In the interval from his death to the appearance on the historical arena Dmitry Ivanovich, on the Russia ruled by his descendants.

Considering feudal fragmentation, historians under Russia of that period usually mean the principalities of Moscow, Vladimir and Novgorod (sometimes also Kiev and Galicia-Volyn).

Daniel Alexandrovich.

Daniel Alexandrovich- Jr son of Alexander Nevsky, was born at the end of 1261 just two years before the death of his father, so he was raised by his brother Alexander Yaroslav Yaroslavovich, after whose death in 1272 Daniel became Prince of Moscow.

During the reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Russia, another civil strife between the sons of Nevsky Daniel and Andrey, as well as the grandson Ivan and nephew Mikhail from Tver for the principality of Vladimir. Thanks to the justice and peacefulness of Daniil, all rivals managed to gather on Dmitrovsky congress Russian princes, where partly internecine war managed to stop, but some local conflicts continued to emerge.

This internecine strife was extremely Negative consequences for the economy and culture of Russia of that period. Brother of Daniel Andrey Alexandrovich, for example, asked for help from Golden Horde in this confrontation. The Mongols approached this issue seriously and a joint campaign with the Horde commander Tudan ( Dudenev's army) turned into the capture and plunder of Murom, Suzdal, Vladimir, Pereyaslavl, Yuriev, Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Kolomna, Moscow, Zvenigorod, Serpukhov, Mozhaisk and, possibly, other cities, about which the annals were silent. It was one of the largest pogroms of Russia since invasion of Batu .

Thus, the Dmitrov Congress was a step forward in the development of diplomacy, although the truce did not last long.

In addition, during the reign, Prince Daniel attached to Moscow principality the territories of Pereyaslavl and Kolomna, and he also tried to pull it off with Novgorod and Ryazan.

Daniil Alexandrovich built the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in the area of the current Assumption Cathedral in Moscow.

Prince Daniil Alexandrovich died in Moscow on March 5, 103, leaving behind five sons.

Ivan Kalita.

Ivan Danilovich (Ivan I, Ivan Kalita), the grandson of Alexander Nevsky, was born into the family of Daniil Alexandrovich around 1283. Future Prince of Moscow, prince of Novgorod and Grand Duke Vladimirsky already at the age of 13 he became the governor of his father in Novgorod.

In 1325 he became Prince of Moscow, and three years later Grand Duke of Vladimir.

Ivan Danilovich was nicknamed Kalita for the habit of always carrying a kalita with change (kalita - wallet) for the poor, he was known as a prince generous and fair towards the common people.

During his reign, Prince Ivan moved from Vladimir to Moscow metropolitan, and thus made Moscow the spiritual capital of Russia.

In the 30s of the XIV century, Ivan Danilovich was known as a great diplomat, preventing open military conflicts in the contradictions of Moscow, Novgorod, Tver and Smolensk, and also restraining the discontent of the Golden Horde due to the irregular payment of tribute by the Russian principalities (her desire to resolve this problem with one military strike was is quite real). In addition, he had to take into account the interests of the Principality of Lithuania in relation to Russia.

Ivan Kalita built the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow from white stone, Archangel Cathedral, St. John's Church, Moscow Kremlin(wooden) and the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor, which, unfortunately, has not survived (it was demolished in 1933). Under him, the famous Siysk gospel on parchment.

Thanks to the reign of Prince Kalita, peace reigned in the Moscow principality for 40 years (1328-1368), there were no military conflicts - this was the result of a competent policy with the Horde, Lithuania and other Russian princes. In addition, influence and territory Moscow principality have increased significantly.

Ivan Danilovich Kalita died on March 31, 1340, leaving behind four sons and four daughters. In his honor, the Moskvich automobile plant produced from 1998 to 2001 a representative class car Moskvich - Ivan Kalita.

Ivan Red.

Ivan Ivanovich (Ivan II, Ivan Red, Ivan the Merciful, Ivan Short), Prince Zvenigorodsky, prince of Novgorod, Prince of Moscow, Grand Duke Vladimir, great-grandson of Alexander Nevsky, was born in the family of Ivan Kalita.

March 30, 1326 in Moscow. Due to his appearance, he received the prefix "Red" (as a synonym for the word "beautiful"). Another version - according to the time of birth (the next Sunday after Easter - Krasnaya Gorka).

The downside of the reign of Ivan the Red was the weakening of the political influence of Moscow, achieved by his father, to the point that the Principality of Lithuania managed to install its metropolitan in Kyiv, and the principality of Vladimir immediately after his death was lost and the son of Ivan the Red Dmitry had to restore his rights to Vladimir the Great again .

Ivan Ivanovich died on November 13, 1359. His main achievement was his eldest son (the youngest died at the age of 10) - Dmitry Ivanovich, better known as

The 13th century in the history of Russia began without any particular external upheavals, but in the midst of endless internal strife. The princes divided the lands, fought for power. But soon the danger from the outside joined the internal troubles of Russia. The cruel conquerors from the depths of Asia, led by Temujin (Genghis Khan - that is, the Great Khan) began their actions. The troops of the nomadic Mongols ruthlessly destroyed people and conquered the lands. Soon, the Polov khans asked for help from the Russian princes. And they agreed to oppose the approaching enemy. So, in 1223, the battle took place on the river. Kalka. But due to the fragmentation of the actions of the princes and the lack of a unified command, the Russian warriors suffered heavy losses and left the battlefield. The troops of the Mongols pursued them to the most outlying lands of Russia. Having plundered and devastated them, they did not move further. In 1237, the troops of Temuchin's grandson, Batu, entered the Ryazan principality. Ryazan fell. The conquests continued. In 1238 on the river. City army of Yuri Vsevolodovich entered into a fight with the army of the invader, but turned in favor of the Tatar-Mongol. At the same time, the South Russian princes and Novgorod remained on the sidelines, did not come to the rescue. In 1239 - 1240. having replenished the army, Batu undertook a new campaign against the Russian lands. At this time, the unaffected northwestern regions of Russia (Novgorod and Pskov lands) were endangered by the crusader knights who settled in the Baltic states. They wanted to force them to accept the Catholic faith on the territory of Russia as well. United by a common idea, the Swedes and german knights were going to unite, but the Swedes were the first to act. In 1240 (July 15) - the Battle of the Neva - the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the river. Not you. Novgorodians turned for help to the great Prince of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. His son, the young Prince Alexander, immediately set off with the army, counting on the suddenness and speed of the onslaught (the army was inferior in number, even with the joined Novgorodians and commoners). Alexander's strategy worked. In this battle, Russia won, and Alexander received the nickname Nevsky. Meanwhile, the German knights gained strength and began military operations against Pskov and Novgorod. Again Alexander came to the rescue. April 5, 1242 - Battle on the Ice- on ice Lake Peipus troops converged. Alexander won again, thanks to a change in the order of the system and coordinated actions. Yes, and the uniforms of the knights played against them, when they retreated, the ice began to break. In 1243 - the formation of the Golden Horde. Formally, the Russian lands were not part of the newly formed state, but were subject to the lands. That is, they were obliged to replenish its treasury, and the princes were to receive labels for reigning at the khan's rates. During the second half of the 13th century, the Horde more than once made devastating campaigns against Russia. Cities and villages were destroyed. 1251 - 1263 - reign of Alexander Nevsky. Due to the invasions of the conquerors, during which the settlements were robbed and destroyed, many cultural monuments also disappeared. Ancient Russia 10th - 13th centuries. Churches, cathedrals, icons, as well as works of literature, religious objects and jewelry remained intact. At the heart of ancient Russian culture lies the heritage of the East Slavic tribes. She was influenced nomadic peoples, Varangians. Significantly influenced the adoption of Christianity, as well as Byzantium, the countries of Western Europe. The adoption of Christianity influenced the spread of literacy, the development of writing, education and the introduction of Byzantine customs. This also influenced the clothes of the 13th century in Russia. The cut of the clothes was simple, and it differed mainly in the fabric. The costume itself has become longer and freer, not emphasizing the figure, but giving it a static look. The nobility wore expensive foreign fabrics (velvet, brocade, taffeta, silk) and furs (sable, otter, marten). Ordinary people used canvas, hare fur, squirrels, sheepskin in clothes.

The culture of our country is so interesting and diverse that I want to study it deeper and deeper. Let's plunge into the history of our country of the XIII century.
Russian man is great person, he must know the history of his homeland.
Not knowing the history of their country, not a single civilized society will develop, but on the contrary will begin to lag behind in its development, and possibly even stop.
The period of culture of the XIII century is usually called the pre-Mongolian period, that is, before the arrival of the Mongols in our state. During this period of time, Byzantium had a great influence on the development of culture. Thanks to Byzantium, Orthodoxy appeared in Russia.

The culture of Ancient Russia of the XIII century is a great creation of the past. Each period of time in history is so unrepeatable that each period separately is worthy of the deepest study. Looking at the monuments of history, we can say that culture has entered the modern spiritual life. Despite the fact that many works of art have not survived to our times, the beauty of that time continues to delight and amaze us with its scale.

Features of the culture of the XIII century:
- Religious outlook prevailed;
- during this period, many signs were invented, there were no explanations for them by science, and to this day they cannot be explained;
- great attention was paid to traditions, grandfathers were revered;
- slow pace of development;
The tasks facing the masters of that time:
- unity - the rallying of the entire Russian people, at that time in the fight against enemies;
- glorification of the great princes and boyars;
- evaluated all previous historical events. The culture of the 13th century is closely connected with the past.

During this time, literature continued to develop. The work “Prayer” was written by Daniil Zatochnik. The book was dedicated to Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. The book used Speaking combined with satire. In it, the author condemns the dominance of the boyars, the arbitrariness that they committed. He created a prince protecting orphans and widows, thereby trying to show that good and good-natured people did not disappear in Russia.
Monasteries and churches still remained centers of book storage. On their territory, books were copied, annals were kept.
The genre - Life, the main idea - has become widespread. These works were descriptions of the lives of the saints. Particular attention was paid to the lives of monks and ordinary people.

They began to write parables.

An important place in the development of literature was occupied by chronicles, where everything that happens in people's lives was written, everything was described over the years.
Epics glorified the exploits of warriors who defended their homeland. At the heart of the epics, there were events that actually happened.

Architecture.

During this period, construction was developed. As already mentioned, the whole culture of this period was imbued with the trends of Byzantium, which could not positively affect the culture of Russia. The transition from wooden construction to stone construction begins.
In addition, Byzantine culture always put the church and icon painting in the first place, cutting off everything that contradicted Christian principles.
The principles of art that arrived were faced with the fact that the Eastern Slavs worship the sun and the wind. Wore cultural heritage Byzantium left an imprint on the culture of Ancient Russia.
The main symbol of the construction of this period of time was the St. Sophia Cathedral. The walls of the cathedral, for the first time in Russia, were made of red brick. The church was with five domes, behind them were eight more small ones. The ceiling and walls were decorated with frescoes and mosaics. Many frescoes were not on a religious theme, there were many everyday drawings dedicated to the family of the Grand Duke.
Wood carving has been greatly developed. The houses of the boyars were decorated with cuts.
In addition to churches at this time, the wealthy segments of the population begin to build stone houses from pink bricks.

Painting.

The paintings of the 13th century left their imprint of the city where the masters worked. So Novgorod painters sought to simplify the style of their craftsmanship. He reached his greatest expression in the painting of the Church of George in Staraya Ladoga.
At the same time, mosaics began to be painted directly on the walls of temples. Frescoes became widespread. Fresco - painting painted with water-based paints, directly on the walls covered with plaster.

Folklore.

The history of Russia is so great that it is impossible not to say about folklore. Folklore occupies a huge place in the life of the Russian people. Reading epics you can learn about the whole life of the Russian people. They sang the exploits of heroes, their strength and courage. Bogatyrs have always been sung as defenders of the Russian population.

Life and customs of the people.

The culture of our country is inextricably linked with its people, way of life, customs. People lived in cities and villages. The main type of housing was the estate, the houses were built from log cabins. Kyiv in the XIII century was a very rich city. It had palaces, estates, towers of boyars and wealthy merchants. The favorite pastime of the rich population was hawk and falcon hunting. The common people organized fisticuffs and horse races.
The clothes were made of cloth. The main costume was a long shirt and trousers for men.
Women wore long skirts made of cloth. Married women wore a headscarf. Unmarried girls had long beautiful braids, they could be cut off only when they got married.
Weddings were played on a large scale in the villages, the whole village gathered for them. Huge, long tables were set right in the courtyard of the house.
Since the church played an important role in the life of the population in the 13th century, church fasts, holidays were sacredly observed by the inhabitants.

AT different years in past centuries, foreign conquerors have repeatedly tried to conquer Russia, and it stands, unbroken, to this day. Difficult times on Russian soil arose more than once in history. But such a difficult period as in the 13th century, which threatened the very existence of the state, was not, it seems, either before or after. Attacks were carried out both from the west and from the south by various aggressors. Difficult times have come on Russian soil.

Russia in the 13th century

What did she represent? At the beginning of the 13th century, Constantinople as a center of spirituality had already lost its influence. And some countries (for example, Bulgaria, Serbia) recognize the power and supremacy of Catholicism. Russia became the stronghold of the Orthodox world, then Kievan. But the territory was not homogeneous. Before the invasion of Batu and his hordes, the Russian World consisted of several principalities that competed for spheres of influence among themselves. Civil strife tore apart the relatives-princes, did not contribute to the organization of one cohesive army capable of providing worthy resistance to the invaders. This paved the way for difficult times to happen on Russian soil.

Batu invasion

In 1227, Genghis Khan, the great eastern warrior, passed away. There was a usual redistribution of power between relatives. One of the grandsons, Batu, had a particularly militant character and organizational talents. He gathered a huge army according to those concepts (somewhere around 140 thousand people), consisting of nomads and mercenaries. In the autumn of 1237 the invasion began.

The Russian army was less numerous (up to 100 thousand people) and scattered. Therefore, it lost in the tragic It would seem that here is the opportunity to unite and unite to resist the enemy. But the ruling elite of the princes continued the strife, and in Novgorod, in the north, popular unrest broke out with renewed vigor. As a result - the further ruin of the principalities. First Ryazan, then - Vladimir-Suzdal. Kolomna, Moscow ... Having ruined Vladimir, Batu went to Novgorod, but before reaching, he turned south and went to the Polovtsian steppes - to replenish his strength. In 1240, the hordes of Batu ravaged Chernigov, Kyiv, entering Europe, the Mongol-Tatar warriors reached as far as the Adriatic. But later they stopped the war in these territories. And after - difficult times came on Russian soil. The bicentennial yoke was established within two decades after the invasion and meant the payment of tribute by all the conquered lands to the Tatar rulers. According to historians, it ended only in 1480.

Threat from the West

The difficult times on Russian soil were not limited to problems in the east and south in the 13th century. If there the invasions of the invaders were more of a punitive nature of the expeditions, then in the western part there were constant regular military attacks. Russia opposed with all its might the Swedes, Lithuanians, Germans.

In 1239 he sent a large army against Novgorod. But in the same year, the Swedes were pushed back and defeated (Smolensk was taken). On the Neva also won. Prince Alexander of Novgorod, at the head of the squad, defeated the well-armed and trained Swedish army. For this victory, he was nicknamed Nevsky (at that time the hero was only 20 years old!). In 1242, the Germans were expelled from Pskov. And Alexander in the same year deals a crushing blow to the knightly troops in (Battle on the Ice). So many knights died that for another 10 years he did not risk attacking Russian lands. Although many battles of the Novgorodians were successful, they were still quite difficult, difficult times on Russian soil.

The world around (Grade 4)

Summing up, we can say, generalizing, that the entire 13th century was difficult both for the ruling princes-tops, and for the common people, who died and shed blood as a result of prolonged and numerous hostilities. Mongolian yoke certainly had an impact on the development Russian statehood, and on the material well-being of cities forced to pay tribute.

And the battles with the Crusader Knights, due to their importance, are glorified in films and literature. This material can be used for the lesson

History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 20th century Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich

Consequences of the events of the XIII century.

The events of this century marked the beginning of the Russian lands lagging behind the countries of Western Europe. The Golden Horde yoke caused enormous damage to the economic, political and cultural development of Russia. A significant part of the income in the form of tribute went to Golden Horde. The old agricultural centers fell into decay. The border of agriculture moved to the north, the more fertile southern lands were abandoned and received the name "wild field". From the three-field there was a return to the two-field. Russian cities were subjected to mass destruction. Simplified, and sometimes even disappeared, many crafts. The human losses were also great. The yoke contributed feudal fragmentation, weakened ties between the principalities, slowed down the pace of cultural development.

However, the consequences of even hostile contact between different cultures and civilizations are always ambiguous. The three-hundred-year yoke did not pass without a trace for the Russian people: in the situation of isolation from Europe, Asian traditions took root in the political, economic and cultural life of Russia.

From the book History. New complete reference student to prepare for the exam author Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich

From the book The Beginning of Horde Russia. After Christ. The Trojan War. Foundation of Rome. author

Chapter 5 The famous German-Scandinavian epic about the god? Din, the Nibelungs, Siegfried and Brunhilde is a reflection of the events of the Byzantine-Russian history of XII-XIII

From the book Europe in the era of imperialism 1871-1919. author Tarle Evgeny Viktorovich

4. Consequences Balkan events for: 1) Germany and Austria, 2) Italy, 3) the powers of the Entente

From the book The Foundation of Rome. Beginning of Horde Russia. After Christ. Trojan War author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

Chapter 5 The famous German-Scandinavian epic about the god Odin, the Nibelungs, Siegfried and Brunhilde is a reflection of the events of the Byzantine-Russian history of XII–XIII

From the book The Great French Revolution 1789–1793 author Kropotkin Petr Alekseevich

From the book Intellectuals in the Middle Ages author Le Goff Jacques

PART II. XIII century. MATURITY AND ITS PROBLEMS 13th century outline The 13th century is the age of the university because it is the age of the corporation. In every city where there is some kind of craft that unites a significant number of those employed in it, artisans organize themselves to protect

From the book Fatal Decisions of the Wehrmacht author Westphal Siegfried

Consequences of the events of July 20 The assassination attempt on Hitler did not affect the battle in Normandy, and therefore I will dwell on this event very briefly. Field Marshal von Kluge hesitated for some time, not knowing whether to believe the reports from the OKB, which was in East Prussia that Hitler

From the book Secrets of Belarusian History. author Deruzhinsky Vadim Vladimirovich

Reconstruction of the events of the beginning of the XIII century. I will not argue that it was Bulevichi and Ruskevichi who besieged Raganita in Skalovia around 1221 (the dates do not match - Bulevichi and Ruskevichi as princes of Lithuania appeared by 1219, although the discrepancy in dates can be explained

From the book Baptism of Russia [Paganism and Christianity. Baptism of the Empire. Constantine the Great - Dmitry Donskoy. Battle of Kulikovo in the Bible. Sergius of Radonezh - pic author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

6. GLASSES WAS INVENTED IN THE 13TH CENTURY. THEREFORE, THE OLD IMAGES OF “ANTIQUE” PEOPLE WITH GLASSES DATE NOT BEFORE THE XIII CENTURY AND SHOW US, MOST LIKELY, THE CHARACTERS OF THE XIII-XVII CENTURIES From the history of technology it is known that glasses were invented in the XIII century. It is believed, however, that

From the book Infantry of the Wehrmacht on Eastern Front. 31st Infantry Division in battles from Brest to Moscow. 1941-1942 author Hossbach Friedrich

Consequences of the events of December 5 and 6, 1941 On the evening of December 6, the 31st Division could only oppose the enemy with the miserable remnants of infantry, reconnaissance groups, sappers and anti-tank units. Based on the reports of the regimental commanders, the commander of the 31st division was forced to report

From the book Foreign Policy Factors in the Development of Feudal Russia author Kargalov Vadim Viktorovich

From the book Novgorod and Hansa author Rybina Elena Alexandrovna

Chronicle of events of the second half of the XIII century. Events of the late 60s of the XIII century. demonstrate an increased role Livonian Order in the trade relations of Novgorod with its Western partners. At this time, the Order was actively expanding its territories, approaching the western borders of the Novgorod

author Semenov Vladimir Ivanovich

11. HELMET WITH SEMI–VISOR AND “BARMITSA” MAIL XII–XIII cc. At the end of the 12th-13th centuries, in connection with the general European trend towards heavier defensive armor in Russia, helmets appeared equipped with a mask-mask, that is, a visor that protected the face of a warrior from

From the book Russian armor of the X-XVII centuries author Semenov Vladimir Ivanovich

12. SHELL PLATED. 13th century PLATE ARMOR. XIII s. Plate armor is armor consisting of metal plates to cover the body of a warrior. The plates of such armor could be very diverse: square, semicircular, wide rectangular, narrow oblong,

From the book The Missing Letter. The unperverted history of Ukraine-Rus the author Wild Andrew

Chronological table major events The Russian-Lithuanian state from the beginning of the XIII century to its end in 1386 The beginning of the XIII century - the creation of the Lithuanian state by Mindovg. 1252 - The coronation of Mindovg by the king of Lithuania and his conversion to Catholicism.

From the book Tsar's Rome between the Oka and Volga rivers. author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

4.6. The myth of Romulus and Remus consists of two layers: the events of the end of the 12th - the beginning of the 13th century and the events of the end of the 14th century from the life of the emperor