Famous poet. Born September 21, 1824 in Voronezh, in the family of a tradesman, a candle merchant. In 1839 Nikitin entered the Voronezh seminary. During Nikitin's stay in it, his father's trading business was shaken, and he began to drink and show his ... Biographical Dictionary

Nikitin Ivan Savvich- (1824 61), Russian. poet. In the beginning. creative way (1849 53), continuing the motives of the romantic. lyrics of the 30s (loneliness among people, internal fatigue, consciousness of fruitlessly wasting spiritual forces), was under the great influence of L. St. 15 prod. N.… … Lermontov Encyclopedia

Nikitin Ivan Savvich- , Russian poet. Born into a family of a merchant. He studied at the theological seminary (until 1843). The ruin of his father forced N. to become the owner of the inn. In 1859, N. opened a bookstore, which became important ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

NIKITIN Ivan Savvich- (1824 61) Russian poet. Stories in verse about the bitter fate of the poor; civil and landscape lyrics (Rus, Morning). Poems (Fist, 3rd edition, 1858). The Prose Diary of a Seminarian (1860) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Nikitin, Ivan Savvich- NIKITIN Ivan Savvich (1824-61), Russian poet. Stories in verse about the bitter fate of the poor; civil and landscape lyrics (“Rus”, “Morning”). Poems (“Fist”, 3rd edition, 1858). Prose "The diary of a seminarian" (1860). … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Nikitin, Ivan Savvich- poet, b. September 21, 1824 in Voronezh; mind. On October 16, 1861, his great-grandfather, Nikita Gerasimov, and grandfather, Evtikhy Nikitin, were deacons of the Nativity Church in the village of Kazachya, Zasosensky camp, Zadonsky district, Voronezh province. Father… … Big biographical encyclopedia

Nikitin Ivan Savvich- for information about the artist of the same name, see the article Nikitin, Ivan Nikitich. Ivan Nikitin Ivan Savvich Nikitin (September 21 (October 3), 1824, Voronezh October 16 (28), 1861, ibid.) Russian poet. Contents ... Wikipedia

Nikitin Ivan Savvich- (1824 1861), Russian poet. Stories in verse about the bitter fate of the poor; landscape lyrics ("Rus", "Morning"). Poems ("Fist", 3rd ed., 1858). The prose Diary of a Seminarian (1860). * * * NIKITIN Ivan Savvich NIKITIN Ivan Savvich (1824 1861), ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

NIKITIN Ivan Savvich- (1824-61), Russian poet. Stories in verses from Nar. life (dates of creation), including "Quarrel", "The Coachman's Wife", "Burlak" (all - 1854), "A Merchant Was Driving From the Fair", "Dead Body" (both - 1858), "Old Servant "(1859)," Tailor "(1860); ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

Nikitin Ivan Savvich- Talented poet in Voronezh on 21 Oct. 1824, in a bourgeois family. He studied at the Theological School and the Seminary. The father, at first a rather wealthy merchant, hoped to send his son to the University, but his affairs were upset, and N. was forced to ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Books

• I. Nikitin. Poems, Nikitin I .. Readers are invited to a collection of poems by a Russian poet of the first half of XIX century I. S. Nikitin. Inspirational singer of Russian nature, native Voronezh landscapes, Ivan Savvich ... Buy for 294 rubles
• Two Frosts, Nikitin Ivan Savvich, Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich, Baratynsky Evgeny Abramovich. Winter. Snow-covered branches of trees; lakes and rivers encased in shiny ice; snowdrifts, frost… Russian poets and writers sang the beauty of winter nature in their works. The book contains…

Ivan Nikitin Career: Writer
Birth: Russia "Voronezh Region" Voronezh, 21.9.1824
Nikitin Ivan Savvich is a famous poet. Born September 21, 1824 in Voronezh, in the family of a tradesman, a candle merchant.

In 1839 Nikitin entered the Voronezh seminary. During Nikitin's stay in it, his father's trading business was shaken, and he began to drink and show his tough temper. Under the influence of his drunkenness and despotism, Nikitina's mother also began to drink. A devilishly heavy atmosphere was created in the house, and Nikitin in no way abandoned his studies. In 1843, he was dismissed "for lack of success, because of not attending the class." But, paying no attention to the studies, Nikitin in the seminary passionately devoted himself to reading. Having fallen in love with literature, carried away by Belinsky, filled with lofty aspirations and poetic dreams, Nikitin had to plunge immediately after leaving the seminary into the most difficult everyday prose and sit down at the counter in his father's candle shop. At this time, he began to drink even more. His building, candle factory and shop were sold. With the proceeds, Nikitin's father opened an inn. Nikitin began to manage there, performing all the duties of a janitor himself. Despite the difficult life situation, Nikitin did not sink spiritually. Surrounded by an environment that could not recognize him, he withdrew into himself. In November 1853, Nikitin sent three poems to Voronezh Gubernskiye Vedomosti. One of them - the patriotic "Rus" - brought the poet popularity in Voronezh. N.I., who then headed the Voronezh Gubernskie Vedomosti. Vtorov and K.O. Alexandrov-Dolnik, took an active part in Nikitin and introduced him to the circle of the local intelligentsia, which was grouped around them. Since 1854, Nikitin's poems began to appear in "Moskvityanin", "Notes of the Fatherland", "Library for Reading". The press treated the poet very sympathetically. Success, a mass of new impressions, the warm, friendly touch of Vtorov and the members of his circle had an encouraging effect on Nikitin, alienation and unsociableness disappeared, he was in a cheerful mood, like he worked uncut dogs. But the cheerful disposition was overshadowed by a disorder of health. In 1856, a collection of Nikitin's poems appeared, to which the critics reacted coolly or negatively. Chernyshevsky spoke most negatively about the collection in Sovremennik. Having entered the literary field, Nikitin did not change his life situation, continuing to maintain an inn even later in 1853. His father continued to drink, but family relationships in 1854 - 56 years improved slightly; the situation of the inn at the present time was no longer so oppressive to the poet, who rotated in a circle with all his heart of intelligent people located towards him. In 1854 - 56, Nikitin thoroughly worked on his self-education, as he read uncut dogs, he began to study the French language. After Vtorov’s departure from Voronezh in 1857, the one who became Nikitin’s closest friend, and after the collapse of the Vtorov’s circle, the poet with extreme acuteness again felt the burden of his life and family situation, a pessimistic disposition seized him with greater force, creative excitement was replaced by a sharp decline in creative strength, doubt in his talent. In 1858 Nikitin's long poem "The Fist" was published. Criticism met "Kulak" extremely sympathetically; among other things, Dobrolyubov treated the poem with enormous praise; The same happy moment "Fist" had with the public: less than a year after its release, it had already sold out, bringing Nikitin a rather important profit. Despite the oppressed disposition and morbid condition, Nikitin in 1857-58 still continued to sympathetically look after Russian literature, get acquainted with foreign literature, reading Cooper, Shakespeare, Hugo, Goethe, Chenier, began to study German, translating Schiller and Heine. In 1857-58, the poet collaborated in "Notes of the Fatherland" and "Russian Conversation". With the assistance of V.A. Kokorev, who loaned Nikitin 3,000 rubles, he opened a book shop and a library for reading in 1859. In 1859, Nikitin released a freshly baked collection of poems, which was met with criticism much colder than The Fist. Throughout 1859, the poet fell ill; a slight improvement in health alternated with deterioration. At the beginning of 1860, his health began to improve, his disposition became more cheerful, literary productivity rose, interest in public life rose again. In the summer of 1860 the poet visited Moscow

ve and Petrograd. Nikitin's book dealer was doing quite well. In the second half of 1860, Nikitin felt well, worked hard, wrote a large prose work, Diary of a Seminary, published in the Voronezh Conversation for 1861. and evoked sympathetic reviews from critics. Nikitin's state of health, which had deteriorated by the end of 1861, improved again by the beginning of 1861, and the rise of strength began again. He takes an active part in the meetings of M.F. De Poulet circle, in local cultural work, in the organization in Voronezh of the society for the promotion of literacy and in the institution Sunday schools. In 1859 - 1861, Nikitin published his works in "Notes of the Fatherland", "People's Reading", "Russian Word" and "Voronezh Conversation". In May 1861, Nikitin caught a very cold. This cold, exacerbating the tuberculous course, turned out to be fatal. For all the time of a long illness, the poet experienced the most severe physical suffering. Moral ones were added to them, the cause of which was dad, who continued, despite his son’s severe illness, news of an old lifestyle. Nikitin died on October 16, 1861. The earliest surviving works of Nikitin date back to 1849. Separation and concentration, developed by difficult living conditions, left their mark on Nikitin's work of 1849-1853. His poetic scope was limited; he mainly revolved in the realm of personal experiences, surrounding existence attracted nothing attention. Ignoring it, the poet once again painted something that he had never seen under any circumstances, in particular, the sea ("Night on the seashore", "In the west the light is burning", "When the Neva, bound by granite..."). In Nikitin's poetry, during that very period of time, a dazzling desire to comprehend being, a feeling of dissatisfaction with it, torment from its inconsistency with dreams and aspirations, dazzlingly manifested itself; reassurance to the poet was given by nature and religious faith, which reconciled him for a while with life ("Field", "Evening", "When sunset with farewell rays ...", "When the only one, in moments of reflection ...", " New Testament"etc.). But Nikitin, nevertheless, in 1849 - 1853 did not completely close himself in the sphere of personal feelings and experiences, in his work of this time the beginnings of interest in the life around him, the people are already noticeable, social motives are already sounding ("Silence of the Night" , "Leave your gloomy story", "Singer", "Vengeance", "Need"). Nikitin had not yet figured out public issues, he was official-patriotic ("Rus"), but he already saw evil in public life, was indignant against him, was indignant, already urged the poet to fight him ("Leave your unhappy alignment ...", "The Singer"). In 1849 - 1853, Nikitin was entirely at the mercy of literary influences. Koltsov's influence was most healthy, especially in relation to forms ("Spring on the steppe", "Rus", "Life and death", "Calmness", "Song", "Inheritance", etc.). Nikitin perfectly mastered the Koltsovskaya form and verse, and some of his poems in this regard are not inferior to Koltsov ("Spring on the Steppe", "Rus"). Along with the influence of Koltsov, in Nikitin's poetry 1849 - 1853, the influence of Lermontov is revealed ("Key", "When the sunset is with farewell rays ...", "South and North", "Dried Birch", "I remember the happy years ...", "I got bored with the luxury of brilliant fun .. ." etc.), Pushkin ("Forest", "War for Faith", etc.) and other poets. The influence of literary sources is very evident in the thoughts and ideas expressed by Nikitin in poems with a philosophical element, which occupied a fairly prominent position in his poetry of 1849-1853. In these poems, there is a passion for how much artificiality, rhetoric ("Duma", "Ruins", "Cemetery", "Bored with the luxury of brilliant fun ...", etc.). Personal experiences play a prominent image in the work of Nikitin and then in 1853, but along with them, the poet's great interest in the life around him, in folk and petty-bourgeois life and psychology, is revealed. After 1853, Nikitin's poetry also began to express, to a certain extent, local flavor, an ethnographic ingredient, and an interest in the history of the local region. The official-patriotic disposition that captured Nikitin even before 1854 is also manifested next (“The New Struggle”, “Donets”, “What a fine fellow he was.

..", "On the capture of Kars"), but leaves the poet by 1856. The religious mood, found in the work of Nikitin in 1849 - 1953, was quite strongly manifested in 1854 ("Prayer for the Chalice", "Sweetness of Prayer", "S.V. Chistyakova"), but then disappeared. In Nikitin's poetry in 1854 - 1856, just as before, the influence of other poets is visible: Koltsov ("Treason", "My yard is not wide ..." , "Bobyl", "What a fine fellow he was ...", "Get off, depression ...", "Who has no thought ..."), Lermontov ("Friend"), Pushkin ("Fist", "New struggle"), etc., but to a much lesser extent than before, the gravitation to go one's own way is more and more revealed. and members of his circle. By 1857, Nikitin had already completely defined himself as a poet. In his poetry after that year, social motives occupied a prominent position, but not scooped up all its content, he still devoted considerable sympathy to personal experiences and nature; the social ingredient did not suppress the artistic one. By 1861, the poetic forces of Nikitin, which had gradually developed, began to flourish magnificently, but death interrupted that very flowering; they didn't show up at all. Nikitin did not reveal all the possibilities hidden in him. The most significant place in Nikitin's poetry is occupied by poems dedicated to the depiction of folk life. They dazzlingly expressed the most sincere, deep love for the people, ardent sympathy for their plight, a passionate desire to improve their situation. But at the same time, Nikitin took a sober look at the population, did not idealize it, painted it truthfully, without hushing up dark sides, negative non-national character, in particular, rudeness, family despotism ("Stubborn father", "Corruption", "Delezh", etc.). Nikitin was in the full sense of the word a city dweller; although he visited the vicinity of Voronezh, he stayed on the estates of the landowners; in a real village, among the peasants, in the conditions of their life, he never lived. Nikitin was provided with material for depicting folk life and psychology, mainly by cab drivers who stopped at his inn, and in general by peasants who came to Voronezh. Limited field of observation folk life affected Nikitin's poetry, he did not draw a broad, comprehensive picture of the life of the people, did not reveal the fullness and diversity of folk psychology, but gave a system, although scattered, fragmentary, but lively pictures in which the socio-economic situation of the people, people's sorrows are truthfully depicted and sorrow, some aspects of folk life, the characteristic features of folk psychology and morals are rightly noticed ("Vengeance", "Old Man-Friend", "Quarrel", "Coachman's Wife", "Stubborn Father", "Merchant at the Bee-Hand", "Burlak" , "Corruption" ("Illness"), "The Story of a Peasant Woman", "Delezh", "Departure of the Coachman", "Headman", "Midnight", "Dark in the Gorenka ...", "Beggar", "Village Poor", "Spinner", "A merchant was driving from the fair ...", "Dead body", "Old servant", "A lady is sitting behind a spinning wheel ..."). Along with the peasantry, Nikitin paid considerable attention to the philistinism, dedicating the poem "The Fist" to it. It is stretched beyond measure, some types are outlined palely, but the hero of the poem, a philistine fist, is outlined superbly, a true and vivid description of philistinism and its psychology is given. In the development of the social element in Nikitin's work, Nekrasov played a well-known image, but his influence was not the main force that gave orientation to Nikitin's poetry, determined it, and in general was not extremely significant. Despite the similarity of motives and moods, it almost lacks such characteristic features of Nekrasov's muse as satire and irony. (Enthusiastic worship of Nekrasov, his passion for poetry in 1857 was replaced in Nikitin in 1960 by a roughly negative attitude towards him, expressed in the poem "The Poet-Revealer".) A social poet, Nikitin gave a few poems that are uplifted by sincerity, the depth of social feelings, the strength of civic sorrow, creative upsurge ("Conversations", "Familiar visions again! ..", "Our time is shamefully perishing! .."). The image is subjective

x experiences, Nikitin managed to achieve a hefty feeling, strength and beauty, as, in particular, in the famous poem "A deep hole was dug with a spade ...", which is not only best creation poet, but also belongs to the most remarkable and touching works of Russian poetry. From childhood, Nikitin fell in love with nature, could merge with it, feel its soul, recognize the shades of its colors and gave a system of beautiful and vivid paintings of it, in which he showed himself to be a talented landscape painter ("Evening after this rain", "Storm", "Morning", "October 19", "The stars have crumbled, they tremble and burn ...", "The day is twilight. It is getting dark in the forest ...", "In the dark thicket, the nightingale fell silent ...", "Remember? - with scarlet edges ... " and etc.). The diary of a seminarian, which remains Nikitin's only attempt to test his strength in artistic prose, shows that in this area he could occupy a prominent position among contemporary realist writers of everyday life. The diary of a seminarian, published before Pomyalovsky's famous Essays on the Bursa, was of great social importance for its time: Nikitin illuminated a region that was still almost unaffected at that time. Nikitin's work is closely connected with his life and personality, there is more than enough of an autobiographical element in it. Heavy, gloomy, with only small and few gaps, Nikitin's being, often aggravated and tormented by his infirmity, left a solid imprint on his work: joyless tones predominate in it, deep depression and sorrow run like a red thread ("Another single extinct day ..." , "I remember the happy years ...", "I made friends with a harsh fate ahead of time ...", "In the forest", "In the garden", "Lampadka", "Irreplaceable, priceless loss! ..", "Childhood merry, children's dreams...", "Poor youth, gloomy days...", "A deep hole dug with a spade...", etc.). The source of Nikitin's grief was not only personal living conditions, but the whole surrounding existence with its irreconcilable social contrasts, with its evil, horror and human suffering. Along with sadness and sorrow, others characteristic features Nikitin's poetry are: simplicity, sincerity, feeling, humanity and drama. In terms of their artistic merits, Nikitin's works are very unequal: among his poems, especially before 1854, there are quite a lot of weak ones, which are more prose expressed in verse than poetry, but, along with this, he has a system of poems clothed in an elegant art form, full of poetic feeling, written with beautiful musical verses. In general, Nikitin was not a very large figure in terms of his artistic talent, but his poetry is uplifted by the humanism that penetrates it, by deep sincerity, feeling and height of spiritual disposition. This edge of Nikitin's poetry attracted public sympathy for him and created wide popularity.

Ivan was born in the family of a candle merchant Savva Evtikhievich Nikitin (-).

Creation

The earliest surviving poems date back to 1849, many of which are imitative. He made his debut in print with the poem "Rus", written in 1851, but published in the Voronezh Gubernskiye Vedomosti only on November 21, 1853, that is, after the start of the Crimean War. The patriotic pathos of the poem made it very topical. December 11, 1853 it was reprinted in the newspaper "S.-Petersburgskie Vedomosti" with the following comment:

Isn't it true that something familiar is heard in this poem, in the feeling with which it is imbued, in the methods, in the texture of the verse? Is Koltsov destined to resurrect in the city of Nikitin? .

In the future, Nikitin's poems were published in the magazines Moskvyatyanin, Domestic Notes and other publications.

The first separate collection () included poems on a variety of topics, from religious to social. The collection has received mixed reviews. The second collection of poems was published in 1859. The prose "Diary of a seminarian" was published in the "Voronezh Conversation for 1861" ().

Nikitin is considered the master of the Russian poetic landscape and Koltsov's successor. The main themes in Nikitin's poetry are native nature, hard work and hopeless life of the peasants, the suffering of the urban poor, protest against the unfair arrangement of life.

Basically, he, being courageously restrained and cautious, apparently, in the most secret, deeply hidden, hid his human suffering behind a sense of beauty in nature. The more piercing nature sounded in him, and he in it, the deeper it all sank into the soul of the reader.

Poem "Fist"

The largest poetic work of Nikitin, the poem "The Fist", was begun in October 1854. The first edition was completed by September 1856. The second edition, to which the poet made significant corrections, was completed by the beginning of 1857. The first publication was a separate edition in (date of censorship permission - August 25, 1857).

The word "kulak" at the time of Nikitin meant not a prosperous peasant, as was established later, but a completely different social type. According to Dahl, the kulak is “a dealer, a reseller ... in bazaars and marinas, he himself is penniless, he lives by deceit, calculation, measurement.” In the center of Nikitin's poem is the image of just such a fist, the Voronezh tradesman Karp Lukich. This ruined merchant struggles to earn a living by petty fraud in the market, cannot get out of severe poverty, drinks and tyrannizes his household. The poet shows us in different life situations character of this person inner life his home, the fate of his household (wife and daughter). The poem has strong autobiographical features: main character and his wife in many ways resemble the poet's parents.

The poem evoked favorable reviews from Dobrolyubov and other critics. In an anonymous review of the Moscow Review, it was said:

Several dramatic scenes, sometimes genuine comedy and always a warm feeling of universal love... live transmission In fact, typically outlined characters and wonderful descriptions of nature complete the charm produced by this fresh and truly poetic creation of a young, but already very creatively deployed writer.

Nikitin's poetry and Russian musical culture

More than 60 songs and romances were written to Nikitin's words, many by very famous composers (Napravnik, Kalinnikov, Rimsky-Korsakov). Some of Nikitin's poems, set to music, have become popular folk songs. The most famous is “Ukhar the Merchant” (“The Ukhar Merchant Went to the Fair ...”), which, however, underwent reduction and alteration in the folk version, which completely changed the moral meaning of the poem.

Memory

• In Voronezh, in 1911, a monument to the poet was erected on Nikitinskaya Square according to the project of the sculptor I. A. Shuklin.
• In Voronezh, in the house where the poet lived since 1846, since 1924, the Nikitin Literary Memorial House Museum (Voronezh Regional Literary Museum named after I. S. Nikitin) has been operating.
• A street in the city of Voronezh is named after Ivan Savvich.
• Voronezh regional universal scientific Library is named after the poet.
• There is Nikitin street in Lipetsk.
• There is Nikitin street in Novosibirsk. Many Novosibirsk residents mistakenly believe that the name of the street is dedicated to Afanasy Nikitin.
• In Voronezh, there is a gymnasium named after I. S. Nikitin.
• In and 1974, postage stamps with the image of I. S. Nikitin were issued in the USSR.
• In 2011, for the 425th anniversary of Voronezh, the Russian Post issued a postcard depicting the monument to I. S. Nikitin (sculptor I. A. Shuklin).
• In Barnaul there is Nikitin street.

• Postage stamps of the USSR

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An excerpt characterizing Nikitin, Ivan Savvich

Prince Andrei felt that either of all the affairs that occupied the Minister of War, the actions of the Kutuzov army could least of all interest him, or the Russian courier had to be made to feel this. But I don't care, he thought. The Minister of War moved the rest of the papers, smoothed their edges with edges, and raised his head. He had an intelligent and characteristic head. But at the same moment he turned to Prince Andrei, the intelligent and firm expression on the face of the Minister of War, apparently, habitually and consciously changed: on his face there was a stupid, feigned, not hiding his pretense, smile of a man who accepts many petitioners one after another .
- From General Field Marshal Kutuzov? - he asked. “Good news, I hope?” Was there a collision with Mortier? Victory? It's time!
He took the dispatch, which was in his name, and began to read it with a sad expression.
- Oh my god! My God! Schmit! he said in German. What a misfortune, what a misfortune!
Having run through the dispatch, he laid it on the table and looked at Prince Andrei, apparently thinking something.
- Oh, what a misfortune! Deal, you say, decisive? Mortier is not taken, however. (He thought.) I am very glad that you brought good news, although the death of Schmitt is a dear price for victory. His Majesty will certainly wish to see you, but not today. Thank you, take a rest. Be at the exit after the parade tomorrow. However, I will let you know.
The stupid smile that had disappeared during the conversation reappeared on the face of the Minister of War.
- Goodbye, thank you very much. Sovereign Emperor will probably wish to see you,” he repeated and bowed his head.
When Prince Andrei left the palace, he felt that all the interest and happiness brought to him by victory had now been abandoned by him and transferred into the indifferent hands of the Minister of War and the courteous adjutant. His whole frame of mind instantly changed: the battle seemed to him a long-standing, distant memory.

Prince Andrei stayed in Brunn with his acquaintance, the Russian diplomat Bilibin.
“Ah, dear prince, there is no nicer guest,” said Bilibin, going out to meet Prince Andrei. “Franz, the prince’s things in my bedroom!” - he turned to the servant who saw off Bolkonsky. - What, the herald of victory? Wonderful. And I'm sick, as you can see.
Prince Andrei, having washed and dressed, went out into the luxurious office of the diplomat and sat down to the prepared dinner. Bilibin calmly sat down by the fireplace.
Prince Andrei, not only after his journey, but also after the entire campaign, during which he was deprived of all the comforts of purity and elegance of life, experienced nice feeling rest among those luxurious living conditions to which he was accustomed from childhood. In addition, after the Austrian reception, he was pleased to talk, if not in Russian (they spoke French), but with a Russian person who, he assumed, shared the general Russian disgust (now felt especially vividly) for the Austrians.
Bilibin was a man of about thirty-five, single, of the same society as Prince Andrei. They had known each other in St. Petersburg, but they got to know each other even more closely during Prince Andrei's last visit to Vienna with Kutuzov. As Prince Andrei was a young man, promising to go far in the military field, so, and even more so, Bilibin promised in the diplomatic one. He was still a young man, but no longer a young diplomat, since he began to serve at the age of sixteen, he had been in Paris, in Copenhagen, and now occupied a rather significant place in Vienna. Both the chancellor and our envoy in Vienna knew him and cherished him. He was not one of those many diplomats who are obliged to have only negative virtues, not to do famous things and speak French in order to be very good diplomats; he was one of those diplomats who love and know how to work, and, despite his laziness, he sometimes spent his nights at his desk. He worked equally well, whatever the essence of the work. He was not interested in the question “why?”, but in the question “how?”. What the diplomatic matter was, he did not care; but to draw up skillfully, aptly and gracefully a circular, memorandum or report - in this he found great pleasure. Bilibin's merits were valued, except written works, and also by his art of addressing and speaking in higher spheres.
Bilibin loved conversation just as he loved work, only when the conversation could be elegantly witty. In society, he constantly waited for an opportunity to say something remarkable and entered into a conversation only under these conditions. Bilibin's conversation was constantly sprinkled with originally witty, complete phrases of common interest.
These phrases were prepared in Bilibin's internal laboratory, as if on purpose, of a portable nature, so that insignificant secular people could conveniently memorize them and transfer them from living rooms to living rooms. And indeed, les mots de Bilibine se colportaient dans les salons de Vienne, [Bilibin's reviews diverged in Viennese living rooms] and often had an impact on so-called important matters.
His thin, emaciated, yellowish face was all covered with large wrinkles, which always seemed to be as cleanly and painstakingly washed as the tips of fingers after a bath. The movements of these wrinkles constituted the main play of his physiognomy. Now his forehead was wrinkled in wide folds, his eyebrows went up, then his eyebrows went down, and large wrinkles formed on his cheeks. Deep-set, small eyes always looked directly and cheerfully.
“Well, now tell us your exploits,” he said.
Bolkonsky in the most modest way, never mentioning himself, told the case and the reception of the Minister of War.
- Ils m "ont recu avec ma nouvelle, comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles, [They accepted me with this news, as they accept a dog when it interferes with the game of skittles,] he concluded.
Bilibin grinned and loosened the folds of his skin.
- Cependant, mon cher, - he said, examining his nail from afar and picking up the skin above his left eye, - malgre la haute estime que je professe pour le Orthodox Russian army, j "avoue que votre victoire n" est pas des plus victorieuses. [However, my dear, with all due respect to the Orthodox Russian army, I believe that your victory is not the most brilliant.]
He continued the same way French, pronouncing in Russian only those words that he contemptuously wanted to emphasize.
- How? You, with all your weight, attacked the unfortunate Mortier with one division, and this Mortier is slipping between your hands? Where is the victory?
“However, speaking seriously,” answered Prince Andrei, “we can still say without boasting that this is a little better than Ulm ...
“Why didn’t you take us one, at least one marshal?”
- Because not everything is done as expected, and not as regularly as in the parade. We thought, as I told you, to go to the rear by seven o'clock in the morning, and did not arrive even at five in the evening.
"Why didn't you come at seven o'clock in the morning?" You should have come at seven o'clock in the morning, - Bilibin said smiling, - you should have come at seven o'clock in the morning.
“Why didn’t you convince Bonaparte by diplomatic means that it was better for him to leave Genoa? - Prince Andrei said in the same tone.
“I know,” Bilibin interrupted, “you think it’s very easy to take marshals while sitting on the sofa in front of the fireplace.” It's true, but still, why didn't you take it? And do not be surprised that not only the Minister of War, but also the august emperor and King Franz will not be very happy with your victory; and I, the unfortunate secretary of the Russian embassy, ​​do not feel any need to give my Franz a thaler as a token of joy and let him go with his Liebchen [darling] to the Prater ... True, there is no Prater here.
He looked directly at Prince Andrei and suddenly pulled the collected skin off his forehead.
“Now it’s my turn to ask you why, my dear,” said Bolkonsky. - I confess that I don’t understand, maybe there are diplomatic subtleties beyond my weak mind, but I don’t understand: Mack loses an entire army, Archduke Ferdinand and Archduke Karl do not give any signs of life and make mistakes after mistakes, finally, one Kutuzov wins a real victory, destroys the charme [charm] of the French, and the Minister of War is not even interested in knowing the details.

Biography

Born in the family of a candle merchant Savva Evtikhievich Nikitin (1793-1864). He studied at the Voronezh Theological Seminary. The seminary gave Nikitin a lot, but the young man did not like the bureaucratic and boring system of education, and he would later express his attitude to this way of life in The Diaries of a Seminarian (1861).

In 1844, Nikitin's father bought an inn on Kirochnaya Street and settled here with his son and family. However, the drunkenness and violent nature of his father led the family to ruin, forcing Nikitin to leave the seminary and become the owner of the inn.

After the first publications Nikitin entered the circle of local intelligentsia, formed around Nikolai Ivanovich Vtorov. close friends Nikitina Vtorov himself and another member of the circle, Mikhail Fedorovich De-Poulet (future executor, biographer and editor of editions of Nikitin's works) became.

Remaining the owner of the inn, Nikitin I did a lot of self-education, studying French and German languages, as well as works by Russian and foreign writers (Shakespeare, Schiller, Goethe, Hugo and others). In 1859, Nikitin took advantage of a loan of 3,000 rubles, obtained through the mediation of friends from the famous businessman and philanthropist Vasily Aleksandrovich Kokorev, and opened a bookstore with a reading room in the center of Voronezh, which quickly became one of the centers of the cultural life of the city.

Died Nikitin from consumption on October 16, 1861 in Voronezh, where he was buried. Over time, the cemetery was liquidated, a circus was built in its place. The grave of I. S. Nikitin and several other graves, one of which is the burial of another famous poet A. V. Koltsov, were not touched. This place is fenced and is called "Literary Necropolis".

Poems

Hours, weeks and years go by...
There are bright moments...
Spring in the steppe
The evening is clear and quiet..
Eternity
A deep hole dug with a spade ...
Grandfather
Day and night I'm waiting to meet you...
Village poor
child
Life
How easy it is for me...
To slanderers
When sunset with farewell rays...
When alone, in moments of reflection...
Forest
Time moves slowly...
Prayer
Monastery
The sun is shining in the west...
Don't cry, my friend!.
Do not repeat the cold reproach.
Irreplaceable, priceless loss!
Beggar
Night
Turn
Song of the bean
Shamefully our time is perishing!
I joked...
Ruins
conversations
Rus
The harsh cold of strict life ...
Yearning
We bear a heavy cross, brothers...
Privacy
Didn't I ask you, my dear, ...
We got along a little - we got to know each other ...
South and North

The remarkable Russian poet lived during the time of Tsarist Russia in the nineteenth century in a difficult pre-reform period. This circumstance had a huge impact on the development of his talent and on all his work. FROM early childhood he was familiar with the life of ordinary people and serfs filled with hardships and suffering. In all his creations, the lack of rights, hopelessness, need and hard work of people from the lower classes, to which an overwhelmingly large proportion of the Russian population belonged, are fully reflected.

The poet sincerely sympathized with the representatives of these estates and treated them in accordance with Christian traditions, supporting those in need only with a kind word, but also providing them with real help. The main part of the writer's work is a poetic landscape lyrics, which, among other things, contains a religious bias and has a philosophical focus. In terms of his creative style, he is the successor to the traditions laid down by Koltsov.

The poet came from a merchant family

Ivan Savvich Nikitin was born on October 3, 1824 in Voronezh into a poor but well-to-do merchant family. His father was the owner of a small candle factory, which would be more properly called a handicraft workshop. He had a shop where he sold candles.

A shoemaker taught him to read and write

Little Ivan mastered reading and writing early. A neighbor who was a shoemaker helped him in this. Only after learning how to fold letters, Ivan began to compose his first poems.

Seminary studies

When Ivan was eight years old, his father sent him to a religious school. After graduating from college, he expressed a desire to be a priest and entered the seminary. The seminary played a big role in the formation of the poet, but he was not satisfied with the existing education system and the rules adopted there. He would later write about this in The Diaries of a Seminarian.

While studying at the seminary, Nikitin became seriously interested in poetry and composed a lot himself. Passion for literature opened up new horizons for him, he managed to break out of the petty-bourgeois worldview and gain inner freedom.

Inn owner

Seminary Ivan Nikitin never graduated. His father's heavy temper and drunkenness eventually ended in ruin. Then his mother died. The circumstances forced Ivan to abandon his studies and start maintaining the inn, which was bought instead of the sold plant. For more than ten years he has been constantly communicating with visiting people who represented different social groups and classes.

He also had to do menial work, including sweeping the yard. Then for a long time it was necessary to pay the accumulated debts. But in spite of everything, the aspiring poet did not abandon his passion for literature and continued to write poetry. He never found support and approval of creativity from his father, who was an adherent of petty-bourgeois views.

First publications

For the first time Ivan Nikitin decided to publish his poems in 1853. They were published in the newspaper "Gubernskiye Vedomosti" published in Voronezh. Soon, poems of patriotic content appeared on the pages of other publications, which was very important, since in those years there was Crimean War. In 1856, the first collection of Nikitin's poems was published. The next collection comes out in 1859. Critics put Nikitin's work on the same level as Koltsov and saw in him a master of landscape and a singer of the hard lot of the common people.

In 1857, the poet completed work on the poem "The Fist", which was a great success with readers and received recognition and high marks from critics. Its protagonist, the tradesman Karp Lukic, was a bankrupt merchant who lived off petty deceit and could not get out of poverty. In the family, he was a real despot and a deep drunkard. The hero of the poem strongly resembled Father Nikitin in terms of character.

Opening of a bookstore by Nikitin in Voronezh

In 1859, thanks to the assistance of friends, the poet takes a loan in the amount of three thousand rubles, since his own fees were not enough to realize his plan. With this money, he opens a bookstore in Voronezh. A reading room was organized at this store, which allowed it to become one of the main centers of culture in Voronezh.

Illness and death

In 1855, Ivan Nikitin fell seriously ill after catching a cold while swimming. The disease dragged on and developed into consumption. In the spring of 1861, he again caught a serious cold, which caused a sharp deterioration in his general health. Tuberculous process has accelerated significantly. The level of medicine of those years practically did not leave hope for recovery. The poet died on October 16 of the same year at the age of only 37 years. They buried him in Voronezh, where the poet lived his entire short life.

Reflection of the poet's work in musical culture

His works perfectly fit the music and have served as a source of inspiration for many Russian composers. More than 60 songs and romances were composed to Nikitin's poems, many of which became popular. There are songs that have become folk songs. Perhaps the most famous of them is "Ukhar-merchant". Here, however, it should be noted that the text of the folk version of the song has undergone significant changes that have affected the original semantic content.

memory of a poet

• Streets in Voronezh, Lipetsk, Novosibirsk are named after Ivan Nikitin.
• In 1911, a monument to the poet was opened on Nikitinskaya Square in Voronezh, the project of which was developed by the sculptor I.A. Shuklin.
• In 1924, in Voronezh, in the house where Ivan Nikitin had lived since 1846, the Nikitin Literary and Memorial House-Museum was established.
• One of the gymnasiums in Voronezh is named after the poet.
• In the USSR, postage stamps with the image of Nikitin were issued, and in 2011 the Russian Post issued a circulation of postcards, which depict the above-mentioned monument to the poet in Voronezh.