Head or manager to write the position correctly. The head of the clinic department as a key figure in the diagnostic and treatment process. Information problems of the head of the department

Any modern written text will be incorrect if it lacks graphic elements, which are commonly called punctuation marks. Without them, it is impossible to understand the boundaries of sentences and it is difficult to perceive the text itself, its theme and problem.
isolate, separate and separate the various parts of sentences. Each of the punctuation marks is necessary for the Russian language, otherwise confusion will occur in it, and people simply will not be able to understand the simplest things. As a result, complex and contradictory situations can arise.
In modern texts of a literary, scientific, business and journalistic nature, punctuation marks are certainly needed, among which are a period, a comma, question and exclamation marks, a colon, a dash, a semicolon, ellipsis, quotation marks, brackets. Moreover, each of these signs performs its own individual function.
The most commonly used characters in sentences are periods and commas. This is not difficult to prove, since without a dot at the end of a sentence, it will be considered incomplete, and commas serve to separate and highlight parts of the sentence and its members.
Punctuation marks in sentences play the same role as in the text: without them, it can lose its meaning or be distorted in the opposite direction. Therefore, when writing any texts, you need to place them very carefully, while being guided by the rules.
The placement of a comma in a simple sentence is justified if it contains homogeneous members of the sentence - both main (subject and predicate) and secondary ones, and they should not be connected by unions, that is, when there is an union-free connection or there are unions, but they are repeated.
For a simple sentence complicated homogeneous members the presence of colons is also characteristic, if there is a generalizing word, and it is in front of them. If it is after, then you need to put a dash.
With the help of commas in a simple sentence, representing participial turnover and circumstances, representing participial turnover.
A simple sentence is also characterized by the use of such a punctuation mark as a dash. It usually separates one main member from the other (subject from the predicate), if they are a noun in the nominative case, verbs in the indefinite form, numerals.
the same as in simple. Most often, in complex sentences, both compound and complex, a comma is placed between simple ones.
Compound sentence includes simple sentences, connected by intonation and separated by commas. In sentences of this kind, in cases of a quick change of events, it is necessary to put a dash. In a compound sentence, parts of which are very common, put a semicolon.
A complex sentence contains such punctuation marks as commas, with the help of which subordinate clauses are attached to the main part, and the connection is provided by adding subordinating union or allied word.
A non-union complex sentence is characterized by an intonation connection, while its parts are separated from each other by a comma or a semicolon. But such a sentence may contain punctuation marks such as colons and dashes.

AT complex sentence With unionless bond, the second part of which contains the reason, explanation and addition of what is written in the first, these parts are separated by a colon. Setting a dash is appropriate if the second part shows a quick change of events, the result is a contrast to what was said in the first part.
Punctuation marks divide our written language and help to understand thoughts correctly.

How to understand where to put commas, and where it is not necessary? This punctuation mark is an important design tool writing. Often it is he who helps to understand the meaning invested by the author in the text. Commas are arranged according to certain rules that are easy to remember. So why not remember school lessons?

History reference

How to figure out where to put commas? People have been asking this question for more than a millennium. The sign that performs the function of a comma was invented by the famous ancient Greek philosopher Aristophanes of Byzantium. It happened in the third century BC. Even then, mankind desperately needed to clarify the written language.

Aristophanes of Byzantium came up with a system of punctuation marks, very far from modern punctuation. He used special dots, which had to be placed depending on how the phrase was pronounced when reading. They could be located at the bottom, middle or top of the line. The function of a comma in those days was assigned to a dot in the middle.

The sign that is used today is derived from the fraction symbol. The modern comma is a mini-copy of the one used from the 13th to 17th centuries to indicate a pause.

How to know where to put commas

So, how to quickly and easily learn the rules, stop making mistakes? How to figure out where to put commas and where they are not needed? To begin with, you should remember that this punctuation mark serves to isolate and highlight:

introductory words, clarifications;
definitions;
interjections;
participial and participle turnovers;
appeals;
circumstances.

Of course, that's not all. The punctuation mark can also be used to separate:

homogeneous members of the proposal;
between indirect and direct speech;
between parts complex, complex and complex sentence.

Commas can be single or double. Singles break the sentence into parts, fixing the boundaries of these parts. This punctuation mark is needed, for example, when it is necessary to mark two simple parts in a complex sentence. Paired commas can be used, say, to highlight participial and adverbial phrases, introductory words.

Meaning of the sentence

The meaning of the sentence will help you understand where to put commas. After all punctuation marks are used precisely in order to convey it correctly. If a comma is in the wrong place in a sentence, the meaning is inevitably distorted.

For example: “During the day I entertained my sister, who was sick with reading aloud”; “Elizaveta, with whom I quarreled a few days ago with a cheerful face, came towards me”; “I accepted the invitation of Anton, whom I had not seen for many days with joy.” The commas are not where they should or are missing, so the meaning changes. The person who read the text does not understand what the author wanted to say.

Before unions

In order not to make mistakes, it is necessary to remember the unions before which this punctuation mark is placed. When, where, what, because, since are just some of them.

Let's assume that the conjunction "because" is used in the sentence. Where to put commas? Examples help to understand this. Let's say: "Nikolai is late, because he does not have time to get ready"; “Svetlana will not come, as she has urgent business”; “Ksenia did what she had never done before”; “Vladimir answered in a way that no one before him could. The teacher gave him the highest score.

Let's say that the sentence contains the union "because". Where to put commas? It is easy to give examples in this case as well. Let's say: "Alexander was not at the meeting because he is on a business trip"; “Elena did not cope with the task, because everyone refused to help her”; "Nikolai refused to marry a rich bride because he didn't like her at all." A comma can also be placed between the words "because" and "what". For example: "The windows were wide open because the voices heard in the street were clearly audible in the apartment." This offer confirms that the windows are indeed open. There is another example: "The windows were open because the apartment was very hot." This sentence explains the reason for opening them.

Independent part of the proposal

How do you know where to put commas in a sentence? With the help of this punctuation mark it stands out independent part. How to find it? If the meaning of the sentence is preserved after some part is removed from it, then it is independent. introductory sentences, adverbial phrases must be separated by commas.

For example: “Yesterday I was told that my brother Dmitry, returning from Paris, felt unwell.” If we cross out the adverbial turnover “returning from Paris”, the meaning of the sentence will practically not change.

What other example can be given? “Today Stanislav learned that his girlfriend, passing by his house, did not come to visit him.”

Introductory words

Where to put commas if there are any in the sentence introductory words? By the way, imagine, fortunately, of course, by the way - just a few of them. The rules of the Russian language tell them to be separated by commas on both sides.

For example: “I, by the way, always knew that this would happen”; “Dmitry, fortunately, has already overcome his illness”; “Anastasia, imagine, she decided not to come to visit us”; “Marina, by the way, has been working in this sports club for several years now.”

Appeal

The appeal is also always separated by commas in a sentence. It is not always at the beginning, it can be in the middle or even at the end.

For example: "Are you coming to visit us this week, Lydia?"; “More than anything, Margarita, I love to read”; "Alexandra, how do you feel about this plan?"

Comparative turns

Where to put commas? The rules of the Russian language tell you to use these punctuation marks to highlight comparative turnovers. As if, how, exactly, what, than, than - unions, thanks to which they are easy to detect in a sentence.

For example: "I play the guitar better than she"; “He runs like he’s been training for a marathon for the last few years”; “It was safer to drive at night than during the day”, “In Moscow, as in many other Russian cities, I often visit.”

We must not forget about the existence of exceptions. Comparative turns are not indicated with commas in the case when it comes to phraseological units, set expressions. For example: "Cuts like clockwork"; “It pours like a bucket”, “It stuck like bath sheet»; "Make yourself at home".

Between homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of the sentence will not always share this punctuation mark. How do you know where to put commas and where not? However, but, but, but, yes - conjunctions in which this means of punctuation is necessary.

A comma is placed between homogeneous members if they are connected by repeated unions (either ... or, or ... either, and ... and, not that ... not that). For example: “In the apartment, the light went out, then it turned on again.” This punctuation mark is not needed when single conjunctions are used or, or, yes, and.

Complexity is capable of creating heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions. A comma is used if the sentence contains homogeneous definitions. Let's say: "an exciting, interesting action movie." However, this punctuation mark is not needed if heterogeneous definitions are used. For example: "Hollywood thriller." "Hollywood" refers to the location of the painting, while "captivating" allows you to express the impression.

Participial

Where to put commas correctly when talking about sentences with sacramental turnover? Participles are indicated by this punctuation mark only in cases where they are located after the word being defined. This is a word from which participle turnover a question is asked. Let's say: "a brother who was surprised at my arrival", "a friend who was delighted with the news", "a mother who learned everything", "an apple tree that grew in the garden."

Coordinating conjunctions

This punctuation mark is necessary in a complex sentence that contains writing unions. The rules say to put it in front of them. Yes and, or, and, or, yes are examples of such unions.

The most important thing is to correctly understand where the beginning of one sentence and the end of another. This is easy to do by defining the subject and the predicate. Separation by meaning will also help.

For example: “It rained all day, and the wind continued to make noise outside the window”; "They worked hard, but they finished all the work."

Contrastive conjunctions

Before oppositional conjunctions (a, yes, but), this punctuation mark is necessary in all cases. For example: “His relatives and friends had high hopes for Eugene, but he failed to justify them”; “It rained in the morning, but the weather improved by afternoon”; "Your friend wants to talk to you, and you need this conversation."

What else do you need to know

What else can you tell about where to put commas in accordance with the rules of the Russian language? With the help of this punctuation mark, interjections, negative, interrogative and affirmative words are distinguished. Let's say: “Life, alas, does not last forever, sooner or later a person dies”, “Of course, Alexander will join us for dinner today, as he promised me to do it”; “Isn't it true that Victoria is very pretty? After all, do you like this girl too? ”,“ Undoubtedly, Anatoly will go to trip around the world this week. I learned about it from himself”, “I hope Timothy did not hold a grudge.”

Interjections should not be confused with particles ah, oh, well, which serve to enhance the connotation. For example: “Oh, what a!”; "Well, why does Alexander behave so badly!"; "Oh, how tired I am, I worked all day today without rest." It is also necessary to be able to distinguish the particle o, which is used when addressing. Let's say: "O mountains, mountains!"; "O fields, boundless fields."

Conclusion

Punctuation errors can distort the meaning of the text more than spelling errors. The latter can always be passed off as a typo, while the omission of a comma or its use in the wrong place will not allow the reader to understand what the author wanted to say.

It is the understanding of the meaning that allows you to punctuate correctly. Of course, it is important to remember the rules regarding the placement of commas in a sentence.

Sections: Primary School

Pedagogical tasks: create conditions for the implementation of the choice of language means, in accordance with the goals and conditions of communication for a successful solution communicative task; create conditions for compiling small texts (announcements).

Planned results of education:

Subject:will learn distinguish sentences according to the purpose of the statement, solve educational and practical problems - accurately write off sentences, write correctly dictionary words defined by the program; will have the opportunity learn to participate in dialogue, take into account different opinions and strive to coordinate different positions in cooperation.

Metasubject:

Cognitive: general education - mastering the concept ad, understanding the structure of the ad, acquiring the ability to compose ad texts; application of practical skills of punctuation at the end of a sentence; logical - the implementation of a comparative analysis of the texts of ads, the identification of inaccuracies in the content of the given ads.

Regulatory: take into account the guidelines for action identified by the teacher, plan their activities; compare the work performed with the sample; make adjustments to actions; evaluate own speech and the speech of the interlocutor according to grammatical norms.

Communicative: participate in an educational dialogue, ask questions, comment on the answers of other students to the proposed criteria and tasks, formulate simple conclusions, choose the correct intonational expressiveness of speech.

Personal: master the elementary methods of mutual assessment and self-assessment of the results of activities according to the proposed criteria and a given algorithm of work; show interest in learning material; express readiness to overcome difficulties in mastering new actions.

During the classes: lesson topic

1. Organizational moment

Guys, today is a wonderful spring day, the sun is shining outside. I want everyone to be in a good mood today. Let's say hello to each other. Now you turn to your neighbor and, calling him by name, say that you are glad to see him.

Science is hard for everyone
If school sleep and boredom.
If there is passion
Teaching will be joyful.

Guys, do you want to know what interesting things we will do in the lesson? Try to guess the topic of the lesson. The song will guide you. If you correctly guess what kind of text was written on a piece of paper, then you will correctly determine the topic of the lesson. So, let's listen.

(Song "Dog Lost")

What leaf is the song talking about? What is the name of this sheet?

(Poster, note, announcement, letter)

Choose the correct answer.
- Prove your opinion. Why is this not a letter? Have you already made a poster? What's this?

That's right, the topic of the lesson is "Announcement".
- Guys, remember and tell me what you know about the announcement? What role do advertisements play in people's lives?

Goal setting.

Guys, think about the question: what should we learn in the lesson today?
- Thanks for your thoughts. In the course of the lesson, we will try to get answers to these questions. And your answers helped us in drawing up a lesson plan, which we will try to stick to with you.

Plan

1. What is an ad.
2. What is said in O.
3. Rules for writing O.
4. We write O.

On the Drawings we take out the texts of ads (exercise 1 p. 82)

Which ad will get more responses? Explain why.

Finger gymnastics

Guys, open your notebooks. A tiger cub came to visit us (notebook No. 1) Let's finish it.
What letter does the word ad start with?

This letter has no angle,
That's why she's round.
So far she's round
I could roll.

Write a line of letters about .

Let's read the ad.
- Guys! We are going to rehearse the concert in our class!
Why do you think no one came to the rehearsal? What information would you like to include in this ad? Why are there so many exclamation marks in ad text?

dictionary word Class , come up with a sentence with an exclamation mark. Let's write it down in a notebook.

What can be said in the ad?

About the concert and work,
About the delayed flight
About buying and selling
About the find and the loss,
About exchange and prohibition,
In general, about everything in the world!

F.Krivin

But before we get started interesting work, tell me where you had to meet ads before?
Bulletin board, newspapers, magazines, radio, television.

Fizminutka

Group work

For each desk, I give out a set of cards with words and propose to complete the following task: carefully read the words and add texts (announcements) from them.
Pupils collect announcements from words printed on strips and stick them on A4 sheet.
- Where can we place our ads? Right on the bulletin board.