The state, founded by the Germans in the Baltic region, has reached its natural limits: from the north and west, the sea, from the east and south, strong peoples, i.e. Russia and Lithuania. It seemed that for him the time had come for a peaceful internal development. But it wasn't really like that. External enemies threatened from all sides. The Danish king did not at all think of abandoning his claims to Estonia; Novgorod Russia was only waiting for an opportunity to recover its losses; in the south, Lithuanian power, dangerous for the Germans, arose; conquered tribes were held back from rebellion only by the fear of cruel retribution. Meanwhile, the influx of crusaders from Germany was gradually decreasing, and the Livonian Germans had to be content with almost their own means in the fight against the surrounding enemies. With the death of Bishop Albert, that mind and that iron will, which still kept the diverse composition of the new state in unity, left the historical scene. After Albert, the Order of the Sword-bearers was already clearly striving to become superior to their fief master, the Bishop of Riga, and to turn the conquered land into their direct possession, i.e. put Livonia to itself in the same relationship in which Prussia was then to the Order of the Teutonic Knights. Hence, it is natural why the Livonian Order began to seek support from this side. As soon as Albert had time to depart into eternity, Master Volkvin sent ambassadors to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Hermann Saltz with a proposal for a close alliance and even a merger of two neighboring orders.

The conquest of Prussia by the Poles, once begun by Boleslaw the Brave and some of his successors, was lost during the fragmentation of Poland into appanages and internal turmoil. Moreover, the Polish regions themselves began to suffer from invasions and robberies of neighboring Prussians, and the Polish princes, who opposed the pagans, often suffered defeat from them. At the same time, the missionaries' attempts to continue the work begun by Voitekh and Brun remained futile for a long time; some of them also found a painful death in Prussia. Only two centuries after these two, the apostles, i.e. at the beginning of the 13th century, a monk from the Danzig Cistercian monastery, named Christian, managed to establish a Christian community in the Prussian Kulmia, which lay on the right side of the Vistula and went into a wedge between the Slavs of Poland and Pomerania. This Christian had to some extent the same significance for Prussia as Albert Buxhoeveden had for Livonia. The famous Pope Innocent III elevated him to the dignity of a Prussian bishop, entrusted him with the patronage of the Archbishop of Gniezno, as well as the princes of Poland and Pomerania, and generally gave the same active, skillful support to the establishment of the Catholic Church in Prussia, as in Livonia.

In the neighboring Polish region of Mazovia, Konrad then reigned, the youngest son of Casimir the Just, who was not distinguished by any valor. Taking advantage of his weakness, the Prussians intensified their attack on his lands. Instead of a courageous defense, Konrad began to pay off their raids. On this occasion they even tell the following trait. Once, not having the means to satisfy the greed of the robbers, he invited his nobles to his feast with their wives and children, during the feast he ordered to secretly pick up the horses and outerwear of the guests and send it all to the Prussians. Under such circumstances, the cowardly Conrad willingly followed the advice of Bishop Christian and voluntarily installed in his land the worst enemies of the Slavs, the Germans. The idea was given by the successes of the newly founded Order of the Sword in Livonia. At first, Conrad and Christian, with the permission of the pope, tried to establish their own order to fight the pagans. Their order received Dobryn Castle on the Vistula and the right to half of all the lands that it conquered in Prussia. But he was too weak for such a task and soon suffered such a severe defeat from the Prussians that he did not dare to go beyond the walls of his castle. Then Konrad, on the advice of Christian and some of the Polish bishops and nobles, decided to call on the Order of the Teutonic Order to tame the fierce neighbors.

The history of the Teutonic Order before arriving in the Baltics

Hermann von Salza. Sculpture in Malbork castle

This order was founded by the Germans shortly before that time in Palestine, in honor of the Mother of God, following the example of the Italian Johnites and the French Templars. He took monastic vows with the obligation to go after the sick and fight the infidels. True, his exploits in Palestine did little to help Kingdom of Jerusalem; but he was endowed with various possessions in Germany and Italy. Its importance has risen a lot, thanks in particular to the grandmaster Hermann Salz, who knew how to earn the same respect from both Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and his opponents, that is, the popes. In 1225, the ambassadors of the Prince of Mazovia came to him in southern Italy and offered the Order to move to the Kulm and Lubavskaya regions under the condition of war with the Prussian pagans. Such a proposal, of course, could not fail to please the grandmaster; but he was in no hurry with his consent, taught by experience. Around that time, the Ugric king Andrew II in the same way called on the Teutonic knights to fight the Polovtsy and gave the order the possession of the Transylvania region; but then, noticing the danger that threatened from the installation of a military and power-hungry German squad, he hastened to remove the Teutons from his kingdom. Obviously, the Ugrians had a greater instinct for self-preservation than the Poles.

The Teutonic grandmaster did not so much care about the baptism of the pagans as he had in mind to found his own independent principality. He began by asking the Order of Emperor Frederick for a letter of full possession of the Kulm land and all future conquests in Prussia; for according to the then German concepts, Poland itself was considered a fief of the German Empire. Salza wanted to put the future principality under the direct rule of the empire, and not of Poland. Then he entered into lengthy negotiations with Konrad of Mazowiecki on the conditions for transferring the order to the Kulm region. The fruit of these negotiations was a whole series of acts and letters, by which the short-sighted Polish prince granted the Teutons various rights and privileges. Only in 1228, for the first time, a significant detachment of Teutonic knights under the command of the provincial master Herman Balk appeared on the borders of Poland and Prussia to take the Kulm land into the possession of the order. Before embarking on the fight against the pagans, the Germans continued their negotiations with Konrad until the agreement of 1230 received from him confirmation of the eternal, unconditional possession of this area. At the same time, they tried to protect themselves from the claims of the aforementioned Prussian Bishop Christian, who thought that the Teutonic Order would be in the same relationship with him as the Livonian Order was with the Bishop of Riga. For the first time, the order recognized the fief rights of the bishop to the Kulm land and undertook to pay him a small tribute for it. A favorable event for the order soon helped him to completely free himself from these fief relations. The bishop of Christians, with a small retinue, inadvertently went deep into the land of the pagans to preach the Gospel and was captured, in which he languished for about nine years. The cunning Herman Salza, who remained in Italy and managed the affairs of the order from there, persuaded Pope Gregory IX to recognize the Prussian possessions of the Teutons as a direct spiritual fief of the papal throne, which eliminated the claims of the Bishop of Kulm. In addition, with the consent of the pope, the remains of the Dobrynsky knights and their estates were included in the Teutonic Order. In this region, as well as in the land of the Baltic and Polabian Slavs, the Catholic Church was the main ally of Germanization.

Knights of the Teutonic Order in Prussia

The supreme patron of the order, the pope, zealously called on crusaders from neighboring countries, Poland, Pomerania, Holstein, Gotland, and others, to a common struggle against the Prussian pagans and granted these crusaders the same privileges and absolution of sins as those who went to Palestine. His call did not go unanswered. In Western and Central Europe of that time, the belief was still strong that nothing was more pleasing to God than the conversion of pagans to Christianity, even by means of a sword and fire, and that this was the surest way to wash away all past sins from oneself. The Teutonic Knights began the conquest and forcible christening of Prussia with the help of neighboring Catholic sovereigns who brought crusader squads, especially with the help of the Slavic princes of Poland and Pomerania, who, more than the Germans, worked in favor of Germanization. The knights secured their every step by building stone castles and, above all, of course, tried to take possession of the lower reaches of the Vistula. Here, Torun was the first order stronghold, followed by Helmno (Kulm), Marienwerder, Elbing, etc. The Prussians defended stubbornly, but could not resist the new force, which enjoyed the superiority of military art, weapons, unity of action and, in general, was excellently organized. In order to further strengthen its dominion, along with the construction of fortresses, the order actively established German colonization, calling settlers to their cities, giving them trade and industrial benefits, and, in addition, distributing plots of land on fief rights to settlers of the military class. For approval new faith The Germans paid special attention to the younger generation: they tried to capture children and send them to Germany, where the latter received education in the hands of the clergy so that, returning to their homeland, to be zealous missionaries of Catholicism and Germanization. During the conquest of Prussia, almost the same cruelties, devastation and enslavement of the natives were repeated, which we saw during the conquest of Livonia and Estonia.

The Livonian master Volkvin turned to this Teutonic, or Prussian, order with a proposal to join his forces and sent ambassadors to Italy to the grand master for this. But the first proposal was made at a time when the Teutonic Order had barely settled in the Kulm region and was just beginning its conquest. Livonia was separated from it by the still independent Lithuanian tribes; the union of two knightly orders could also lead to the union of their enemies for a common rebuff. Herman Salza so far prudently declined the offer, but did not lose hope. A few years later, negotiations on the connection resumed, and in Marburg - the main German shelter of the Teutons - a meeting of the order chapter was held in the presence of Volkvin's ambassadors. Here the majority of the Teutons spoke out against the unification. Their order consisted mainly of members of the old noble families, from people tempered, pious, proud of their vows and severe discipline; while the ranks of the Sword-bearers were filled with the sons of the Bremen and other Low German traders, various seekers of adventure and booty, superfluous people in their homeland. A rumor had already penetrated into Germany about their dissolute life and such despotic treatment of the natives, which made Christianity itself hateful for the latter and forced them sometimes to return to paganism. The Teutons looked down on the Swordsmen and were afraid to humiliate their order with such camaraderie. From Marburg, the matter was again transferred to Italy for consideration by the grandmaster. Hermann Salza this time turned out to be more disposed towards the connection and submitted the question of him for permission to Pope Gregory IX.

Meanwhile, an event occurred that hastened the matter. Master Volkvin with a strong army undertook a campaign into the wilderness of Lithuanian lands. The Lithuanians secretly gathered in the surrounding forests, from where they suddenly came out and surrounded the Germans from all sides. A desperate battle took place on the day of Mauritius in September 1236. In vain the knights exclaimed: "Forward, with the help of St. Mauritius!" They were completely defeated. Master Volkvin himself, forty-eight order knights and many free crusaders remained at the battle site. The order was saved only by the fact that Lithuania did not take advantage of its victory and, instead of moving to Livonia, turned against Russia. After that, the Sword-bearers intensified their requests for a union, which was finally accomplished by their ambassadors with the permission of Gregory IX at his residence in Viterbo, in May 1237. The Livonian knights accepted the charter of the Teutonic Order; they had to change their order cloak with a red sword to a Teutonic white robe with a black cross on the left shoulder.

The governor of Salz in Prussia, Hermann Balk, was appointed the first regional master (landmaster) in Livonia. One of his first acts here was the conclusion of an agreement with Voldemar II. In a dispute between the order and the Danish king over Estonia, the pope leaned towards the king, and the grand master yielded. According to the concluded agreement, the order returned to Denmark the coastal regions of the Gulf of Finland, Verria with the city of Wesenberg and Harry with Reval. In the latter city, Valdemar appointed a special bishop for his Estonian possessions. But he was no longer able to force out of here German knights who received land and various privileges from the order. On the contrary, in order to win over this military estate, he tried to satisfy its greed and lust for power with new privileges and rights to enslave the natives. In general, Danish rule existed in that region for about a century, but did not take deep roots. Herman Balk restored the importance of the Swordsmen by a successful war with neighboring Novgorod Rus. But soon both he and the grandmaster of Salza himself died (1239).

Joint wars of the Teutonic and Livonian orders in the Baltics

The affairs of the united order went from bad to worse. He had to fight at the same time with Russia, Lithuania and his former ally - the Pomeranian prince Svyatopolk. The new Livonian Landmaster Von Heimburg suffered especially sensitive defeats from the Russian hero Alexander Nevsky. These defeats were joined by a desperate uprising of the Curons and Semigallians. Both tribes, as we have seen, quite easily submitted to German rule and received priests. But they soon became convinced that the missionaries' promises to leave their property and personal freedom in peace were only empty words, that German rule and German Christianity meant all sorts of requisitions and oppression. Taking advantage of the cramped position of the order, the Curons rebelled; they killed their bishop and those priests whom they managed to seize into their hands, drove out or killed the Germans who settled between them and entered into an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Mindovg. The Semigallians also revolted behind them.

Dietrich von Grüningen succeeded in crushing this uprising, whom the new Teutonic grandmaster Heinrich von Hohenlohe appointed as Landmaster in Livonia and provided him with significant military resources. The stern, energetic Grüningen, with fire and sword, traversed the land of the Curonians and, with terrible devastation, forced them to ask for peace. They had already managed to return to their old gods, but now they were forced to hand over the hostages and again perform the rite of baptism (1244). The following year, the war resumed when Mindovg came to the aid of the oppressed with the Lithuanian army. However, in a decisive battle on the heights of Amboten, he was defeated.

Conquests of the Teutonic Order in the Baltics. Map

Having again conquered Curonia and Zemgalia, the Germans established their dominion here by strengthening the old native cities and building new stone castles on the outskirts and inland in all key points. Thus, arose: Vindava, at the mouth of the river of the same name, Pilten, higher on the right bank of the same river, even higher - Goldingen on its left bank, opposite the place where it forms a picturesque waterfall; further Dondangen and Angernminde on the northern outskirts of Kuronia; Gazenpot, Grobin and the newly fortified Amboten in the south, on the borders with Lithuania, etc. Some of these castles became the residence of commanders and vogts, i.e. order or episcopal governors, equipped with sufficient armed force to maintain obedience in their districts. Around that time, the German fortresses of Selburg on the left bank of the Dvina and Bauska, on the border with Lithuania, at the confluence of the Musa with the Memel, appeared in Zemgalia around that time. This confluence forms the river Aa (Semigalskaya, or Kuronskaya), on the left bank of which, among the lowlands, the foundation of the Mitavsky castle was soon laid. With the new conquest of the Curons and Zemgales, they were already deprived of the rights that were promised to them by the original treaties. The Germans took advantage of the uprising to enslave them completely, i.e. turn into the same serfdom, which has already been established in Livonia and Estonia. Thus, the Livonian Order, thanks to the connection with the Teutonic Order, managed to consolidate the hitherto shaky German dominion in the Baltic region, repel hostile neighbors and completely enslave the native peoples. With the help of the same connection, he almost achieved the goal of his other aspirations: he became more independent in relation to the episcopal power and to the clergy in general, recognizing over himself only the supreme, very remote power of the emperor and pope. But his struggle with the bishops, which subsided during external danger, subsequently resumed due to disputed fiefs, incomes and various privileges.

In this struggle, the city of Riga received a very prominent place. Due to its advantageous position on a large trade route, as well as close ties with Gotland and the Low German cities, Riga quickly began to grow and grow rich. The bishops of Riga, who soon received the title of archbishop, rewarded significant citizens for various services with fiefs, or plots of land, in the surrounding area, and the city itself was endowed with such privileges that it received almost complete internal self-government. This city self-government of Riga was arranged according to the model of its metropolis, Bremen, and was concentrated in the hands of two guilds, a large, or merchant, and a small, or handicraft. A third guild arose next to them, under the name of the Blackheads; it initially admitted only unmarried citizens who distinguished themselves in wars with the native pagans, and this institution became the nucleus of the city's own armed force. In addition to his civilian militia, he often kept mercenary detachments. With significant military resources at its disposal, Riga was able to provide its archbishop with very effective assistance in his struggle with the order and to some extent balance the forces of these two rivals. Her value rose even more when she entered the famous Hanseatic League.

Prussian reward system

Since Prussia was quite a typical feudal state, its reward system up to early XIX century did not provide for awards to the lower ranks. All available awards were awarded only to officers and generals, and the first soldier's medal appeared only in 1793, after the death of Frederick.

The highest award of Prussia, which was given out for both civil and military merit, was the so-called Supreme Order of the Black Eagle (Holier Orden vom Schwarze Adler). It was founded by King Frederick I in 1701 and retained its status until 1918.

Blue enamel rays with gold edging converged to a gold medallion with the "FR" monogram. In the corners there were black images of eagles with outstretched wings, crowned with golden crowns.

Cross of the Supreme Order of the Black Eagle.

The order was worn around the neck, on a special gold chain, the links of which were alternating images of black enamel eagles and gold rosettes with crowns, a royal monogram in a blue circle and the Hohenzollern motto running around the circle: “Suum cuique” (“To each his own”). This chain was worn only on especially solemn occasions - in everyday wear, the cross was hung from a wide orange ribbon worn under the uniform over the right shoulder. The pendant of the badge of the order connected both ends of the ribbon at the left thigh.

The central circle of the star of the Order of the Black Eagle (the dimensions and pattern of the embroidery of the rays are arbitrary).

The star is eight-pointed, made of gold. In accordance with the rules of the 18th century, this star, as a rule, was not cast from metal, but was embroidered with gold thread on the left side of the uniform. A white stripe with a green enamel wreath and a golden order motto went around the circle. In the orange center of the medallion there was an image of a black crowned eagle under a golden crown.

The order was awarded exclusively to the nobility, its gentlemen formed something like a knightly order with strict ceremonial, hierarchies and even uniforms. The latter was a black caftan-epancha with a white lining. A silk white shirt and the same culottes with stockings were worn under the caftan, patent leather shoes with buckles served as shoes. A golden sword was hung on a scarlet leather belt with a gold buckle and silver lining.

Over this robe was worn a red mantle with a white lining; a lace turn-down collar was issued over the mantle. On the left side of the mantle, an order star was embroidered in silver. The mantle was tied on the chest with long, below the knee, white-red cords with gold tassels. A chain with the cross of the order was put on over the mantle. The cavalier's attire was crowned with a cocked hat with a magnificent plume of ostrich feathers, attached with a special order diamond clasp.

The main award of the Kingdom of Prussia for military merit (in terms of prestige - an analogue of the Russian Order of St. George) was the Order "For Dignity" (Pour le Merite) established by Frederick II upon his accession to the throne in 1740 - which later became famous from films and books about the First world war"Blue Max".

Outwardly, his cross strongly resembled the Order of the Black Eagle: the same blue eight-pointed enamel cross with gold trim and eagles in the corners. However, the eagles did not carry crowns and were golden. On the rays of the cross, the image of the royal crown with the monogram "F" was laid out in gold, as well as the name of the order: Pour le Merite. The cross was worn around the neck, on a black ribbon with two narrow white stripes and black piping around the edges.

Cross of the Order "For Dignity".

The Pour le Merite became Friedrich's favorite award; in addition to individual awards to distinguished generals and officers, for the first time in European practice, they began to be awarded to regiments and battalions that showed courage on the battlefield. In this case, the ribbons of the order were tied to the top of the flagpole or standard.

Having abolished the dynastic “Order of Fertility” (Ordre de la Generosite) that had existed in Prussia since 1667, Frederick thereby abolished the old medieval award system, replacing it with a completely modern one. Suffice it to say that his system, with some additions, lasted until the revolution of 1918.

In addition to purely Prussian awards, there was its own award system in one of the vassal lands of the kingdom - the Margraviate of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, where margraves from the so-called Bayreuth line of Hohenzollerns ruled as hereditary rulers. In this small domain, there were two old orders - the Order of Concord (Ordre de la Concorde) and the Order of Eternity (Ordre de la Sincerite). They were established in 1660 and 1705, respectively, and abolished in 1712 and 1723. But in 1734, an order was established in Bayreuth, which later became one of the main Prussian awards - the Order of the Red Eagle (Rothe Adler Orden).

As the name implies, the Bayreuth margraves tried to imitate their crowned relatives from Berlin by creating an order: if the black eagle was the coat of arms of Prussia, then the red one was Brandenburg.

The badge of the order was a golden, white-enamelled cross with short and wide rays. In the central white medallion was placed the image of a red eagle with outstretched wings and gold trim. On the chest, the eagle carried the coat of arms of the Hogsnzollerns with white and black quarters. crowned order badge golden margravial crown with colored enamel. The order was worn around the neck; ribbon - white with two red gaps along the edges.

In 1791, the order was canceled, and a year later it was revived again, but already as a royal Prussian award (Bayreuth finally became part of Prussia). In Prussia, he was awarded for both military and civilian servants before the revolution of 1918 and was one of the favorite orders in the vast "collection" of A. V. Suvorov.

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From the book History of the Olympic Games. Medals. Icons. Posters author Treskin Alexey Valerievich Order “For merit in science and art” (Prussia) German. Order "Pour le Mérite" für Wissenschaft und Künste

• Order of the Swan Schwanenorden
• Order of the Crown German. Kronen Order
• Royal Order of the House of Hohenzollern January 18, 1851
• Royal Prussian Order of Saint John Königlich Preußischer St Johanniterorden
• Order of Louise German. Louisenorden
• Iron Cross German. Eisernes Kreuz

Order of Prussia

Until 1701, there was only one order in Prussia - officer's cross DE LA GÉNÉROSITÉ (Generosity). The badge of the order is a Maltese-shaped cross of blue enamel on a black ribbon, at the ends of which it was written in syllables GÉNÉROSITÉ, and in the corners there were figures of eagles. From Russian subjects G. I. Golovkin and A. P. Izmailov had it. Until 1740, the order was in oblivion. In 1740, Frederick II, on the occasion of his accession to the throne, restored it under a new name - “Pour le mérite”, as a civil and military order; and in 1810 a change in statute followed, making the order an exclusively military award. He retained his badge almost unchanged, there were no balls on the points of the cross on it and the words of the new name were placed, and the black ribbon received a silver trim. In the case of awarding for repeated feats, another silver stripe runs in the middle of the ribbon. Only on the top-class cross and on the star in the center is a portrait of Frederick II. As an element that enhances the significance of the award, in 1813 the so-called Golden Oak Leaves were installed. In 1842, Friedrich Wilhelm IV established the civil line of this order, with a special sign that served as an award only for artists and scientists. It is slotted and resembles one of the elements of the Black Eagle chain.

Order of the Black Eagle established on the occasion of the proclamation of Prussia as a kingdom in 1701. In addition to members of the royal house, who received the badges of the order by birthright, the number of knights was limited to thirty, but later it became unlimited. The motto SUUM QUIQUE (to each his own) is on a star around the image of a black eagle. The badge of the order - a cross of dark blue enamel with black eagles in the corners - was worn. on an orange ribbon or on a chain composed of alternating figures of eagles and blue and white circles with the initials of the king and the motto.

Order of the Red Eagle was established in honor of the conclusion of peace between the Elector of Brandenburg and the emperor with the motto CONCORDANT (live in harmony). To imitate the original Order of the Garter, the badge of which is worn on one of the limbs; the new order was given the appearance of a bracelet. This bracelet is considered the first link in the history of the Order of the Red Eagle. The order had a very difficult fate associated with the change of dynasties. In 1792, after the end of family strife, the Order of the Red Eagle was legalized as the second order of the Prussian royal house and received its last name. By the beginning of the 20th century, he had 6 classes, big variety signs, chain and three stars. Sign the highest degree(“big cross”), unlike the others, has the shape of a Maltese cross and eagles in the corners. Oak leaves, a crown, one or even two pairs of swords, etc. can be used as “reinforcing” parts on crosses and stars.

In 1812 Frederick William III announced the establishment of the Prussian Secular Order of John of Jerusalem in order to give the confiscation of the property of the Order of Malta, carried out with the blessing of Napoleon, as decent as possible - at least for the eyes of the allies. Different categories of the awarded were given a cross of different sizes, connected with a crown and with golden eagles for some, without a crown and with black eagles for others. In addition to the sign is a cross cut out of fabric for the left side of the chest.

Established in 1813 Military Iron Cross. During the Franco-Prussian War, the city was renewed; the same thing happened in 1914. Its marks of three degrees vary in size. Their shape and colors are inspired by the emblems of the ancient German order. The initials of the founder and the dates of the campaigns (1813, 1815, 1870, etc.) were placed on a black iron cross set in silver, and an oak twig was depicted in the center of the cross.

Established in 1814 in honor of the Queen Women's Order of Louise. His cross in black enamel has the initial L surrounded by stars on a blue field in the center; on the other side the dates are 1813-1814 and 1848-1849 (renewal). In 1865 another statute change took place. In 1871, the Women's Cross of Merit was established in the form of an iron cross with a small red cross in the center as a reward for medical service.

In 1851, another one entered the system of Prussian royal orders, established ten years earlier by the king's nephews, princes Friedrich Hohenzollern-Gechingen and Karl Hohenzollern-Sigmarinen, under the name of the Princely Order of the House of Hohenzollern. Friedrich Wilhelm, without ending the existence of this order, proclaimed the establishment Royal Order of Hohenzollern. Crosses of white and black enamel in the princely line have the inscription FUR TREUE UND VERDIENST (for loyalty and merit), in the royal line - VOM FELS ZUM MEER (from the firmament to the sea). Ribbons are white and black, in the royal line there is a star of two types and there is a chain.

In 1861 Wilhelm I instituted in commemoration of his coronation Order of the Royal Crown with the motto GOTT MIT UNS (God is with us), which had 4 classes, and in 1895 Wilhelm II established the Order of Wilhelm, designed to serve as an award for merit in the public, scientific and charitable fields for both sexes. It is a medal suspended from a chain.

The oldest spiritual order of Brandenburg, founded in honor of the Mother of God in the middle of the 15th century and died out in the 16th century in connection with the reformation, was solemnly restored by the lover of romantic undertakings, King Friedrich Wilhelm in 1843 on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of the approval of the first statute and in a certain connection with the rise of revolutionary sentiment in Germany. He received one of his old names - Order of the Swan and allowed the reception of persons of both sexes. The sign consisted of a figure white swan with spread wings, suspended from an openwork oval medallion with the image of the Mother of God; the latter was connected to the chain. Each of its thirteen links depicts a heart clamped in a medieval torture instrument called bremza - two opposing saws.

Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia

Great coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia

Middle coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia

File:Preussen1701.jpeg

Lesser coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia

Coat of arms of East Prussia

• Order of the Black Eagle Hohen Orden vom Schwarzen Adler 18 Januar 1701
• Order "For Merit" Order "Pour le Mérite" 31.05.1740

Order of Merit in Science and Art (Prussia) Order "Pour le Mérite" für Wissenschaft und Künste

• Order of the Red Eagle Roter Adlerorden
• Order of the Swan Schwanenorden
• Order of the Crown German. Kronen Order
• Royal Order of the House of Hohenzollern Koniglicher Hausorden von Hohenzollern January 18, 1851
• Royal Prussian Order of Saint John Königlich Preußischer St Johanniterorden
• Princely Order of the House of Hohenzollern Hausorden von Hohenzollern
• Order of Louise. Louisenorden
• Iron Cross (Order) Eisernes Kreuz

Order of Prussia

Until 1701, there was only one order in Prussia - officer's cross DE LA GЁNЁROSITE (Generosity). The badge of the order is a Maltese-shaped cross of blue enamel on a black ribbon, at the ends of which it was written in the syllables GЁNЁROSITE, and in the corners there were figures of eagles. Until 1740, the order was in oblivion. In 1740, Frederick II, on the occasion of his accession to the throne, restored it under a new name - "Pour le mérite", as a civil and military order; and in the city, a change in the statute followed, making the order an exclusively military award. It retained its sign almost unchanged, there were no balls on the points of the cross on it and the words of the new name were placed, and the black ribbon received a silver trim. In the case of awarding for repeated feats, another silver stripe runs in the middle of the ribbon. Only on the top-class cross and on the star in the center is a portrait of Frederick II. As an element that enhances the significance of the award, the so-called Golden Oak Leaves are installed in the city. In Friedrich Wilhelm IV established the civil line of this order, with a special badge that served as a reward only for artists and scientists. It is slotted and resembles one of the elements of the Black Eagle chain.

Order of the Black Eagle established on the occasion of the proclamation of Prussia as a kingdom in the city. In addition to members of the royal house who received the signs of the order by birthright, the number of gentlemen was limited to thirty, but later it became unlimited. The motto SUUM QUIQUE (to each his own) is on a star around the image of a black eagle. The badge of the order - a cross of dark blue enamel with black eagles in the corners - was worn. on an orange ribbon or on a chain composed of alternating figures of eagles and blue and white circles with the initials of the king and the motto.

Order of the Red Eagle was established in honor of the conclusion of peace between the Elector of Brandenburg and the emperor with a motto with the motto CONCORDANT (live in harmony). To imitate the original Order of the Garter, the badge of which is worn on one of the limbs; the new order was given the appearance of a bracelet. This bracelet is considered the first link in the history of the Order of the Red Eagle. The order had a very difficult fate associated with the change of dynasties. In 1792, after the end of family strife, the Order of the Red Eagle was legalized as the second order of the Prussian royal house and received its last name. By the beginning of the twentieth century. he had 6 classes, a wide variety of badges, a chain and three stars. The sign of the highest degree (“grand cross”), unlike the others, has the form of a Maltese cross and eagles in the corners. Oak leaves, a crown, one or even two pairs of swords, etc. can be used as “reinforcing” parts on crosses and stars.

In Friedrich Wilhelm III announced the establishment of the Prussian Secular Order of John of Jerusalem in order to give the confiscation of the property of the Order of Malta, carried out with the blessing of Napoleon, as decent as possible - at least for the eyes of the allies. For different categories of the awarded, the cross was issued in different sizes, connected with a crown and with golden eagles for some, without a crown and with black eagles for others. In addition to the sign is a cross cut out of fabric for the left side of the chest.

Established in 1812 Military Iron Cross. During the Franco-Prussian War, the city was renewed; the same happened in 1914. Its signs of three degrees differ in size. Their shape and colors are inspired by the emblems of the ancient German order. Set in silver, a black iron cross bears the initials of the founder and dates of campaigns (1813, 1815, 1870, etc.), and an oak twig is depicted in the center of the cross.

Established in 1814 in honor of the Queen Women's Order of Louise. His cross in black enamel has the initial L surrounded by stars on a blue field in the center; on the other side are the dates 1813 - 1814 and 1848 - 1849 (renewal). In 1865 there was another change in the statute. In 1871, the Women's Cross of Merit was installed in the form of an iron cross with a small red cross in the center as a reward for medical service.

In 1851, another one, established ten years earlier by the king's nephews, Princes Friedrich Hohenzollern-Gechingen and Karl Hohenzollern-Sigmarinen, entered the system of Prussian royal orders under the name of the Princely Order of the House of Hohenzollern. Friedrich Wilhelm, without ending the existence of this order, proclaimed the establishment Royal Order of Hohenzollern. Crosses of white and black enamel in the princely line have the inscription FUR TREUE UND VERDIENST (for loyalty and merit), in the royal line - VOM FELS ZUM MEER (from the firmament to the sea). Ribbons are white and black, in the royal line there is a star of two types and there is a chain.

In 1861 Wilhelm I instituted in commemoration of his coronation Order of the Royal Crown with the motto GOTT MIT UNS (God is with us), which had 4 classes, and in 1895 Wilhelm II established the Order of Wilhelm, designed to serve as an award for merit in the public, scientific and charitable fields for both sexes. It is a medal suspended from a chain.

The oldest Brandenburg spiritual order, established in honor of the Mother of God in the middle of the 15th century. and died out in the 16th century. in connection with the Reformation, it was solemnly restored by the lover of romantic undertakings, King Friedrich Wilhelm, in 1843 on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of the approval of the first statute and in a certain connection with the growth of revolutionary sentiment in Germany. He received one of his old names - Order of the Swan and allowed the reception of persons of both sexes. The sign consisted of a figure of a white swan with outstretched wings, suspended from an openwork oval medallion depicting the Mother of God; the latter was connected to the chain. Each of its thirteen links depicts a heart clamped in a medieval torture instrument called bremza - two opposing saws.

Links

Literature

1. Spassky I.G. "Foreign and Russian Orders until 1917", State Hermitage Publishing House, Leningrad - 1963

Order of Prussia

Great coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia

Middle coat of arms of the Kingdom of Prussia

Coat of arms of East Prussia

• Order of the Black Eagle Hohen Orden vom Schwarzen Adler 18 Januar 1701
• Order "For Merit" Order "Pour le Mérite" 31.05.1740

Order of Merit in Science and Art (Prussia) Order "Pour le Mérite" für Wissenschaft und Künste

• Order of the Red Eagle Roter Adlerorden
• Order of the Swan Schwanenorden
• Order of the Crown German. Kronen Order
• Royal Order of the House of Hohenzollern Koniglicher Hausorden von Hohenzollern January 18, 1851
• Royal Prussian Order of Saint John Königlich Preußischer St Johanniterorden
• Princely Order of the House of Hohenzollern Hausorden von Hohenzollern
• Order of Louise. Louisenorden
• Iron Cross (Order) Eisernes Kreuz

Order of Prussia

Until 1701, there was only one order in Prussia - officer's cross DE LA GЁNЁROSITE (Generosity). The badge of the order is a Maltese-shaped cross of blue enamel on a black ribbon, at the ends of which it was written in the syllables GЁNЁROSITE, and in the corners there were figures of eagles. Until 1740, the order was in oblivion. In 1740, Frederick II, on the occasion of his accession to the throne, restored it under a new name - "Pour le mérite", as a civil and military order; and in the city, a change in the statute followed, making the order an exclusively military award. It retained its sign almost unchanged, there were no balls on the points of the cross on it and the words of the new name were placed, and the black ribbon received a silver trim. In the case of awarding for repeated feats, another silver stripe runs in the middle of the ribbon. Only on the top-class cross and on the star in the center is a portrait of Frederick II. As an element that enhances the significance of the award, the so-called Golden Oak Leaves are installed in the city. In Friedrich Wilhelm IV established the civil line of this order, with a special badge that served as a reward only for artists and scientists. It is slotted and resembles one of the elements of the Black Eagle chain.

Order of the Black Eagle established on the occasion of the proclamation of Prussia as a kingdom in the city. In addition to members of the royal house who received the signs of the order by birthright, the number of gentlemen was limited to thirty, but later it became unlimited. The motto SUUM QUIQUE (to each his own) is on a star around the image of a black eagle. The badge of the order - a cross of dark blue enamel with black eagles in the corners - was worn. on an orange ribbon or on a chain composed of alternating figures of eagles and blue and white circles with the initials of the king and the motto.

Order of the Red Eagle was established in honor of the conclusion of peace between the Elector of Brandenburg and the emperor with a motto with the motto CONCORDANT (live in harmony). To imitate the original Order of the Garter, the badge of which is worn on one of the limbs; the new order was given the appearance of a bracelet. This bracelet is considered the first link in the history of the Order of the Red Eagle. The order had a very difficult fate associated with the change of dynasties. In 1792, after the end of family strife, the Order of the Red Eagle was legalized as the second order of the Prussian royal house and received its last name. By the beginning of the twentieth century. he had 6 classes, a wide variety of badges, a chain and three stars. The sign of the highest degree (“grand cross”), unlike the others, has the form of a Maltese cross and eagles in the corners. Oak leaves, a crown, one or even two pairs of swords, etc. can be used as “reinforcing” parts on crosses and stars.

In Friedrich Wilhelm III announced the establishment of the Prussian Secular Order of John of Jerusalem in order to give the confiscation of the property of the Order of Malta, carried out with the blessing of Napoleon, as decent as possible - at least for the eyes of the allies. For different categories of the awarded, the cross was issued in different sizes, connected with a crown and with golden eagles for some, without a crown and with black eagles for others. In addition to the sign is a cross cut out of fabric for the left side of the chest.

Established in 1813 Military Iron Cross. During the Franco-Prussian War, the city was renewed; the same happened in 1914. Its signs of three degrees differ in size. Their shape and colors are inspired by the emblems of the ancient German order. Set in silver, a black iron cross bears the initials of the founder and dates of campaigns (1813, 1815, 1870, etc.), and an oak twig is depicted in the center of the cross.

Established in 1814 in honor of the Queen Women's Order of Louise. His cross in black enamel has the initial L surrounded by stars on a blue field in the center; on the other side are the dates 1813 - 1814 and 1848 - 1849 (renewal). In 1865 there was another change in the statute. In 1871, the Women's Cross of Merit was installed in the form of an iron cross with a small red cross in the center as a reward for medical service.

In 1851, another one, established ten years earlier by the king's nephews, Princes Friedrich Hohenzollern-Gechingen and Karl Hohenzollern-Sigmarinen, entered the system of Prussian royal orders under the name of the Princely Order of the House of Hohenzollern. Friedrich Wilhelm, without ending the existence of this order, proclaimed the establishment Royal Order of Hohenzollern. Crosses of white and black enamel in the princely line have the inscription FUR TREUE UND VERDIENST (for loyalty and merit), in the royal line - VOM FELS ZUM MEER (from the firmament to the sea). Ribbons are white and black, in the royal line there is a star of two types and there is a chain.

In 1861 Wilhelm I instituted in commemoration of his coronation Order of the Royal Crown with the motto GOTT MIT UNS (God is with us), which had 4 classes, and in 1895 Wilhelm II established the Order of Wilhelm, designed to serve as an award for merit in the public, scientific and charitable fields for both sexes. It is a medal suspended from a chain.

The oldest Brandenburg spiritual order, established in honor of the Mother of God in the middle of the 15th century. and died out in the 16th century. in connection with the Reformation, it was solemnly restored by the lover of romantic undertakings, King Friedrich Wilhelm, in 1843 on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of the approval of the first statute and in a certain connection with the growth of revolutionary sentiment in Germany. He received one of his old names - Order of the Swan and allowed the reception of persons of both sexes. The sign consisted of a figure of a white swan with outstretched wings, suspended from an openwork oval medallion depicting the Mother of God; the latter was connected to the chain. Each of its thirteen links depicts a heart clamped in a medieval torture instrument called bremza - two opposing saws.

Links

Literature

1. Spassky I.G. "Foreign and Russian Orders until 1917", State Hermitage Publishing House, Leningrad - 1963

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