestroika" (mid-80s - early 90s).
Russia at the present stage.
Test Guidelines
It is advisable to allocate 60 minutes for the exam.
Number of questions included in the test:
a) for students correspondence department – 40.
b) for students of the evening department - 50.
c) for full-time students - 60.
Assessment of knowledge:
a) correspondence department:
b) evening department:
less than 50% of correct answers - unsatisfactory;
50% or more correct answers - satisfactory;
75% or more correct answers - good;
90% or more correct answers is excellent.
c) day department:
less than 50% of correct answers - unsatisfactory;
50% or more correct answers - satisfactory;
75% or more correct answers - good;
90% or more correct answers is excellent.
Russian history
1. polyudie - a method of collecting tribute from the East Slavic tribes, practiced in the 9th-12th centuries in Russia. Tribal unions kept own organization, the duties of their princes included delivering tribute (cart), mainly furs, to camps. The amount of tribute was calculated in proportion to the households, regardless of the wealth of their owners.
2. "Russian Truth"- the first written set of laws of Ancient Russia.
3. Baskak (Turkic) - Representative of the Mongol Khan in the conquered lands.
The emergence of the Old Russian state - 882
5. Under the prince Ivan Kalita - Moscow becomes the church center of Russian lands.
6. AT 1113 g. the people of Kiev begged the prince Vladimir Monomakh sit on the throne. The Byzantine Emperor sent Vladimir Monomakh a royal crown, barmas and gold chains, and the Greek Metropolitan Neophyte solemnly laid a crown on the head of Vladimir and called him king - because Grand Duke is considered the first Russian crowned autocrat. The crown was called the Cap of Monomakh, and the Russian Grand Dukes and Tsars were married to reign.
Common date: January 16, 1547. - solemn wedding to the kingdom Ivan the 4th.
7. In the second half of the 18th century, under Catherine II, the Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. The territory that became part of Russia Sea of Azov to the mouth of the Dnieper (with annexed Crimea) was called Novorossiya .
8. The state of the Mongol-Tatars, which established a yoke over the Russian lands, was called: Golden Horde (Altyn Horde - Ulus Jochi)
9. Baptism of Russia- the introduction of Christianity as a state religion in the Old Russian state, carried out at the end 10th century in 988 Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.
10. Zemsky Sobor (Council of the whole earth) - the highest class-representative institution of the Russian kingdom from the middle of the 16th to the end of the 17th century, a meeting of representatives of all segments of the population (except for serfs) to discuss political, economic and administrative issues.
11. Formation of the Old Russian state - 11th century.
12. Horde exit - tribute paid to the Golden Horde by Russian lands.
According to the Norman theory, the Vikings played the main role in the formation of Kievan Rus.
14. Peasant reform in Russia (abolition of serfdom) - a reform begun in 1861, which abolished serfdom in the Russian Empire.
15. Legal registration of serfdom began in the reign of Ivan III with the adoption of a code of laws of a single Russian state - Sudebnik 1497. Article 57 of the Law Code “On Christian Refusal”
16. Right to reign gave received in the Horde - Label (Turkic) - means letter, document.
17. The governors sent from Moscow to manage the counties were called - Boyars-feeders.
18. Founder of the Moscow princely dynasty is St. Daniel (Moskovsky) Alexandrovich younger son of Alexander Nevsky.
Redemption payments", "segments" - these concepts refer to: peasant reform 1861
United Kyiv and Novgorod in the 9th century. Prince Oleg (Prophetic).
The period of feudal fragmentation of Kievan Rus, which began in the 30s of the 12th century, lasted until the very end of the 15th century. many of its signs were quite clearly identified already in the second half of the 11th century.
23. Feudal fragmentation , which was a natural step historical development Russia, was a consequence of the economic isolation of individual principalities. The growth of large-scale property and the spread of food rent during this period created more favorable conditions for further development economy. At the same time, the consequence of fragmentation was the strengthening of princely strife. In conditions of constant internecine wars Russia's foreign policy situation worsened, and in the end, as a result Tatar-Mongol invasion she lost her independence.
25. During the reign of the Grand Duke Ivan III in 1497 the double-headed eagle became the Russian coat of arms.
Lessons" and "graveyards" to collect tribute from the tribes were established by Princess Olga.
27. Battle on the Kalka River ended with the victory of the Mongols and the defeat of the Russian-Polovtsian army.
29. Battle of Kulikovo (Mamayevo or Donskoy battle)- took place on September 8 (16), 1380.
30. The policy of Ivan the Terrible, aimed at strengthening the autocracy and fighting the separatism of the boyars, was called - Oprichnina. Oprichniki - people who made up the secret police.
POLUDIE - in Kievan Rus, a detour by the prince and a squad of subject lands to collect tribute; later the tribute itself is of indeterminate size. However, it was the same in other countries. Similar customs existed in early medieval Europe. Establishment of tribute in the form of polyudya. Polyudye - a way of collecting tribute from the East Slavic tribes, practiced in the 9th-12th centuries in Russia. characteristic feature polyudya was his irregular character.
They deliver hare skins, black fox skins and swords from the most distant Slavs to the Rumian Sea. The ruler of ar-Rum collects tithes from them. The emergence of such a phenomenon as polyudie was associated with the spread of the power of the Rus to part of the East Slavic tribes.
Not only Constantine Porphyrogenitus, but also Scandinavian sources (the saga of Harald) use the Slavic word (poluta, polutaswarf) to designate a similar mechanism for collecting tribute. An analogue of the Russian polyudya is the Old Norwegian veizla, literally - “feast”, “treat”, later transformed into feudal duty. Polyudye was the first attempt by the princes of Ancient Russia to establish a system for collecting taxes from subject territories.
New territories were supposed to be profitable so that the prince could provide for the army and warriors and equip the army and treasury for further military campaigns.
Every year, the prince and his squad traveled around the subject territories in order to collect tribute and feed - this lasted from November to April. The collection of polyudya was sharply reduced during the time of Svyatoslav Igorevich in 966, and later, in 982, it completely stopped with the coming to power of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. The last mention of polyudye dates back to 1190. At that time, tribute was still levied in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, but this ceased with the departure of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest.
In the Novgorod and Smolensk lands in the XIT century. the name of a fixed monetary service. Moscow: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. Carelessness and greed ruined Igor. The Drevlyans refused to pay tribute, and the prince himself was killed and buried in his own land, near the city of Iskorosten (now Korosten). Polyudye also gave the prince tribute in goods that were exported - furs, wax, slaves, handicrafts, as well as means for their transportation: boats, horses, sledges.
With the disintegration of Kievan Rus into separate large principalities, and the latter into ever smaller ones, the scale of polyunions decreases, their political significance falls. However, on the outskirts of Ukraine - in Polesie and in the Carpathians - polyudye continued (collection of skins, honey and other things from communities) until the 16th century, but was no longer carried out by princes, but by their representatives.
The introduction of polyudya in Russia
In Byzantium, the Arab-Islamic caliphates of Spain, North Africa and the Middle East, the Chinese Empire, at best, only remnants of polyudy can be found. It is easy to detect among the early medieval and, probably, ancient Germans. In the VI century, the Franks, led by the kings of the Merovingian dynasty, walked around Gaul, which they conquered.
4th quarter of 20th century
In the ancient worldAbout the original system ancient states Asia and Africa must be judged by the traditions that were called upon to explain some of the more ancient rituals and symbols. Two crops a year ripen in these parts. The first, the best harvest was taken in the polyudye, the second remained for the peasants.
The king, who was considered the earthly incarnation of the god Lono, every year, as it were, again ascended the throne and received tribute in food and handicrafts. During the time that the polyudie lasted, each of the queens had to give birth to a child.
But even in the center of the state, the prince with his wife and retinue for Christmas time (just chronological in the midst of ancient polyudye) made a detour of the monasteries. Nevertheless, polyudie still remained. Polyudie - (old) temporary duty, which fell on labor or the working population and consisted in the maintenance of the prince and his court during their tour of the region.
Everyone who studies the history of the Eastern Slavs has come across the term "polyudye". What is it? And how can this process be characterized? Read about it in our article.
Signs of early statehood
What do you think polyudie in Ancient Russia is what? Let's start dealing with this issue together. In the eighth century, strong tribal unions had already formed on the land occupied by the tribes of the Eastern Slavs. They have long vied with each other for supremacy. As history has shown, the union of the glades had a serious impact on other tribes. Over the years, they subjugated most of the Slavs.
Thus, we can observe the appearance of the first signs of a nascent state:
- single leader;
- law;
- army;
- tax collection system.
And we are moving on to explaining what the definition of polyudya is. This is one of the ways to collect taxes from the tribes in the treasury of the Grand Duke. A similar system spread throughout all European states during their inception, but due to national interests, it had different names. However, their essence remained the same - replenishment of the prince's treasury. Now you know the meaning of the word "polyudye".
Tax system of Russian (Eastern) Slavs
As you guessed, taxes were also collected in Russia. In principle, extortions, which were expressed in mandatory fees, were part of the structure of the state system. In view of the fact that the prince collected gold from people, he had certain obligations to them. One of them was that he had to ensure a peaceful life and peace for his subjects. In other words, he had to protect his tribes from foreign invaders. Funds were required for the protection of each Russian.
So, for a Slav, polyudie in Ancient Russia is a ransom or is it still a tax? Income tax is a modern analog of polyudya. Their difference lies only in volume and resources. For example, once the clearing recaptured several Slavic tribes from the Khazars. For this, they taxed them in their favor. However, these requisitions were distinguished by humanity. Now the Slavs could pay not only gold, but food and a wide variety of handicrafts. Here's another definition of polyudya.
Hidden danger
Time goes by. Peasants grow crops and harvest. Craftsmen produce various products. Tribes trade with each other. The squad guards the borders. The Grand Duke issues laws. Taxes are collected, the treasury is replenished, and the state is strengthened. However, the polyudya system is far from perfect, but it has been used for a long time.
In the autumn, the prince, together with his retinue, began collecting tribute. Polyudie in Ancient Russia literally means walking among people, that is, walking around the yards and collecting taxes. The prince walked until he had traveled all over his possessions. This was another meaning of the word "polyudye".
The people, in addition to this tribute, paid some more money so that the prince could support the squad. Injustice reigned everywhere, and all because there was no specific amount of tax.
Igor's greed ruined
As it turned out, polyudie in Ancient Russia is not only a tax, but also the cause of the death of one of the princes. In one of these campaigns, Prince Igor divided the crowd of the Drevlyans with a retinue and considered that the tax was insufficient. Together they decided that they needed to take the payment from them again. The squad again invaded the territory of the Drevlyans and demanded a second payment! Naturally, the Drevlyans were outraged. The result of the repeated requisition was the murder of the squad and the prince himself.
The death of the prince threatened the collapse of the state. But his wise and far-sighted wife, Princess Olga, quickly realized that this was a serious reason to change the taxation system. So she decided to set the exact amount for payments. Olga quickly and decisively calmed the agitated tribes, and also restored unity among the tribes in Russia.
Reform of the princess
So, as mentioned above, Olga set about reforming the tax collection system. The first thing she did was set the exact amount. As practice has shown, this measure allowed to avoid abuses, and the process of tax collection became legal. The widow also understood that walking on people is a danger to the future Grand Duke, so the next decree approved the decision that resources would be brought to a certain place indicated from the capital. This is how the phenomenon of the churchyard appeared in Russia. From there collected funds passed into the hands of representatives of the princely power. Princess Olga not only simplified the taxation system, but also made it safe for collectors.
Thus, the reforms of the princess further strengthened and rallied the state and tribes among themselves, and disputes and strife about injustice began to become a thing of the past.
In other words, polyudie is the collection of taxes in the period of Ancient Russia. We see how Princess Olga's reforms were introduced on time. These measures did not allow the young state to fall apart into separate warring tribes.
Polyudye is a way of collecting tribute from the East Slavic tribes, which was practiced in Russia in the 9th-12th centuries. Polyudye was one of the first attempts of the emerging state to collect tribute and taxes from the population and subject territories. Basic hallmark polyudya was his irregularity.
The concept of polyudya
A polyud in Ancient Russia was called a detour of the lands in order to collect tribute. The princes themselves and their warriors, who levied tribute, personally traveled all over the lands and took money from people. From such “travels among people” the term “polyudye” later came about. Tribute collection was carried out after the harvest, in winter and autumn, so that people could provide required amount money or resources.
Today, there is debate about when polyudie appeared in Russia and whether it is a hallmark of Kievan Rus or existed in one form or another before, when several tribal unions lived on Russian lands, which in the same way seized territories and levied tribute.
Despite disputes, today it is generally accepted that prince Oleg introduced polyudye and this was due to a sharp expansion of territories and the strengthening of the power of Russian princes over the surrounding East Slavic tribes. New territories were supposed to be profitable so that the prince could provide for the army and combatants and equip them for further military campaigns, selling goods received during the collection of tribute on the market in Byzantium.
The establishment of tribute in the form of polyudya speaks of the emergence of an early feudal state on the territory of the Eastern Slavs.
Polyudye history
Every year, the prince and his squad traveled around the territories subject to them in order to collect tribute and feed - this lasted from November to April. Polyudye was first mentioned in ancient Russian chronicles from the 10th century. Besides, detailed description polyudya, its forms and systems of implementation are also found in the treatise of the Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus "On the management of the Empire" and also refers to the second half of the 10th century. This allows us to say that polyudie was introduced in Russia no later than the beginning of the 10th century.
In this treatise, polyudye is described as follows: with the onset of November, the Russian princes set off together with warriors from Kyiv to all the lands subject to them and make a round trip, collecting tribute from each tribe. The tribes in connection with which polyudye is mentioned include the Dregovichi, Krivichi, Northerners and others. Feeding on the tribute received, the Russian princes returned to Kyiv in mid-April and went from there to Byzantium in order to sell the goods received during the polyud (both money and things, supplies and goods were accepted as tribute).
The squad, which was engaged in the collection of tribute, usually included about 100-200 people, who were often armed and collected tribute by force.
It is believed that, in addition to collecting tribute, the so-called feeding was actively used, when the owner of the house received the guest, fed and watered him. Scientists believe that the introduction of polyudya and feeding is largely due to the tradition of the Eastern Slavs to keep a guest while he is in the house. Thus, the warriors and the prince came to the houses of their subordinates and lived there at their expense. Later, this form of tribute was transformed into feudal dependence and dues.
The tribes did not like the collection of tribute, but up to a certain point they tolerated it, but when in 945 Prince Igor tried to take additional tribute in excess of what was already available, the Drevlyans, who, like other tribes, were forced to pay the prince, revolted and killed Igor.
After the suppression of the uprising of the Drevlyans, Princess Olga spent tax reform by entering new system collection of tribute. Now tribute was levied not directly in the tribal centers, but in graveyards - specially created points for collecting tribute from the population. The tax collected in this way later passed into the hands of the princely governors in major cities, from where it was sent to the prince in Kyiv. The trips of combatants across the territories, and with them the feedings, have stopped.
The end of polyudya
The collection of polyudya was sharply reduced during the time of Svyatoslav Igorevich - in 966, and later, in 982, and completely stopped with the coming to power. The last mention of polyudye dates back to 1190. At that time, tribute was still levied in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, but this stopped with the departure of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest. There is also evidence that some form of polyudia was preserved in remote wilderness areas of Russia until the middle of the 19th century. Polyudie was also charged in a number of other countries (for example, in African countries).
